To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rubber carbon black dispersion.
Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber carbon black dispersion'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rubber carbon black dispersion.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Coran, A. Y., and J.-B. Donnet. "The Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber Part I. Rapid Method for Assessing Quality of Dispersion." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 973–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538655.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Carbon black is the most important reinforcing filler for rubbers. The incorporation of carbon black into rubber vulcanizates generally gives improved strength, extensibility, fatigue resistance, abrasion resistance, etc. In order to exert its beneficial influence on the properties of rubber vulcanizates, the carbon black must be sufficiently dispersed therein. Indeed, poor dispersion can, in itself, give rise to detrimental effects (e.g. reduced product life, poor performance in service, poor product appearance, poor processing characteristics, poor product uniformity, raw-material waste, high finished-product rejection rates, and excessive energy usage). These inadequacies are generally the result of the presence of rather large, undispersed agglomerates. The present work was initiated in order to develop an improved understanding of the carbon-black dispersion process including the understanding of factors which affect the kinetics of dispersion. The work described here is focused on methodology for reproducibly mixing carbon black with rubber in the laboratory, and reproducibility, but rapidly and easily estimating the degree of dispersion of the carbon black into the rubber as a function of mixing time. Procedures were developed for introducing rubber, filler, and other ingredients into a small, laboratory internal mixer and for mixing the batches for various periods of time. Also, an improved, simple-to-use, reproducible method for determining the degree of carbon black dispersion in rubber has been adapted. The extent of dispersion was correlated with various measures of tensile strength and with other performance-related properties.
2
Smith, Archie P., Toni L. Aybar, Ricky W. Magee, and Charles R. Herd. "Carbon Black Dispersion Measurement in Rubber Vulcanizates via Interferometric Microscopy." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 4 (September 1, 2004): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547845.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new method for characterizing the carbon black dispersion in rubber compounds is introduced. This technique is based on interferometric microscopy (IFM) and utilizes the interference fringes between in-phase light beams reflected from the rubber sample and a smooth reference surface to measure the three-dimensional surface topography. The peaks and valleys present on the fresh-cut surface are representative of the carbon black agglomerates and are used to characterize the dispersion. A series of samples with different base rubbers and varying dispersion levels were created and characterized by both light microscopy and IFM. These results were used to generate a universal dispersion index based on the IFM data that correlates well with the LM dispersion index values. In addition, three-dimensional peak statistics were obtained from the IFM data and used to provide additional information about the carbon black agglomerate distribution. This data can be used for a more complete understanding of the compound behavior as a function of the carbon black dispersion and agglomerate distribution.
3
Mohapatra, Sunita, and Golok Bihari Nando. "ANALYSIS OF CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED CARDANOL-MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85941.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Carbon black is advantageous for rubber as a reinforcing filler. Carbon blacks at higher loadings require process aids for easier processing and improved filler dispersion. Aromatic oils have been used so far in the rubber industry as plasticizer and process aids. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these oils has raised concerns, and they have been banned. Rubber industries are looking for alternate sources of process aids from renewable resources. Cardanol (m-pentadecenyl phenol), an agricultural by-product of the cashew industry, is cheap and abundantly available. It was proved recently to be a plasticizer and a multifunctional additive. The dispersion of carbon black in natural rubber (NR) grafted chemically with cardanol (CGNR) is investigated and compared with that of oil plasticized natural rubber. The physico-mechanical properties of the carbon black–filled CGNR vulcanizates are better than that of the aromatic oil plasticized NR vulcanizates. The cross-link density and bound rubber content are higher and the Payne effect is lower for the carbon black–filled CGNR vulcanizates as compared with oil plasticized NR vulcanizates. Dispersion of carbon black in the CGNR matrix is uniform and better than the aromatic oil plasticized NR.
4
Coran, A. Y., F. Ignatz-Hoover, and P. C. Smakula. "The Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber Part IV. The Kinetics of Carbon Black Dispersion in Various Polymers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538671.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A rapid technique for evaluating the rate and state of dispersion of carbon black in natural rubber has been extended to study the dispersion of carbon black in various polymers. The technique measures the extent and rate of dispersion of the black in the rubber. The kinetics of dispersion was characterized for a variety of polymers (e.g. SBR, EPDM, IR, IIR, BR and NR). Kinetic parameters were correlated with molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.
5
Kato, Atsushi, Junichi Shimanuki, Shinzo Kohjiya, and Yuko Ikeda. "Three-Dimensional Morphology of Carbon Black in NR Vulcanizates as Revealed by 3D-Tem and Dielectric Measurements." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 653–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547959.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Usual rubber products are a composite from rubber and nano-filler (e.g. carbon black, silica, etc.), and it is believed that the good dispersion of the nano-filler is the most important issue determining the performance of rubber vulcanizates. So far, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the most useful tool for evaluation of the dispersion. However, it affords images of the sample projected on an x, y-plane, and the information along the thickness (z-axis) direction is missing. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of nanometer structure of nano-filler dispersion in a rubber matrix is what all rubber technologists have been dreaming of. This dream is at last realized, and described in this paper. Use of TEM combined with computerized tomography (abbreviated as 3D-TEM in this paper, which is sometimes called electron tomography) enabled us to reconstruct 3D images of nano-filler aggregates in rubbery matrix. The 3D-TEM results on carbon black in natural rubber were presented in this paper. The network structure formed by agglomeration of carbon black aggregates was elucidated by combining the 3D images and physical properties of the vulcanizates. Density, electrical resistivity and dielectric relaxation of carbon black loaded natural rubber as an example of physical properties, were measured, and explained by the structure elucidated by 3D-TEM. This technique will prove to be more and more important for the rational design of the nano-composites of rubbery matrix.
6
Zhang, Bin, Yan He, and Lian Xiang Ma. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber and Fractal Analysis of Rubber Fracture Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.479.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon black has been used as the main reinforcing fillers that increase the usefulness of rubbers. In this experiment, different compounds based on natural rubber were prepared with carbon black (N330) at various loading ratios from 10 to 125 phr. The mechanical and thermal properties of rubber compounds were measured and the test data with SEM micrographs were analyzed to determine the suitable ratio of carbon black for the desired properties of rubber compound. The results showed that carbon black particles were well dispersed in compounds with loading ratios of 25-30 phr, corresponding to maximum tensile strength values. While with the increase of carbon black content, heat conductivity kept sustained increase. Fractal dimension characterized the degree of uneven dispersion of carbon black in rubber fracture surfaces. A particular value of fractal dimension was obtained to characterize the optimum mechanical property of carbon black filled natural rubber. The thermal property and fractal dimension demonstrated same variation tendency.
7
Ahagon, Asahiro. "States of Carbon Black Dispersion and Extensibility of Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538315.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Analysis is made for the origin of the mixing-induced tensile property variation of a filled rubber. Attention is paid to the hydrodynamic effect f(ϕe) of the filler, defined here as the factor to adjust the deviation of 100% modulus from the theory of rubber elasticity. For the rubbers mixed under variety of conditions, the f(ϕe)'s are calculated from the observed values of the modulus, at 25°C and 100°C, and the crosslink density. The variation of the f(ϕe) is considered to be governed by the mobility of the polymer confined in agglomerates of the filler. The mobility variation due to mixing seems to be mainly influenced by agglomerate size at 25°C, and by agglomerate size and chemical constraints at 100°C. Therefore, the f(ϕe)'s at the two temperatures are suggested to be useful measures of the state of carbon-black micro-dispersion. The extensibility of the rubbers is closely related f(ϕe). This indicates that the failure property is also governed by the mobility of the confined polymer.
8
Takino, H., S. Iwama, Y. Yamada, and S. Kohjiya. "Effect of Processing Additives on Carbon Black Dispersion and Grip Property of High-Performance Tire Tread Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538414.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rubber and carbon black compounds show complex behaviors in their mixing process due to their complicated microcomposite structure. Therefore, establishing a clear relationship between the mixing state of the rubber compound and the physical properties of its cured rubber has still remained to be solved in spite of formidable efforts by many rubber technologists. This paper investigated the influence of a processing additive on the carbon black incorporation and its dispersion behavior by inspecting Banbury power curves. From this investigation, we considered that good wettability toward the carbon black surface was necessary for processing additives in order to improve carbon black dispersion. The function of the processing additive was thought to enhance the surface lubrication of carbon black for disagglomeration in the early steps of mixing. The dry grip properties of a tire was estimated from the temperature dependence of dynamic viscoelastic properties of rubber compounds, with improved carbon black dispersion due to the processing additive; and it was confirmed by an actual tire running evaluation. Consequently, we found that tread compounds with improved carbon black dispersion had a remarkable effect on tire dry-grip properties at high temperatures.
9
Choi, Jaesun, and Avraam I. Isayev. "NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON BLACK NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY ULTRASONICALLY AIDED EXTRUSION." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 633–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87955.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Significant efforts have been made in rubber research to improve the dispersion of carbon black (CB) in rubbers to achieve better processibility and performance of tires and rubber products. In addressing these issues, the present study is an attempt to further improve the processibility and dispersion by means of application of ultrasonic waves. Natural rubber (NR)/CB nanocomposites at loadings from 15 to 60 phr were prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion at ultrasonic amplitudes up to 7.5 μm. A die pressure significantly decreased with an increase of amplitude, especially at higher loadings, indicating an improvement in processibility. Ultrasonic power consumption was almost insensitive to loadings. The complex dynamic viscosity, storage, and loss moduli of compounds and vulcanizates at loadings of 15, 25, 35, and 60 phr were reduced by the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, indicating NR chain scission. Bound rubber in compounds decreased by the ultrasonic treatment. The maximum torque in curing curves, cross-link density, gel fraction, hardness, M100, M300, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance of vulcanizates at loadings of 15, 25, 35, and 60 phr decreased at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, due to the NR chain scission, whereas the elongation at break increased. Atomic force microscope (AFM) studies of vulcanizates showed a penetration of rubber chains into agglomerates at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, indicating an improvement of dispersion of CB. Based on AFM images, a dispersion index was introduced, showing that the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm led to a better dispersion of CB in vulcanizates. Comparison of NR/CB compounds and vulcanizates with those of NR/carbon nanotube (CNT) of an earlier study was carried out. In general, the CB-containing NR showed significantly lower modulus and abrasion resistance but higher tensile strength and bound rubber than CNT-containing NR.
10
Hess, W. M., P. C. Vegvari, and R. A. Swor. "Carbon Black in NR/BR Blends for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 350–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536071.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A series of ten commercial tread-grade carbon blacks were evaluated in a 60/40 NR/BR truck tire tread formulation. A number of important physical properties and performance criteria were assessed in terms of carbon black surface area and DBPA. Significant response equations were obtained for viscosity, bound rubber, resilience, heat buildup, tear strength, and dynamic properties. Dynamic modulus showed a much greater dependence on DBPA in comparison to previous studies on SBR/BR compounds. In a second designed experiment, a single carbon black (N299) was studied as a function of the NR/BR ratio and the amount of carbon black added to the BR phase. The BR black loading was varied at 30, 60, and 90 phr using separate masterbatches which were blended with NR-black masterbatches to give the same final composition for all of the compounds. Properties such as resilience, heat buildup, fatigue life, and tear strength were all improved in the direction of higher loadings of carbon black in the NR phase. A high loading of black in the BR phase caused low bound-rubber development and poor dispersion. This was found to be related to the viscosity ratio of the separate masterbatches. NR to BR viscosity ratios of about 1 to 3 produced good dispersion and high bound rubber. When the BR masterbatch viscosity was two to three times higher than the NR masterbatch, however, dispersion and bound-rubber development dropped sharply at the same total mixing energy. Low hysteresis properties were found to be most dependent on high bound-rubber development, with polymer phase distribution having a relatively minor influence. In contrast, tear strength and fatigue life reached their maximum levels when the NR was the more continuous polymer phase. High bound rubber also appears to enhance tear strength and fatigue life by improving the microdispersion of the carbon black.
11
Gerspacher, M., L. Nikiel, H. H. Yang, and C. P. O'Farrell. "Reflectometry—A New Method of Measuring Filler Dispersion." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538467.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new method of measuring carbon black dispersion in rubber is presented. This method is based on the measurement of the light reflectivity from the rubber sample using standard equipment used in the evaluation of the tint strength of carbon black (ASTM D3265 procedure). This method can be applied for both uncured and cured samples; however, the uncured sample measurement has significant advantages in the simplicity of the sample preparation and obtaining important filler dispersion information of the compound. It is shown that samples with better dispersed carbon black reflect less light as compared to samples with poor carbon black dispersion.
12
Le, H. H., I. Prodanova, S. Ilisch, and H. J. Radusch. "Online Electrical Conductivity as a Measure to Characterize the Carbon Black Dispersion in Oil Containing Rubber Compounds with a Different Polarity of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547853.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The influence of viscosity, polarity of the rubber matrix and the types and contents of extender oil on the carbon black dispersion has been characterized using the online electrical conductivity measurement. A corresponding change of the online conductivity with the rubber infiltration and extent of carbon black dispersion has been observed. The infiltration rate increases with increasing polarity and decreasing viscosity of the rubber matrix, whereby the matrix polarity shows a stronger effect than the viscosity. The oil addition accelerates the infiltration process. This is caused by the reduction of the matrix viscosity and the intensification of the filler-matrix interaction. Oil addition affects the carbon black dispersion in non-polar rubber much more than in polar rubber. Furthermore, in non-polar rubber, polar oil shows a stronger effect than non-polar oil.
13
Coran, A. Y., and J.-B. Donnet. "The Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber Part III. The Effect of Dispersion Quality on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Filled Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 1016–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538646.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Part I of this series described a rapid method for determining the quality of carbon-black dispersion. The second paper (Part II) was concerned with the kinetics of the dispersion of carbon black into natural rubber (dispersion quality as a function of mixing time) in an internal mixer. In this paper we consider the effects of changes in dispersion quality on the dynamic mechanical properties of both unvulcanized and vulcanized natural rubber. The effects of changes in the degree of carbon-black dispersion were measured by using a new prototype moving-die rheometer (which is presently being developed at Monsanto Instruments & Equipment Research Laboratory). By using this prototype rheometer, G′ and G″ were measured as functions of shear-strain amplitude, temperature, and frequency. Increases in the degree of carbon-black dispersion in uncured natural rubber (starting from very poor dispersion quality) give decreases in the values of both G′ and G″. The decrease in dynamic moduli with increases in the degree of carbon-black dispersion might be explained on the basis of a network of agglomerates which exists when the quality of dispersion is extremely poor. In the case of uncured samples, values of G′, measured at low strains (e.g. ±1%), become reduced after the imposition of a larger (±50%) sinusoidal shear strain for a short period of time (e.g. 3 s). Then, with the passage of time, the reduced value of G′ partially recovers. The extent of this recovery increases with increases in the dispersion rating DR. Similar results were obtained with respect to the loss modulus G″. In both cases, the extent of recovery is much less when the carbon black is very poorly dispersed. The unrecoverable proportion of G′ or G″ is also considered to be due to a network composed of mutually interactive agglomerates of carbon black.
14
Chen, Ke Juan, Sha Xu, and Da Liang Xu. "Study on the Effect of the Temperature Rise of Rubber Compound on Tread Rubber Quality during Mixing Process." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.806.
Full textAbstract:
With the method of two-stage mixing, two different tread rubbers have been mixed in internal mixer under the different process conditions. After the experiments, test the temperature rise of rubber compound, mooney viscosity and carbon black disperisity. Study the effect of process condition change on the temperature rise of two kinds of rubber compounds and analyze the relationships between the rubber temperature rise and mooney viscosity, carbon black dispersity. The study finds that the temperature rise of rubber compound has a relationship with the rotor speed of internal mixer, rubber viscosity and filling factors, but when the temperature rise of rubber compound is steady, the carbon black dispersity of rubber compound also can be steady. After two-stage mixing, carbon black dispersity of rubber compounds have been improved obviously. These results also imply that rotor speed of internal mixer and filling factor are very important to carbon black dispersity of rubber compounds.
15
Kruželák, Ján, Sybill Ilisch, Ivan Hudec, and Rastislav Dosoudil. "Evaluation of Fillers Dispersion Degree in Elastomeric Magnetic Composites." Smart Materials Research 2012 (June 28, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/532170.
Full textAbstract:
Elastomeric magnetic composites were prepared by incorporation of strontium ferrite into polymer matrices based on natural as well as butadiene rubber. Besides the rubber and ferrite, or the combinations of ferrite and carbon black (in case of natural rubber), the model rubber compounds contained only ingredients which support curing process. The study was dedicated to the observation of fillers dispersion degree in the rubber matrices and investigation of physical-mechanical and magnetic properties of prepared composites. The results indicate that the dispersion degree of ferrite in the rubber matrices is not very high, but it can be positively influenced by the addition of carbon black. Despite of the fact that ferrite exhibits only low reinforcing effect on cross-linked elastomeric materials, physical-mechanical properties can be also positively influenced by the mutual change in combinations of both fillers (ferrite and carbon black). The prepared materials seem to have suitable magnetic and elastic properties.
16
Mathew, T., R. N. Datta, W. K. Dierkes, J. W. M. Noordermeer, and W. J. van Ooij. "A Comparative Investigation of Surface Modification of Carbon Black and Silica by Plasma Polymerization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548206.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Carbon black and silica are widely used active fillers in the rubber industry to improve the physical and dynamic properties of rubbers. The surface energy difference between rubbers and these active fillers is large, which has a negative influence on the stability of their dispersion in the rubber matrix and on the distribution in blends of different rubbers. Reduction of the surface energy of carbon black and silica is aimed for by modifying their surfaces. Plasma polymerization is utilized to modify the surface of carbon black and silica by depositing a thin film over its surface. The modified fillers are characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The studies show that carbon black and silica behave differently towards surface modification by plasma polymerization. The difference in behavior of carbon black and silica is related to the availability of active sites on their surface during exposure to the plasma atmosphere. In this paper the mechanistic aspects of surface modification by plasma polymerization are also discussed.
17
Lin, Guang Yi, Ben Fa Gao, and Chuan Sheng Wang. "Effects of Particle Size on the Rubber Mixing Process and Mechanical Properties of Compound." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.274.
Full textAbstract:
In order to improve the dispersion degree of carbon black and other additives, reduce consumption of energy and the temperature of discharging rubber compound, our research has been focused on preparation of rubber compound with different rubber particle size at filling coefficient of 0.6 and 0.7 in the mixer. The power consumption, the temperature of discharging rubber compound and the dispersion of carbon black were characterized in this study. The mechanical properties of the rubber compound have also been tested. The results indicate that reducing the particle size of rubber can reduce the consumption of energy and the temperature of discharging rubber compound and improve the mechanical properties, which is very important in rubber industry
18
Fernández, D. Roig, and A. J. Marzocca. "Analysis of Resistivity in a Rubber Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 4 (September 1, 1991): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538568.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the tire industry, good dispersion of carbon black in the rubber matrix is very important to obtain optimum mechanical properties of the compound. Usually, this dispersion can be classified in macrodispersion (for particles bigger than 10 μm) and microdispersion (for those smaller than 10 μm). It is known that good microdispersion enables better fatigue resistance and wear. If it is desired to control the degree of dispersion of uncured compounds during the different processes in the factory, it would be necessary to have a simple and rapid test to do it. An appropriate method to detect different degrees of dispersion is based on the measurement of the electrical resistivity of the rubber compound with dc or ac. In recent years, different factors that affect the resistivity of the compounds were studied in several research programs. The internal factors include structure, size, and dispersion of carbon-black particles, the presence of other reinforcement (silica), and the polymer class. Other factors studied are external: mixing level, pressure, temperature, aging, and contact resistance. Boonstra showed that resistivity depends on the degree of dispersion of carbon black. In his paper, resistivity data are compared with the dispersion levels according to the Cabot rating with good correlation. Furthermore, there are several electrical conduction mechanisms that are proposed in the literature to explain experimental data. It is the purpose of this paper to present an improvement of the Boonstra device for the measurement of electrical resistivity of uncured compounds. The influence of temperature, pressure, aging, carbon black level, and time on the mill roll over the electrical resistivity were also studied. Finally, the results were analyzed by a probability model.
19
Pingot, Tomasz, Martyna Pingot, and Marian Zaborski. "The Effect of Carbon Fillers on Elastomer Composite Properties." Materials Science Forum 714 (March 2012): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.159.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was to obtain elastomer composite filled with carbon fillers with different structure. Three types of carbon black were used as reinforcing fillers: FEF N550, Colour Black FW200, Printex XE2B. In order to improve dispersion of fillers, different dispersing agents were used: anionic, cationic, nonionic and ionic liquids. As an elastomer matrix the acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) was used. The fillers were characterized by dibutylphtalate (DBP) absorption analysis, aggregates size, rheological properties of filler suspensions and Zeta potential analysis. The compounding was carried out in a laboratory rolling mill. Samples were prepared through the vulcanization process at 160°C. The vulcanization kinetics of rubber compounds, crosslink density, mechanical properties, hysteresis losses, conductive and thermal properties of vulcanizates were also measured. In order to characterize filler dispersion in elastomer matrix the SEM images were obtained.
20
Kato, Atsushi, Shinzo Kohjiya, and Yuko Ikeda. "Nanostructure in Traditional Composites of Natural Rubber and Reinforcing Silica." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 4 (September 1, 2007): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548188.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Usual rubber products are a composite from rubber and nano-filler (e.g. silica, carbon black, etc.), and it is believed that the good dispersion of the nano-filler is the most important issue determining the performance of rubber vulcanizates. So far, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the most useful tool for evaluation of the dispersion. However, it affords images of the sample projected on an x, y-plane, and the information along the thickness (z-axis) direction is missing. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of nanometer structure of nano-filler dispersion in a rubber matrix is what all rubber technologists have been dreaming of. This dream is at last realized, and described in this paper. Use of TEM combined with computerized tomography (abbreviated as 3D-TEM in this paper, which is sometimes called electron tomography) enabled us to reconstruct 3D images of nano-filler (silica or carbon black) aggregates in rubbery matrix. It is said that nano-filler aggregate is a structure of size from 10 nm to 1000 nm, and agglomerate is an even larger structure. The 3D-TEM results on silica aggregates in natural rubber were presented in this paper. Silica aggregates were characterized by combining the 3D images of the vulcanizates. Furthermore, density of silica loaded natural rubber as an example of physical properties, was measured, and explained by the structure elucidated by 3D-TEM.
21
Vargas, Carlos A., Juan D. Sierra, Juan C. Posada, Luis A. Garcia, and Leyla J. Zapata. "Reinforcement effect of carbon black in Colombian natural rubber." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 49, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244316645953.
Full textAbstract:
Natural rubber from local zone in Colombia (San Juan) was compounded with three different commercial carbon black (N330, N550 and N660) at 25 and 50 phr. In order to evaluate the performance of new natural rubber compounds obtained from Colombia, a benchmarking was done with other natural rubber compounds from Central America (Guatemala). For this purpose, tensile strength, module at 100 and 300%, vulcanization rheometer curves, hardness and dispersion analysis were done for both natural rubber compounds. It was found that the new natural rubber compound from Colombia has similar properties and behaviour compared to Guatemala natural rubber (TSR). The Colombia natural rubber obtained is a new standard mix with high potential applications in the rubber industry in Colombia and other countries of region of South America.
22
Hidayat, Ade Sholeh, Dewi Kusuma Arti, Lies Agustine, and Mahendra Aggaravidya. "Natural Rubber/High Cis Butadiene Rubber-Filler Interactions And Rheological Properties In Rubber Airbag Compounding Formulation." Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Material 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jitm.v1i1.3579.
Full textAbstract:
The rheological properties of rubber compound in general application and especially rubber airbag compounding is very important to predict the mechanical properties of rubber products, as well as useful for obtaining optimum formulations in the research and development of a product. The viscoelastic properties of the rubber compound are strongly influenced by the type of rubber and the filler used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the rheological properties of rubber airbag compounding using natural rubber (NR) and high cis butadiene rubber (BR) materials with various compositions of carbon black N220 filler. The mixing of NR and BR with 90/10 phr ratio was performed in a kneader, with carbon black N220 filler variation: 35, 45, 50 phr, named as BD1, BD2 and BD3, respectively. Rheology and viscosity properties were tested using Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) 2000 Alpha Technology. The test was performed with strain sweep at 70 C and comparing 1% strain and 10% strain to indicate dispersion and homogenity. Frequency sweep was performed at 100 C at 6 cpm and 7% strain. High strain sweep was also done as well as strain sweep after cure (ASTM D6601) which material were cured at 1800 C and strain sweep was applied at 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% to determine the mechanical properties of compound. The result showed that 35 phr of carbon black N220 (BD1) was the optimum formulation since compounds BD3 and BD2 have higher elastic torque (S’) peaks and may be harder to process as a result. The results for Tan (Delta) from all compounds in the high strain sweep verify that compounds BD3 and BD2 have lower Tan(Delta) values and therefore will probably have more difficulty in processing. The highest peak of modulus values at low strain indicates the carbon black with the highest reinforcement or the worst dispersion. BD3 and BD2 have high peak modulus value which is show the worse dispersion compared to BD1. Keywords: rheology, rubber airbag, filler, RPA
23
Moiseevskaya, G. V., G. I. Razd'yakonova, and A. A. Petin. "The Effect of the Functionalisation of Low-Dispersion Carbon Black of the OMCARB Series by Hydrogen Peroxide on the Properties of Filled Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704401104.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was to produce a new filler for polymers in which a low surface activity is combined with a high degree of structure and functionalisation of the surface, which will bring the processing properties of filled rubber mixes closer to the properties of rubber mixes with channel carbon black. The oxidation of specimens of low-dispersion, highly structured carbon black of grade OMCARB S820 was carried out using aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide of different concentration. Using a combination of methods, including X-ray diffraction analysis (D8 Advance diffractometer; Bruker, Germany) and transmission electron microscopy (JEM 2100 electron microscope; JEOL, Japan), we assessed the physicochemical properties and the form and the number of oxygen-containing groups (carboxyl, phenolic, lactone) on the surface of a particle of oxidised S820 in comparison with carbon black K354 (produced by the Khazar Chemical Plant, Turkmenistan) and semi-active furnace black N550 (produced by Omsktekhuglerod). The rheological characteristics (MDR 3000 vibrorheometer and MV 3000 viscometer; MonTech, Germany) and the physicomechanical characteristics (tensometer; Shimadzu, Japan) of rubber mixes filled with these blacks and of rubber compounds based on natural rubber were determined. The dynamic properties of the rubber compounds and the glass transition temperatures were determined on a DMA 242D instrument (Netzsch, Germany). Comparative data on the temperature dependence of the mechanical loss tangent (tg δ)of the rubber compounds showed that at temperatures of −60 and +60°C the greatest differences are possessed by rubber compounds with K354. At intermediate temperatures, the tg δ values for rubber compounds with the different fillers are similar. The new carbon black was advantageous with respect to the strength properties and dynamic characteristics of the rubber compounds, retaining the unique properties of composites filled with channel black.
24
Coran, A. Y., and J.-B. Donnet. "The Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber Part II. The Kinetics of Dispersion in Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 998–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538656.
Full text
25
Klüppel, Manfred, and Gert Heinrich. "Fractal Structures in Carbon Black Reinforced Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 4 (September 1, 1995): 623–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538763.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper considers the fractal nature of primary and secondary carbon black aggregates in rubber and the implications for the mechanical and electrical properties of rubber goods. In particular, the effects of dispersion and primary aggregate breakup during mixing are investigated. Founded on recent studies of the disordered growth processes of colloids, a model concerning formation, structure and properties of tenuous secondary carbon black aggregates (clusters) in rubber is formulated. We distinguish between two different mechanisms of cluster growth at carbon black concentrations ϕ below and above the gel point ϕ** of the filler network. For ϕ≤ϕ**, the restricted mobility of the dispersed primary aggregates governs the cluster growth and neighboring clusters are seperated by a rubber-specific minimum distance d0. These gaps between neighboring clusters are joined together in a bond percolation model that determines the conductivity in a transition regime ϕ*≤ϕ≤ϕ** above the electrical percolation threshold ϕ*. The mechanical action of carbon black clusters below the gel point ϕ** is estimated by a hydrodynamical amplification factor that is related to a rigidy condition for the clusters. At sufficient large filler concentration for ϕ≥ϕ**, the restricted mobility of primary aggregates in the rubber matrix is insignificant for the cluster growth and a kinetic cluster by cluster aggregation (CCA) process is applied. The resulting fractal carbon black network corresponds to a spacefilling configuration of CCA-clusters. From this network structure, a scaling invariant power law arises for the small-strain modulus as function of carbon black concentration. The conductivity in the networking regime ϕ≥ϕ** shows a typical power law behavior that is implied by an anomalous diffusion of the charge carriers on the fractal clusters. For the frequency dependence of the conductivity a cross-over to a power law regime at large frequencies results. The predicted properties of carbon black filled rubbers are discussed in the framework of experimental results taken from different authors.
26
Kohjiya, Shinzo. "Three-Dimensional Dispersion of Nano-Fillers in Soft Composite as Revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy/Electron Tomography (3D-TEM)." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.353.
Full textAbstract:
. Generally rubber products are a typical soft material, and a composite of a nano-filler (typically, carbon black or particulate silica) and a rubber (natural rubber and various synthetics are used). The properties of these soft nano-composites have been well known to depend on the dispersion of the nano-filler in the rubbery matrix. The most powerful tool for the elucidation of it has been transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microscopic techniques are based on the projection of 3-dimensional (3D) body on a plane (x, y plane), thus the structural information along the thickness (z axis) direction of the sample is difficult to obtain. This paper describes our recent results on the dispersion of carbon black (CB) and particulate silica in natural rubber (NR) matrix observed by TEM combined with electron tomography (3D-TEM) technique, which enabled us to obtain images of 3D nano-structure of the sample. Thus, 3D images of CB and silica in NR matrix are visualized and analyzed in this communication. These results are precious ones for the design of soft nano-composites, and the technique will become an indispensable one in nanotechnology.
27
Le, H. H., S. Ilisch, E. Hamann, M. Keller, and H.-J. Radusch. "EFFECT OF CURING ADDITIVES ON THE DISPERSION KINETICS OF CARBON BLACK IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3592299.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The effect of curing additives on the dispersion kinetics of carbon black (CB) in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds was investigated by means of the method of the online measured electrical conductance. Addition of curing additives such as stearic acid and diphenylguanidine (DPG) accelerates the CB dispersion process significantly. The viscosity of the rubber matrix was not changed after their addition. The addition of stearic acid and DPG may alter the filler–filler interaction that consequently leads to faster dispersion processes. The obtained difference in morphologies of SBR mixtures containing stearic acid and DPG, respectively, are caused by their different infiltration behavior, which may lead to different dispersion mechanisms. Addition of ZnO could not improve the dispersion process of CB because of its limited interaction with CB. Sulfur and N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide decelerate the CB dispersion process. The strong effect of the rubber microstructure such as styrene content and molecular weight on the CB dispersion in SBR mixtures without additives was found and discussed by taking into consideration the known dispersion mechanisms. The influence of addition of curing additives on the CB dispersion in low styrene-content SBR mixtures is much more pronounced than that in high styrene-content SBR mixtures.
28
Murray, G. A. W., B. H. R. Ng, M. R. Vaseghi Jahromi, and D. W. Southwart. "Some Initial Trials and Applications of the DFCS Test for Carbon Black Dispersion." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538417.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Dark Field Cut Surface (DFCS) test is a quantitative method for determining the state of dispersion of carbon black in rubber compounds. The method has been described fully in another paper. Here are reported some of the first applications of the test and some trials that were carried out specifically to investigate and develop the DFCS test. The test is demonstrated to follow accurately the progress of dispersion of carbon black in milled or mixed compounds of NR and SBR. Some tests have been carried out using large batches of test results and these have demonstrated a good fit with a normal distribution. By this means, some recommendations have been derived for suitable sampling rates. The relative merits of the standard deviation and the average for characterizing dispersion have been highlighted. A further way of presenting the results as distribution curves has been demonstrated. A check has been performed to demonstrate that mastication of rubber has little or no influence on the DFCS test results. The DFCS test has been used to give an interesting (provisional) insight to the best ways to operate a rubber mixer. To date, the measured patterns of scattered light show a promising correlation with the anticipated dispersion of carbon black in the specimens tested.
29
Aminabhavi, Tejraj M., Patrick E. Cassidy, and Corley M. Thompson. "Electrical Resistivity of Carbon-Black-Loaded Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538265.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Uses are growing for rubbers with varying levels of resistivity. High electrical resistivity is very much essential in wire and cable insulation applications. Low levels of resistivity are needed for electrostatic discharge in phonograph records and many medical, industrial, and military products and for semiconductive cable compounds. The level of resistivity depends upon the number of contacts or near contacts between conductive particles in the rubber matrix. Loading level is obviously a major determinant in addition to physicochemical characteristics of the black. In the latter regard, the highly conductive grades are characterized by small particle size, high structure, high surface porosity, and low volatile content. One would, therefore, seek the reverse of those factors for high-resistivity rubbers. One of the goals of materials research now is to create new materials with physicomechanical properties tailored to a particular application and to understand the physical processes which determine the end properties. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss the electrical properties of carbon-black-loaded rubber composites, a class of materials which covers the range from insulators to conductors. The carbon-black-loaded rubbers are formed by dispersing carbon black into the rubber. The compounding is done by adding the carbon black to the rubber, mixing at temperatures above Tg and subjecting the mixtures to high shears until a uniform blend is obtained. The carbon-black particles may be as small as 14 nm in diameter or as large as 300 nm, and they may be individually dispersed or agglomerated in micron-sized clusters. Morphology of the rubber has a profound effect on its electrical properties. High electrically resistive rubbers are becoming increasingly important. Their wide array of applications include antistatic products, shielding materials, insulating membranes, resistors, etc. In the vicinity of the crystalline transition region the rubber shows a dramatic resistivity increase which can be utilized for self-regulation processes. Compounds suitable for such various applications differ appreciably in the nature of their components and composition depending on the specific performance required.
30
Le, H. H., S. Ilisch, B. Jakob, and H. J. Radusch. "Online Characterization of the Effect of Mixing Parameters on Carbon Black Dispersion in Rubber Compounds Using Electrical Conductivity." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547808.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The influences of mixing parameters on the carbon black dispersion can be characterized using the electrical conductivity online measured from internal mixer. As a measure for monitoring the development of carbon black dispersion, a normalized conductivity with regard to the conductivity measured at the BIT (black incorporation time) has been suggested. It is observed that in spite of different mixing parameters, the mixtures possessing the same normalized conductivity factor K/KBIT deliver the same carbon black dispersion and the same mechanical properties. Based on normalized conductivity, a deeper insight into the mixing kinetics can be provided to find an optimal mixing regime.
31
Pan, Yiren, Deshang Han, Lin Zhu, Meng Zhang, Huiguang Bian, Chuansheng Wang, and Wenwen Han. "Effect of Adding MoDTC on the Properties of Carbon Black Rubber and the Friction and Wear of Metal during Mixing Process." Materials 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051071.
Full textAbstract:
The gap between the rotor and the mixer chamber wall is an important factor in determining filler dispersion in rubber compounds. The inner wall of a mixer will wear after working for a long time, which will cause poor filler dispersion and affect the quality of rubber products. In this study, MoDTC was added to carbon black as a kind of filler, and the effect on filler dispersion, the properties of the rubber product, and the friction and wear of rubber and metal in the mixing process were examined. Experimental data showed that after adding 3 phr of MoDTC, carbon black dispersion was greatly improved, the curing time was shortened, and the performance remained stable. It was also found that the Mo element of the compound with 3 phr MoDTC dispersed better than that of the other compounds. Most importantly, adding 3 phr of MoDTC greatly reduced the amount of wear on the metal during the mixing process. However, the opposite effect occurred when the MoDTC content was high. The method proposed in this study can not only improve filler dispersion in rubber but also reduce metal wear to prolong the service life of the mixing chamber when applied to an actual mixing process.
32
Krishnan, Sasidharan, Rosamma Alex, and Thomas Kurian. "HAF/SILICA/NANOCLAY “TERNARY” MASTERBATCH AND HAF/SILICA BINARY MASTERBATCH FROM FRESH NATURAL RUBBER LATEX." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87908.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT A process for production of carbon black/silica/nanoclay ternary filler masterbatch from fresh natural rubber (NR) latex was standardized. The fillers, nanoclay, carbon black, and silica were incorporated in fresh NR latex by a modified coagulation process. The latex, mixed with filler dispersions, coagulated immediately on addition of acids. The coagulum containing fillers was dried at 70 °C in an air oven to get the latex filler masterbatch, which was further processed in the conventional way. The masterbatch compounds containing only silica/carbon black showed a higher level of vulcanization as compared with the corresponding dry mixes. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness, increased with the proportion of nanoclay in the mixes up to 5 phr, and with a greater amount, the change was only marginal. Lower tan delta values were observed for all of the masterbatches containing nanoclay in the ranges of 3 to 10 phr compared with the control dry mix containing 25/25 carbon black/silica. The improvement in mechanical properties and dynamic properties shown by the masterbatches over the conventional mill-mixed compounds was attributed to factors related to filler dispersion, as evidenced from the data from dispersion analyzer images, X-ray diffractograms, and a higher level of vulcanization.
33
Burton, L. C., K. Hwang, and T. Zhang. "Dynamic Electrical and Electromechanical Properties of Carbon-Black Loaded Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536278.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract 1. Low-frequency resistance can be dominated by contacts. It was found that silver paint contacts were roughly equivalent to metal contacts bonded during vulcanization. 2. Three electrical regimes are clearly evident, determined by loading: dielectric, percolation, and conducting. 3. Resistance and dielectric constant dispersion for loading above 30 phr agree with Kawamoto's model. 4. Each carbon-black loading results in a distinctive dispersion signature. 5. Dynamic conductivity can be used to delineate persistent and transient carbon-black-structure changes versus composition, DSA, frequency, and potentially other parameters (temperature, stress waveform, etc.). 6. The remaining conductive network during stress is represented by gmin; Δg is determined by network fracture and reformation; gmin−gα is proportional to the amount of remaining transient structure; g0−gα is proportional to the total transient structure; normalized conductivity Z is the remaining-to-total transient-structure ratio. 7. The Δgm=0.525(g0−gα) relation indicates that maximum reformation occurs when approximately half the transient structure is broken down and confirms the correlation between conductivity parameters and transient carbon-black structure.
34
Gerspacher, M., C. P. O'Farrell, L. Nikiel, H. H. Yang, and F. Le Méhauté. "High Frequency Viscoelasticity of Carbon Black Filled Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 786–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538402.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A high frequency viscoelasticity spectrometer, using the state-of-the-art ultrasonic technology, was constructed. The longitudinal and shear waves characteristics were measured in rubber compounds to obtain the attenuation coefficient, α, and sound velocity, v Preliminary results were obtained for a number of filled and unfilled polymers. The grade of carbon black used, filler loading, crosslinking density and filler dispersion were varied during the study. Temperature sweepS from −100°C to +60°C were also studied. It was found that the polymer type had a greater influence on α and v than did the grade of carbon black, loading or dispersion. The experimental data show that shear waves do not propagate in the rubbery state. Above the glass transition temperature, Tg, the longitudinal wave measurements could be sufficient to determine the high frequency dynamic properties of filled and unfilled polymers to characterize a tire tread compound. The temperature sweep measurements allowed the determination of the Tg of polymers at high frequency. It is proposed that the described method of measuring α and v be used as a laboratory tool for potential tire traction prediction.
35
Keloth Paduvilan, Jibin, Prajitha Velayudhan, Ashin Amanulla, Hanna Joseph Maria, Allisson Saiter-Fourcin, and Sabu Thomas. "Assessment of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay Based Hybrid Filler in Chlorobutyl-Natural Rubber Blend for Advanced Gas Barrier Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051098.
Full textAbstract:
Nanomaterials have engaged response from the scientific world in recent decades due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties counter to their bulk. They have been widely used in a polymer matrix to improve mechanical, thermal, barrier, electronic and chemical properties. In rubber nanocomposites, nanofillers dispersion and the interfacial adhesion between polymer and fillers influences the composites factual properties. In the present work, a comparison of the hybrid effects of carbon black with two different nanofillers (graphene oxide and nanoclay) was studied. The 70/30 composition of chlorobutyl rubber/natural rubber elastomer blend was taken as per the blend composition optimized from our previous studies. The hybrid effects of graphene oxide and nanoclay in dispersing the nanofillers were studied mainly by analyzing nanocomposite barrier properties. The results confirm that the combined effect of carbon black with graphene oxide and nanoclay could create hybrid effects in decreasing the gas permeability. The prepared nanocomposites which partially replace the expensive chlorobutyl rubber can be used for tyre inner liner application. Additionally, the reduction in the amount of carbon black in the nanocomposite can be an added advantage of considering the environmental and economic factors.
36
Le, H. H., M. Tiwari, S. Ilisch, and H.-J. Radusch. "Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547955.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.
37
Gao, Maochuan, Feng Zheng, Jinjia Xu, Shangyong Zhang, Sanjana S. Bhosale, Junjie Gu, and Ruoyu Hong. "Surface modification of nano-sized carbon black for reinforcement of rubber." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0036.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The standard sample IRB7# of nano-sized carbon black was reated by different methods, including washing by alcohol, toluene, water, the emulsion of toluene and water, and heating. Surface activity of the obtained nanoparticles was measured using inverse gas chromatography. The results showed that the dispersion free energy could be significantly increased after heating. The surface activity of three kinds of industrial carbon black was studied after heat treatment at different temperature. The results indicated that surface activity, iodine adsorption number and nitrogen surface area values of carbon black nanoparticles increased with the increase of temperature. However, the dibutyl phthalate adsorption value maintained nearly constant. The performance test of rubber showed that with the increasing heat treatment temperature of carbon black, 300% modulus of rubber increased before 450°C and decreased after 450°C.
38
Sridharan, Harini, Jagannath Chanda, Prasenjit Ghosh, and Rabindra Mukhopadhyay. "Mixing time influence on fatigue crack growth in a carbon black-filled natural rubber vulcanizate." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760619895012.
Full textAbstract:
Various processing parameters affect the dispersion of carbon black (CB) in a rubber matrix, of which mixing time plays a major role. The physical properties of a green compound namely bound rubber and Mooney viscosity along with mechanical and fatigue crack growth (FCG) are affected by the dispersion of filler particles. To determine the effect of mastication on dispersion, the mixing time was varied from 120 s to 600 s where it was gauged that an optimum range of mixing times display better dispersion. The difference in dispersion between the green and the cured compounds was also stark due to the flocculation mechanism. Longer mixing times do not show much decrease in agglomerate size on curing, that is, approximately 2%, whereas shorter time has led to a decrease of 20%. The FCG properties were studied using a tear and fatigue analyser, where the FCG rate displays a similar trend with the dispersion of CB.
39
Shiga, S. "Relationship between Molecular Structure and Mixing Mechanism." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 60, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536115.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relationship between the molecular weight, the bound rubber, and the PI value was studied for EPR, of which the molecular structure was measured with GPC-LALLS. A strong linear correlation is found between the bound rubber and the PI value. The Meissner theorem, modified to express a severer dependence of the bound rubber on the molecular weight than the original theorem expects and the use of a molecular size instead of the molecular weight, can explain the relationship between the molecular weight and the bound rubber, accordingly the PI value. They indicate not only the dependence of mixing processability on polymer adsorption, but also strongly suggest the mechanism of carbon black dispersion that aggregates are scraped out from the surface of agglomerates as illustrated by the onion model. A pulsed NMR was used to measure the spin-spin relaxation time T2 of EPR in rubber compounds of different mixing time to study the rubber phase structure and its time change. It can be imagined from the T2-time curves that till tmin, polymer molecules are rapidly bound on the carbon black surface to become thick gradually, while adsorbed segments per a molecule increase with time. After tmin, gradual rearrangement of molecules on the surface and the biphasic structure of the bound rubber may proceed. The whole thickness of the bound rubber increases gradually even after tmin. The resistance against the dispersion of carbon black seems to be strengthened with mixing time.
40
TANAKA, MITSUHO. "Instrument for Determination of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 71, no. 2 (1998): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.71.85.
Full text
41
Roland, C. M., and G. F. Lee. "Interaggregate Interaction in Filled Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538273.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Measurements of the dynamic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber can be carried out on most instrumentation at strains within the limits of linear behavior; thus, assessments of acoustic performance can readily be made. The equivalence of small-strain dynamic-mechanical testing and acoustic measurements has been demonstrated herein. Blends of NR with a high concentration of 1,2-BR are attractive candidates for damping applications because of the extended frequency range of the glass to rubber transition. One approach to improving the magnitude of the damping is to incorporate high levels of carbon black into the material. Significant interaggregate interaction, promoted for example by a low degree of carbon-black dispersion, will amplify the energy dissipation. The strain dependence of the dynamic properties implicit in such an approach can result in a damping performance sensitive to deformation. The loss tangent rises significantly after such a deformation, while the loss modulus experiences a barely measurable decline. This sensitivity to deformation will thus impact more on constrained layer damping applications than on simple extensional damping. For the materials tested in the present study, complete recovery of the damage to the carbon-black network (which engenders the changes in dynamic mechanical properties) required more than a day at room temperature.
42
Hess, W. M. "Characterization of Dispersions." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 386–449. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538562.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The methods of pigment dispersion analysis have been reviewed in regard to their application to rubber, plastics, and other vehicle systems. The characteristics of dispersions have been divided into three categories: (1) agglomeration (2) microdispersion (networking) and (3) polymer-phase distribution. Stylus roughness measurements on cut surfaces offer the combination of simplicity and speed of operation with high accuracy and precision for measuring pigment agglomeration in elastomer systems of known composition. This method may also be applied to the surface of thin plastic extrudates. However, optical analyses of thin cryosections are preferred for most plastics or unknown rubber compounds containing high loadings of carbon black. X-radiography is generally preferable for the analysis of inorganic agglomeration in most polymeric vehicle systems. The scanning electron microscope is also applicable for this type of analysis and has the added capability of identifying unknown agglomerates by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Automated image-analysis techniques may also be utilized in conjunction with microscopical methods for quantifying the agglomeration of most types of pigments. For carbon blacks, the most suitable materials for on-line image analyses with transmitted light are plastics, paints, and inks which contain low black loadings. Higher carbon-black loadings in rubber can be analyzed by incident light using metallographic polishing of sulfur-hardened specimens. The microdispersion of carbon blacks at the primary aggregate level can be measured by means of electrical conductivity. This method is not applicable to inorganic pigments, large-particle-size carbon blacks, or blacks at very high or low loadings. Pigment microdispersion in different vehicle systems may also be assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy of thick cross sections (plasma etched to enhance contrast) or by transmission electron microscopy of thin cryosections. The tendency for the finer pigments to form 3-dimensional network structures in elastomers may also be measured as a function of the augmentation of dynamic modulus from high to low strain amplitudes. Pigment phase distribution in elastomer blends may be studied by scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy of thin cryosections, in conjunction with a staining or etching procedure to produce contrast between the separate polymer components. Selective staining is applicable to blends of polymers which differ significantly in their relative levels of unsaturation (e.g., NR/CIIR). Pyrolytic etching (under vacuum) may be used to produce interzone contrast in blends of polymers which differ significantly in their resistance to thermal degradation (e.g., NR/BR, NR/SBR). Pyrolysis GC may be utilized to determine the amount of carbon black in the separate phases of certain elastomer blends. This method is based on the relative intensity of the primary GC peaks for the individual polymers. The chromatographs are obtained from the bound rubber (carbon-polymer gel) that is developed during the mixing of the compound.
43
Yang, Mei, Sheng Hu, Shang Yue Shen, and Tie Li. "Effect of Attapulgite and Carbon Black on the Properties of Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.92.
Full textAbstract:
The modified attapulgite / natural rubber composites (MANRC), attapulgite / natural rubber composites (ANRC) and carbon black N330 / natural rubber composites (CBNRC) were prepared by co-coagulating rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension,respectively. The modified attapulgite was attained by dispersion with an ultrasonic cell pulverizer first and then modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The micrographs of field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) showed that the CTAB-modified attapulgite have the best dispersibility in the composites. The mechanical properties of MANRC are the best. The best properties of MANRC can be obtained when 20phrCTAB-modified attapulgite was added, the tensile strength, the 200% tensile modulus, the tear strength and Shore A hardness increased by 58.2%, 109.3%, 46.0%, 27.8%, respectively, compared with CBNRC.
44
Tunnicliffe, Lewis B., Kimberly Nelson, Shaobo Pan, John Curtis, and Charles R. Herd. "REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER BY CARBON BLACK AND LIGNIN-COATED NANOCELLULOSE FIBRILS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79961.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The reinforcement of rubber by a co-filler system of carbon black and lignin-coated nanocellulose fibrils (LCNF) is investigated. Natural rubber (NR)–polybutadiene (BR) blend compounds containing LCNF loadings of up to 20% of the total filler package are prepared, and the dispersion state of the LCNF is determined using interferometric and electron microscopy. The LCNF is found to be well dispersed on macro- and micro-dispersion length scales, with discrete fibrils tending to align in the milling/calendering grain direction. Cure properties—scorch, rate, and total yield of crosslinks—are unaffected by the presence of LCNF in the compounds. Tensile to break and cyclic tensile properties are found to be reasonably consistent with those of a conventional all carbon black control compound. Tear and laboratory abrasion resistance properties are maintained versus the control compound, while a systematic and substantial reduction in compound Payne Effect with increasing LCNF content is observed. Basic aging properties of the compounds are unaffected by the presence of LCNF. The potential benefits of LCNF as a lightweight, sustainable, and bio-derived reinforcing filler are outlined.
45
Feng, Wengjiang, Zhenghai Tang, Peijin Weng, and Baochun Guo. "CORRELATION OF FILLER NETWORKING WITH REINFORCEMENT AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SSBR/CARBON BLACK/SILICA COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.84881.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The use of silica to partially replace carbon black is a common practice in the fabrication of “green tires.” Although some degree of consensus has been approached concerning the improved performance conferred by silica substitution, such as the improved dispersion of carbon black, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between filler networking and the performance of rubber composites has not been established. Thus, an investigation focusing on filler network structure and the correlation between the network structure and the reinforcement of rubber composites was conducted. We prepared solution-polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR) reinforced by carbon black and carbon black/silica in different ratios. To exclude as much of the effect from changed crosslinking, and figure out how filler blending influences filler dispersion and filler network structure, the silane generally used in the tire industry was not adopted. The quantitative predictor, the mass fractal dimension df, was derived from the Kraus model and the Huber–Vilgis model. We found that when the amount of substituted silica increases, the filler cluster branching decreases, accompanied by increased reinforcement efficiency. The depressed filler networking induced by silica substitution at an appropriate proportion leads to improved dynamic properties, including lower rolling resistance and better wet skid. When the silica proportion in the filler is too high, severe filler networking is observed, resulting in decreased reinforcing efficiency and impaired dynamic properties.
46
Dey, Pranab, Kinsuk Naskar, Biswaranjan Dash, Sujith Nair, G. Unnikrishnan, and Golok B. Nando. "Selective dispersion of carbon fillers into dynamically vulcanized rubber/plastic blends: a thermodynamic approach to evaluate polymer reinforcement and conductivity enhancement." RSC Advances 5, no. 40 (2015): 31886–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16941g.
Full textAbstract:
Phase selective and thermodynamically controlled dispersion of filler particles into the dynamically vulcanized rubber/plastic blends depicting higher abundance of carbon black in the thermoplastic phase with the progressive filler addition.
47
Wu, Ju Ying, Jing Hui Fan, Yu Hong Huang, Jing Guo, and Kai Zhang. "Effect of RuO2 on Piezoresistive Properties of CB/MVQ Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.124.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, RuO2-CB/MVQ composites were prepared through following steps. First, the nanoruthenium particles had been prepared by solvent thermo-deoxidization ways. Secondly, the nanoRuO2 particles had been formed by oxidation reaction of nanoruthenium particles in air. Thirdly, the carbon black/silicone rubber mixed rubber was prepared by solvent mixing. Fourthly, the nanoruthenium particles were mixed into carbon black/silicone rubber mixed rubber by rubbing dispersion. Finally, vulcanization molding was carried out at certain preasure and temperature. The piezoresistive properties of CB/MWQ composite materials were tested with pressure-resistance testing systems designed ourselves. The test results showed that suitable amounts of RuO2 could enhance the stability and creep of piezoresistive properties of CB/MWQ composite materials. The microstructure of CB/MWQ composite materials were analyzed with SEM and TEM. The characterization results showed that nanoRuO2 particles dispersed in composite materials in nanolevel. These nanostructure could improve conductive net of carbon black, and reinforce crosslink net of silicone rubber. These factors had advantage to the stability of piezoresistive properties of CB/MWQ composite materials.
48
Zhou, Weiming, Liang Chen, Jie Lu, Zeming Qi, Ningdong Huang, Liangbin Li, and Wanxia Huang. "Imaging the strain induced carbon black filler network structure breakage with nano X-ray tomography." RSC Adv. 4, no. 97 (2014): 54500–54505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09095k.
Full text
49
Li, Xu, Ziran Li, and Yuanming Xia. "TEST AND CALCULATION OF THE CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT EFFECT ON THE HYPER-ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF TIRE RUBBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.86932.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The strong reinforcement effect of filler particles on the mechanical behavior of elastomers has been well known for decades and has significantly contributed to the wide use of rubber materials in the tire industry. By using the automated grid method testing system, the quasi-static mechanical tests of three typical kinds of carbon black–filled tire rubbers with different elastomeric matrixes are carried out. Then, the influences of carbon black reinforcement on their hyper-elastic properties (the stress–strain relationship, the “S”-shaped nonlinear characteristic, and the stress level at certain stretch) are systemically discussed. The experimental data also allowed for a direct evaluation on a classical constitutive model based on the amplification of the first strain invariant. Comparison results illustrate that this model can explicitly take into account the reinforcement dependence of hyper-elasticity of tire rubbers in a certain degree. After that, the moderate finite deformation of these reinforced tire rubbers is studied using numerical investigations. For gaining the effect of particle clustering, different spatial distributions of carbon black particles (regular random dispersion and agglomerate random dispersion) in the elastomeric matrix are analyzed through the finite element simulations. The comparison of experimental and numerical results emphasizes the importance of the consideration of particle distribution and suggests that successful modeling of the material mainly requires a rational treatment of composite nature of its microstructure.
50
Hamed, Gary R., and S. Hatfield. "On the Role of Bound Rubber in Carbon-Black Reinforcement." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536231.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A simple model of filler dispersion has been used to approximate particle spacing and the portion of rubber that is restricted as a result of particulate reinforcement. For N330 black, which has an equivalent radius of 20.2 nm, the critical concentration (in SBR of Mw=344 000) for coherent carbon-gel formation upon solvent immersion is 30 phr. At this level of filler, particle-particle spacing is approximately the diameter of the average SBR random coil. In the second part of the study, compositions in which portions of free rubber had been extracted were compared to conventional mixes at the same black concentrations. Conventional and extracted vulcanizates had similar cure behavior and resistance to deformation, however, extracted samples, with excessive bound rubber had reduced strengths, consistent with the presence of inherent flaws. Apparently, the extracted samples, which are torn apart upon mastication are unable to fully reknit together even after compression molding and vulcanization.