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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber seed oil'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Widayat, Widayat, and S. Suherman. "Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil via Esterification Process." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.1.2.57-60.

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One promise source of alternative energy is biodiesel from rubber seed oil, because the raw materials available in plentiful quantities and can be renewed. In addition, the rubber seed is still lack of utilization, and Indonesia is one of the largest rubbers producing country in the world. The objective of this research is to studied on biodiesel production by esterification process. Parameters used in this study are the ratio of catalyst and temperature and its influence on the characteristics of the resulting biodiesel product. Characterization of rubber seed include acid content number analysis, saponification numbers, density, viscosity, iodine number, type of free fatty acids and triglyceride oils. The results of analysis showed that rubber seed oil content obtained is 50.5%. The results of the GCMS analysis showed that a free fatty acid level in rubber seed is very high. Conversion into bio-diesel oil is obtained by at most 59.91% and lowest 48.24%.

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2

Salni, Salni, Poedji Loekitowati Hariani, and Hanifa Marisa Hanifa. "Influence the Rubber Seed Type and Altitude on Characteristic of Seed, Oil and Biodiesel." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.157-163.

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This research studies the influence of the type of rubber seed that is superior and local, altitude plant in South Sumatra province to the characteristic of seed, oil and biodiesel (methyl ester). Rubber plants planted from local rubber seed by seeds seedlings and superior rubber seed by selected clones. In the study, rubber plants planted at a different altitude, namely in Banyuasin district (18 m above sea level), Prabumulih District (176 m above sea level) and Lahat District (627 m above sea level). The results showed that the weight of the flour, the water content and ash content in the local rubber seeds larger than the superior rubber seed for all altitude, but oil content a large in the superior rubber seeds. The major of fatty acids in the rubber seed oil in all types and altitude are a linoleic acid with a different percentage except local rubber seed oil from Lahat district with the large percentage of octadecanoic acid. Free fatty acids in the oil from the superior seeds rubber of 13.897-15.494 % large than local rubber seed oil was found 9.786-10.399 % for all altitude. By esterification process using sulfuric acid catalyst, Free Fatty Acid (FFA) can be reduced to ≤ 2 %. The methyl ester made from the transesterification process of rubber seed oil after esterification using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Analysis of methyl esters includes cetane index, flash point, kinematic viscosity, carbon residue, density, moisture content, water and sediment content and distillation compared with SNI 7182 and ASTM 6751-02. The result indicated that the quality of methyl ester from superior rubber seed oil in the Banyuasin and Prabumulih district better than another methyl ester. The types of rubber seed altitude affect the characteristics of the seed, oil and methyl ester but the altitude are not significantly different.Keywords: rubber seed, type, altitude, oil, biodieselArticle History: Received March 21st 2017; Received in revised form May 5th 2017; Accepted June 2nd 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Salni, S, Hariani, P.L. and Marisa, H. (2017) Influence the Rubber Seed Type and Altitude on Characteristic of Seed, Oil and Biodiesel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Develeopment, 6(2), 157-163.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.157-163

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3

Kantee, Jutamas, and Somjai Kajorncheappunngam. "Characterization of Epoxidized Rubber Seed Oil." Key Engineering Materials 728 (January 2017): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.728.295.

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Epoxidation of rubber seed oil was carried out using a peroxyacid generated in situ from glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to produce epoxidized rubber seed oil. The maximum relative conversion to oxirane of 88 % could be obtained at 60 °C after a reaction time of 7 hours. The presence of oxirane ring of epoxidized rubber seed oil was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra analysis which displayed a disappearance of double bonds peak in rubber seed oil and an existing of epoxide ring peak in epoxidized rubber seed oil.

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4

Widayat, Widayat, and Berkah Fajar Tamtomo Kiono. "Ultrasound Assisted Esterification of Rubber Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 1 (February 4, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.1.1.1-5.

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Production of biodiesel is currently shifting from the first to the second generation inwhich the raw materials are mostly from non-edible type oils and fats. Biodiesel production iscommonly conducted under batch operation using mechanical agitation to accelerate masstransfers. The main drawback of oil esterification is the high content of free fatty acids (FFA) whichmay reduce the yield of biodiesel and prolong the production time (2-5 hours). Ultrasonificationhas been used in many applications such as component extraction due to its ability to producecavitation under certain frequency. This research is aimed to facilitate ultrasound system forimproving biodiesel production process particularly rubber seed oil. An ultrasound unit was usedunder constant temperature (40oC) and frequency of 40 Hz. The result showed that ultrasound canreduces the processing time and increases the biodiesel yield significantly. A model to describecorrelation of yield and its independent variables is yield (Y) = 43,4894 – 0,6926 X1 + 1,1807 X2 –7,1042 X3 + 2,6451 X1X2 – 1,6557 X1X3 + 5,7586 X2X3 - 10,5145 X1X2X3, where X1 is mesh sizes, X2ratio oil: methanol and X3 type of catalyst.

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5

Huang, Yuan Bo, Zhi Feng Zheng, Ji You Gu, Yun Wu Zheng, Qing Li Qin, and Guan Dong Wang. "Synthesis of Epoxidized Rubber Seed Oil." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.247.

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The liquefaction of cellulose in the presence of phenol without or with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. The liquefied products were characterized by GC/MS and FTIR. Results showed that reaction temperature and reaction time had obvious effects on liquefaction of cellulose. Sulfuric acid showed an excellent catalytic degradation. The chemical compositions of the liquefied products produced using sulfuric acid catalyst or not were almost identical, and the majority of the identified liquefied products were methylene bisphenol and its isomers. During the process of liquefaction, the degradation of cellulose and condensation polymerization occurred at the same time. The last liquefied products were greatly dependent on the reaction conditions.

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6

Aigbodion, A. I., A. R. R. Menon, and C. K. S. Pillai. "Processability characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber modified with rubber seed oil and epoxidized rubber seed oil." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77, no. 7 (2000): 1413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1413::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-7.

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7

Mgbemena, Chinedum Ogonna, and Ikuobase Emovon. "Thermal Degradation of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Reinforced with Organomodified Kaolin Intercalates." Advanced Materials Research 1163 (April 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1163.48.

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In this study, Natural Rubber Vulcanizates (NRV) reinforced with organomodified kaolin was developed. The NRV were subjected to thermal degradation to ascertain its suitability for high-temperature automotive applications. Kaolin intercalation was achieved using derivatives of Rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis) and Tea seed oil (Camellia sinensis) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as co-intercalate. The developed Natural Rubber Vulcanizates were characterised using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectra obtained for the organomodified natural rubber vulcanizates revealed the presence of carbonyl groups at bands 1564cm-1 and 1553cm-1 which is an indication of organomodified kaolin intercalation within the Natural Rubber matrix for kaolin intercalates of Rubber seed oil and Tea seed oil respectively while no value was reported for the Natural Rubber vulcanizates obtained from the pristine kaolin filler. TGA results indicated that NRV developed from kaolin intercalates of Rubber seed oil (RSO) with onset degradation and final degradation temperatures of 354.2°C and 601.3°C were found to be the most thermally stable of the Natural Rubber Vulcanizates investigated. The SEM micrograph revealed that the kaolin nanofillers in Rubber Seed Oil modified Natural Rubber Vulcanizates were well dispersed as compared to that of Tea Seed Oil modified Natural Rubber Vulcanizates.

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8

Aravind, Amith, K. Prabhakaran Nair, and M. L. Joy. "Formulation of a novel biolubricant with enhanced properties using esterified rubber seed oil as a base stock." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 12 (February 5, 2018): 1514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118756243.

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Biolubricants, though an answer to depleting mineral oil reserves and toxic pollutants seeping into the environment, have several drawbacks. They have a limited range of viscosities, poor low temperature properties, and reduced oxidative stability. Rubber seed oil, a nonedible oil extracted from rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) seeds, has been observed to serve as a good base stock for developing a novel biolubricant. This study aims at improving the properties of rubber seed oil, namely, its free fatty acid content, viscosity, cloud and pour point, tribological properties, and oxidative stability using suitable natural and synthetic additives to make it as good as commercial lubricants available in the market. A final formulation containing esterified rubber seed oil with (1% low-density polyethylene + 1.5% polypropylene as viscosity enhancers, 1.5% agarose to improve coefficient of friction, 1.5% butylated hydroxyl toluene as pour point depressant and (1% butylated hydroxyl anisole + 1.5% α-tocopherol + 1% ascorbic acid) as antioxidants has been found to have superior lubricant properties when compared to plain rubber seed oil. The biodegradability of the final formulated oil has also been studied.

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9

Ahmad Bahrin, Noor Fatiha, Harumi Veny, and Siti Zainab Che Mad. "Investigation on enzymatic activity of rubber seed as source of plant lipase." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i2.10938.

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Rubber seed is a non-edible seed that is abundantly available and considers agricultural wastes. A potential lipase from rubber seed was examined based on the enzymatic activity and its application in the hydrolysis reaction. The enzymatic activity characterization study was determined based on p-nitrophenol release in the hydrolysis reaction. The initial evaluation showed that temperature and pH significantly influence the reaction. The optimum condition based on enzymatic activity for rubber seed was found at 30 ℃ and pH 8. The rubber seed lipase extract was then used in enzymatic hydrolysis reactions of rubber seed oil, palm oil, and canola oil. The highest FFA percentage of 63% was found from the rubber seed oil. The results indicate that rubber seed extract has shown its potential enzymatic activity. However, further studies need to be done to apply this rubber seed in various lipase catalysed reactions.

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10

Wicakso, Doni Rahmat, Anniy Nurin Najma, and Diah Ayu Retnowati. "CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL." Konversi 7, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v7i1.4872.

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Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.

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11

Liu, P., M. Qin, J. Wu, and B. S. Chen. "Performance characteristics of rubber seed oil biodiesel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 292 (January 2018): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/292/1/012073.

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12

Aigbodion, A. I., and I. O. Bakare. "Rubber seed oil quality assessment and authentication." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 82, no. 7 (July 2005): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1095-0.

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13

Hakim, Abdul, and Edwin Mukhtadi. "Pembuatan Minyak Biji Karet Dari Biji Karet Dengan Menggunakan Metode Screw Pressing: Analisis Produk Penghitungan Rendemen, Penentuan Kadar Air Minyak, Analisa Densitas, Analisa Viskositas, Analisa Angka Asam Dan Analisa Angka Penyabunan." METANA 13, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/metana.v13i1.9745.

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Karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) merupakan salah satu hasil pertanian yang banyak menunjang perekonomian Negara. Selain menghasilkan lateks, perkebunan karet juga menghasilkan biji karet yang belum termanfaatkan secara optimum. Dengan melihat tingginya kandungan minyak di dalam daging biji karet yakni sebesar 45.63% maka minyak tersebut sangat potensial untuk dimanfaatkan. Proses pengambilan minyak biji karet dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara antara lain pengepresan (pressing), dan pelarut (solvent). Dua cara yang umum digunakan yaitu dengan metode pengepresan mekanis antara lain pengepresan hidrolik (hydraulic pressing) dan pengepresan berulir (screw pressing). Cara screw pressing memerlukan perlakuan pendahuluan yang terdiri dari proses pemanasan atau tempering. Pada penelitian ini mempelajari tentang “Pengaruh Ukuran Material dan Temperatur Pemanasan Awal terhadap Perolehan Minyak Biji Karet dengan Metode Pengepresan Berulir (screw pressing)”. Biji karet dibersihkan dan disortir dari kulitnya maupun kotoran kemudian diperkecil ukuran biji karet dengan variasi ukuran 100 mm (+ 10 mm), 50 mm (+ 10 mm) dan 100 mesh. Selanjutnya dipanaskan dengan variabel suhu 50oC, 60oC dan 70oC kemudian biji karet tersebut dipress dengan variabel kecepatan putar ulir 200 ppm. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapat persentase terbesar pada variasi ukuran material 100 mesh dan suhu pemanasan awal 70 oC yaitu sebesar 10,11 %. Kadar air 0,2 %, densitas 0,920 gr/ml, dan viskositas 34,476 cp.Making Rubber Seed Oil From Rubber Bean With Using Screw Pressing Method: Product Analysis Calculation of Rendement, Determination of Water Content of Oil, Density Analysis, Viscosity Analysis, Analysis of Acid Numbers and Analysis of Plaque Rate Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) is which one of agriculture product many have developing economic country. Except of latex product, rubber of plantation to production rubber seeds to optimum used not yet. As see oil content on rubber seed is very high 45,63% so the rubber seed oil has wide potential aplication. To obtain oil from rubber seed, there are two methods commonly used for oil extraction from rubber seeds, which are mechanical pressing and solvent extraction. Two common methods of mechanical pressing can be used, which are hydraulic pressing and screw pressing. Screw pressing methode had been pretreatment consist of tempering. The objective of this research is to study the “effect of material size and preheating temperature on rubber seed oil yield using screw pressing methode. The rubber seeds are cleaned and the kernels are separated manually from the seeds. after that, rubber seed was size reducted with various 100 mm (+10 mm), 50 mm (+10 mm) and 100 mesh after that the rubber seeds preheatead with various temperatures 50oC, 60oC and 70oC. The next step is the pressing operation using screw speed 200 rpm. The higher result from research had oil yield persentation 10,11 % with variations material size at 100 mesh and preheating temperature 70oC.moisture content 0,2%, density 0,920 gr/ml, and viscosity 34,476 cp.

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14

Patil, Vishal V., and Ranjit S. Patil. "Effects of partial addition of n-butanol in rubber seed oil methyl ester powered diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 231, no. 7 (May 17, 2017): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917708695.

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The objective of present study is to evaluate the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of refined biodiesel (biofuel) such as rubber seed oil methyl ester with the partial addition of n-butanol (butanol) in it in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Various characteristics of butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends with varying volume percentage of butanol such as 5, 10, 15, and 20 in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends were compared with the characteristics of neat rubber seed oil methyl ester (100%) and neat diesel (100%) at various load conditions on engine (such as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for the compression ratio 18. It is found that brake specific fuel consumption was increased by 17% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Brake thermal efficiency was decreased by 14% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Carbon monoxide and HC emissions were found to be negligible, i.e. less than 0.1% and 35 ppm, respectively, for all selected fuels. NOx emissions were decreased by 10% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Various characteristics were compared for six fuels (neat rubber seed oil methyl ester, four renewable butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends, and neat diesel) in order to finalize the promising alternate sustainable renewable fuel in place of shortly diminishing conventional diesel fuel in order to provide the solution for increase in demand and price of conventional fuel (diesel) for power generation and to reduce the serious issues concerned with environmental pollution due to usage of neat diesel.

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15

Hamzah, N., S. Mohd Isa, and N. Ahmad Tajuddin. "Potential Feedstock of Rubber Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27562.

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Biodiesel can help to reduce the world‘s dependence on fossil fuels and which also has significant environmental benefits. Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained via transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. The rubber seed oil (RSO) is chosen as a potential non-edible vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel. The oil was extracted from the seed by using pressurized liquid extraction (ASE). The percentage rubber seed oil extracted from 2.6 kilograms rubber seed was obtained 35%. The acid value of RSO has reduced from 52.3 mg KOH/g to 0.8 mg KOH/g while FFA% value has reduced from 35% to 1.18% after acid esterification was applied to RSO. The oil was proceed with base transesterification where the triglycerides from the oil were converted into FAME. The optimization of transesterification process was performed in order to determine the optimum conditions that give the highest FAME yield. Result shows that optimum conditions of the transesterification of rubber seed oil were 1:6 of oil to methanol mass ratio ,30 wt% KOH catalyst, 60 oC reaction temperature and 60 minutes reaction time, that offering the highest biodiesel yield of 96%.

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16

Karima, Rizka. "KUALITAS MINYAK BIJI KARET SEBAGAI MINYAK PANGAN ALTERNATIF PASCA PENGHILANGAN HCN." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v7i2.1227.

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The rubber seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) can be used because rubber seed contains a high fat or oil contain so that it can be utilized as being edible oil. However, the problem is the presence of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) toxic compound in the rubber seeds which is so dangerous. Cyanide acid it can be reduces with soaking and boiling process. The purpose of this research were to known quality of rubber seeds. Rubber seeds oil was produced after HCN content was reduced. Mean yield of rubber seeds was 20,13%. Quality testing is done with a few key parameters on which oil fatty acid composition, acid number, peroxide number and iodine number. Total saturated fatty acid content was 14.1% and an unsaturated fatty acid was 85.9%, the mean value of the acid number was 4.19 mgKOH / g, peroxide value MeqO 11.17 / kg and iodine number of 140 g iodine / 100 g. These results indicate that good quality oil for edible oils when compared with the standard.Keywords : rubber seeds, rubber seeds oil, edible oil

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17

Lourith, Nattaya, Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul, Apirada Sucontphunt, and Thunnicha Ondee. "Para Rubber Seed Oil: New Promising Unconventional Oil for Cosmetics." Journal of Oleo Science 63, no. 7 (2014): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess14015.

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18

Sabarish, C. S., Jilse Sebastian, and C. Muraleedharan. "Extraction of Oil from Rubber Seed through Hydraulic Press and Kinetic Study of Acid Esterification of Rubber Seed Oil." Procedia Technology 25 (2016): 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.200.

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19

Fatmawaty, Andi Apriany, Achmad Noerkhaerin Putra, Aris Munandar, Nuniek Hermita, Mustahal Mustahal, Dodi Hermawan, Lukman Anugrah Agung, Arif Rahman, and Mas Bayu Syamsunarno. "The Use of Rubber Seed Oil as an Alternative Plant Lipid Source for Stripped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Diet." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v10i2.19845.

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Dietary lipid in the forms of fish oil and corn oil are known as the best lipid sources. An effort to find an alternative to lipid sources other than both forms of oil can be done through the use of ts rubber seed oil. The study was conducted to evaluate rubber seed oil as a lipid source in the diet for increasing the growth of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. A tested diet having isoprotein (30.14±0.01%) and isoenergy (271.26±0.08 DE kcal/100g) was used in this study. Fish oil, corn oil, and rubber seed oil at a total of 3% were used as the diet's lipid sources. Rubber seed oil was added to the diet at 0, 1, and 3%, respectively. After acclimatized to the experimental condition, striped catfish fingerlings (9.72±0.01 g) were randomly stocked in 12 aquariums (69x29x35 cm3; Volume 50 L) with a density of 15 fingerlings/container and fed on the tested diet at satiation for 40 days. The use of rubber seed oil as a source of lipid in the diet does not affect the survival rate and body fat (P> 0.05). The composition of 2% rubber seed oil in the feed gives the best growth in striped catfish fingerlings, with feed intake of 233.00±1.00 g, a specific growth rate of 2.01±0.05% day-1, feed efficiency of 75.45 ± 1.18%, protein efficiency ratio of 2.45 ± 0.11% and body protein of 44.03 ± 2.42%. There is a tendency that higher rubber seed oil content in the diet, produce better the fatty acid profile in the body of the striped catfish.

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Zhao, Yong Yan, Yu Bao Chen, Shun Ping Yang, Wu Di Zhang, and Yan Ni Gao. "Triglycerides Catalytic Hydroconversion into Bio-Aviation Fuels Based on Temperature by One-Step." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.152.

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One-step hydrotreatment of three different vegetable oils have been carried out over Pd loading bi-functional catalyst in batch reactor. Rubber seed oil, Jatropha oil and castor oil have different acid value and constituents, which will influence the hydroprocessing and the quality of products. With temperature rising, several principles have been summarized, and an optimal temperature corresponding to three oils have been determined respectively. At the optimal temperature of Jatropha oil, 300°C, deoxygenation rate was up to 99.29%, C8-16hydrocarbons of products was up to 77.36%; 310°C and 320°C were respectively optimal temperature of rubber seed oil and castor oil, deoxygenation rate were 99.15% and 98.78%, C8-16hydrocarbons were 71.46% and 69.25%. The products quality of Jatropha oil was better than rubber seed oil and castor oil, and rubber seed oil and castor oil can cause the deactivation of catalyst.

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21

Layla Sihombing, Junifa, Ahmad Nasir Pulungan, Poppy Lindawati, Adittiya Prayoga, Intan Ayu Safitri, Clara Nur Wandani, Lastri Anita Silitonga, Ambarwati Ambarwati, Puji Prayugo, and Ary Anggara Wibowo. "Optimization of Indonesia biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using natural zeolite modification." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v10i2.10919.

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22

Gotlib, Elena M., Thi Lan Anh Nguyen, Dmitry G. Miloslavskiy, and Raisa A. Akhmedyanova. "EPOXIDATED RUBBER SEED OIL AND SOY AS EFFECTIVE MODIFIERS OF EPOXY POLYMERS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 9 (August 31, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196209.5950.

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The search for rational areas of industrial use of rubber seed oil for the countries of Southeast Asia, South America and Africa, where Hevea brasiliensis grows in vast areas, is of great practical and scientific interest, both from ecological, economic and technical points of view. In this regard, the studies of the preparation and the use of epoxidized rubber seed oil are important. Due to the presence of double bonds, this vegetable oil is relatively easily functionalized. The epoxidation of rubber seed oil was carried out by us with hydrogen peroxide under the conditions of interphase catalysis in the presence of tungsten-containing catalysts. Epoxidized vegetable oils are of great interest as reactive modifiers for epoxy-diane polymers. For comparison with ERSO, industrial epoxidized soybean oil was investigated. Modification by both epoxidized rubber seed oil and epoxidized soybean oil of epoxy compositions cured with amines of different chemical structure, causes a significant increase in their hardness, wear resistance and improved antifriction indicators. The content of the gel fraction is reduced, that is, the density of the cross-linked structure of epoxy coatings formed in the presence of epoxidized rubber seed oil and soybean oil, which are partially included in the structure, and partially perform the functions of plasticizing agents, decreases. A similar effect was found when epoxy polymers modifying with epoxidized palm trees oil. The decrease cross-linked density of epoxy polymers modified with epoxidized vegetable oils causes an increase in the mobility of the elements of the structure, due to the presence of flexible fragments in the modifiers. This greatly make easier the relaxation processes in the composition, which helps to reduce internal stresses and improve properties. Moreover, epoxidized soybean oil to a greater extent reduces wear and friction coefficient of epoxy coatings, compared with epoxidized rubber seed oil.

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Okieimen, F. E., O. I. Bakare, and C. O. Okieimen. "Studies on the epoxidation of rubber seed oil." Industrial Crops and Products 15, no. 2 (March 2002): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(01)00104-2.

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Khan, Modhar, and Suzana Yusup. "Solvent extraction and characterisation of rubber seed oil." International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation 1, no. 4 (2009): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpti.2009.030686.

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Gandhi, V. M., K. M. Cherian, and M. J. Mulky. "Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of rubber seed oil." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 67, no. 11 (November 1990): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02540511.

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RAMADHAS, A., S. JAYARAJ, and C. MURALEEDHARAN. "Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil." Fuel 84, no. 4 (March 2005): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.09.016.

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27

Hong, Jian, Xiao-Qin Yang, Xianmei Wan, Zhifeng Zheng, and Zoran S. Petrović. "High value polyurethane resins from rubber seed oil." Polymer International 66, no. 1 (September 19, 2016): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5256.

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Okie-Aghughu, O., E. O. Aluyor, and E. Steve Adewole. "Use of Rubber Seed Oil as Base Fluid in the Formulation of Oil-Based Drilling Mud." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.401.

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An oil-based drilling fluid system was formulated using rubber seed oil as base oil. Rubber seed oil was chosen because its aniline and flash points fall within the range of oils used as base oil. It is also locally available and easily affordable. The rheological (flow) properties of the rubber seed oil-based drilling fluid system were measured and results obtained show that the 10-sec and 10-min gel strength values for the formulated mud are 210lb/ft2 and 211lb/ft2 respectively while the mud density, plastic viscosity and yield point values are 10.60ppg, 1cP and 328lb/ft2 respectively. Comparison with the properties of a commercial oil-based drilling fluid show that the formulated mud has a high penetration rate and hole cleaning ability and so is effective in drilling operations although some disadvantages were observed.

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Hossain, Mokbul, Moniruzzaman, S. M. A. Sujan, Mosharof Hossain, and M. S. Jamal. "Extraction of Crude Rubber Oil from Rubber Seed and Production of Biodiesel." Journal of Biofuels 5, no. 1 (2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2014.00003.8.

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Joseph, Reethamma, Rosamma Alex, V. S. Vinod, C. K. Premalatha, and Baby Kuriakose. "Studies on epoxidized rubber seed oil as plasticizer for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, no. 3 (May 6, 2003): 668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.12037.

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31

Onyekwere, O. S., C. Odiakaose, and K. A. Uyanga. "Multi Response Optimization of the Functional Properties of Rubber Seed – Shear Butter Based Core Oil Using D-Optimal Mixture Design." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0159.

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AbstractIn this study, rubber seed/shea butter oil was used to formulate core oil. The formulated core oil was characterised. D-optimal mixture design was used for multi response optimisation of the functional properties of rubber seed-shea butter coil oil. Desirable values for some responses might be obtained from a factor combination while for others responses not so desirable values. Through multiple response optimisations, a factor setting that gives the desirable values for all responses was obtained. The selected optimum mixture setting for the formulated core oil is 65.937% Rubber seed and 34.063% Shea butter oil at desirability of 0.924. Under the optimum condition the functional properties of the core oil was found to be 39.57KN/M2, 626.85KN/M2, 36.63KN/M2, 593.906KN/M2, 412.605 and 167.309s for Green Compressive Strength, Dry Compressive Strength, Green Tensile Strength, Dry Tensile Strength, Permeability and Collapsibility respectively. The optimum conditions were validated with less than 0.2% error. The functional properties of the formulated core oil was compared to the functional properties of linseed core oil. It was found that rubber seed-shea butter core oil can be used for producing cores suitable for Aluminium casting.

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Yian, Lee Nian, Nicky Rahmana Putra, Zuhaili Idham, Nor Faadila Mohd Idrus, Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, and Mohd Azizi Che Yunus. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Hevea Brasiliensis Seeds: Influence of Particle Size on to Oil Seed Recovery and its Kinetic." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n3.2073.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particle sizes on yield, diffusivity, mass transfer and morphological characterization on extraction rate of rubber seed oil recovery by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). Pressure 30 MPa, temperature 60 oC and average particle size 500 µm gives the maximum oil recovery (34.71%), diffusivity coefficient (5.13 E-12 m2/s) and extraction rate (0.6 mg/sec). The morphological characterization of extracted rubber seeds was done on the basis of scanning electron microscopy which was parallel with the results of the effect of particle size. The results obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the rubber seeds oil contained significant essential fatty acids and certain chemical constituents which are very valuable.

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Ravindran, V., A. S. B. Rajaguru, and Chitra De Silva. "Evaluation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg.) seed meal in White Leghorn cockerel diets." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079569.

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Para-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg.) is a major plantation crop in South-East Asia. In addition to its economically important latex, the para-rubber tree produces seeds that serve as a source of industrial oil. Rubber seed meal (RSM), a by-product of the oil extraction, contains moderately high amounts of crude protein and is available at lower prices than most traditional vegetable protein supplements in the region. The estimated availability of RSM in South-East Asian countries is about 1·2 million tonnes.

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Aisabor, W., Y. Lukman, A. J. Otaru, A. E. Anakhu, and S. K. Otoikhian. "Optimisation and Kinetics of Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel Production." Journal of Biofuels 7, no. 2 (2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00008.8.

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35

Bakare, Isiaka O., C. Pavithran, Felix E. Okieimen, and C. K. S. Pillai. "Synthesis and characterization of rubber-seed-oil-based polyurethanes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 109, no. 5 (2008): 3292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.28391.

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Ulfah, M., Mulyazmi, Burmawi, E. Praputri, E. Sundari, and Firdaus. "Biodiesel production methods of rubber seed oil: a review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 334 (March 2018): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/334/1/012006.

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Li, X. Y., Y. B. Chen, X. Zhang, D. Souliyathai, S. P. Yang, and Q. Wang. "Study for the degumming pretreatment of rubber seed oil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 93 (November 2017): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/93/1/012004.

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38

Aigbodion, A. I., and F. E. Okieimen. "Kinetics of the preparation of rubber seed oil alkyds." European Polymer Journal 32, no. 9 (September 1996): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(96)00053-5.

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39

Sawiwat, Thakun, and Somjai Kajorncheappunngam. "Biodiesel Production From Crude Rubber Seed Oil Using Supercritical Methanol Transesterification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.655.

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Synthesis of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using a supercritical methanol was investigated under various reaction conditions (220 - 300°C, 80 - 180 bar) with reaction time of 1-15 min and oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:20 - 1:60. Free fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Most properties of produced biodiesel were in good agreement with biodiesel standard (EN 14214). The maximum FAME yield of 86.90% was obtained at 260°C, 160 bar, 5 min reaction time using oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:40. The result showed the acid value of rubber seed oil decreased to 0.58 mgKOH/g from initial 24 mgKOH/g to. It could be concluded from this findings that crude rubber seed oil is a promising alternative raw material for biodiesel synthesis via supercritical methanol tranesterification.

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40

Syafri, Rahmadini, Chairil Chairil, Muhammad Rizqi Pratama, Muhammad Alfayed, Kardina Febriani, and Hardi Rahayu Saputra. "Utilization of Rubber seed shell and Palm Oil Fronds as Composite Materials for Automotive Industry." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.4.102-108.

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Rubber seed shell (RSS) and Palm Oil Fronds (POF) are types of solid waste produced from rubber and palm oil plantation that has not been fully utilized. Meanwhile, in the automotive industry, composites have been the material of choice in some of its components. For example, composite body panels have been widely used in sports cars and passenger cars. This study aimed to utilize RSS powder and POF fiber waste as reinforcing fillers for the composite matrix. The matrix used was liquid polyester resin with the addition of catalyst as a hardener. RSS, which has been carbonized, was then activated using H2SO4 while POF fiber was pre-treated with 5% NaOH, then characterized both fillers by FTIR and SEM. Composites filled by RSS and POF in 4 variations were tested for mechanical properties with matrix composites without fillers as controls. FTIR testing of RSS carbonized powder found that carbonyl group consisting of tar compounds and remnants of carbon dioxide compounds that lost after activation with the H2SO4 solution. Meanwhile in POF fibers found that carbonyl group consisted of lignin and hemicellulose disappear after pre-treatment by 5% NaOH. SEM testing of RSS and POF fillers showed changes in surface morphology. The RSS and POF surface became coarser and porous, and the fibrils of POF fiber more obvious. The mechanical properties showed that the optimum result obtained in the composition of Matrix/POF/RSS (92.5/2.5/5).

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Egbuchunam, Theresa Obuajulu, Devrim Balköse, and Felix Ebhodaghe Okieimen. "Effect of zinc soaps of rubber seed oil (RSO) and/or epoxidised rubber seed oil (ERSO) on the thermal stability of PVC plastigels." Polymer Degradation and Stability 92, no. 8 (August 2007): 1572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.002.

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42

Wagner, Moritz, Melvin Lippe, Iris Lewandowski, Mirko Salzer, and Georg Cadisch. "CO2 Footprint of the Seeds of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) as a Biodiesel Feedstock Source." Forests 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090548.

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Crude rubber seed oil (CRSO) is a promising but currently underutilized biodiesel feedstock alternative, extracted by pressing the seeds of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Rubber trees are cultivated across more than 11.4 million hectares worldwide, mainly in Southeast Asia. Despite their suitability as a biodiesel feedstock source, rubber seeds are currently treated as waste in the monocultural plantation system. To date, no assessments have been performed to examine the potential impact of rubber seed-based biodiesel production on GHG emissions. This study analyses the global warming potential of rubber seed methyl ester (RSME) production in Southeast Asia. The functional unit used is 1 MJ of biodiesel. A sensitivity analysis assesses the influence of key parameters (e.g., rubber seed yield) on the GHG mitigation potential. A scenario analysis evaluates the effect of using RSME by-products for energy generation. In comparison to fossil diesel, RSME has a carbon mitigation potential of 67 g CO2.eq. MJ−1, based on allocation by mass. On the condition of compliance with international sustainability standards that call for deforestation-free value chains, the generation of RSME biodiesel on rubber tree plantations in Southeast Asia would have a total mitigation potential of around 2.8 million tonnes of CO2 eq. per year.

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43

Wang, Hong, Yan Lin Sun, and Li Zhang. "Preparation of Biodiesel from Crude Rubber Seed Oil by Alkaline Transesterification." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.133.

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Abstract: This paper is focused on the preparation of biodiesel from crude rubber seed oil with high free fatty acids (FFA) content. The rubber seeds were collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. Two-step synthesis was selected to obtain the product, that is, acid catalyzed esterification was carried out first to decrease the FFA content, then methyl esters of fatty acids can be formed by alkaline transesterification. The reaction conditions of alkaline transesterification were investigated. The results show that the optimum technique is to carry out the reaction at 60°C for 1.5h, with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio 6:1, the catalyst amount 1.0% (g NaOH/ g oil). The yield can reach 75%. GC analysis shows the content of methyl esters of fatty acids is 82.29%. Some properties of biodiesel prepared are also presented.

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Okieimen, F. E., and I. O. Bakare. "Rubber Seed Oil-Based Polyurethane Composites, Fabrication and Properties Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.233.

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Polyurethane samples were prepared from rubber seed oil monoglyceride (made by reacting rubber oil with glycerol) and diiosocyanates (hexanethylene and toluene diiosocyanates). Polyurethane composites were made by compression moulding using biofibres; sisal, jute and banana; in random and unidirectional orientations at different fibre lengths and loadings, as reinforcing elements. The composites were characterized in terms of tensile and flexural strengths and moduli, thermal stability and morphology of fractured surface. The values of the measured mechanical properties (tensile and flexural) of the composites were about 3-fold higher than the properties of the unreinforced polyurethane samples, suggesting good reinforcement by the biofibres. The absence of fibre-pull-out on the scanning electron micrographs of the fractured surface provides evidence in support of good adhesion between the biofibres and the polyurethane matrix. The thermal stability of the composites was lower than for the fibre but higher than for the unreinforced polyurethane.

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Oseni, M., and D. Gundu. "Tribometric evaluation of rubber seed oil lubricant in upset forging." American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 3, no. 5 (October 2012): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/ajsir.2012.3.5.270.276.

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Wint, Themar, Thuzar Hlaing Myint, and Saw Doo Nay Htoo. "Esterification and Purification of Rubber Seed Oil for Biodiesel Synthesis." International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 8, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijsea0804.1001.

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47

Ikhuoria, E. U., M. Maliki, F. E. Okieimen, A. I. Aigbodion, E. O. Obaze, and I. O. Bakare. "Synthesis and characterisation of chlorinated rubber seed oil alkyd resins." Progress in Organic Coatings 59, no. 2 (May 2007): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.02.001.

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Vipin, V. C., Jilse Sebastian, C. Muraleedharan, and A. Santhiagu. "Enzymatic Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil Using Rhizopus Oryzae Lipase." Procedia Technology 25 (2016): 1014–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.201.

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Boonnoun, Panatpong, Artiwan Shotipruk, Hideki Kanda, and Motonobu Goto. "Optimization of rubber seed oil extraction using liquefied dimethyl ether." Chemical Engineering Communications 206, no. 6 (November 5, 2018): 746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2018.1522502.

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Okieimen, F. E., and A. I. Aigbodion. "Studies in molecular weight determination of rubber seed oil alkyds." Industrial Crops and Products 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(96)00209-9.

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