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1
Thi, Thu Hoai Pham PHD, Thu Hien Phan PHD Thi, and Correspondence. "Technology for Treating Wastewater from Rubber Latex Processing." International Journal of Case Studies 8, no. 6 (2019): 05–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3547119.
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The article analyzed the status and nature of waste from rubber latex processing. After that, the situation of treatment of rubber latex processing is analyzed through stages. In general, the rubber processing industry is an industry that has a lot of impacts on the environment, but waste treatment technology is getting better and better with better technology to improve the negative impact on the environment
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Dulina, O. A., A. D. Tarasenko, A. M. Bukanov, and A. A. Ilyin. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF RUBBER ISOLATION FROM LATEX ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS BASED ON BUTADIENE-NITRILE RUBBERS." Fine Chemical Technologies 12, no. 4 (2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2017-12-4-85-90.
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The properties of butadiene-nitrile rubbers obtained by various methods of synthesis and isolation from latex and rubbers based on them were studied in the article. The surface free energy of samples was determined using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble method. It was shown that the surface energy of elastomeric materials is affected 1) by non-rubber components, the content and nature of which are determined by the method of obtaining and isolating rubber from latex and 2) by the number of nitrile groups in the rubber macromolecule. The kinetics of vulcanization of rubber compounds based on the investigated rubbers has been studied. It was shown that rubber compounds based on rubbers containing a residual emulsifier are vulcanized longer. Elastic-strength properties were studied, and it was concluded that rubbers based on butadienenitrile rubbers synthesized by various methods with the same content of bound nitrilacrylic acid have different physico-mechanical properties and cannot be used interchangeably without changing the formulation and technological parameters of their processing.
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Yanne Permata Sari, Indra Gumay Febryano, and Afif Bintoro. "Processing rubber latex (Hevea brasiliensis) in agroforestry in Menggala Mas Village, Tulang Bawang Tengah District, Tulang Bawang Barat Regency." Global Forest Journal 2, no. 01 (2024): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/gfj.v2i01.14998.
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Local knowledge of rubber latex processing is important for village communities that depend on rubber plants for their livelihood. This research aims to determine the processing of rubber latex in agroforestry carried out by the community in Menggala Mas Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia. This research approach is qualitative. Data was obtained by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. Then, the data was processed by making data transcripts, coding, categorizing, drawing temporary conclusions, triangulating, and drawing conclusions so that the results obtained could be analyzed to determine the data processing. Local communities carry out rubber in agroforestry. The research results showed that three applications of agroforestry planting patterns were found, namely alley cropping (alley pattern), Trees along border (fence pattern), and random mixture (random pattern). The dominant combination in alley cropping is rubber-pulai, and rubber-mentru-afrika wood. The dominant combinations in Trees along the border are rubber-acacia, rubber-jackfruit-cempedak, rubber-petai-teak. The dominant combinations in the random mixture are rubber-jengkol, rubber-petai-jengkol-acacia, rubber-jackfruit-cempedak, rubber-pulai-noni-jengkol, rubber-banana-gadung-sungkai. The rubber latex processing process in agroforestry is carried out traditionally, starting from the tapping process, sap acidification, sap harvesting (napeu), sap separation, and sales and harvesting of agroforestry crops. The community's local knowledge has been passed down from their parents to reduce the costs of processing rubber latex from expensive materials so that the community can gain more profits. This has been proven if local communities can manage their land well, which can become a long-term source of livelihood. The government needs to assist with strategies for processing rubber latex as well as managing rubber agroforestry land to increase farmers' knowledge and harvest yields
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Tarkanian, Michael J., and Dorothy Hosler. "America’s First Polymer Scientists: Rubber Processing, Use and Transport in Mesoamerica." Latin American Antiquity 22, no. 4 (2011): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.469.
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AbstractAncient Mesoamericans were making rubber by at least 1600 B.C, mixing latex from Castilla elastica trees with juice from Ipomoea alba (morning glory) vines. The combination of ethnographic, archaeological and mechanical data presented in this text illustrate that ancient Mesoamericans had fully developed this process, and consciously tailored the mechanical properties of rubber to suit requirements of specific applications by altering the ratio of latex to I. alba juice. Our data focus on rubber balls, sandal soles, and rubber bands for hafting and joining. Elasticity, the mechanical property that defines the ability of a rubber ball to bounce, is maximized with a 1:1 volume ratio of latex to I. alba juice. Rubber with high wear resistance, vital to the life and functionality of a sandal sole, can be created by mixing C. elastica latex with 25 percent I. alba juice by volume. Unprocessed C. elastica latex, without I. alba juice, is the material best suited for joining applications, such as adhesives or hafting bands, where strength and ability to absorb shock is of the greatest importance. Tribute data from sixteenth-century codices substantiate that rubber was processed for specific applications within the Aztec empire—rubber and latex goods were processed and constructed in the C. elastica-bearing regions, and then shipped to the capital for use or further distribution.
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Cornish, Katrina, Jali Williams, Julie L. Hall, and Raymond G. McCoy. "Production and Properties of Yulex® - The Natural Solution to Latex Allergy." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 4 (2008): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548227.
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Abstract Natural rubber is an irreplaceable raw material vital to industry, transportation, medicine and defense, largely produced from clonal plantations of Hevea brasiliensis in Southeast Asia. Additional rubber-producing crops are greatly desired to increase biodiversity, protect supplies, and provide a safe alternative for people suffering from Type I latex protein allergy. Basic and applied research approaches were used to make the production of latex (Yulex® latex) from Parthenium argentatum (guayule) a commercial reality. In contrast to Hevea brasiliensis, from which rubber latex is tapped by hand from laticifers, guayule latex rubber is contained within individual bark parenchyma cells. Processing involves disrupting these cells to release the rubber particles, and then purifying the latex. As in the Hevea industry, latex concentration can be achieved by centrifugation and/or by creaming agents. An artificially produced guayule natural rubber latex is then produced, under the material name of “Yulex® latex”. The Yulex Pilot Plant has been constructed, optimized and automated, and extracts then purifies latex from guayule shrub without detectable losses. The natural rubber polymers in guayule latex are high molecular weight and products made from this material have the desired high performance properties. Because guayule latex contains very little protein, all of which is hydrophobic and bound to the rubber phase, and because none of the protein cross-reacts with Type I latex allergy to Hevea latex products, its use is initially aimed towards the high-value medical products marketplace. Clinical and performance trials continue to ensure that guayule processing provides a safe, high performance, non-allergenic natural rubber latex that is safe for human use.
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Ho, Dung Minh, and Giang Le Nhat Tran. "Carbon footprint inventory of rubber industry in two phases planting and processing in Binh Duong province." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 4 (2016): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i4.590.
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With the objective of assessing the current greenhouse gas emissions and proposing solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from planting and processing of rubber industry in Binh Duong province, the study using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method combined with instructions of IPCC (2006), the study has done the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in plantation and processing plants in 11 plantations and 03 processing plants of Dau Tieng Rubber Co.Ltd, Binh Duong province. The results showed that emissions in plantation is 1,038.2 kg C/ton product, 91.5% to 94.6% from the total emissions of the products; emissions of rubber blocks from latex is 1,134.7 kg C/ton product; emissions of rubber block from latex condensed is 1,098.0 kg C/ton product; emissions of latex concentrated is 1,110.8 kg C/ton product; emissions of skim block is 1,123.9 kg C/ton product. In addition, the study also proposes measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in plantation and processing plant. The measures is mainl focused on changing the way of using fertilizers, increased efficiency of using urea in rubber trees and reduce the amount of fertilizer containing urea /nitrogen. Study results will help managers and enterprises control greenhouse gas emissions from rubber latex processing industry in Binh Duong province.
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Riwandi, Riwandi, Prasetyo Prasetyo, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Indra Cahyadinata, Ali Munawar, and Rachma Doni. "Improvement of Latex Quality Using Locally-Produced Organic Fertilizer from Rubber Processing Sewage Sludges." Journal of Tropical Soils 22, no. 3 (2017): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2017.v22i3.155-165.
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Most of rubber plants in Indonesia are cultivated in highly-weathered soils; therefore, their annual productions are relatively low with the low quality of latex. The aim of this reseach was to increase the latex quality from a rubber plantation grown on low fertility soils by applying a locally-produced organic fertilizer (LOF) to the soils. This research consisted of two steps, i.e. LOF production and a field fertilization experiment. The LOF was made mainly from waste of a latex processing industry. The field fertilization experiment was conducted to assess the effects of LOF additions to the soils on the latex quality. The field experiment was performed using a randomized complete block design with 6 LOF levels, 4 levels of land slopes, and 5 rubber trees in each block, resulting in 120 rubber trees. The LOF levels were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg tree-1. The LOF contained 17.35% organic-C, 1.14% total-N, 0.53 ppm available-P, and 1.21 cmol (+)kg-1 exchangeable-K, with slightly alkaline pH (pH 8.0). The soil has low fertility status as indicated by the low amounts of total-N and exchangeable base cations (K, Na, and Mg), and very acid pH (pH 4.5). Indicators of latex quality comprising of blockage index, ash-, impurity- and dry rubber-content, and N, P, K contents in the rubber leaves were measured. Although there were no significant differences in most observed latex properties due to LOF addition, their values tended to be higher when the rubber trees were fertilized with LOF. Apparently N and K contents in the rubber leaves are better correlated to the latex properties compared to the P content.
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Schloman, W. W. "Processing guayule for latex and bulk rubber." Industrial Crops and Products 22, no. 1 (2005): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.031.
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Li, Jianwei, Yun Li, Li Ding, et al. "The Effect of the Fresh Latex Ratio on the Processing and Dynamic Properties of Bio-Coagulated Natural Rubber." Polymers 17, no. 11 (2025): 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111435.
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Natural rubber is a widely used biological polymer material because of its excellent comprehensive performance. Nevertheless, the performance of domestic natural rubber cannot meet the requirements for high-end products such as aviation tires, which has become a constraint on the innovation and upgrading of high-end manufacturing enterprises and the enhancement of global competitiveness in China. To solve the bottleneck problem of natural rubber processing technology, this study systematically analyzed the effects of different varieties of fresh latex ratios on the processing and dynamic properties of bio-coagulated natural rubber. By mixing PR107 and Reyan72059 fresh latex with Reyan73397 fresh latex according to proportion, the fresh latex was coagulated by enzyme-assisted microbials, and the effects of the fresh latex ratio on physical and chemical indexes, molecular weight distribution, vulcanization characteristics, processing properties, cross-link density and physical and mechanical properties of the natural rubber were analyzed. The results showed that the aging resistance of natural rubber coagulated with enzyme-assisted microbial decreased, and the aging resistance of natural rubber increased with the increase in the mixing ratio of PR107 and Reyan72059 fresh latex. The proportion of high molecular weight of the natural rubber coagulated with the enzyme-assisted microbial increased, and the fresh latex mixing had little effect on the molecular weight distribution curve. Under the carbon black formulation, the CRI of the enzyme-assisted microbial coagulated natural rubber compound was relatively larger. Under the same strain conditions, the H-3 compound (PR107:Reyan72059:Reyan73397 = 1:1:3) had the best viscoelasticity and the least internal resistance of rubber molecules. In addition, the cross-link density, tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength of H-3 vulcanized rubber were the largest, improved by 23.08%, 5.32%, 12.45% and 3.70% compared with the same H-2 vulcanized rubber. In addition, the heat generation performance was reduced by 11.86%, and the wear resistance improved.
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Kosaentor, Kittiya, Ekkachai Kongmon, Chitrlada Thongbai, and Sakhorn Rimjaem. "Simulation of Irradiation-Based Processing System for Natural Rubber Vulcanization." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.252.
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Natural rubber is an important export product of Thailand, which presently contributes about 40% of global production and export. In order to make the natural rubber latex to be durable material, the proper vulcanization process is needed. In typical vulcanization process, chemical substances are added to improve the rubber properties. This may cause some problems e.g. toxicity, blooming effects and unpresented smell due to the additive substances. Vulcanization using an accelerated electron beam does not need to add possibly toxic chemical compounds, especially sulfur. Thus, it was proved to be an alternative method for high quality natural rubber vulcanization. This paper presents about simulation of electron beam irradiation for natural rubber vulcanization with variable electron beam energy and current of 0.5-4 MeV and 10-100 mA, respectively. These ranges of the electron beam energy and current will give adjustable absorb dose, which is the most important parameter for electron beam processing. The absorb energy and its distribution in the natural rubber latex are simulated by using a Monte Carlo method program, GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (GEANT4), with the aim to find the optimal conditions of electron beam properties for sufficient natural rubber vulcanization. Study results of the energy distribution for electron beam penetration in the natural rubber latex are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Thi, Thu Hoai Pham, and Thu Hien Phan Thi. "Water Treatment Processing Rubber by Bio-Filter Technology." International Journal of Case Studies (ISSN Online 2305-509X) 08, no. 10 (2019): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4840972.
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The paper overviewed the situation of rubber production and processing in Vietnam. At the same time, it also introduces methods to treat wastewater from the process of processing rubber latex in Vietnamese rubber processing factories. Methods of treating rubber wastewater such as: mechanical methods, physical and chemical methods and finally biological methods. Biological - membrane in particular is a new way to protect the environment and develop sustainably
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Lilis Rosmainar, Karelius, Rasidah, I Nyoman Sudyana, Nyahu Rumbang, and Idam Sulastri. "THE USE OF LIQUID SMOKE AS LATEX COAGULANT FOR RUBBER FARMER GROUP IN BUKIT LITI VILLAGE, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN." BALANGA: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan 8, no. 2 (2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/balanga.v8i2.2002.
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Bukit Liti Village is one of villages located in the Kahayan Tengah Sub-district, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. Most people there tap rubber tree simply managed to produce bokar (rubber materials). In making bokar, rubber farmers use coagulant materials that can damage the rubber quality and soak bokar in water pool/creeks which lower the rubber quality and produce bad smell. To solve the problem, a training is conducted to make a simple pyrolysis reactor to produce liquid smoke which will be used as latex coagulant preventing and reducing bad smell and improving the bokar quality. Pyrolysis reactor is made from a used oil tank, and other materials with a thermometer to measure reactor temperature. The reactor is designed to allow a minimum oxygen combustion. The production of rubber wood liquid smoke for latex coagulation process in this research with 50 kg of old rubber wood materials has obtained 125 ml liquid smoke for 4-hour production time. The use of liquid smoke as latex coagulant gives real impacts for farmers such as: environmental friendly, to prevent bacterial growth and oxidation in the latex and latex lump, to prevent and reduce bad smells of bokar from the plantation, during storage and rubber processing in the rubber processing factory. The technology advantages of the liquid smoke are: faster coagulation, high elasticity, able to increase dry rubber content, relatively same price with other coagulant, to increase quality and selling price, produce clean latex and free of environment pollutant.
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Bao, Zuguo, Cynthia Flanigan, Laura Beyer, and Jie Tao. "Processing optimization of latex-compounded montmorillonite/styrene-butadiene rubber-polybutadiene rubber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132, no. 8 (2014): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.41521.
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Simanjuntak, Ernawati, Prasetyo Prasetyo, and Hartal Hartal. "The Effect of Local Organic Fertilizer from Rubber Processing Waste on the Yield of Rubber Plants." Akta Agrosia 21, no. 1 (2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/aa.21.1.25-28.
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Rubber plant is an important industrial crop, as for economic community and a source of non-oil foreign exchange for the country. In Indonesia, 85% rubber planting area is community rubber plantation with its productivity is still very low (700 - 900 kg ha-1 year-1), compared to its potential which can be more than 1,500 kg ha-1 year-1. The low productivity of community rubber plantation is because of the lack of proper handling and maintenance of their plants. Efforts is needed to improve the quality and productivity of community rubber plantation so as to compete in international trade by improvement on planting, maintenance, latex post-harvesting from the garden to the final processing stage. This research utilizes solid waste from rubber processing factory that is local organic fertilizer (LOF) which is usually merely dumped and become source of environment contaminant. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum dosage of rubber mill waste to the yield of rubber plants. The research was carried out at farmer’s plantation of Tanjung Tengah village, Sub-district of Pondok Kelapa, Central Bengkulu, from May to August 2016. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and 6 levels of LOF as the treatments i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg tree-1 equal to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 tons ha-1, respectively. The results showed that the effect of several doses of organic fertilizer of rubber waste to rubber plants had no effect on latex volume, stem girth, latex weights, latex slab weight, and dry weight. The yield of rubber even tended to decrease as the increase of dose of LOF. This was supposedly because the rubber plant is an annual crop so takes a long time to show the response of the treatment.Keywords: rubber sap, waste, compost fertilizer
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Choengthong, Suthijit, Weerasak Kongrithi, Suchart Choengthong, and Benyapa Chuaymuang. "The Current Status and Future Trends of Farm Production and Marketing of Para-Rubber in the Upper East Coast Provinces of Southern Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.30.
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The research aimed to: 1) describe the current status and future trends of para-rubber production and marketing in the study area; 2) identify the marketing costs of farmers; and 3) study the marketing system of para-rubber. Data were collected from 462 farmers, 108 middlemen, and 17 processors. The study area was 4 provinces in the Upper East Coast of Southern Thailand: Chumpon, Suratthani, Nakhonsrithammarat, and Patthalung. The surveys were conducted by using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and workshops. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, cost analysis, and marketing channel analysis. From 2005 to 2010, planting areas increased but total yields declined, due to heavy rains and floods. The rubber prices fluctuated but had an increasing trend. On an average, the planting area was 2.7 ha and had been cultivated for 17 years. The major variety was RRIM 600. The majority of farmers (63%) sold most of their para-rubber in latex form, while rubber sheets (31%) or cup lumps (18%) dominated less often. Hired help was often paid by a split of sales revenue. The product price, relationship, and shipping distance affected selecting the sales channel. Most preferred self-transportation to middlemen (81%), who usually set the price lower than the central market price. The marketing costs were from sheet making, transportation, and deductions for low quality. Sheet making at 3.65 THB per kg was mainly labor costs (72%). The transportation cost of cup lumps, latex and, sheets were on average 1.04, 0.86, 0.48 THB per kg, respectively. The cup lumps had quality deductions of 11% average from full price, and cup lump wetness and contamination had affected 65% of farmers, while 46% had sold sheets with deductions averaging 2%. Fluctuating prices and lack of knowledge about market channels and prices were the major problem for 45% of the farmers. Farm producers mainly sold latex or dry rubber (sheets, cutting scraps, and cup lumps). The latex marketing channel was through collectors for processing plants, that could both be local or larger scale. The dry rubber marketing channels included also collectors, central market, and processing plants. Rubber processed to primary products (smoked sheets, block, and compound rubber) was mainly exported. The latex marketing channels are gaining importance because farmers prefer to sell in latex form. They are likely to sell to a local village collector close to the farm. The demand for local processing plants that transform latex to rubber sheets or block rubber as well as the latex processing plants will likely increase.
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Rotimi, I.M., J.R. Adewumi, and F.O. Ajibade. "Treatment of Rubber Latex Processing Wastewater using Activated Carbon Derived from Palm Kernel Shell." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 6, no. 2 (2021): 742–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5805379.
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<em>The rate at which untreated wastewater from rubber latex industry are discharged into the water bodies and its attendant consequences on humans and the environment is worrisome. Hence, this research sought to evaluate the efficacy of palm kernel shell (PKS) activated carbon as a low-cost adsorbent in the treatment of rubber latex wastewater. The PKS was carbonized at 500 <sup>o</sup>C for 2 hours and activated with HCl at 105 <sup>o</sup>C for 4 hours in a furnace. The char formed was crushed and sieved to produce the granular PKS activated carbon (GPKSAC). The char was also ground to produce powdered PKS activated carbon (PPKSAC). The fixed bed adsorption technique was used to treat the rubber latex processing wastewater at predetermined flow rates. The PKS activated carbon exhibited high performance for the adsorption of organic matter when expressed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed excellent morphology and functional groups present in the PKS activated carbon respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to unravel the adsorptive behavior of contaminants unto the GPKSAC and PPKSAC. The PKS proved effective in the removal of considerable amount of organic and inorganic contaminants in rubber latex processing wastewater</em><em>.</em>
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Kędzia, Jacek, Józef Haponiuk, and Krzysztof Formela. "Natural Rubber Latex Wastes from Balloon Production as Valuable Source of Raw Material: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, and Structure." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 9 (2024): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090365.
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This study explores the potential for recycling natural rubber (NR) latex waste from balloon production through the devulcanization and revulcanization processes. The mechanical devulcanization of colored latex balloon waste was conducted, followed by revulcanization using a sulfur-based system. The reclaimed rubber’s properties, including crosslink density, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance, were compared with those of virgin NR. The results demonstrate that the reclaimed rubber maintains a crosslink density close to that of virgin NR. Hardness and abrasion resistance were comparable, indicating successful material recovery. Structural analyses, including FTIR and SEM microscopy, revealed that the devulcanization process effectively allowed for successful revulcanization. This study concludes that NR latex waste can be effectively recycled and reused in rubber composite formulations, offering a sustainable approach to waste management in the rubber industry and contributing to developing eco-friendly materials. In the context of this research, integrating advanced chemical and physical methods, such as solubility parameter calculations and enhanced devulcanization techniques, could further optimize the devulcanization process. These methods quantitatively enhance the efficiency of material recovery, offering a path to more sustainable recycling practices. The findings suggest that combining such advanced methodologies could significantly improve recycled NR latex’s overall performance and applicability in industrial applications.
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Thi, Thu Hoai Pham, and Thu Hien Phan Thi. "Indicators Assessing Water Quality at Rubber Latex Processing Factories." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 8, no. 12 (2019): 46–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613274.
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<em>Water is an indispensable component of human life, so if the water quality meets the standards, it will help protect the health, increase fitness and lead a happier, happier life. On the contrary, if the quality of water we use does not meet the standards, it will easily cause life-threatening illnesses for our family members and us. In Vietnam, there are two main sources of water: groundwater and surface water. Due to the climate and production characteristics of rubber processing plants, all the water near these factories contains a lot of inorganic and organic impurities, microorganisms, dissolved gas, heavy metals. This makes the watercolor opaque, colored, smells fishy, foul very difficult to use. To assess the level of water pollution, we provide criteria to assess water quality</em>
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Sony, Athira, and Thomas Kurian. "Influence of filler mixing technique on the properties of silica-filled natural rubber vulcanizates." Brazilian Journal of Development 11, no. 2 (2025): e77970. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv11n2-072.
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A simple process for the preparation of 40 parts silica incorporated dry natural rubber by latex stage master batching followed by quick coagulation and drying was developed. This environment friendly process avoids the loss of silica during mixing associated with the conventional dry rubber – filler mixing on an open two roll mill. The processing and the evaluation of the properties of the vulcanizates based on the dry rubber prepared by the latex stage filler incorporation technique shows improved scorch safety, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance and DeMattia flex resistance compared to a control formulation processed by conventional dry rubber -filler mixing process. The novel latex stage silica incorporation in natural rubber latex followed by quick coagulation and drying is effective at combining significant quantities of silica with natural rubber without the need of additional chemicals such as coupling agents for compatibility.
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McMahan, Colleen, and Dhondup Lhamo. "STUDY OF AMINO ACID MODIFIERS IN GUAYULE NATURAL RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (2015): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85931.
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ABSTRACT Guayule, a desert shrub indigenous to the United States, is under development as a source of natural rubber that can be used in place of petroleum-based rubber or Hevea rubber. In natural rubbers, physical and chemical properties can be strongly affected by nonrubber constituents, typically proteins and lipids, present in the material, depending on the plant species and postharvest processing. Hevea natural rubber typically contains high levels of nonrubber constituents that contribute to thermal-oxidative stability, cure acceleration, and especially strain-induced crystallization. The latter has been attributed to compound properties that render Hevea natural rubber uniquely suited for the most demanding rubber applications (e.g., aircraft tires). Hevea proteins are susceptible to hydrolysis, releasing free amino acids into the latex, which can affect rubber and compound properties. Here, low-protein guayule latex was blended with a series of amino acids varying in chemical structure. Bulk viscosity was reduced, thermal-oxidative stability was improved, and cure rate was influenced by the addition of amino acids. Generally, gel formation, green strength, and tensile strength were not affected. The results introduce a new perspective for amino acids as biobased rubber compound additives and provide insights into naturally occurring nonrubber constituents' interaction with natural rubber polymers.
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Zeng, Zong Qiang, He Ping Yu, Qi Fang Wang, Fei Yun Wei, and Hong Chao Liu. "Viscoelastic Properties of Constant Viscosity Natural Rubber with Mercaptan." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.353.
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2-mercaptobenzothiazole was used to deal with natural rubber (NR) latex to prepare constant viscosity natural rubber (CV-NR) in this research. The dynamic viscoelastic behavior of CV-NR of raw rubber, rubber compound and vulcanized rubber was studied through strain and frequency scanning on rubber processing analyzer, and then it was compared with the response curve of NR.
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Suja Gopalakrisnan, Annamma Kurien, Davis Paul. "A Study of Pulmonary Function Test in Workers Engaged in Processing of Natural Rubber." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 1 (2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijop.v7i1.262.
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Background
 The rubber industries use a greater variety of chemicals than any other branch of industry. The processing area is the site at which workers are exposed to many atmospheric contaminants. The impact of health hazards of latex in this group of workers is highly under reported and it is in this regards that an attempt in this study was made to assess the influence of latex and other chemicals on pulmonary function of workers engaged in rubber processing.
 Objective
 To assess the pulmonary function of workers engaged in processing of natural rubber
 Method
 This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 50 rubber workers who were selected from camps conducted in different parts of Kottayam district, Kerala.
 A portable vitalograph was used to assess the pulmonary functions-FEV1(Forced expiratory volume in 1st second), FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75%(Forced expiratory flow rate). Statistical analysis was done using excel and epi-info
 Results
 A statistically significant reduction was seen in the FEV1/FVC values among 80% of the rubber workers indicating obstructive airway disease. A statistically significant reduction was seen in the FEF 25–75% values among 26% of the rubber workers.
 Conclusion
 Rubber workers have a risk of developing obstructive and small airway diseases due to continuous exposure to latex and chemicals which are airway irritants. Health awareness and health promotion activities should be initiated among the workers to prevent and reduce the progress of pulmonary diseases.
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Afreen, Sadia, Kh Rashedul Haque, Md Shariful Islam, and M. Kadrul Huda. "Essential Latex Processing Plant (ELPP): A Pioneer Approach in the Production of Concentrate Latex from Local Resource to Manufacture Male Contraceptive in Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 27, no. 2 (2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i2.17777.
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For years, a respective amount of PV latex has been exported from Malaysia to manufacture male contraceptives within the country. Recently, a project titled as ELPP, has been undertaken by the Govt. Pharmaceutical Company Essential Drugs Company Ltd? to pioneer the implementation of processing natural raw latex (35-40% dry rubber content) [1] into concentrate latex (60% dry rubber content) [1] from the local resource at Modhupur region. The purpose of this project is to produce concentrate latex from local resource as the raw material for manufacturing male contraceptive instead of importing the latex from Malaysia or other countries. Several trials have been taken place to test the feasibility and productivity of the project with respect to the aspects in Bangladesh. The results and observations are found very satisfactory and the project is very much cost effective since it cuts off the foreign expense caused due to the import of concentrate latex from abroad at present days. An overall cost analysis shows that if the technology of processing concentrate latex is implemented with a proper utilization of the local resources it reduces the cost of production to a great extent. Moreover, rubber sheets produced as the byproduct from this process are very much useful and demandable in the field of rubber industries and add profit to the process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i2.17777 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 2, December 2012: 11-14
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Bakare, I. O. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Drying Process and Drying Conditions of Natural Rubber Latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheets." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 29, no. 2 (2025): 643–50. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v29i2.36.
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Natural rubber (NR) is an important export commodity in Nigeria with versatile applications in many industries. Its latex or lump forms are regarded as the farm gate while the ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) is the raw materials feeding the rubber industry and both are very essential in the productions process. Consequently the objective of this paper is to investigate the Evaluation of physicochemical properties, drying process and drying conditions of natural rubber (NR) latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS) obtained from Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the constituents of Hevea (NR) latex are dry rubber content (%) 35.60; Lipids (%) 1.08; Protéines (%) 1.23; Carbohydrates (%) 1.40; Minerals (%) 0.47; Water (%) 60.22; Sspecific gravity (28 °C) 0.931± 0.003; Total solid content (TSC) (%) 43.20 ± 1.03; Mechanical stability M.S.T (%) 650 ± 1.06; Volatile fatty acids VFA (%) 0.18 ±0.07; Nitrogen Content (%) 0.55 ± 0.03, while the property of the ribbed smoked sheets (RSS) were Dirt % (wt) 0.15; Ash % (wt) 0.11; Volatile matter % (wt) 0.38; Wallace plasticity Po (47), PRI (74) and lightly brown in colour. The results obtained showed that processing NR into RSS not only served as a preservative, which improved the storage durability, but also imparted flavour, aroma, and attractive colour to the cured sheets. This study sheds more light on the processing, storage conditions, durability, and efficient production of high-value-added RSS developed from natural rubber latex.
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Thi, Thu Hoai Pham, and Thu Hien Phan Thi. "Evaluate Technical Process for Vietnamese Rubber Plants." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 8, no. 6 (2019): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496725.
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The paper presents the current status of the technical process of planting rubber trees in Vietnam. We have analyzed the technical process for rubber trees from the selection of rubber seedlings, the time of planting rubber trees appropriately, density, method of fertilizing, pests and diseases, the exploitation and preservation and processing. Latex. From the above situations, we offer solutions for sustainable development of rubber trees in Vietnam
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Sirikulchaikij, Sanit, Benjaporn Nooklay, Rungrote Kokoo, and Matthana Khangkhamano. "Rubber Foam Processing via Bubbling Technique." Materials Science Forum 962 (July 2019): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.962.96.
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Natural rubber foams are currently produced by the two well-known processes of Dunlop and Talalay. Dunlop process, however, requires a high-speed Hobart Mixer to generate a high bubble-volume, while Talalay is complexity and expensive technique. Here, a simple and inexpensive technique for rubber foam production was introduced. The process involved air flowing with a constant flow rate through a porous diffuser, firmly connected to the bubble column containing compound latex, to generate a high bubble-volume. Microstructure of the as-produced rubber foams was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in comparison with that of the purchased Dunlop foam. Spherical cell shape with a uniform interconnected-cell structure was gained from the bubbled foams, while fractured-cell structure was obtained from the Dunlop foam.
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Shirazi, M., and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "FACTORS INFLUENCING REINFORCEMENT OF NR AND EPDM RUBBERS WITH SHORT ARAMID FIBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 2 (2011): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3570531.
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Abstract Among short fiber reinforced composites, those with rubbery matrices have gained great importance due to the advantages they have in processing and low cost, coupled with high strength. These composites combine the elastic behavior of rubbers with strength and stiffness of fibers. Aramid fibers have been chosen because of their significantly higher modulus and strength, compared to other commercial fibers. Compounds based on NR and EPDM are prepared. Short aramid fibers with different kinds of surface treatments, standard finish, and resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL)-coating result in different rubber–fiber interfaces. The reinforcing effect of these short aramid fibers is characterized by mechanical and viscoelastic experiments, and by studying the fracture surfaces with electron microscopy techniques. Related to the fiber coating and rubber curing system, sulfur- or peroxide-based, different reinforcement mechanisms are observed, where the combination of peroxide-cured EPDM with RFL-treated fibers is the only case showing clear signs of chemical adhesion. In all other combinations there are only indications of mechanical interactions of the fibers with the rubber matrices, due to bending/buckling of fibers, dog-bone shaped fiber ends, and surface roughness due to the RFL-coating.
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Misman, M. A., Azura A. Rashid, and Siti Rohana Yahya. "MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF STARCH IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (2018): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82604.
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ABSTRACT This study presents a review of recent studies on starch-filled NR latex composites. Starch is a renewable source of material for fillers in NR latex compounding to obtain composites with multifunctional properties for selected applications. However, starch is a non-reinforcing filler due to its large particle size. The compatibility of NR and starch is another significant issue during the processing of starch-filled NR latex composites due to the nature of both materials. However, based on our research work, a fine dispersion of starch in the rubber matrix can improve the properties of NR latex composites. A good starch dispersion can be achieved through modifications, such as physical or chemical treatments. These treatments include the ball-milling process, ultrasonic process, use of coupling agents, esterification, etherification, and graft copolymerization. The various processing methods of these composites are discussed, specifically pre-vulcanization, latex co-coagulation, and in situ polymerization process. The successful modifications of either micro- or nano-starch will improve the compatibility with hydrophobic NR matrix, thereby increasing the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. The potential of starch as a biodegradable filler for NR latex and the interparticle interaction of starch-filled NR latex composites are also discussed.
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Panggabean, Artha Dwi Natasya. "Analisis Permintaan dam Penawaran Lateks Pekat untuk Bahan Baku Pabrik Aspal Karet di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin." Oryza - Jurnal Agribisnis dan Pertanian Berkelanjutan 9, no. 1 (2024): 22–33. https://doi.org/10.56071/oryza.v9i1.1127.
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The purposes of the research are: (1) To analyze the demand for concentrated latex for rubber farmers who are members of the 5 UPPB Assisted based on the installed power capacity and the real capacity of the Rubber Asphalt Plant in Musi Banyuasin Regency. (2) Analyze the ability of rubber farmers in Sungai Lilin Subdistrict to meet the demand for concentrated latex from the rubber asphalt factory, and (3) Design a balance strategy between the demand and supply of concentrated latex in Musi Banyuasin. This research was conducted in January 2021 at the Rubber Asphalt Factory in Musi Banyuasin Regency and 5 UPPBs assisted in Sungai Lilin District. Data processing methods use demand curve analysis, supply curve analysis and price balance curve analysis. The results showed that the demand curve analysis tends to decrease every month, from March to December which is influenced by the decreasing number of road construction projects. The supply curve analysis shows that the supply of concentrated latex from March to December 2020 tends to increase due to the rising price of concentrated latex and the increasing number of rubber taps each month. In the analysis of the price balance curve, the cut point is obtained at the price of Rp19.428, - This means that it can be said to reach market balance if the price of concentrated latex is Rp.19.428,- The hypothesis put forward by the researcher is in accordance with the results of the study that it is true that the ability of rubber farmers who are members of the 5 UPPB assisted in Sungai Lilin District to meet the needs of the rubber asphalt factory in Musi Banyuasin Regency is bigger than the demand. It can also be interpreted that the quantity of concentrated latex supply is bigger than the demand.
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Myhre, Marvin, Sitisaiyidah Saiwari, Wilma Dierkes, and Jacques Noordermeer. "RUBBER RECYCLING: CHEMISTRY, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 85, no. 3 (2012): 408–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.12.87973.
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ABSTRACT For both environmental and economic reasons, there is broad interest in recycling rubber and in the continued development of recycling technologies. The use of postindustrial materials is a fairly well-established and documented business. Much effort over the past decade has been put into dealing with of end-of-life tires from landfills and vacant fields. It is only in the last few years that more business opportunities for recycled rubber have come to the forefront. Reclaiming rubber has gained increasing interest, more so in Europe than in North America. In those areas, much work has been done to refine the processes used. The major form of recycled rubber is still ground rubber. This is produced either by cryogenic, ambient, or wet grinding. The material is then used neat with sulfur/curatives, binders, or cements. The binders are normally moisture curable urethanes, liquid polybutadienes, or latex to produce items such as mats, floor tiles, and carpet undercushion. Recycled rubber is still used as tire derived fuel, but less so than 10 years ago. Another outlet is as an additive to asphalt. Recycled rubber can be used in the plastics industry, for which much development is being done. Large particle size ground rubber or chips are used in civil engineering applications, landscaping, or artificial turf. In terms of applications, most use is outside of the conventional rubber industry. Cost factors are still addressed in the tire industry. As of 2012, approximately 8–10% recycled material is used in tires. The biggest obstacles to further adaption are safety factors and property loss. Better methods are needed for treating or modifying the rubber surface and for regenerating the rubber through devulcanization. Devulcanization gives the highest quality recycled material in terms of processing and properties. However, shortcomings to devulcanization are reduced process safety and odorous chemicals that are required at present.
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Kadir, Abdul Aziz S. A. "Advances in Natural Rubber Production." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 3 (1994): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538690.
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Abstract This paper will attempt to highlight the various advances made to date in the production and processing of natural rubber (NR). The commercially planted rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, can yield as high as 3,000 kg of rubber per hectare in contrast to the 500 kg rubber per hectare obtained from the wild Amazonian rubber trees. The high yield of commercial rubber trees is attributed to the successful breeding program, efficient development of agronomic and crop management practices and proper exploitation systems. Today, the Hevea brasiliensis trees not only contribute to the supply of world natural rubber, but also to the ever increasing demand of tropical timber. Latex extracted from the rubber tree is processed to meet the specific requirements of the consumers. In the area of processing, emphasis is on the production of NR as an industrial raw material with improved quality and consistency. Efforts are also placed on processing efficiency, optimum product mix and production of value added modified NR such as epoxidized and deproteinized NR. The processing activities also take into consideration the control of processing effluent with appropriate effluent treatments or conversion of effluent to useful materials.
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Thathong, Vanlop, Netnapha Pongped, Nuwut Phimpabut, et al. "Solid fuel processing of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from agricultural waste with latex rubber binder." Creative Science 17, no. 1 (2024): 258001. https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v17i1.258001.
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There are 5 types of waste materials making up RDF: rubber wood chips (RWC), wood residues (WR), mixed grass (MG), cassava rhizome (CR), leaf fragments (LF). The heating values range 14,693-17,065 kJ/kg. The energy values range 3,509.36-4,075.91 kcal/kg. The moistures range 10.35-16.80 %. The densities range 310-550 kg/m3. Regarding physical and chemical properties of the RDF, Tested with 2 binders: cassava starch sludge and latex rubber with the ratio of 0.50:0.50. The results showed that the moistures range 7.56-8.32 by wt. %. The energy values range 3,474.50-4,245.65 kcal/kg. The densities range 0.45-0.78 g/cm3. The ash contents range 1.06-5.00 by wt.%. The shatter indexes range 0.71-0.93. The ignition times range 5.6-9.8 min. The combustion times range 30-96 min. The combustion rates range 1.38-1.74 g/min. The RDF with 1.0:20.0 water to rubber ratio yields the best efficiency, with 7.68% moisture content and 5.00% ash content. This complies with the local product standard of RDF. It yields 4,226.59 kcal/kg. of heating value. The heavy metal contents from the ash of RDF are within the standard. From the cost and profit analysis, making RDF from cassava rhizome can yield 504.22 baht/rai profit, while selling the rhizome directly yields 199.32 baht/rai profit. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS This research result provides new knowledge, which is the use of Latex Rubber as a binder in making RDF. This research result allows rubber farmers to earn more income from selling RDF from rubber tree branches.
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Ding, Li, Honghai Huang, Yuekun Wang, Jianwei Li, Hongxing Gui, and Yongping Chen. "The Influence of Fresh Latex Coagulation on the Parameter Characteristics of the Yeoh Hyperelastic Constitutive Model for Natural Rubber." Polymers 16, no. 24 (2024): 3601. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243601.
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The coagulation of fresh latex is one of the critical processes that impacts rubber quality during natural rubber processing. Constitutive relationships are the basis for the study of the mechanical properties of rubber materials and serve as a prerequisite for material simulation studies. However, studies on the effect of different coagulation methods on natural rubber constitutive relationships have yet to be carried out, and the current models used for natural rubber constitutive relationships need to be improved. In order to investigate the effects of different coagulation methods on the hyperelastic properties of natural rubber, the impact of natural coagulation, enzyme coagulation, acid coagulation, microbial coagulation, and enzyme-assisted microbial coagulation on the hyperelastic constitutive relationship of natural rubber were analyzed in detail based on tensile experiments and the Yeoh model. The results show that after introducing a strain rate-related factor, the Yeoh model can describe well the mechanical behavior of natural rubber carbon black composites in different deformation regions, and the rubber, studied with varying coagulation methods, exhibits different mechanical properties in different deformation regions. This study provides new evidence for the study of high-performance natural rubber and serves as a reference for process selection in the primary processing of natural rubber.
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Nguyen, Hien Nhu, and Thao Thanh Luong. "Situation of wastewater treatment of natural rubber latex processing in the Southeastern region, Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 2, no. 2 (2012): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol2.no2.pp58-64.
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Rubber tree is one of the main plants which play an important role in the economy of Southeastern region, Vietnam. Approximately 90% of Vietnamese natural rubber latex is exported as raw products. The preliminary process of natural rubber latex discharges a large amount of wastewater to the environment. In Vietnam, there are many available technologies set up and operated for treatment wastewater of rubber latex processing. However, the effluent quality is still poor and the concentration of pollutants is higher than the required national technical regulation on the effluent of the natural rubber processing industry (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Thus, this paper summarizes various technologies and methods currently applied for the treatment of latex processing wastewater in Vietnam. Additionally, the new effective methods being researched and applied in Thailand and Malaysia are also mentioned (countries with the highest production of natural rubber in the world). This paper also provides a screening of treatment technologies for reducing environmental pollution and contributing to high-quality effluent for meeting the required standard.
 Cao su là một trong những cây trồng chính và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế của miền Đông Nam Bộ, Việt Nam. Sản phẩm từ cây cao su thiên nhiên tại Việt Nam chủ yếu là xuất khẩu (khoảng 90%), tuy nhiên chỉ mới là dạng cao su thiên nhiên sơ chế. Quá trình sơ chế mủ cao su thiên nhiên thải bỏ một lượng lớn nước thải vào môi trường. Ở Việt Nam, hiện tại có rất nhiều công nghệ xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su đã được thiết lập và vận hành. Tuy nhiên, nồng độ ô nhiễm trong nước thải sau quá trình xử lý còn cao so với tiêu chuẩn yêu cầu (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Vì vậy, bài báo này tóm tắt những công nghệ và phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su tại Việt Nam gần đây. Thêm vào đó, những phương pháp mới và hiệu quả đang được nghiên cứu và áp dụng tại Malaysia và Thái Lan, những quốc gia có sản lượng sản xuất mủ cao su cao nhất trên thế giới cũng được giới thiệu. Bài báo này cũng cung cấp sự đa dạng của những phương pháp xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và góp phần đảm bảo chất lượng nước đầu ra đạt tiêu chuẩn cho phép.
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Pieter, Samyn. "Natural rubber nanocomposites with cellulose nanofiber reinforcements produced by latex mixing: effects of fiber morphology and modification." Abstracts of International Conferences & Meetings (AICM) 1, no. 4 (2021): 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5149786.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>The natural biocomposites should favour from renewable resources including both matrix materials and fillers. The natural rubbers are an interesting class of biopolymers because of their extremely high molecular weight providing elastic nature and high extensibility. Therefore, the low glass transition temperature is favourable for the homogeneous film-forming properties. The amorphous structure of the polymer with low moduli, however, requires adaptation of mechanical properties through reinforcement with fillers (1). The nanocellulose provides good potential because of its fine fibrillar network causing high mechanical strength. However, the polar nature and hydrophilic properties need to be tuned in combination with the more apolar character of the natural rubber. The nanocomposites may be applied in future applications of novel packaging materials replacing oil-based plastics, with improved barrier properties and anti-tackiness properties. <strong>Methods: </strong>The fibrillated cellulose nanofibers were produced by mechanical homogenization of native kraft pulp fibers, through mechanical processing in a microfluidizer towards different degree of fibrillation, resulting in micro- to nanofibrillated fiber morphologies (MFC/NFC) (2). A chemical surface modification of the fibers was subsequently performed by the deposition of hydrophobic nanoparticles at the fiber surface, including vegetable oils and styrene-maleimide (3). The effect of fiber morphologies and content (0 to 15 wt.-%) on mechanical reinforcement and structural variations of natural rubbers were investigated by adding the fibers during a rubber latex mixing process. The natural rubber latex (Vytex, Vystar Company) was mixed in the non pre-vulcanized state and further cured at 120°C with sulpher as vulcanizing agent. <strong>Results & Discussions:</strong> Depending on the degree of fibrilation, the native cellulose fibers were prone to pull-out from the natural rubber matrix resulting from weak interphase compatibility. The medium fibrillated fibers (e.g., MFC) provided enhanced modulus with rather low strength as the finer branched fibers cause more interaction points. However, the interphase remains weak and is mainly due to mechanical interlocking. The finest fibers (e.g., NFC) have higher intrinsic strength and elongation, but the natural rubber latex could not function as a favorable dispersant as the agglomeration of fibers was observed. Alternatively, the surface-modified fibers had better compatibility and were added until high concentrations of 15 wt.-%. The mechanical properties of the natural rubber/nanocellulose composites indicated that the NFC provides higher strength and elongation, while mechanical properties for MFC indicated worse quality. The high strength of composites with modified fibers indicated a reactive interface with high compatibility and homogeneous dispersion. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The mechanical properties of rubber latex is improved through mixing of fibrillated cellulose in the latex phase, but the effect of strength and elongation strongly depends on the fiber morphology. The good compatibility between fibrillated cellulose and the rubber matrix was obtained after unique surface hydrphobization with deposition of oil-containing nanoparticles at the cellulose surface, resulting in superior strength of the natural rubber nanocomposite. The in-situ vulcanization is induced in presence of the fibrillated cellulose. <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Natural rubber, Nanoellulose, Latex, Vulcanization, Mechanical properties</em> <strong>References</strong> 1. Low DYS, Supramaniam J, Soottitantawat A, Charinpanitkul T, Tanthapanichakoon W, Tan KW, Tang SY. Recent developments in nanocellulose-reinforced rubber matrix composites: a review. Polymers 2021; 13:550. 2. Taheri H, Sampyn P. Effect of homogenization (microfluidization) process parameters in mechanical production of micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose on its rheological and morphological properties. Cellulose 2016; 23(2):1221-1238. 3. Rastogi VK, Samyn P. Reaction efficiency and retention of poly(styrene-co-maleimide) nanoparticles deposited on fibrillated cellulose surfaces. Carboydr Polym 2016;141:244-252.
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Gilmutdinov, A. F., A. A. Akmyradow, V. A. Antonov, M. A. Ibragimov, and E. G. Zinovjeva. "Dynamic properties of butadiene styrene rubbers with layered silicates." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 85, no. 3 (2023): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2023-3-173-179.
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In our study, modification of SBR-1705 butadiene styrene latex using a variety of bentonite clay variants was carried out Among them were domestic sodium bentonite, domestic bentonite pretreated with surfactants (surfactants), as well as organoclays based on foreign layered silicates and also treated with surfactants at the coagulation stage with subsequent rubber release. Further, within the framework of our study, we carried out a detailed comparative study of physical and mechanical properties of rubbers produced using modified butadiene-styrene rubbers. We considered rubbers containing different variants of bentonite, including both domestic origin and imported bentonite. The dynamic properties of these rubbers, including elastic modulus and mechanical loss angle tangent, were analyzed using dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA). The study found that the rubber samples containing PT clay and Cloisite 30B showed a 20% reduction in mechanical loss tangent within the operating temperature range. This indicates an improvement in the mechanical properties of the rubber under a variety of operating conditions. In addition, rubber samples containing imported layered silicates and treated with surfactants exhibited increased strength both before and after thermo-oxidative aging at 150°C. These results emphasize the importance of silicate and surfactant composition selection in developing rubbers with improved mechanical properties and durability. The findings of this study have important implications for industry and academia, emphasizing the role of proper bentonite selection and processing in creating rubbers with optimal performance for a variety of applications
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John, C. K., and P. F. Shea. "Rubber Based Industries: A Case Study on Effluent Treatment." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0036.
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In Malaysia, the bulk of natural rubber produced is exported. Only 4% is currently used by the domestic market in the production of manufactured goods. Whereas much has been written about waste treatment with respect to processing of the raw latex, little has been published on the particular difficulties of treating the waste generated during manufacture of rubber based products. This paper describes one use of natural rubber in the Malaysian manufacturing industry, details the conceptual planning of a suitable treatment system and relates operating experiences over the past two years.
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Aziz, Azira Abd, Nurul Suhaira Abdullah, Manroshan Singh Jaswan, Singh Mustapha Kamal, and Mazlina Mustapha Kamal. "Effect of Concentrated ENR on ENR/Si Masterbatch." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.832.
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This paper discusses the improvement of properties of ENR/Si composites by using concentrated ENR without using any chemical modification on the silica or latex. The composite showed a stronger reinforcing ability without addition of coupling agents. The ENR matrix reinforced the rubber by increasing the compatibility between rubber matrix and silica. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed to study the composites topology. The importance of this study is to prepare masterbatch containing ENR reinforced with Si for tyre processing industry. This masterbatch can be use directly for tyre processing compared to the conventional method.
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Azman, Nadia Wan, Nurhidayatul Ainah Abdullah, Norihide Enomoto, and Azura A. Rashid. "Effect of Post-Processing Parameters of Accelerator-Free Crosslinker (AF) on Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Latex Films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2907, no. 1 (2024): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2907/1/012011.
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Abstract Gloves manufacturers have been trying to establish an alternative vulcanization system without an accelerator to combat health issues. One such innovation is the technology of producing latex film self-crosslinked without the use of sulphur and accelerators. In this study, Polycarbodiimide (PCDI) was used as a crosslinker to produce carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex films. Effect of post-processing parameters (leaching and ageing) methods were carried out to investigate the performance of PCDI as a self-crosslinker compared to sulphur vulcanization systems. The mechanical and physical properties were measured from tensile, tear, swelling and durability tests. From this study, it is expected that XNBR gloves using PCDI imposed superior mechanical and physical properties similar to sulphur system XNBR gloves. PCDI-crosslinked shows comparable mechanical properties of XNBR latex films than sulphur-crosslinked due to the contribution of the two crosslink mechanisms that create more ionic crosslink formation resulting in much denser polymer network. The increase in post-leaching temperature enhanced the mechanical properties of XNBR latex films by effectively leaching out non-rubber particles. The thermal aging results show the mechanical properties of XNBR latex films increased with aging time. Based on the results obtained, PCDI can be used as an accelerator-free crosslinker in XNBR gloves with properties that meet the specifications for gloves applications.
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Xu, Kui, Can Zhong He, Yue Qiong Wang, Yong Yue Luo, Shuang Quan Liao, and Zheng Peng. "Preparation and Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.478.
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Epoxidized Natural Rubber is prepared with latex processing technology. The relationships of the epoxidation with the reaction times and temperature were investigated. The structure of ENR was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FIIR). It is found that, the by products, ring-open components increases with the reaction temperatures and the reaction times. It is found that as the level of epoxidation increased, the number of tetrahydrofuran ring increased.
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Varghese, Siby, Yosuke Katsumura, Keizo Makuuchi, and Fumio Yoshi. "Effect of Water Soluble Polymers on Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Films." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 2 (1999): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538803.
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Abstract Technological properties of radiation vulcanized latex after mixing with water soluble polymers (WSP) such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide) etc. have been studied in detail. The properties of water soluble polymer incorporated vulcanizates depend mainly on the type of the polymer blended into the latex. Most of the polymers showed a drastic increase in tear strength with polymer content and a reduction in tackiness of the vulcanized films. Radiation processing increases the water soluble protein content in the serum phase whereas that in the rubber phase decreases. Addition of water soluble polymer causes the fast leaching of soluble proteins from the dried films, which reduces the prolonged leaching commonly adopted for rubber vulcanizates. Aging properties of radiation vulcanized films incorporated with water soluble polymers are excellent. The thermal degradation behavior of radiation vulcanized films and that of water soluble polymer incorporated films is almost the same. Transparency of the rubber films can be increased by the addition of suitable water soluble polymers.
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Achmad, Feerzet, Deviany Deviany, Faizatul Fikrah, et al. "EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGATION SPEED OF PINEAPPLE EXTRACT AS NATURAL COAGULANT ON RUBBER CHARACTERISTICS." ASEAN Engineering Journal 15, no. 2 (2025): 91–97. https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v15.22212.
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Natural rubber is one of the leading plantation commodities widely cultivated in Indonesia to produce products useful for human needs. This research aims to determine the effect of centrifugation speed on the properties of PB 260 clone rubber using pineapple extract coagulant. Among rubber farmers, there are obstacles in processing natural rubber, such as reliance on chemical coagulants and the lack of cheap and safe alternatives. Therefore, it is necessary to find coagulants that are affordable, safe, and effective. Pineapple extract was used as the natural coagulant in this research. The latex used was 150 mL of PB 260 clone rubber, with 75 mL of 100% natural coagulant and 2% of formic acid. The rubber properties tested included Initial Plasticity (PO), Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), Mooney viscosity, dirt content, ash content, volatile matter, Dry Rubber Content (DRC), and FTIR analysis. The research results showed that the highest values for PO, PRI, DRC, ash content, dirt content, and mooney viscosity values of 39.5%, 88.61%, 30.95%, 0.48%, 0.19%, and 62 MU respectively, were obtained using 0 rpm pineapple extract (without centrifugation), with. Meanwhile, volatile matter content was highest at 0.37% with pineapple extract centrifuged at 5000 rpm. This study revealed that higher centrifugation speeds increased the pH of the natural coagulant and decreased the concentration of H+ ion, which led to an accelerating of the latex coagulation process. So it can be concluded that pineapple extract can be used as a substitute for chemical coagulants as it effectively coagulates latex. The rubber from coagulation process using pineapple extract complies with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for rubber characteristics. Centrifuged pineapple extract offers lower value of impurities and ash content while non centrifuged extract yields higher value of Po and PRI.
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Nguyen, Huy Long Huynh, Trung Duc Le, Bao Dung Ngoc Thi, and Tam Anh Duong Nguyen. "Biohydrogen fermentation from rubber latex processing wastewater pretreated by aluminium sulphate flocculation." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 21, no. 2/3 (2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2018.092720.
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Nguyen, Tam Anh Duong, Bao Dung Ngoc Thi, Trung Duc Le, and Huy Long Huynh Nguyen. "Biohydrogen fermentation from rubber latex processing wastewater pretreated by aluminium sulphate flocculation." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 21, no. 2/3 (2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2018.10013994.
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Nandi, Manish. "APPLICATION OF GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR RUBBER MADE FURNITURE SPECIALLY WOOD DOOR MANUFACTURING FACTORY IN TRIPURA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 10 (2024): 1172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19739.
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Rubber plantation requires re-planting after 31-35 years when latex collection becomes uneconomical. For commercial utilization and value addition to rubber logs felled during re-plantation, processing of Rubber Timber is vital otherwise, there is no timber value. Restriction on the use of forest timber inspired the establishment of the Rubber Wood manufacturing unit. The carpentry unit plays an important role in popularizing the use of eco-friendly Rubber wood in the country. Making of doors from solid rubber wood and treated timber has good market in the country as plenty of houses are being built in the country. Additionally, Rubber Wood Door has enormous export potential. Sen and Nandi (2012) developed a mathematical model in their paper. In this paper, I consider four cases that change the basic structure of the model, and a comparative study is conducted.
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Jaaoh, Darika, Chatchai Putson, and Nantakan Muensit. "Electrostriction of Natural Rubber Latex/Carbon Black Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.259.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate an electrostrictive behavior of natural rubber (NR) and NR composites filled with carbon black (CB) nanopowders below percolation threshold. These NR elastomers present advantageous features such as a high productivity, elasticity, and ease of processing. In addition, such materials also exhibit the high induced strain and low young modulus for electrostrictive materials that can be used as actuators and energy harvesting. The NR and all composites were prepared by using solution casting method. The electrostrictive property of the composites was evaluated at low electric field (E 5 MV/m) by measuring the electric field induced strain Sz with the photonic displacement apparatus. The surface morphology of the samples was observed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and their electrical properties were analyzed as function of concentration and frequency in a range of 102105 Hz. The results show that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss decrease when the frequency was increased. Moreover, the dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity strongly increase with increasing the CB contents, relate to interfacial charge distribution. While the dielectric loss slightly increases with increasing filler concentration. The electrostriction coefficient tended to increase with a higher CB loading. In comparison at CB 1 wt%, it was found that the electrostriction coefficient of NR composites is approximately 7 times larger than the pure NR. The NR nanocomposites thus seem to be very attractive for low frequency electromechanical applications.
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Putson, Chatchai, Darika Jaaoh, and Nantakan Muensit. "Compliant Natural Rubber Latex Electrodes for Electrostrictive Polyurethane Actuation." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.433.
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Improvement of the electrostrictive polymer with natural rubber (NR) compliant electrodes can potentially offer advantages for enhancement electromechanical efficiency of elastomer actuators. The NR elastomers are capable of advantageous features such as a high productivity, elasticity, and ease of processing. In this work, the NR composites filled with carbon black (CB) nanopowders at high conductivity was used as compliant electrodes on polyurethane electrostrictive polymer. The compliant NR composites electrodes were fabricated by using spin coating technique. The morphology of the NR composites was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical, electrical and electromechanical properties of NR composites were investigated. The electric field-induced strain of sample with compliant NR composites electrodes, and comparison with metallic electrodes was determined by using the photonic displacement apparatus. The results show that the thickness strain of polyurethane electrostriction with compliant NR was higher that with metal electrodes, depending not only on compliance between sample and electrodes, but also good conductivity and adhesion of electrodes. Correlation of the electromechanical properties and the mechanically coupled in stretching and compressing to volume incompressibility of polymer are also discussed.
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Lukmana, Mila. "Utilization of White Glutinous Rice Fermentation as A Coagulant of Natural Rubber Latex." Agrisains: Jurnal Budidaya Tanaman Perkebunan Politeknik Hasnur 6, no. 01 (2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46365/agrs.v6i01.370.
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Clumping is one of the important stages in the processing of latex. This stage is the first step to produce a coagulum. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of white sticky water tape as a latex coagulant and determine the effect of white sticky water tape on the speed of clumping, color, pH, texture, levels of latex dry rubber. Tests were carried out in 4 treatments, namely R0: 1 ml of 10% formic acid solution added to 100 ml of latex; R1: 1 ml of water tape is added in 100 ml of latex; R2: 5 ml of water tape is added in 100 ml of latex; R3: Water tape as much as 10 ml was added to 100 ml of latex Then the latex parameters were observed including clumping speed, pH, texture, color and levels of dry rubber (KKK). The results of this study indicate that the administration of white sticky tape water does not reduce the pH of the latex to the isoelectric point 4.7. Nevertheless latex clumping still occurs. This is thought to be due to the alcohol content in the white sticky water tape. Based on observations, the R2 treatment is the best treatment that produces a slippery and hard coagulant texture similar to the R0 (formic acid) treatment. Whereas the latex texture in R1 and R3 treatments is softer. The addition of white sticky tape water coagulant produces latex color to milky white while formic acid produces white-yellowish color. The R2 treatment had an average KKK 41.63% lower than using formic acid, which was R0 45.96%. Although the white sticky tape water coagulant has not been able to meet the KKK quality standards of 20%.
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Praharnata, Praharnata, Joko Sulistyo, and Hesti Wijayanti. "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN NANAS DAN UMBI POHON GADUNG SEBAGAI KOAGULAN TERHADAP KUALITAS BAHAN OLAHAN KARET RAKYAT." Konversi 5, no. 1 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v5i1.4776.
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Abstrak- Prakoagulasi lateks merupakan penggumpalan spontan lateks yang biasanya disebabkan oleh pengaruh asam, enzim dan bakteri. Bahan yang digunakan untuk mempercepat prakoagulasi sering dikenal sebagai koagulan. Beberapa penduduk di Kalimantan Selatan menggunakan beberapa koagulan alami yang tidak banyak dikenal seperti umbi akar pohon gadung dan tongkol nanas, sehingga dalam penelitian ini kami ingin mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai penggunaan koagulan alami ini, mengamati dan membandingkan kualitas karet yang dihasilkan. Percobaan dilakukan dengan melakukan pengamatan pada sampel lateks yang telah dicampurkan dengan koagulan yang telah divariasi, penelitian ini mencoba meniru cara pengolahan karet remah kering, sehigga sampel karet yang dibuat memiliki sifat teknis yang dapat diuji. Adapun uji yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini antara lain; uji prakoagulasi dengan koagulan yang bervariasi, uji prakoagulasi dengan dosis koagulan yang divariasikan, uji prakoagulasi lateks dengan air sisa prakoagulasi awal dan uji sifat teknis karet. Dari hasil analisa sampel gadung diperoleh kadar nitrogen karet sebesar 0,22 %, Po 31, dan PRI 76, pada sampel nanas diperoleh kadar nitrogen sebesar 0,24%, Po 21,5 dan PRI 56. Kata kunci: Prakoagulasi, lateks, koagulan, enzim, bakteri Abstract- Latex precoagulation is a spontaneous clot of latex that is usually caused by the effects of acids, enzymes and bacteria. Materials used to make precoagulation faster known as a coagulant. Some people in South Kalimantan using some natural coagulant that is not widely known as a gadung tree root and pineapple cob, so in this study we wanted to examine more deeply about the use of this natural coagulant, observe and compare the quality of rubber produced. The experiments were performed by making observations on a sample of latex was mixed with a coagulant which has been varied, this study tried to imitate the dry crumb rubber processing, so the rubber samples that created has technical properties that can be tested. The tests performed in this study were precoagulation test with varying coagulant, precoagulation test with coagulant dose varied, latex precoagulation test with waste water of early precoagulation and test of the technical properties of the rubber. From the analysis of gadung sample obtained rubber nitrogen content of 0.22 %, Po 31, and the PRI 76, the pineapple samples obtained rubber nitrogen content of 0.24 %, 21.5 Po and the PRI 56. Keywords: Precoagulation, latex , coagulants , enzymes , bacteria
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Kahawatte, G. M., S. P. Withanage, T. T. D. Dharmarathne, and M. K. Meegahakumbura. "Selection of Promising Genotypes from 2017 Hand Pollinated<em> Heve</em>a Progeny using Morphological, Physiological and REF Gene Expression Studies." Journal of Dry Zone Agriculture 10, no. 2 (2025): 44–69. https://doi.org/10.4038/jdza.v10i2.100.
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This study aimed to expedite the rubber breeding cycle by identifying promising genotypes in 2017 hand-pollinated (HP) progeny of 46 new clones. Growth parameters such as girth, bark thickness, leaf area, and average yield were recorded and analyzed to identify the superior genotypes. Physiological parameters and expression of the Rubber Elongation Factor (REF) gene were also used to select the best genotypes. Four genotypes were selected namely; 2017 HP 59, 2017 HP 60, 2017 HP 63 and 2017 HP 67 with better growth characteristics. The latex physiological parameters including sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiol, dry rubber content and total latex volume were examined. The analysis of physiological parameters shows that the 2017 HP 59 and 2017 HP 60 genotypes have a high potential for latex production. The results revealed an upregulation in the REF gene expression of the 2017 HP 59 and 2017 HP 60 genotypes. In addition, statistical analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between each growth parameter, and cluster analysis was performed.These analyses identified 2017 HP 63, 2017 HP 67, 2017 HP 7, 2017 HP 11, 2017 HP 66, 2017 HP 68 and 2017 HP 39 genotypes as suitable timber clones. With morphological, physiological and gene expression analysis, the 2017 HP 59 and 2017 HP 60 genotypes were selected as superior for direct large-scale field evaluations as latex clones. This would possibly bypass the small-scale field evaluation phase, saving approximately 10-12 years of the breeding cycle. However, it’s better to further analyze the REF gene expression results. Timber clones identified during the present study will be useful for the rubber timber processing industry.