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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber/clay nanocomposites'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Sadhu, Susmita, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Effect of Chain Length of Amine and Nature and Loading of Clay on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 4 (2003): 860–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547777.

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Abstract Polymer nanocomposite is one of the highly discussed research topics in recent time. In this paper, we have reported the preparation and the properties of different nanoclays based on sodium montmorillonite, bentonite and potassium montmorillonite and organic amines of varying chain lengths, and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)-clay nanocomposites. The clays and the rubber nanocomposites have been characterized with the help of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). X-ray results suggest that the intergallery distance is increased by incorporation of various amines. There is a great improvement in mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, work to break, and hysteresis on incorporation of nanoclay in SBR. TEM photographs show exfoliation of the clays in rubber to 5–10 nm range. The X-ray diffraction peak observed in the range of 3°– 10° for the control and the modified clays also disappears in rubber nanocomposites. Increasing chain length of clay modifiers and loading and nature of clays affect the mechanical and thermal properties significantly.

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Kumar, S., G. B. Nando, Sujith Nair, G. Unnikrishnan, A. Sreejesh, and S. Chattopadhyay. "EFFECT OF ORGANICALLY MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE CLAY ON MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICOMECHANICAL, THERMAL STABILITY, AND WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE PROPERTIES OF BIIR-CO RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 1 (2015): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85996.

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ABSTRACT Rubber nanocomposites based on bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), polyepichlorohydrin rubber (CO), carbon black (CB), and organically modified montmorillonite clay (NC) were prepared via melt compounding technique. Effects of NC dosage on various properties of the developed BIIR-CO nanocomposites were studied. Morphological characteristics of the BIIR-CO nanocomposite revealed a good level of clay dispersion. Scanning electron microscopy analyses of the tensile fractured surfaces of the nanocomposites revealed the existence of a good interaction between NC-CB. Hybrid microstructure development between NC and CB, clay exfoliation, and improved filler dispersion in the quaternary nanocomposite significantly contributed to the overall enhancement of properties. The addition of nanoclay increases the modulus up to 54%, tear strength up to 20%, and other physicomechanical properties of the rubber nanocomposite. However, higher nanoclay dose results in the agglomeration of clay particles predominantly. An increase in the volume fraction of nanoclay platelets depreciates the thermal degradation of the BIIR-CO nanocomposites. The tortuous path offered by NC is pivotal in the significant reduction in the water vapor transmission rate (up to 30% reduction). Contact angle measurements reveal the importance of nanoclay dispersion in subsiding the surface hydrophilic nature of the nanocomposite.

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Jamal, N. A., Hazleen Anuar, and Shamsul Bahri A. Razak. "The Effects of High Energy Radiation on the Tensile Properties of Rubber Toughened Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.765.

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Composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and Organically Modified Montmorillonite (OMMT) clays were made by melt compounding followed by compression molding. Mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the nanocomposites. The addition of clay, compatibilizer agent, Maleic Anhydride Polyethylene (MAPE) and irradiation technique, High Energy Electron Beam (EB) considerably improved the properties of nanocomposites. Tensile Strength and Modulus (MPa) were found to increase significantly with increasing clay content and decreasing as the clay content exceeds 4 vol%. The largest improvement in nanocomposite tensile properties occurred at clay loading of 4 vol% (2-8 vol%) with irradiation technique. The d spacings of the clay in nanocomposites were monitored using XRD and the extent of delamination was examined by TEM. TEM photomicrographs illustrated the intercalated and exfoliated structures of the nanocomposites with OMMT, MAPE and irradiation process.

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He, Shao Jian, Yi Qing Wang, Jun Lin, and Li Qun Zhang. "Improving the Gas Barrier Property of SBR/Clay Nanocomposite through In Situ Sulfur Modification during Curing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 108 (October 2011): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.108.48.

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Rubber/clay nanocomposites have been explored as alternative materials to replace expensive halogenated butyl rubber. In order to further improve their gas barrier properties, a simple and efficient method through sulfur modification was applied in this work. Excess sulfur was added into SBR/clay nanocompound to prepare sulfur modified nanocomposite via the formation of cyclic sulfide in addition to crosslinking. The vulcanization behavior, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical property and gas barrier property of the nanocomposites were investigated. It was found that the sulfur modified SBR/clay nanocomposites showed much increased glass transition temperature and lower gas permeability.

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El-Nemr, Khaled F., Magdy A. M. Ali, Medhat M. Hassan, and Huda E. Hamed. "Synergistic effect of vermiculite clay and ionizing irradiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polybutadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer nanocomposite." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 3 (2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3035.

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Abstract Blends of rubber-rubber have desired properties intermediated between two rubber matrices. On the other hand, polymer-clay nanocomposites have attracted the attention of many researchers and experimental results are presented in a large number of recent papers and patents because of the outstanding mechanical properties and low gas permeability that are achieved in many cases. Polymer-clay nanocomposites are a new class of mineral-field polymer that contain relatively small amounts (<10%) of nanometer-sized clay particles. In this study, new nanocomposite materials were produced from the blend of polybutadiene rubber (BR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), BR/EPDM (50/50) as matrix and organically modified vermiculite clay (VMT) by quaternary alkylammonium in different contents (3, 6, 9 and 12 phr) as the filler by using rubber mill then, the rubber nanocomposite sheets were irradiated at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kGy using γ-radiation technique as a crosslinking tool. The prepared composites can be characterized by using various analytical techniques including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as mechanical properties measurements.

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Runcy, Wilson, Chandran Nithin, and Thomas Sabu. "Layered Clay Rubber Composites." Key Engineering Materials 571 (July 2013): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.571.197.

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The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in virtually all technical disciplines. This obviously includes polymer science and technology. In recent year, researchers have been working on a new scale of reinforcement by incorporating a fine dispersion of clay silicatelayers in the polymer matrix to obtain polymer nanocomposites. Nanoscale layered clays, due to their high aspect ratio and high strength, can play an important role in forming effective polymer nanocomposites. Polymer nanocomposites have received much attention due to its large surface area and very high aspect ratio. Polymer nanocomposites especially rubber based nanocomposites is one of the many composite materials in which researchers and engineers have shown great interest due to their potential to be used in critical applications. Polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites often exhibit remarkable improvement in materials properties when compared with the virgin polymer or conventional micro and macro composites. These improvements can include high moduli and tear strength, improved heat resistance and electrical properties, decreased gas permeability, swelling to solvents and flammability.

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Jamal, Nur Ayuni. "A Linear Relationship between the Mechanical, Thermal and Gas Barrier Properties of MAPE Modified Rubber Toughened Nanocomposites." IIUM Engineering Journal 11, no. 2 (2010): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v11i2.114.

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Composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) clays were prepared by melt compounding followed by compression molding. The addition of clay as well as compatibilizer agent (maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE)) considerably improved the tensile properties of nanocomposites systems. The largest improvement in mechanical and thermal properties occurred at clay loading levels of 4% (2-8 wt %) with MAPE system. Interestingly, the increased in tensile properties also resulted in improve in thermal and barrier properties. Differential scanning calorimeter analysis (DSC) revealed that the barrier property of nanocomposite was influenced by the crystalline percentage of nanocomposite. Along with crystalline percentage, the crystallization temperature, Tc and melting temperature, Tm were also improved with OMMT and MAPE agent. The d-spacings of the clay in nanocomposites were monitored using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the extent of delamination was examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The wide angle of XRD patterns showed the increased interplanar spacing, d of clay layers, indicating enhanced compatibility between polymer matrix and OMMT with the aid of MAPE agent. TEM photomicrographs illustrated the mixed intercalated and partial exfoliated structures of the nanocomposites with OMMT and MAPE agent.

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Fang, Liang, Ming Wei, Nuthathai Warasitthinon, et al. "PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BY USING LIQUID RUBBER/CLAY MASTER BATCHES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 1 (2013): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88939.

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ABSTRACT Rubber/clay nanocomposites (RCNs) have many applications because of their improved properties. The dispersion of clay in a rubber matrix, which plays an important role in the properties of RCNs, is a challenge. In this article, a solvent-free approach to produce the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/clay nanocomposites by using liquid rubber/clay master batches was introduced. The liquid/rubber master batches were first prepared using a high-speed centrifugal mixer and then compounded with neat SBR using conventional rubber compounding equipment. Compared with the composites prepared by melt mixing, this approach resulted in a better dispersion of the clay in the rubber matrix and improvements in tensile strength (4.98 MPa at 10 phr clay loading) and elongation at break (&gt;1000% at 10 phr clay loading). The improved dispersion was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The effect of clay loading on the tensile properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and the Payne effect was also investigated. The increase in clay loading resulted in a steady increase in the tensile properties up to a loading of 15 phr. The reinforcement in the RCN modulus using clay was compared with five models, including the Guth and Halpin-Tsai equations. This solvent-free approach offers benefits in dispersion of clay for industrial applications of rubber nanocomposites.

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Bokobza, Liliane. "Natural Rubber Nanocomposites: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010012.

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This paper reviews studies carried out on natural rubber filled with nanofillers such as spherical silica particles (generated by the sol gel reaction), clays and carbon nanostructures. It is shown that the mechanical response of NR is influenced by several parameters including the processing conditions, the state of filler dispersion, the polymer-filler interactions and the filler morphological aspects. Even if the sol gel process conducted in vulcanized rubber yields almost ideal dispersions, rod-shaped particles such as clay, carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes are by far more efficient in terms of mechanical reinforcement on account of their anisotropic character and their ability to orientate in the direction of stretch. The efficiency of layered fillers such as clays or graphitic structures clearly depends on the way they are dispersed (exfoliated) in the rubber. Complete exfoliation still remains difficult to achieve which limits the tremendous nanoreinforcement expected from a single layer of clay or graphite. In all cases, the onset of crystallization is observed at a lower strain value than that of the unfilled matrix due to strain amplification effects.

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Magdalena, Lipińska*. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS INTERCALANT MODIFIED CLAY/RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY MELT-COMPOUNDING." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 4, no. 12 (2017): 103–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1133521.

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Rubbers are commonly compounded with different fillers in order to achieve the optimum of final properties. In  studies layered silicates, montmorillonites, in natural and organically modified form were applied as  reinforcing fillers for two rubbers differ in polarity, ethylene-propylene copolymer EPM and hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber HNBR. The clay/rubber composites were prepared by melt-compounding method using various mixing conditions to obtain an optimal level of intercalated and exfoliated montmorillonite structures in peroxide cured rubber composites. The aim of this paper is to compare the influence of various types of montmorillonites on the rubber curing, crosslink density and mechanical properties of vulcanizates. Additionally, the effect of montmorillonites on weathering and UV ageing resistance of EPM rubber was determined.

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Lim, Szu Hui, Zhong Zhen Yu, and Yiu Wing Mai. "Tensile Deformation Behaviours of Nylon 6 Based Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.694.

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Tensile tests were conducted on nylon 6/clay nanocomposites, with and without POE-g- MA rubber particles, over a range of temperatures below the glass transition and strain rates 10-4 to 10-1 s-1. It was shown that the yield strength varied with temperature and strain rate as the Eyring equation thus providing results on activation energy and activation volume for the physical mechanisms involved in these processes. Additionally, the tensile dilatometric responses indicated that the presence of POE-g-MA rubber particles did not alter the shear deformation mode of neat nylon 6. In contrast, the presence of clay layers changed the tensile yield deformation of nylon 6 from the more deviatoric plasticity to the more dilatational plasticity. In nylon 6/clay/POE-g-MA ternary nanocomposite, the volume strain response showed that POE-g-MA rubber particles promoted shear deformation and clay layers delamination was suppressed at yield.

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Wongvasana, B., A. Masa, H. Saito, T. Sakai, and N. Lopattananon. "Influence of nanofiller types on morphology and mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1234, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1234/1/012007.

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Abstract Natural rubber (NR) nanocomposite containing different types of filler, i.e., nanoclay (clay) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) were prepared in this study. The masterbatches of NR with 5 parts per hundred parts of rubber of nanofiller were firstly prepared by using the latex mixing method, followed by compounding on two roll mill and compression molding to obtain NR nanocomposite specimens. The unfilled NR sample was also prepared for comparison. Morphological properties of NR nanocomposites were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy, while the mechanical and dynamic properties were studied by using a universal tensile testing machine and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It was found that the clay with platelet morphology was uniformLy dispersed, while the long and flexible CNFs were aggregated and poorly dispersed. The greater improvement of modulus at various strains was achieved from CNF filled NR nanocomposites, while the highest tensile strength was obtained from the clay filled nanocomposite. As compared to the clay containing nanocomposite, the addition of CNF markedly decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of the NR due to poor dispersion of CNF. However, a significant improvement in mechanical properties at low strain was obtained when the CNF was used as filler due to high degree of fiber entanglement, as suggested by DMA observation.

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Al-Yamani, Faisal, and Lloyd A. Goettler. "Nanoscale Rubber Reinforcement: A Route to Enhanced Intercalation in Rubber-Silicate Nanocomposites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 1 (2007): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548159.

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Abstract Addition of organo-modified layered silicates (e.g., montmorillonite clay) to polymer matrices can produce effective polymer nanocomposites by intercalation of macromolecules into the interlayer galleries. Flexible rubber nanocomposites represent an untapped application of this technology that is still in an early stage of development. This research focuses on the enhancement of rubber matrices through the incorporation of different types of layered silicates along with a dispersion agent, hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM). Styrene-co-butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-co-butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites were prepared via a straightforward rubber compounding process and investigated through wide angle x-ray diffraction to determine the resulting clay morphology. The mechanical evaluation of the rubber nanocomposites was by tensile and tear testing. The dispersing agent affected both the morphology, registered as an increase in the gallery height, and mechanical properties, which showed significant additional reinforcement with the optimal combination of organoclay and rubber type. This work thus demonstrates the positive benefit of such a dispersion agent.

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Meneghetti, P., S. Shaikh, S. Qutubuddin, and S. Nazarenko. "Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical and Gas Barrier Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 5 (2008): 821–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548234.

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Abstract Five styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/clay nanocomposite or hybrid systems were synthesized via mechanical mixing of SBR using a Brabender mixer and a 2-roll mill in the presence of unmodified sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay, MMT modified with octadecylamine (C18amine), MMT modified with a zwitterionic surfactant, octadecyldimethyl betaine (C18DMB), and MMT modified with a polymerizable cationic surfactant, vinylbenzyl octadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (VODAC) or vinylbenzyl dodecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (VDAC). The surfactant chain length and functional groups affected the dispersion of clay nanolayers in the matrix and the overall properties of the nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed peaks corresponding to intercalated structures; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations agreed well with XRD assessment of the composites. SBR/VODAC-MMT system exhibited the best dispersion among the nanocomposites studied. VODAC-MMT was partially exfoliated in SBR matrix and the average aspect ratio of the nanolayer stacks or aggregates was high (20). Depending on the amount of clay, considerable mechanical reinforcement and gas barrier enhancement were achieved in nanocomposites over pure rubber. Tensile strength in excess of 18MPa was observed in SBR nanocomposites with 30 phr C18 organoclays. The storage modulus at 25C increased by a factor of four by incorporating 10 phr VODAC-MMT in SBR. The most pronounced oxygen barrier enhancement was again observed in SBR/VODAC-MMT nanocomposite with the reduction of permeability by 60% at silicate volume fraction of 0.06. The superior performance of nanocomposites containing VODAC-MMT is attributed to the presence of the vinyl-benzyl group and 18 carbon-atom tail in the surfactant leading to high compatibility with SBR and nano-scale dispersion in the SBR matrix.

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Ratnayake, UN, Dileepa E. Prematunga, Chaminda Peiris, Veranja Karunaratne, and Gehan AJ Amaratunga. "Effect of polyethylene glycol-intercalated organoclay on vulcanization characteristics and reinforcement of natural rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 48, no. 8 (2016): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244315618698.

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Organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay was intercalated with low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomer at melt stage. The intercalation behaviour of PEG into the OMMT clay galleries and its interaction with clay platelets were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetric techniques. A natural rubber (NR)–organoclay nanocomposite (NROCN) was prepared by melt-compounding of NR with PEG-treated organoclay (P-OMMT) and other compounding chemicals using a laboratory-scale internal mixer. XRD analysis of the nanocomposites revealed the intercalation of NR molecules into the P-OMMT clay galleries and subsequent exfoliation during the melt-compounding process. Vulcanization characteristics of the NROCN, especially processing safety and optimum curing time, have been interpreted with reference to the organic modifier of the montmorillonite clay, PEG modification and the degree of exfoliation. Solid-state mechanical properties of P-OMMT clay-filled NROCN vulcanizates have shown a significant enhancement in stiffness and strength characteristics whilst without scarifying the elasticity of the nanocomposites. Results have been explained in terms of the degree of exfoliation, dispersibility of the organoclay and strain-induced crystallization of the natural rubber.

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Tarawneh, Mou'ad A., Sahrim Hj Ahmad, S. Y. Yahya, and Rozaidi Rashid. "Tensile and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR) Nanocomposites Treated with Ultrasonic." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.973.

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Melt compounding technique was employed to prepare thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) nanocomposite. The ultrasonic bath was used to improve the filler-matrix interfacial adhesion. TPNR nanocomposites were prepared in the ratio of (70:20:10) from polypropylene (PP), natural rubber (NR) and liquid natural rubber (LNR) as a compatibilizer, with 4% NanolinDK4. The clay layers were found to be separated further with ultrasonic treatment as compared to the sample without ultrasonic treatment as exhibited from X-ray diffraction. Young's modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break of TPNR nanocomposites increased with ultrasonic treatment, the optimum results achieved at 3h. .The results obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) curves indicate that the addition of MWNTs led to an increase in the storage modulus E' and loss modulus E'' with maximum value is obtained at 3 hours. The glass transition temperature (Tg) also increases with Ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonic treatment can promote the dispersion of the clay in TPNR also improve the compatibility of organoclay filler and the TPNR matrix.

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Magaraphan, Rathanawan, Woothichai Thaijaroen, and Ratree Lim-ochakun. "Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber and Modified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 2 (2003): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547751.

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Abstract Montmorillonite clay was organically modified by primary and quaternary ammonium salts (having C12-C18). The modified clay was added to a solution of natural rubber in toluene at various contents. Characterization of the structure of the nanocomposites was performed by using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the silicate layers of the clay were expanded so that the exfoliated nanocomposites were obtained at clay content below 10 phr; above that the nanocomposites became partially exfoliated. Moreover, long primary amine showed more improved mechanical properties than the quaternary one (at the same carbon numbers). The longer organic modifying agents resulted in better expansion of silicate layer distance indicating more intercalation of natural rubber molecules in between clay galleries. The curing properties were also improved. It was found that a small loading of 7 phr is enough to bring good mechanical properties in comparison to those of high structure silica filled and carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates.

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Christ, J. "Sliding wear of rubber/layered silicate nanocomposites." Experimental and Theoretical NANOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 2 (2023): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56053/7.2.87.

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The dry sliding and friction behaviors of organoclay modified hydrogenated nitrile (HNBR) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM) rubbers were studied using a pin (steel)-on-plate (rubber sheet) test configuration. It was found that the organoclay modification may improve or deteriorate the resistance to wear of rubbers. The resistance to wear was adversely affected by pronounced intercalation/exfoliation and two-dimensional alignment of the clay layers. This result is in analogy with the directional dependence of the wear performance of fiber-reinforced composite laminates.

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GONZALEZ, I., J. EGUIAZABAL, and J. NAZABAL. "Rubber-toughened polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 11-12 (2006): 1833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.008.

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Cobani, Elkid, Irene Tagliaro, Marco Geppi, et al. "Hybrid Interface in Sepiolite Rubber Nanocomposites: Role of Self-Assembled Nanostructure in Controlling Dissipative Phenomena." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040486.

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Sepiolite (Sep)–styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites were prepared by using nano-sized sepiolite (NS-SepS9) fibers, obtained by applying a controlled surface acid treatment, also in the presence of a silane coupling agent (NS-SilSepS9). Sep/SBR nanocomposites were used as a model to study the influence of the modified sepiolite filler on the formation of immobilized rubber at the clay-rubber interface and the role of a self-assembled nanostructure in tuning the mechanical properties. A detailed investigation at the macro and nanoscale of such self-assembled structures was performed in terms of the organization and networking of Sep fibers in the rubber matrix, the nature of both the filler–filler and filler–rubber interactions, and the impact of these features on the reduced dissipative phenomena. An integrated multi-technique approach, based on dynamic measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and morphological investigation, assessed that the macroscopic mechanical properties of clay nanocomposites can be remarkably enhanced by self-assembled filler structures, whose formation can be favored by manipulating the chemistry at the hybrid interfaces between the clay particles and the polymers.

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Pajarito, Bryan B., Winna Faye F. Mangaccat, Maelyn Rose M. Tigue, and Monica T. Tipton. "Moisture Diffusion in Natural Rubber/Bentonite Nanocomposites: Effect of Clay Filler Treatments." Defect and Diffusion Forum 379 (November 2017): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.379.124.

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This study investigated the effects of clay filler treatments on moisture diffusion in natural rubber (NR)/bentonite nanocomposites. Four types of clay filler treatments were considered: sodium activation using sodium chloride (NaCl), ion exchange using hexadecyldimethylamine (HDA) chloride salt, modification using coco diethanolamide (CDEA), and wet grinding using ethanol as medium. A 24full factorial design of experiment (DOE) was utilized during clay filler treatments. The measured vulcanization characteristics of rubber specimens show the NR nanocomposites to be stiffer than unfilled NR, with very small differences in scorch and curing times. The moisture uptake of rubber specimens at 80°C is linear with square root of immersion time showing Fickian behavior. The rate of moisture uptake (slope of moisture uptake versus square root time) was measured. Determination of factor effects and analysis of variance show all clay filler treatments except for wet grinding significantly increase the rate of moisture uptake of NR nanocomposites. When compared to unfilled NR, only wet grinding of clay is found effective in lowering moisture diffusion.

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NAMPITCH, TARINEE, and RATHANAWAN MAGARAPHAN. "EFFECT OF COAGULATING SKIM NR PARTICLES AS NR–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 1 (2011): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548736.

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Abstract New materials of skim NR–clay nanocomposites were prepared by a coagulating method using several organoclays, i.e., dodecyl ammonium–montmorillonite, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, and Cloisite 25A, which were modified by dodecyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, and dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2 ethylhexyl quaternary ammonium methyl sulfate, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that the intercalated nanocomposites were formed depending on the type and content of organoclays, and the excellent dispersion of clay in rubber matrix could be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. In addition, thermal stability of the coagulated skim rubber–organoclay nanocomposites was improved as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis revealed that hardness and storage modulus of nanocomposites were improved and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites increased as compared with that of the pure skim NR. Thus, not only recovery of this significant fraction of the lost rubber material but also reinforced skim rubber particles were obtained by the use of a coagulating method using several organoclays.

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He, Shao Jian, Yi Qing Wang, Jun Lin, and Li Qun Zhang. "Combined Effect of Nano-Clay and Carbon Black on Mechanical Properties and Aging Resistance of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.28.

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Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/clay/carbon black (CB) nanocomposites filled with 60 phr filler (in total) were prepared by adding CB to SBR/clay nanocompound in a two-roll mill. TEM photographs of the nanocomposites showed that both fillers were dispersed randomly in the SBR matrix at nano-scale. With the increase of CB content, stress at 300% strain and tensile strength of the nanocomposites increased, while elongation at break and permanent set of the nanocomposites decreased. On the other hand, with the increase of clay content, the aging resistance of the SBR nanocomposites was improved.

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A., Saritha, and Joseph Kuruvilla. "Role of surfactants and solvent parameters in the mechanical and barrier performance of chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, may 2015 (2015): 729–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5703078.

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Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham University, Amritapuri, Kollam-690 525, Kerala, India Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India <em>E-mail</em> : sarithatvla@gmail.com A special class of butyl rubber, namely chlorobutyl rubber which exhibits superior air impermeability is the elastomer of choice for the inner tubes and liners of tires. Different varieties of layered silicates were mixed with chlorobutyl rubber and nanocomposites were prepared using solvents with varying cohesive energy density and the effect of solvent-clay and solvent-rubber parameters in determining the properties of the nanocomposites were studied. Different characterization techniques like XRD and TEM were used to characterize the aforementioned composites. The different organo clay moieties (cloisite 10A, 15A) utilized in this work were chosen to investigate the effects of the amine surfactant structure on the dispersion of clay particles in chlorobutyl rubber matrix. The uniform dispersions of nanoclay obtained in the chlorobutyl rubber matrix will definitely enable the material to exhibit better working time or breakthrough times and would make the material suitable for chemical protective clothing. Moreover the intercalated and exfoliated geometry of the nanocomposites is a sure indication of excellent mechanical properties of these materials which pave way for the utilization of these materials in automotive, industrial and aerospace applications.

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Chirinos Collantes, Hugo David. "CARACTERIZACIÓN DE UN NANOCOMPUESTO DE CAUCHO NATURAL REFORZADO CON ARCILLA." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 23, no. 2 (2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v23i2.74.

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El presente trabajo caracteriza un nanocompuesto obtenido a partir de látex de caucho natural reforzado con arcilla. Se estudiaron las propiedades de sorción, mecánicas y térmicas. En la sorción se observó que cuanto mayor es la cantidad de arcilla, se absorbe menos cantidad de solvente. Las propiedades mecánicas mostraron un material muy tenaz con alto porcentaje de arcilla y baja elasticidad. Los ensayos termogravimétricos mostraron que la pérdida de masa de los nanocompuestos es menor con el aumento de la concentración de arcilla.. Palabras clave.-Nanocompuesto, Caucho natural, Arcilla, Caracterización. ABSTRACTThis contribution shows the caracterization of nanocomposites from natural rubber latex reforcing by clay particles. The sortion, the mechanical and the thermical proporties were studied. In the sortion analysis, when increase the concentration clay the nanomaterial absorved low quantity of solvent. The mechanical properties analysis show a high hardness material when increase the clay but with low elasticity. The thermogravimetrical analysis shows low mass sold of nanomaterial by increasing clay concentration. Keywords.-Nanocomposite, Natural rubber, Clay, Characterizacion.

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Joseph, Tomy Muringayil, Hanna J. Maria, Martin George Thomas, Józef T. Haponiuk, and Sabu Thomas. "Effects of Nanofillers and Synergistic Action of Carbon Black/Nanoclay Hybrid Fillers in Chlorobutyl Rubber." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 6 (2024): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060209.

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Nanocomposites based on chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) have been made using a variety of nanofillers such as carbon black (CB), nanoclay (NC), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black/nanoclay hybrid filler systems. The hybrid combinations of CB/nanoclay are being employed in the research to examine the additive impacts on the final characteristics of nanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with resistivity values and mechanical property measurements, have been used to characterise the structural composition of CIIR-based nanocomposites. AFM results indicate that the addition of nanoclay into CIIR increased the surface roughness of the material, which made the material more adhesive. The study found a significant decrease in resistivity in CIIR–nanoclay-based composites and hybrid compositions with nanoclay and CB. The higher resistivity in CB composites, compared to CB/nanoclay, suggests that nanoclay enhances the conductive network of carbon black. However, GO-incorporated composites failed to create conductive networks, which this may have been due to the agglomeration. The study also found that the modulus values at 100%, 200%, and 300% elongation are the highest for clay and CB/clay systems. The findings show that nanocomposites, particularly clay and clay/CB hybrid nanocomposites, may produce polymer nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity. Mechanical properties correlated well with the reinforcement provided by nanoclay. Hybrid nanocomposites with clay/CB had increased mechanical properties because of their enhanced compatibility and higher filler–rubber interaction. Nano-dispersed clay helps prevent fracture growth and enhances mechanical properties even more so than CB.

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Causin, Valerio, Carla Marega, Antonio Marigo, Giuseppe Ferrara, Angelo Ferraro, and Roberta Selleri. "Structure-Property Relationships in Isotactic Poly(propylene)/Ethylene Propylene Rubber/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (2008): 1823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.0031823.

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Nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene/ethylene propylene rubber (iPP/EPR) were prepared adding different amounts of montmorillonite and maleated polypropylene. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by small angle X-ray scattering, wide angle X-ray diffraction, electronic and optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. iPP showed a polymorphic behavior. Clay disrupted the ordered crystallization of iPP and had a key role in shaping the distribution of iPP and EPR phases: larger filler contents brought about smaller, less coalesced and more homogeneous rubber domains. Clay distributed itself only in the continuous phase and not in the rubber domains. Tactoids persisted on the surface of the sample, while delamination proceeded to a greater degree in the bulk of the materials. Melt flow rate, impact strength, flexural and tensile properties, were also measured and a structure-property correlation was sought. Clay produced its most significant effect on physical-mechanical properties by controlling the size of rubber domains in the heterophasic matrix. This allowed to obtain nanocomposites with increased stiffness and impact strength, a remarkable achievement for polymer layered-silica nanocomposites that usually suffer the drawback of being stiffer than the unfilled matrix, but at the same time with a lower resistance to impact. A beneficial effect of clay on thermal stability was also observed.

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Wongvasana, Bunsita, Bencha Thongnuanchan, Abdulhakim Masa, Hiromu Saito, Tadamoto Sakai, and Natinee Lopattananon. "Comparative Structure–Property Relationship between Nanoclay and Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposites." Polymers 14, no. 18 (2022): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183747.

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Natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites reinforced with five parts per hundred rubber (phr) of two different nano-fillers, i.e., nanoclay (abbrev. NC) and cellulose nanofiber (abbrev. CNF), were prepared by using latex mixing approach, followed by mill-compounding and molding. The morphology, stress–strain behavior, strain-induced crystallization, and bound rubber of the NR nanocomposites were systematically compared through TEM, tensile test, WAXS, DMA, and bound rubber measurement. The aggregated CNFs were observed in the NR matrix, while the dispersed nanosized clay tactoids were detected across the NR phase. The reinforcement effects of NC and CNF were clearly distinct in the NR nanocomposites. At the same nano-filler content, the addition of NC and CNF effectively accelerated strain-induced crystallization of NR. The high tensile strength obtained in the NC-filled NR nanocomposite was attributed to strain-induced crystallization of NR accelerated by well-dispersed NC. However, the larger tensile modulus and low strain for the CNF-filled NR were related to the formation of immobilized NR at the interface between CNF aggregate and NR. The immobilization effect of NR at the CNF surface offered by a mutual entanglement of CNF aggregate and NR chain led to local stress concentration and accelerated strain-induced crystallization of CNF/NR nanocomposite. From the present study, the NR nanocomposites combined with 5 phr CNF shows high-tensile modulus and acceptable breaking tensile stress and strain, suggesting the application of CNF/NR based nanocomposite in automotive and stretchable sensors for next-generation electronic devices.

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Tan, Jing-Hua, Xiao-Ping Wang, Yi-Wu Liu, et al. "Effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer on latex compounded natural rubber-clay nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 1 (2017): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0366.

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Abstract Natural rubber (NR)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were produced by latex compounding method. The effects of ENR as a compatibilizer on NR/MMT nanocomposites were investigated. The addition of ENR brought intercalation or exfoliation of the clay, which improved the clay dispersion in the rubber matrix, as characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The interfacial interaction of ENR with MMT was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The vulcanization was hindered by the incorporation of ENR, while the mechanical performances, thermal stability and ageing resistance were improved. The glass transition temperature and storage modulus increased with ENR loading, which was corroborated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

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Su Woo, Chang, and Hyun Sung Park. "Fatigue Life Evaluation of Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites." Procedia Structural Integrity 2 (2016): 2173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.272.

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Pojanavaraphan, Tassawuth, and Rathanawan Magaraphan. "Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/clay aerogel nanocomposites." European Polymer Journal 44, no. 7 (2008): 1968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.039.

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Tan, Jing Hua, Xiao Ping Wang, Yuan Fang Luo, and De Min Jia. "New Method for Preparing Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3810.

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Rubber/Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-MMT) nanocomposites with exfoliated Ca-MMT layers was prepared by a new preparation method named masterbatch method, in which the masterbatch was prepared by co-coagulating nature rubber latex and bis [3-triethoxysilylpropyl-] tetrasulfide (TESPT) modified Ca-MMT aqueous suspension and then the masterbatch accompanied with carbon black (N220) were used in the system of SBR and ENR. The properties of TESPT in-situ modified Ca-MMT were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the TESPT has reacted with the surface groups of Ca-MMT. The dispersion of the Ca-MMT in masterbatch and vulcanized sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that in the masterbatch an exfoliated structure was obtained and in the vulcanized sample a coexistence of intercalated-exfoliated structure was obtained. The influence of the Ca-MMT loading on the structure and properties of the nanocomposites were studied. It was found that the incorporation of Ca-MMT hindered the vulcanization, improved mechanical properties, thermal properties and aging resistance properties. The dynamic mechanical analysis results showed a decrease of tanδ max when the Ca-MMT is added.

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Wang, Yizhong, Liqun Zhang, Chunhong Tang, and Dingsheng Yu. "Preparation and characterization of rubber-clay nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 78, no. 11 (2000): 1879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20001209)78:11<1879::aid-app50>3.0.co;2-1.

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Beake, Ben D., Stephen R. Goodes, James F. Smith, and Fengge Gao. "Nanoscale repetitive impact testing of polymer films." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 1 (2004): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.237.

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The deformation of polymer films under repetitive contact at high strain rates was investigated using nanoscale impact testing. Four systems were studied: (i) rubber-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (0–25 wt% rubber), (ii) uniaxially and biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film; (iii) poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites, and (iv) nylon 6–organoclay nanocomposites. The initial results suggest that the technique has much potential in evaluating the fatigue behavior of thinner polymer films and coatings that are unsuitable for conventional methods designed for bulk samples. The extent of impact-induced deformation may be used as a measure of ductility because ductile failures are associated with significant plastic deformation before failure whereas brittle failures usually involve little plastic deformation. The nano-impact technique provides valuable highly localized information about deformation under high strain rate, which is complementary to low strain rate tests such as nanoindentation and nano-scratch. The technique has been shown to be sensitive to nano-/microstructural variations in ABS–rubber film when Berkovich indenters and low impact forces were used. The impact behavior of the nanocomposites is only significantly worse than that of the virgin polymers at the highest clay loading studied (15 wt%). This could be a factor when assessing the suitability of novel nanocomposite materials for applications where toughness is important. On ABS film, there is only an approximate correlation between the plastic work function determined from nanoindentation and the rubber loading in the film while the correlation between the rubber loading and nano-impact data is clear, suggesting that the dynamic test is a more useful predictor of thin polymer film toughness than the slow-loading quasi-static indentation test.

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Nampitch, Tarinee. "Adsorption of Organic Substances on Modified Montmorillonite, Cloisite 10A, 15A, 20A, 25A, and 30B." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.118.

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Clay modified with organic surfactant, Cloisite 10A, 15A, 20A, 25A, and 30B act as effective adsorbent in organic wastewater applications. The experiment was tested using wastewaters from removal of skim NR from concentrated NR industry. The ability to remove organic contaminants from aqueous solution, based on different molecular structures of organically modified clays, was evaluated using UV/VIS spectroscopy, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solid (SS), total dissolved solid (TDS), total solid (TS) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). In addition the mechanical properties of nanocomposites product obtained from coagulating method were determined by tensile testing. It reveals that mechanical properties of nanocomposites were improved when compared to the original skim rubber. The thermal stability and the composition of the coagulated skim rubber-organoclay nanocomposites were determined by thermogravimetric analysis.

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Szymańska, Jowita, Mohamed Bakar, Marcin Kostrzewa, and Marino Lavorgna. "Preparation and characterization of reactive liquid rubbers toughened epoxy-clay hybrid nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 1 (2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0393.

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Abstract The present work investigates the effect of organomodified nanoclay (ZW1) and butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer terminated with different amine groups (amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile, ATBN) on the properties and morphology of epoxy resin. The morphologies of the nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanocomposites structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, XRD and TEM. The properties evaluation showed that the polymeric modifier and nanoclays strongly influence the fracture toughness and flexural properties of the nanocomposites. Hybrid epoxy composites containing 1% ZW1 and ATBN rubbers showed improved fracture toughness and flexural properties in comparison with unmodified epoxy resin. FTIR spectra showed an increase in the hydroxyl peak height peak height of 3360 cm-1 due to reactive rubber incorporation. SEM micrographs of hybrid epoxy resin nanocomposites showed significant plastic yielding of the polymer matrix with stratified structures and more cavitations, explaining thus the enhancement of fracture toughness and flexural strength of the nanocomposites.

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Silva, S. M. L., M. A. López-Manchado, and M. Arroyo. "Thermoplastic Olefin/Clay Nanocomposites. Effect of Matrix Composition, and Organoclay and Compatibilizer Structure on Morphology/Properties Relationships." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (2007): 4456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.923.

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The effect of different nanofillers and compatibilizers (maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene and maleic anhydride-grafted-ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber) on the morphology, mechanical, mechanodynamical and thermal characteristics of thermoplastic olefins based on polypropylene and ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber blends has been analysed. A better affinity with the matrix and a better dispersion of the nanoparticles is observed in rubber rich matrices. Organoclay, such as Cloisite C15A and Cloisite C20A, treated with a non-polar surfactant give rise to intercalated nanocomposites, and the lower the concentration of surfactant (C20A) the most noticeable increase in interlayer spacing and consequently better properties in the nanocomposites. The maleic anhydride-grafted-ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber is a better compatibilizer for organo-clay nanocomposites based on rubber rich matrices.

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de Sousa, Fabiula D. B., and Carlos H. Scuracchio. "Vulcanization behavior of NBR with organically modified clay." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 44, no. 3 (2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244311424722.

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The rheometric measurements were used to study the kinetics of vulcanization of the nanocomposites nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/organically modified montmorillonite in different concentrations. The presence of clay has modified the rheometric properties of rubber. However the Ea values were not significantly modified with the presence of nanofiller.

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Qing-xiu, Jia, Wu You-ping, Xiang Ping, Ye Xin, Wang Yi-qing, and Zhang Li-qun. "Combined Effect of Nano-clay and Nano-carbon Black on Properties of NR Nanocomposites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 7 (2005): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300707.

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Natural rubber (NR)/clay/carbon black nanocomposites, filled with 10 phr, 20 phr, and 30 phr of filler (in total) were obtained by adding carbon black (N330) on a two-roll mill to NR/clay nano-compounds prepared by the emulsion compounding method. X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscope photographs of the nanocomposites showed that both fillers were dispersed randomly in the NR matrix at nano-scale and that the space between the clay layers was filled with carbon black particles. At the same total filler loadings, the mechanical properties of the naocomposites filled with both clay and carbon black, such as moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, tensile strength and tear strength, were greatly improved compared with those of either NR/clay nanocomposites or NR/carbon black nanocomposites. This indicates that the samples with both fillers possessed excellent mechanical properties. It was found that the NR/clay/carbon black nanocomposites retained advantages from both fillers, for example, the processability and dynamic properties were close to those of NR/carbon black nanocomposites, and the gas barrier properties were almost as good as those of NR/clay nanocomposites.

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Noor Najmi, Bonnia, Sahrim Haji Ahmad, Surip Siti Norasmah, S. S. Nurul, Noor Azlina Hassan, and Hazleen Anuar. "Mechanical Properties and Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance of Rubber Toughened Polyester/Clay Composite." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.318.

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Crosslinked polyester clay nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing originically modified montmorillonite in prepromoted polyester resin and subsequently crosslinked using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst at different clay concentration. Cure process and the mechanical properties of rubber toughened polyester clay composite have been studied. Rubber toughened thermoset polyester composite were prepared by adding 3 per hundred rubber (phr) of liquid natural rubber (LNR) was used in the mixing of producing this composite. Modification of polyester matrix was done due to the brittle problem of polyester composite. Addition of LNR will increase the toughness of composite and produce ductile polyester. Two types of composites were produced which is clay-lnr polyester composite and clay polyester composite. Addition of liquid natural rubber significantly increased the impact strength and flexural properties. Result shows that addition of 6% of clay-lnr composite give good properties on impact, strength and flexural. From the ESCR test, both composites showed good resistance to environmental.

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Perera, Sudarshana Jayaraj, Shantha Maduwage Egodage, and Shantha Walpalage. "Enhancement of mechanical properties of natural rubber–clay nanocomposites through incorporation of silanated organoclay into natural rubber latex." e-Polymers 20, no. 1 (2020): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0017.

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AbstractIn this study, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) modified montmorillonite (MMT) which is called as organoclay (OMMT) was mixed with natural rubber, and masterbatches were produced using the acid-free co-coagulation (AFCC) method in the presence of a combined gelling agent, a mixture of CTAB and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The OMMT was further modified by grafting of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide as to reduce the surface energy in silanated organoclay (OMMT-S). As expected, the nanocomposites prepared with OMMT-S compared to those with OMMT exhibited greater mechanical properties due to the development of rubber–clay interactions and due to proper dispersion of small clay layers in the rubber matrix combined with the gelling agent. The improvement of elongation at break, hardness and tear strength of the nanocomposites with OMMT/OMMT-S was an added advantage when the nanocomposites are prepared using the AFCC method without having any adverse effect from the combined gelling agent.

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Wu, You-Ping, Yi-Qing Wang, Hui-Feng Zhang, et al. "Rubber–pristine clay nanocomposites prepared by co-coagulating rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension." Composites Science and Technology 65, no. 7-8 (2005): 1195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.016.

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Privalko, V. P., S. M. Ponomarenko, E. G. Privalko, F. Schon, and W. Gronski. "Thermoelastic Behaviour of Synthetic Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites at Low Elongations." Advanced Composites Letters 12, no. 2 (2003): 096369350301200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350301200204.

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Melt-compounded nanocomposites of synthetic styrene- co-butadiene rubber (BUNA SL18) and clay particles pretreated with three different modifiers were characterised by stretching calorimetry in the range of relative elongations λ < 1.3. In contrast to the pristine rubber, all nanocomposites exhibited irreversibility of both mechanical work and heat effects in stretching/contraction cycles at fairly low elongations. The observed irreversibility was considered as evidence for chain slippage effects.

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Yokkhun, Piriyapol, Bencha Thongnuanchan, and Charoen Nakason. "Influence of Epoxide Levels in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Molecules on Cure Characteristics, Dynamic Properties and Mechanical Properties of ENR/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.247.

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Nanocomposites based on epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with various levels of epoxide groups (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mol%) and organoclay were prepared by melt mixing process. The organoclay employed in this study was montmorillonite clay modified by octadecylamine (OC-MMT). Cure characteristics, dynamic properties and mechanical properties of ENRs nanocomposites filled with 5 phr of OC-MMT were studied. In all cases, X-ray diffraction results indicated intercalation of ENRs into the silicate interlayer as an increase in the interlayer distance of layered silicates was observed. The maximum torque and torque difference of ENRs nanocomposites increased with increasing levels of epoxide groups in ENRs. Additionally, it was also found that the tan δ value at Tg of the ENR-50 nanocomposite was much lower than those of other types of ENRs nanocomposite. This indicates stronger interaction between ENR-50 and OC-MMT. However, ENR-50 nanocomposite showed the poorest elasticity in term of the tan δ value at the ambient temperature compared to other types of ENRs nanocomposites. A good balance between strength and elasticity was also observed in the ENR-30 nanocomposite. These results are also consistent with the observation that tensile strength and elongation at break of ENR-30 nanocomposite were higher than those of other types of ENRs nanocomposites.

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Wang, Shaohui, Zonglin Peng, Yong Zhang, and Yinxi Zhang. "Structure and Properties of BR Nanocomposites Reinforced with Organoclay." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 4 (2005): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300404.

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Butadiene rubber (BR)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt mixing of BR and clay modified with different primary and quaternary ammonium salts. BR/pristine clay composite and BR/organoclay nanocomposites were analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The vulcanization characteristics and the mechanical properties of the BR/pristine clay and BR/organoclay composites were investigated. The results showed that the interlayer distance of the organoclays was expanded, which indicated that intercalated BR/organoclay nanocomposites had been prepared. Organoclay effectively accelerated the vulcanization of BR, which was attributed to the intercalatant used to modify the clay. The tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength of BR/organoclay nanocomposites are much higher than those of gum BR vulcanizate and BR/pristine clay composites. The organoclay modified with dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride (DDAC) gave the best reinforcement effect in BR of all the organoclays.

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Zachariah, Ajesh K., V. G. Geethamma, Arup Kumar Chandra, P. K. Mohammed, and Sabu Thomas. "Rheological behaviour of clay incorporated natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites." RSC Adv. 4, no. 101 (2014): 58047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11307a.

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Rezende, Camila A., Fabio C. Bragança, Telma R. Doi, Lay-Theng Lee, Fernando Galembeck, and François Boué. "Natural rubber-clay nanocomposites: Mechanical and structural properties." Polymer 51, no. 16 (2010): 3644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.026.

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Qureshi, M. Nadeem, and H. Qammar. "Mill processing and properties of rubber–clay nanocomposites." Materials Science and Engineering: C 30, no. 4 (2010): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.02.008.

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Mathew, G., J. M. Rhee, Y. S. Lee, D. H. Park, and C. Nah. "Cure kinetics of ethylene acrylate rubber/clay nanocomposites." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 14, no. 1 (2008): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2007.07.001.

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Choi, Dongcheol, M. Abdul Kader, Baik-Hwan Cho, Yang-il Huh, and Changwoon Nah. "Vulcanization kinetics of nitrile rubber/layered clay nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, no. 4 (2005): 1688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22341.

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