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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber Tires'
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1
Li, Lin, and Jin Kuk Kim. "Mechanical Properties of Recycled Butyl Rubber/Virgin Butyl Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.8.
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Large amounts of butyl rubber (IIR) are used as inner tires for aeroplanes, trucks, cars, two-wheelers etc. However, after long runs when these tires are not serviceable they are discarded. Almost the entire amount of rubber from the worn out tires is discarded, which again need very long time for natural degradation due to crosslinked structure of rubbers and presence of additives. To solve this problem, recycled rubber is used as a partial substitute for new IIR in inner tire compounds. The blends with a certain amount of recycled rubber content show good mechanical properties.
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Morin, Jeremy E., Drew E. Williams, and Richard J. Farris. "A Novel Method to Recycle Scrap Tires: High-Pressure High-Temperature Sintering." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (2002): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547695.
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Abstract High-pressure high-temperature sintering (HPHTS) is a novel recycling technique that makes it possible to recycle vulcanized rubber powders made from waste rubber (namely scrap tires) through only the application of heat and pressure. A brief look into the mechanism of sintering will be presented along with information about the influence of molding variables, such as time, temperature, pressure and rubber particle size on the mechanical properties of the produced parts. One of the most interesting observations is that powders of every crosslinked elastomer attempted sintered together via this technique, including silicone rubber (SI), sulfur cured [natural rubber (NR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)], peroxide cured butadiene rubber (BR), and fluoroelastomers (FKM). Early work on sintered rubber made from commercially available rubber powder had a modulus of 1 to 2 MPa, strength of 4 to 7 MPa and an elongation at break of 150–250%. Recently, in-house ground samples of SBR have had sintered values over 9.5 MPa strength and 275% elongation, or greater than 60% retention of the original properties. Many of these mechanical properties are comparable with industrially manufactured rubbers, and it is believed that recycled rubbers produced via HPHTS offer the potential to replace virgin rubber in numerous applications.
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Zheng, Sijia, Mengchen Liao, Yang Chen, and Michael A. Brook. "Dissolving used rubber tires." Green Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03545a.
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Reductive silylation cleaves S–S crosslinks in used automotive rubbers, allowing recovery of polymeric oils in up to 93% yield. The oils can undergo oxidative crosslinking to give new elastomers, closing the loop for sulfur-cured rubbers.
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Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030103.
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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.
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Klishchenko, V. P., and A. B. Lurie. "Recycling tires and obtaining a new binder for roads Powder based Rubber Powder RKL 2020." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2009-11.
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The problem of recycling worn-out rubbers has a great environmental pollution due to its high resistance to external factors. Also rubbers have a high fire hazard, and the products of their combustion have an extremely harmful effect on human health and the environment. The article presents a unique technology for producing a chemically active rubber powder Rubber Powder RKL 2020 by recycling used car tires.
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Guo, Hong Mei, Han Zhu, and Yan Zhou. "The Applied Research of Waste Crumb Rubber in Road Base." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.317.
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Waste tiers increasing with geometric series, in view of that seeking a new treatment process has already become an urgent affair. Over the years, there has been mounting interest in the use of recycled tire rubbers in highway construction. Which have an important benefit to the recycling utilization of scrap tires and environmental protection, and can consume a large number of scrap tires. This paper presents an overview of some of the research published regarding the use of crumb rubber in highway engineering, but the study about the using of crumb rubber in cement-stabilized macadam base is seldom reported. This paper used ANSYS to build the pavement structure model, analyzed the effect to pavement by changing the thickness and modulus of cement stabilized macadam base with crumb rubber. It may serve as a useful reference for the future application of crumb rubber to the projects of cement-stabilized macadam base roads and other fields.
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Bauer, David R., John M. Baldwin, and Kevin R. Ellwood. "Correlation of Laboratory Tire Endurance and Rubber Aging." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 4 (2007): 726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548190.
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Abstract Tire endurance as measured by performance on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Stepped Up Load (SUL) test is shown to be a function of both tire construction and the extent of oxidation in the skim and wedge rubber regions of the tire, as measured by peel strength or elongation to break retention. Tire constructions can be distinguished by speed rating. Tires with higher speed ratings (> S) tend to have relatively high times-to-failure (TTF) in the SUL test and are relatively insensitive to rubber oxidation. SUL TTFs for tires with speed rating of S and lower tend to be much more sensitive to rubber oxidation. For these tires, the SUL TTF decreases linearly with aging time in the field. The rate of loss of SUL performance is proportional to the rate of loss of rubber properties. The large variability observed in the SUL results from field aged tires can be explained by the natural variability in oxidation aging rates observed for these tires. For oven aged tires, the correlation between SUL and rubber oxidation is more complex. Initially, the SUL failure time does not change much with rubber oxidation. At a critical oxidation level, however, the SUL failure time begins to drop rapidly with rubber oxidation approaching the behavior of the field tires at high levels of oxidation. The reason for the difference in behavior between the oven aged and field aged tires is the lack of mechanical damage in the belt edge in the oven aged tires relative to the field aged tires.
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Ahmad, Jawad, Zhiguang Zhou, Ali Majdi, Muwaffaq Alqurashi, and Ahmed Farouk Deifalla. "Overview of Concrete Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete." Materials 15, no. 16 (2022): 5518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165518.
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Utilizing scrap tire rubber by incorporating it into concrete is a valuable option. Many researchers are interested in using rubber tire waste in concrete. The possible uses of rubber tires in concrete, however, are dispersed and unclear. Therefore, a compressive analysis is necessary to identify the benefits and drawbacks of rubber tires for concrete performance. For examination, the important areas of concrete freshness, durability, and strength properties were considered. Additionally, several treatments and a microstructure investigation were included. Although it has much promise, there are certain obstacles that prevent it from being used as an aggregate in large numbers, such as the rubber’s weak structural strength and poor binding performance with the cement matrix. Rubber, however, exhibits mechanical strength comparable to reference concrete up to 20%. The evaluation also emphasizes the need for new research to advance rubberized concrete for future generations.
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Baldwin, John M., David R. Bauer, and Paul D. Hurley. "Field Aging of Tires, Part II." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (2005): 754–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547911.
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Abstract In an attempt to better understand the mechanism of rubber aging in tires, used tires were retrieved from customer cars. Consumers were contacted in six cities located throughout the United States (Detroit, MI; Hartford, CT; Phoenix, AZ; Miami, FL; Denver, CO; and Los Angeles, CA) and interviewed with regards to driving and maintenance habits. A total of approximately 2,500 tires were obtained from the field and of those, around 1,500 were dissected and analyzed. Some of the tests performed were tensile and elongation properties of the rubber at the belt edges, swelling ratio measurements across the belt skim rubber, and the peel adhesion force required to separate the two steel belts. This paper is concerned with the determination of aging mechanisms based on the change in rubber properties within the tire. Analysis of rubber property evolution with respect to time and mileage are the subject of another paper. Three analytical approaches were taken to investigate the mechanism of aging in field retrieved tires. The first approach, the ‘Ahagon’ analysis, showed that for the three tires collected from the vehicle class SUV/Minivan all tires aged oxidatively in the field, regardless of geographic location. The second approach explored the relationship within the skim rubber between the swelling ratio and the peel strength. The results showed that a significant correlation exists, and that as the swelling ratio decreases, the peel strength also decreases. The third methodology employed investigated the link between swelling ratio of the skim rubber and the strain ratio at break of the wedge rubber, which also showed a significant correlation between the two properties. Spare tires obtained from the same vehicles (2 out of the 3 vehicles came equipped with a full size spare) were then compared to the road tires using the same analytical techniques. In every case, the spare tire data was statistically identical to the road tire data, meaning that mechanical fatiguing does not impact the aging process with regards to property change of the rubber. This also means that statically aging a tire (either as a spare or in an oven) completely duplicates the oxidative aging seen in road tires. Oven aged tires of different constructions were compared to the spare tire data and shown to be similar. Future work will be to oven age tire constructions that field data is available for, so direct comparisons can be made.
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Waddell, Walter H., R. Christopher Napier, and Donald S. Tracey. "Nitrogen Inflation of Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 82, no. 2 (2009): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548247.
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Abstract Inflation pressure retention (IPR as a loss rate) is a key predictive parameter to improving tire durability. Improved Tire IPR, manifested as reduced percent pressure loss per month values, has statistically been shown to be a direct result of innerliner compounds made with increasing amounts of halobutyl rubber when used as a direct replacement for natural rubber if other variables are constant. Roadwheel performance of tires is highest when using 100-phr of halobutyl rubber in the innerliner compound. This affords a tire with desirably low IPR loss rate values, desirably low tire intracarcass pressure (ICP) values, and increased tire durability as measured in hours until failure on laboratory roadwheels. The use of nitrogen gas in tires in severe service conditions is known, and a variety of benefits have been claimed for use in passenger car tires. In order to test specific claims, tires with innerliners having a 100-phr bromobutyl rubber, and 80/20 and 60/40 bromobutyl/natural rubber blends were studied using three filling gases: dry, pure nitrogen (99.4%), dry air and a 50/50 mixture of dry nitrogen/oxygen (49.8%). Performance was measured for new and oven-aged tires. It is shown that the direct benefits of using nitrogen are in reducing the Tire IPR loss rate values, and in reducing aging since oxygen gas has been initially excluded. Other claimed benefits are found to be a secondary result of the lower Tire IPR loss rate values. Use of nitrogen as the inflation gas does not benefit the measured cavity gas temperature or tire rolling resistance, both of which are shown to be tire pressure dependent, but not dependent upon the filling gas when measured at equal tire inflation pressures.
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Theregowda, Ranjani B., Pragnya L. Eranki, and Amy E. Landis. "ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE USE PHASE OF CONVENTIONAL TIRES COMPARED TO GUAYULE NR TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (2019): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81495.
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ABSTRACT Guayule NR can be grown in the United States and offers a potentially more secure and sustainable alternative to the substantial Hevea NR that is imported from Southeast Asia. This paper presents the first rolling resistance and use-phase energy consumption estimates for guayule tires. The results of this study show that use-phase life cycle energy reductions can be achieved with NRs and that the rolling resistance coefficient (RRcnew) and reference service life (RSL) of the new tire are the critical parameters that pertain to energy and fuel efficiency. A tire's use phase accounts for approximately 86% of its life cycle energy consumption and thus is an important consideration in sustainability assessments. We calculated the use-phase energy consumption for two types of NR tires: a 100% guayule rubber tire and an experimental epoxidized NR tire. These two NR tires were compared against a conventional passenger tire made by Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. The ISO product category rules for passenger tires were used to determine energy consumption, while relevant data were measured from concept tires built in collaboration with Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. The results of this analysis showed that both experimental NR tires have improved use-phase energy consumption compared to conventional rubber tires. Although the epoxidized NR tire with low RRcnew consumes the least energy during the use phase, it is currently not being considered for commercial manufacture. The 100% guayule rubber tire shows a 6% reduction in energy consumption compared to the conventional rubber tire. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed a linear change in use-phase energy consumption with the relevant tire load and RRcnew and an inverse change with the average vehicle fuel efficiency and the RSL.
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Tileuberdi, Ye, Ye K. Ongarbayev, Z. A. Mansurov, K. K. Kudaibergenov, and Y. O. Doszhanov. "Ways of Using Rubber Crumb from Worn Tires." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1512.
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In the paper ways of using rubber crumb from worn tires were investigated. Possibilities of preparing Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC) based rubber crumb (RC) from worn tires were studied experimentally. The physico-mechanical characteristics of paving bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb and spent engine oil. The structure of rubber crumb was characterized by optical microscopy. Physico-mechanical characteristics of RBC were detrminated by standard methods. It is established that the quantity of entered binders depending on physical and chemical conditions, which was optimal composition of rubber-oil at a ratio of 1:1 and 3:2 and introduction to bitumen in amount of 15-25 wt.%.
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Priss, L. S., and A. G. Shumskaya. "Mechanical Losses in Rubbers Under Loading Conditions Typical of Tires in Service." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (1988): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148804.
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Abstract Mechanical losses in rubber compounds per strain cycle are shown to be considerably greater under pulse loading, which simulates tire usage, than under sinusoidal loading. A method is suggested for using data obtained by ordinary laboratory techniques to calculate losses that would occur in an arbitrary anharmonic mode. Some data are given to show how such mechanical losses depend on formulations and processing factors of the rubber. Methods are then discussed for obtaining proper laboratory data on dynamic properties for use in optimizing formulations of tire rubbers.
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Barnard, D., C. S. L. Baker, and I. R. Wallace. "Natural Rubber Compounds for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 4 (1985): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536090.
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Abstract An 80 NR/20 BR truck tread compound containing a semi-EV cure system and modified with a 6.0 phr level of stearic acid has been shown to exhibit excellent resistance to reversion when compared to a similar compound containing a normal 2.0 phr level of stearic acid. Improvements in the retention of laboratory abrasion resistance, heat generation, and most physical properties have been identified on test pieces subjected to typical truck retread overcure conditions. In highway fleet testing trials of 1100 × 22.5 truck retreads fitted to both third and fourth drive axles of tipper trucks, the modified compound displayed a 42% improvement in treadwear performance over the normal compound in the lower severity third axle positions while performance in the higher severity fourth axle positions was inferior by 20%. In comparison to a 55 SBR/45 BR truck tread, both NR compounds displayed superior wear performance on the fourth axles while some further adjustments of the modified compound are required to match the synthetic compound on the third axles. The reversal of wear performances for all compounds between third and fourth axles is due to the different abrasion mechanisms encountered. Laboratory abrasion rankings do not correlate with wear performances of compounds on the fourth drive axle of trucks, but they do correlate with wear performances on third drive axles. Despite the reversion characteristics of the normal semi-EV compound, no significant adverse effect on treadwear performance was evident at the start of tire life. The low heat generation of the modified compound in laboratory tests is confirmed in actual tire testing. Advantages in rolling resistance characteristics are also evident for the modified compound. Current studies at MRPRA suggest that further modifications of cure system design, in combination with the optimization of NR/BR ratios and mixing methods, will potentially provide NR dominant truck tread compounds which will exhibit superior wear performance in both the higher and lower abrasion severities encountered in heavy-duty truck tire service conditions.
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Rijo, Bruna, Ana Paula Soares Dias, and Łukasz Wojnicki. "Catalyzed pyrolysis of scrap tires rubber." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (2022): 107037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107037.
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Qin, Jun, Hua Ding, Xing Wang, Meiju Xie, and Zili Yu. "Blending LLDPE and Ground Rubber Tires." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47, no. 2 (2008): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550701816217.
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Amari, Takeshi, Nickolas J. Themelis, and Iddo K. Wernick. "Resource recovery from used rubber tires." Resources Policy 25, no. 3 (1999): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(99)00025-2.
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Carter, R. "When rubber tires leave the road." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (1996): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88833-3.
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Sellaf, H., H. Trouzine, M. Hamhami, and A. Asroun. "Geotechnical Properties of Rubber Tires and Sediments Mixtures." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 2 (2014): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.424.
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An experimental work was undertaken to study the effect of rubber tires on the geotechnical properties of a dredged sediment, using a mixing ratio of large size. For comparison, two types of soil were studied (dredged sediment from Fergoug dam and Tizi Tuff from the north west of Algeria). Taking into account the high compressibility and the low water absorption of the rubber tires, grain size analysis, density, Atterberg limits analysis, chemical composition, direct shear tests, loading-unloading tests, modified Proctor and CBR tests are performed on the two soils and their mixtures with different scrap tire rubber (10, 20, 25 and 50%). The results show that liquid limits and plastic indexes decrease with the scrap tire rubber content and that the decrease is more significant for soil with high plasticity. Cohesion also decreases with scrap tire rubber content when the internal friction angle is vacillating. Compression and recompression indexes increase gradually with the scrap tire rubber content and the variation for compression index is more significant for the two soils. Compaction characteristics and CBR values decrease with scrap tire rubber content. The CBR values for W=3% are important compared to those with W=5% excepted for mixture with (75% tuff and 25% scrap tire rubber). The results show that the scrap tire rubber can be used as a reinforcement material for dredged soil, but with a content that should not highly affect the compressibility.
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Bhardwaj, Manish Kumar, and Sanjeev Gupta. "A Comparative Study between the Usages of Differently Sized Waste Rubber Obtained From Tires over the Strength Performance of Rigid Road Pavements." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012019.
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Abstract In this research work, waste rubber obtained from tires is mainly used as a fractional substitution of natural coarse aggregate to improve the strength aspects of the concrete. 3 dissimilar sizes of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregates were used that is of 4mm, 10 mm and 16 mm. Depending upon all three sizes all the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate were used at 3 different percentages that are at 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent. Then several concrete samples were prepared depending upon the shape and percentage of the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate. Then all these samples were cured and tested after 7 days and 28 days. Depending upon the results obtained after these above-discussed test various conclusions has been drawn which are as follows. It was found that the maximum strength was obtained at 20 percent usage of 4mm sized waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate, the strength obtained at 20 percentage with 4mm size was maximum as compared to all other concrete samples, so it can be concluded that the compressive strength depends upon both the size as well as on the percentage of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and with the decrease in size of the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate the strength was increasing. From the test results of the split tensile strength test and flexural strength test, it was found that the maximum strength was obtained at 20 percent usage of 4mm sized waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and with the increase in size and percentage the strength was declining. So therefore it can be concluded that both split tensile strength and flexural strength depends upon the size of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and the percentage of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate. From the obtained test results it can be concluded that with the addition of the waste tire rubber the overall internal micro-structure of the concrete improves which further leads to enhanced mechanical strength of the concrete. This was due to the physical properties and the chemical composition of the waste tire rubber particles which fills the internal pores in a broader way and lead to improved mechanical strength.
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Al-Fakih, Amin, Bashar S. Mohammed, M. S. Liew, M. W. A. Wahab, and Sani Haruna. "Utilizing of Crumb Rubber Derived Recycled Scrap Tires in Masonry Application: A Review." Materials Science Forum 1030 (May 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.73.
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The Disposal of Scrap Tires has Resulted in Major Environmental Problems Worldwide. Therefore, Utilizing Scrap Tires as Crumb Rubber is being Used in Brick Production to Improve the Properties of the Bricks as well as to Provide Feasible Waste Management of Scrap Tires. this Study Presents the Literature Research on Utilizing Crumb Rubber in Bricks Manufacturing. the Review Summarized the Manufacturing Process of Producing Crumb Rubber and then Documented the Application of Crumb Rubber in Masonry. the Results Show that the Compressive Strength of Masonry Bricks Decreases with the Increased Percentage Substitution of Crumb Rubber as a Replacement of Fine Aggregate while the Water Absorption Increased. Moreover, the Addition of Crumb Rubber in Masonry Applications Reduce the Density which Produce Lightweight Masonry Products. Generally, the Findings Confirmed that the Masonry Bricks Incorporated Crumb Rubber Exhibit Good Physical and Mechanical Properties. the Usage of Crumb Rubber in Bricks Making Helps to Solve Problems Associated with Scrap Tire Management all over the World.
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Erçin, Mustafa, and Ridvan Berber. "Investigation of Rubber-to-Metal Bonding on Solid Rubber Tires." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 31, no. 1-2 (1992): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559208017736.
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Grigoryeva, O., A. Fainleib, O. Starostenko, I. Danilenko, N. Kozak, and G. Dudarenko. "Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Reclamation: Virgin Rubber / Reclaimed GTR (RE)Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 1 (2004): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547806.
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Abstract Thermochemically partially devulcanized ground tire rubber (GTRD) was revulcanized in compositions with different virgin rubbers. Two different devulcanizing groups (mixture of softeners) with and without processing oil have been used for GTR treatment. As virgin rubbers methylstyrene/butadiene (SBR), isoprene (IR) and butadiene (BR) rubbers or their combinations were selected. They were cured by using sulfur, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) or peroxide based vulcanizing systems. The Rubber/GTRD (re)vulcanizates with the GTRD content from 20 to 80 wt. % have been prepared and studied. Vulcanization by sulfur system was found as preferable for IR/GTRD formulations. The best properties for BR/GTRD and SBR/GTRD vulcanizates were reached with the vulcanization system based on TMTD. The co-curing in the interphase between the GTRD particles and the surrounding rubber matrix improves the mechanical properties of (re)vulcanizates obtained. The reclaimed GTRD studied has been used successfully in standard formulations for tires instead of the part of virgin rubbers.
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Youwai, Sompote, and Dennes T. Bergado. "Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 2 (2003): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.
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The volume of scrap tires, an undesired urban waste, is increasing every year. One of the possible alternatives for this waste is to use shredded tires alone or mixed with soil as a lightweight backfill. This paper presents the results of triaxial tests on compacted shredded rubber tire sand mixtures. The tests were carried out with different mixing ratios of shredded rubber tires and sand. With an increasing proportion of sand in the mixture, the density, unit weight, and shear strength of the mixture increased, but the compressibility decreased. The dilatancy characteristics of shredded rubber tires mixed sand were relatively similar to a cohesionless material and can be explained within a critical state framework. A proposed constitutive model broadly captures the strength and deformation characteristics of a shredded rubber tire sand mixture at different mixing ratios.Key words: shredded rubber tires, triaxial testing, constitutive model.
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Lapkovskis, Vjaceslavs, Viktors Mironovs, Andrei Kasperovich, Vadim Myadelets, and Dmitri Goljandin. "Crumb Rubber as a Secondary Raw Material from Waste Rubber: A Short Review of End-Of-Life Mechanical Processing Methods." Recycling 5, no. 4 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040032.
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Despite technological developments, modern methods for the disposal of end-of-life tires most often involve either their incineration in cement kilns or the destruction of tires in special landfills, demonstrating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. The fundamental role of recycling is evident, and the development of high-efficiency processes represents a crucial priority for the European market. Therefore, the investigation of end-of-life rubber processing methods is of high importance for both manufacturers and recyclers of rubber materials. In this paper, we review existing methods for processing of end-of-life tires, in order to obtain rubber crumb, which can later be used in the production of new industrial rubber goods and composites. We consider processes for separating end-of-life tires into fractions (in terms of types of materials) using chemical, mechanochemical, and mechanical methods to process the materials of used tires, in order to obtain crumb rubber of various fractions and chemical reactivities.
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Yang, Zhongnian, Qi Zhang, Wei Shi, Jianhang Lv, Zhaochi Lu, and Xianzhang Ling. "Advances in Properties of Rubber Reinforced Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6629757.
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The accumulation of waste tires is a global resource and environmental problem. The landfill or incineration of tires will infiltrate toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, which poses a serious ecological threat to the environment. A large number of studies have shown that waste tires can be used in geotechnical engineering, which provides a good idea for the recycling of waste tires. Up to now, researchers have tested the performance of soil mixed with waste tires by dynamic triaxial test, California load ratio test, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, consolidation test, and expansive force test. The results show that the stability and strength of the soil can be enhanced by adding about 20% rubber particles to the expansive soil, and the expansion, contraction, and consolidation characteristics of the expansive soil can be significantly improved. Rubber can improve the mechanical properties and deformation properties of sand. The rubber sand with a rubber content of 30% is often used as the isolation layer of middle and low buildings. However, it remains to be seen whether it is sustainable and durable to use waste tire rubber to improve soil properties and whether the chemical composition of waste tire rubber will have adverse effects on soil. So, more researchers are encouraged to look into this question. Here, we review the method and effect of rubber reinforcement technology with scrap tires and introduce the practical application of rubber reinforcement technology in engineering, such as specific engineering projects for retaining wall, road filling, shock absorption, and vibration isolation. This review will be of great significance and broad prospects for the reuse of waste tires and the development of geotechnical engineering.
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Lin, Yu-Ting, Guo-Liang Zhuang, Ming-Yen Wey, and Hui-Hsin Tseng. "The Viable Fabrication of Gas Separation Membrane Used by Reclaimed Rubber from Waste Tires." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112540.
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Improper disposal and storage of waste tires poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. In light of the drawbacks of the current disposal methods for waste tires, the transformation of waste material into valuable membranes has received significant attention from industries and the academic field. This study proposes an efficient and sustainable method to utilize reclaimed rubber from waste tires after devulcanization, as a precursor for thermally rearranged (TR) membranes. The reclaimed rubber collected from local markets was characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The results revealed that the useable rubber in the as-received sample amounted to 57% and was classified as styrene–butadiene rubber, a type of synthetic rubber. Moreover, the gas separation measurements showed that the C7-P2.8-T250 membrane with the highest H2/CO2 selectivity of 4.0 and sufficient hydrogen permeance of 1124.61 GPU exhibited the Knudsen diffusion mechanism and crossed the Robeson trade-off limit. These findings demonstrate that reclaimed rubber is an appealing, cost effective, and sustainable alternative, as a precursor for TR membranes, for application in gas separation. The present approach is useful in the selection of a suitable reclaimed rubber precursor and related membrane preparation parameters, leading to the advancement in the recycling value of waste tires.
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Daly, William H., and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Characterization of Asphalt Cements Modified with Crumb Rubber from Discarded Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1583, no. 1 (1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1583-05.
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Blends with up to 20 percent ground vulcanized rubber (both crumb and 200-mesh powder particles) from recycled tires were prepared with asphalt cements of various grades (AC-5 to AC-30) and evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends produced from powdered rubber particles exhibited Newtonian behavior at high temperatures. Similar behavior was not observed with crumb rubber blends. The mechanical properties of asphalt-rubber blends depend on the concentration of rubber additives, the particle sizes, and the chemical composition of the asphalt. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of all blends are discussed in terms of G*sin δ and G″ comparative data are presented according to the Strategic Highway Research Program binder specifications. Pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests of the asphalt-rubber blends revealed a significant difference between crumb rubber and powdered rubber additives. Simple blends of crumb rubber with asphalts ranging in grade from AC-5 to AC-30 exhibited phase separation during a thin-film oven aging test. In contrast, blends with powdered rubber appeared to remain compatible or at least partially compatible through the PAV process, and the blends retained the physical properties associated with the additive. The DMA data suggest that the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt–powdered rubber blends is enhanced.
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Adalier, Korhan, and Ahmet Pamuk. "On the Important Mechanical Properties of Rubber-Sand." Advanced Materials Research 685 (April 2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.8.
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More than a billion rubber tires are discarded annually around the world. Growing piles of discarded tires create fire and environmental hazards. Current disposal methods are mostly wasteful and costly. Tires possess high tensile strength, are chemically very stable, practically non-destructible and light in weight. All of these properties make tires a potentially useful geo-material. This paper presents the results of an extensive laboratory testing study investigating the potential of using shredded tires mixed with sandy soils (rubber-sand) as lightweight fill and backfill material in road construction. The results show that rubber-sand has significant promise for use as an earthwork fill material. In addition to its engineering benefits, such use of scrap tires would significantly contribute to solving the ever-growing tire disposal problem.
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Rajalingam, P., J. Sharpe, and W. E. Baker. "Ground Rubber Tire / Thermoplastic Composites: Effect of Different Ground Rubber Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (1993): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538337.
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Abstract Thermoplastic composites containing different Ground Rubber Tire (GRT) materials, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and, in some case, a coupling agent (IB‘E’, an ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer) were prepared by melt blending. The impact energies of all the thermoplastic composites (normally containing 40 wt % GRT) were evaluated using an instrumented impact tester. The effects of the GRT particle-size, particle size distribution and shape, the mode of grinding, and the oxygen surface concentration were analyzed. The wet-ambient-ground GRT based composites show higher surface oxidation and give better impact energy than cryo-ground and normal air-ground GRT based composites. Smaller GRT particle size results in a small increase in the impact property of the composite and a greater influence on the melt processability of the composites. Of the different GRT surface modification techniques studied for improved composite interfacial adhesion and impact properties the composites from electron beam radiation treated GRT yield higher increases in impact energy in comparison to corona and plasma treated GRT based composites.
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Rukkur, Sanae, Charoenyut Dechwayukul, Wiriya Thongruang, and Orasa Patarapaiboolchai. "Heat Built-Up of Industrial Solid Tires in Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.445.
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Solid tires made of natural rubber, manufactured and used for forklift trucks in Thailand, have quality problems involving blow out [. Failure of solid tires may occur from excessive loads and or heat generation inducing loss of mechanical properties. The failure of solid tires relating to heat generation is considered. Solid tires under severe conditions, such as overloading, high speed, or high temperature work places often leading to fail and blowout. When these are continuously rolled and loaded, the rubber is stressed and deformed leading to heat generation [. The hysteresis loss storage in form of strain energy due to internal friction in the rubber converts to the heat source transfer to the section of tire. During carrying heavy load, solid tire is subjected to the repeat compressed cyclic loading. Since rubber has the visco-hyperelastic property, cyclic load deformation causes hysteresis loop when tire is performed under cyclic load. Hysteresis loops area indicates the amount of energy turn into heat and it is difficult transferring to the surface of the tire due to insulation itself. As the results, there is heat build-up as shown in term of temperature rising differs in each tire and finally causes blowout or explosion.
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Kim, Nam Chul, and Sung Ho Song. "Effects of Zinc-Free Processing Aids on Silica-Reinforced Tread Compounds for Green Tires." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (June 25, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9123635.
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With the development of “green tires” in the tire industry, the conventional carbon black filler that is used in tread formulations is being replaced with silica. Generally, this requires the addition of a processing aid, containing zinc ion, which acts as a lubricant and dispersing agent. However, because zinc is a heavy metal, zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs) are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. We present herein a series of catalytically synthesized ZFAs and evaluate the effects of replacing zinc ion-containing processing aids (ZCAs) on a silica tread formulation. Interestingly, replacing ZCA with ZFA in a two parts per hundred rubber (phr) by weight formulation improved both its tensile strength and elongation by as much as 31% and 20%, respectively. ZFA-rubber formulations also exhibited a twofold enhancement in fatigue properties over those of ZCA-rubber formulations. Furthermore, pneumatic tires were fabricated from our ZFA-rubber formulation and compared against tires containing ZCAs. The ZFA-rubber composite exhibited improved dry and wet braking and rolling resistance due to enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with ZFAs may be promising in tire engineering applications.
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Zhang, Ping, Michael Morris, and Dhaval Doshi. "MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR LOWERING ROLLING RESISTANCE OF TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 1 (2016): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83805.
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ABSTRACT Many countries are implementing regulatory programs to promote the use of transportation technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance fuel economy of vehicles. These regulatory programs create a need for more durable and fuel-efficient tires. The increased cost of fuel for motor vehicles creates another driving force for improving the fuel economy of vehicles. Commercial vehicle operators recognize that fuel cost is a major driver of the total operating cost; therefore, they increasingly demand tires that are optimized for reducing the fuel cost of a trucking fleet. Rolling resistance of truck tires accounts for about one-third of the power required to move a heavy-duty truck and is the second most important contributor, after engine loss, to the total energy loss of heavy-duty trucks. Other than tire designs, rubber compound hysteresis contributes to the rolling resistance of tires, which affects vehicle fuel economy. There is a significant market demand, due to governmental regulations, concerns for the environment, and cost savings to the consumers, for developing tread compounds or tread compound systems that can reduce tire rolling resistance while maintaining the treadwear and durability of truck tires. This paper reviews materials technologies developed for reducing the hysteresis loss of rubber compounds at high temperatures, hence lowering the rolling resistance of tires. Compounding approaches that can be used to lower the hysteresis loss of rubber compounds and to reduce rolling resistance of tires also are discussed. Developments in elastomers and reinforcing materials, including nanoparticles, are highlighted, with focus on the benefits of those polymers and particles in reducing the hysteresis loss at high temperatures of rubber compounds.
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Bauer, David R., John M. Baldwin, and Kevin R. Ellwood. "Correlation of Rubber Properties between Field Aged Tires and Laboratory Aged Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (2005): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547913.
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Abstract The kinetics of aging of key tire properties both in the field and in oven exposures at different temperatures has been interpreted by using a combination of empirical models and accelerated shift factors. Crosslink density and rubber modulus increase with aging while peel strength and elongation-to-break decrease. In the case of oven aging, the rate of property change increases from 40 °C to 70 °C and then decreases. In the case of field aging, the rate of property change is greatest in hotter climates such as Phoenix and is slower in cooler climates such as Detroit. Spare tires age at a rate that is ∼70% as fast as on-road tires. Below 70 °C, the rate data for all of the aging changes can be fit to an Arrenhius relationship with an activation energy of ∼69 kJ/mole, a value that is consistent with the aging process resulting from diffusion limited oxidation. The measured acceleration factor of oven aging at 70 °C relative to on-road aging in Phoenix is independent of the property change measured confirming that it is possible to chemically age tires in ovens. It takes 6–7 weeks of oven aging at 70 °C to produce a tire that is aged 4 years in Phoenix. Field results show that the rate of tire aging varies by over a factor of 5 for the different tire types and brands studied in this work. The implications for tire durability testing are discussed.
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Cheng, Yaohua, and Qianting Wang. "Enhancement of Green Tires Performance through Ultrasound-Assisted Mixing." Polymers 14, no. 3 (2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030418.
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Combined with the traditional internal mixing process, a custom-built ultrasonic generator was introduced in this study. The effect of ultrasonic parameters on the comprehensive performance of tread rubber formulations was investigated. Compared to the traditional mixing process without ultrasonic wave loading, the introduction of ultrasonic enhanced the dispersion and distribution of composite particles in the rubber matrix and improved the overall performance of rubber products. The devil’s triangle relationship among the rolling resistance, wet skid resistance, and abrasion resistance of tires was improved. When the wet skid resistance was slightly lost, the rolling resistance and wear rate were effectively reduced. This study provides new insights into a strategy for optimizing the mixing process of the traditional internal mixer, reducing vehicle emissions, extending the service life of tires, and promoting the development of green tires.
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Chen, S., J. Cao, C. f. Zheng, and X. D. Guo. "Rheological Characteristics of Tire Rubber-Modified Asphalt following Thermal Variation." Geofluids 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928562.
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In recent years, due to the development of the automobile industry, there are more and more waste car tires, and the reuse of waste tires has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, the crushed rubber of waste automobile tires is used to modify asphalt to prepare rubber-modified asphalt, which can not only solve the problem of using waste tires but also effectively improve the performance of asphalt pavement. This study defines four modified asphalts with different rubber powder content, which are defined as 1#, 2#, 3#, and 4#, respectively. The performance difference between the four modified asphalts and the base asphalt was compared through experiments to illustrate the advantages of rubber-modified asphalt. The four selected rubber asphalts and base asphalt are subjected to the viscous toughness test, apparent viscosity test, DSR test, and BBR test to determine the high- and low-temperature characteristics of rubber asphalt. The analysis of experimental data shows that rubber-modified asphalt can effectively improve the low-temperature performance of the asphalt, make the asphalt have better toughness, and also improve the high-temperature shear resistance of the asphalt. Finally, it is determined that adding 10% rubber powder to the base asphalt has the best effect.
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Kostrova, Z. A., A. V. Mikheev, Z. V. Zezyulin, et al. "Methods of recycling of pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 3 (2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66935.
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Paper discusses main reasons for the necessity of tires utilization. The tire is considered as a complex composite part which should satisfy the requirements for resistance to repeating and variable loads and the damaging effects of the environment, etc .; these properties make it difficult to recycle tires; to solve the problem an average composition of the tire is provided. Differences in the treatment of worn tires in different countries and ways of utilization of pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires are shown; variants for cold and hot recovery tires are provided; the economic effect of tire recovery comparing with tire replacement is shown; methods of processing used tires with the destruction of the rubber component that causes polymer degradation and without destruction of the rubber component are provided. The percentage of use of retreaded tires in the total amount of tires purchased in some countries is given. The analysis of options for further processing of tires as processing tires into rubber crumb and its further use was made. The general structural features of the tire without air (non-pneumatic) - “spoke” and “cellular” are described. A comparison of methods for utilization of pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires in terms of structure and the tire material was made. The generalized classification of methods of disposal of polyurethane materials is proposed; environmental issues of tires recycling are shown. The reasons to simplify recycling of pneumatic tires comparing to non-pneumatic (airless) tires are provided. The possibility of using biodegradability as one of the most economically and environmentally effective ways of recycling materials for non-pneumatic (airless) tires, namely polyurethane products was discussed.
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Valentín, J. L., R. Pérez-Aparicio, A. Fernandez-Torres, et al. "ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLED RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (2020): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79963.
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ABSTRACT There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In this respect, a novel characterization methodology based on advanced 1H double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments has been applied for the first time to quantify the key parameters that characterize the structure of ELT crumb rubber after diverse recycling processes: from simple mechanical grinding to complex devulcanization methods. This experimental approach enables the quantification of parameters that define the network structure of rubber, such as the nonelastic network defects (sol fraction, dangling chain ends, loops), the cross-link density, and the heterogeneity of the network, directly from rubber granulate and powder (without any additional sample preparation steps), overcoming most of the drawbacks and uncertainties that limit the application of traditional rubber characterization methods (e.g., equilibrium swelling experiments). By applying this experimental approach, it is possible to identify and quantify the actual technical limits for a complete selective devulcanization process of ELT crumb rubber.
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Rodríguez-Alloza, Ana María, Juan Gallego-Medina, José María Bermejo-Muñoz, and Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez. "EVALUATION OF SIEVE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FIBER CONTENT IN SAMPLES OF RUBBER POWDER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 85, no. 4 (2012): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.12.88906.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to study the validity of the test methods that are currently used to determine the fiber content in samples of rubber powder made from end-of-life tires: CEN/TS 14 243, ASTM D 5603-01, and XP T 47–758. For this purpose, rubber powder samples contaminated with one weight percent (wt%) of fiber were prepared and submitted to sieve analyses, with the weight of the sample and sieving time as the variable parameters. The materials used were rubber powder without fibers and polyester fibers from recycled waste tires, both generated during the shredding of the tires. It has been observed that the procedure of determining fiber content based on sieving and extraction of fabric balls does not manage to recover more than 41.00% of the fibers contained in the samples. This research demonstrates that even with different sample weights and sieving times, is not possible to recover 100% of the fiber with which the rubber sample was contaminated. This seems to indicate that it is necessary to develop a methodology that differs from the current practice of sieving and extracting fabric balls to correctly determine the fiber content in a sample of rubber powder.
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Chalangaran, Navid, Alireza Farzampour, and Nima Paslar. "Nano Silica and Metakaolin Effects on the Behavior of Concrete Containing Rubber Crumbs." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030017.
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The excessive production of worn tires remaining from the transportation system and the lack of proper procedures to recycle or reuse these materials have caused critical environmental issues. Due to the rubber’s toughness, this material could be implemented to increase concrete toughness, and by crushing the tires concrete aggregates can be replaced proportionally with rubber crumbs and large quantities of scrapped rubber. However, this substitution decreases the concrete strength. In this study, crushed rubber with sizes from 1 to 3 mm and 3 to 6 mm were replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% sand; the combination of two additives of nano silica and metakaolin additives with optimum values was used to compensate the degradation of the strength and improve the workability of the concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength, tensile behavior, and modulus of elasticity were measured and compared. The results indicate that the optimum use of nano silica and metakaolin additives could compensate the negative effects of the rubber material implementation in the concrete mixture while improving the overall workability and flowability of the concrete mixture.
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Hess, W. M., P. C. Vegvari, and R. A. Swor. "Carbon Black in NR/BR Blends for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (1985): 350–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536071.
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Abstract A series of ten commercial tread-grade carbon blacks were evaluated in a 60/40 NR/BR truck tire tread formulation. A number of important physical properties and performance criteria were assessed in terms of carbon black surface area and DBPA. Significant response equations were obtained for viscosity, bound rubber, resilience, heat buildup, tear strength, and dynamic properties. Dynamic modulus showed a much greater dependence on DBPA in comparison to previous studies on SBR/BR compounds. In a second designed experiment, a single carbon black (N299) was studied as a function of the NR/BR ratio and the amount of carbon black added to the BR phase. The BR black loading was varied at 30, 60, and 90 phr using separate masterbatches which were blended with NR-black masterbatches to give the same final composition for all of the compounds. Properties such as resilience, heat buildup, fatigue life, and tear strength were all improved in the direction of higher loadings of carbon black in the NR phase. A high loading of black in the BR phase caused low bound-rubber development and poor dispersion. This was found to be related to the viscosity ratio of the separate masterbatches. NR to BR viscosity ratios of about 1 to 3 produced good dispersion and high bound rubber. When the BR masterbatch viscosity was two to three times higher than the NR masterbatch, however, dispersion and bound-rubber development dropped sharply at the same total mixing energy. Low hysteresis properties were found to be most dependent on high bound-rubber development, with polymer phase distribution having a relatively minor influence. In contrast, tear strength and fatigue life reached their maximum levels when the NR was the more continuous polymer phase. High bound rubber also appears to enhance tear strength and fatigue life by improving the microdispersion of the carbon black.
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HIRAYAMA, Michio, and Takashi NISHINO. "Scaling of Wear Resistance of Rubber Compounds for Tires Using Rubber Properties." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 86, no. 1 (2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.86.3.
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SHIL’KO, Sergey V., Dmitriy A. CHERNOUS, Alexander V. KHOTKO, and Sergey N. BUHAROV. "CALCULATION OF VISCOELASTIC AND THERMOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF TIRE RUBBERS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF DYNAMIC TESTS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 2, no. 59 (2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2022-2-59-24-30.
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Viscoelastic and thermomechanical properties of tire rubbers have been studied to predict hysteresis losses during rolling of automobile tires. The temperature dependences of the elasticity modulus and the tangent of mechanical losses obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis and combined tests in the mode of quasi-static cyclic stretching with subsequent relaxation were used for the calculated determination of the deformation and dissipative parameters of 20 rubber compositions. As a basic theoretical description of rubber as a thermorheologically simple material, a linear viscoelastic Prony model is used, for the identification of which the Willams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) temperature-time analogy is used. The advantage of the computational and experimental approach used is the ability to determine the parameters of the WLF equation regardless of the values of other material characteristics. A fairly simple Mooney–Rivlin potential function for an incompressible material is used to describe large elastic deformations of the elastomer under study. The relaxation curve obtained by means of quasi-static tests is applied to assess the adequacy of the constructed mechanical and mathematical model. In particular, the comparison of the experimental relaxation curve with the results of calculations for tread rubber showed a discrepancy not exceeding 15 %. The performed analysis of viscoelastic and thermomechanical parameters of tire rubbers covers (and significantly exceeds in frequencies) the range of operating temperatures and loads of automobile tires. The results obtained can be used in the computational optimization of the composition of materials and the design of automobile tires according to the criterion of rolling resistance and minimizing heat generation in the tire during movement.
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SOL-SÁNCHEZ, Miguel, Fernando MORENO-NAVARRO, and Maria Carmen RUBIO-GÁMEZ. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DECONSTRUCTED TIRES FOR USE AS PADS IN RAILROAD TRACKS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 6 (2016): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914098.
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The use of end-of-life (EOL) tires is now widespread in civil engineering work. In most cases, the tires are shredded and recycled as crumb rubber. However, this research focuses on an alternate method in which EOL tires were deconstructed to manufacture rail pads. In other words, their outer layer was removed, which made it possible to benefit from the mechanical properties of the tires without having to grind them up. The performance of the recycled tire rubber was analyzed by means of static and dynamic stiffness tests as well as by fatigue tests. The results reflected the long-term performance of the material. Also analyzed was the deterioration of its properties after various thermal and anti-ageing treatments. The results obtained were compared with those of commercial crumb rubber rail pads. The excellent performance of the rail pads made from deconstructed EOL tires shows the high potential of this material for use in railroad tracks.
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Kamal, Ahmed Youssef. "Ductility of simply supported rubberized concrete beams." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 12, no. 2 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2021.02.002.
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Dispose of waste rubberized tires become a dangerous problem around the world, represented a big serious risk to the sur-rounded environment. Many studies show that over 1000 million tires reach their expired date yearly and this figure is anticipated to be 5000 million tires by reaching 2030. A minor part of them is employed as recycled materials and the residual amount is stockpiled or buried. This paper aimed to successfully utilize the vast amounts of tire rubber waste existing currently in landfills. This paper represents a practical investigation of the ductility performance of the reinforced rubberized concrete beams. Thirteen reinforced concrete beams simply supported, with waste rubber tires mixtures vary from 0 to 8 percentage as aggregates replacements, were tested by mid-span load. Therefore, to examine the ductility performance of reinforced rubberized concrete beams, three sets of samples were made. In the first group, coarse aggregates in the concrete mix were replaced by different percentages of the waste rubber partials, while for the second group, crumb rubber was replaced for the fine aggregates, and for the third one, a mix of waste and crumbed rubber were replaced for both types of aggregates. Experimental results of rubberized specimens were also compared with that of the reference beam (without rubber replacement), the comparison results declare that concrete contains rubber particles is less ductile than conventional concrete.
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Brandsma, Sicco H., Martin Brits, Quinn R. Groenewoud, Martin J. M. van Velzen, Pim E. G. Leonards, and Jacob de Boer. "Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 13 (2019): 7595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01835.
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Tumanggor S, Ojakma, Anwar Dharma S, and Eddy Marlianto. "KARET LEMBARAN YANG TERBUAT DARI CAMPURAN SERBUK BAN BEKAS DAN KARET ALAM YANG DISETARAKAN DENGAN SIR-20 UNTUK PEMBUATAN SOL SEPATU OLAH RAGA." JURNAL IKATAN ALUMNI FISIKA 2, no. 1 (2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jiaf.v2i1.3674.
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The study of waste tires powder processing as a filler on making shoe sole has been done. On the research, it has been found the vulcanizate technical on natural rubber of shoe sole by using waste tires powder and was compound to the tecto the technical specification of shoe sole according to Indonesia Natural Standard. The process of making waste tires powder triller 60 mesh particle size has been done by steps of procces, producing of particle size, washing, drying and screening. The vulcanizate of natural rubber shoe sole wich contained waste tires powder and using press molding technical at 1800 for 4,50 minutes. The result of the research showed that the vulcanizate of shoe sole natural rubber containing waste tires powder triller 60 mesh could be used to manufacturing sport shoe sole because its vulcanizate had enough technical process accoording to Indonesia National Standard 06-1844-199 Ed 1.2
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Jong, Lei. "Synergistic Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Biobased Particles for Rubber Reinforcement and Comparison to Silica Reinforced Rubber." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030113.
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Silica is a standard commercial filler to reduce rolling resistance of tires. The co-filler of nano-size calcium carbonate and bio-based particles also produce reinforced rubber with similar tensile properties and rolling resistance as silica reinforced rubber. A synergistic effect between calcium carbonate and soy protein nanoparticles was observed to produce reinforced rubber with good tensile properties and low rolling resistance. The protein increases the effective crosslink density and moduli of calcium carbonate reinforced rubber. Stearic acid coated calcium carbonate particles have a greater reinforcement effect than the uncoated calcium carbonate particles. Mechanical properties of the composites can be adjusted through the complimentary effect of these two fillers. The composite that contains 60% protein and 40% coated calcium carbonate has mechanical properties comparable to that of the silica reinforced rubber. The temperature and strain dependent dynamic mechanical properties, as well as the stress relaxation behaviors of these rubbers, reveal synergistic effect between the co-fillers. This development demonstrates an economical method to produce useful reinforced rubbers.
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Carmo-Calado, Luís, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, Roberta Mota-Panizio, Bruno Guilherme-Garcia, and Paulo Brito. "Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031036.
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The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.
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Eslami, Mohsen, Farzaneh Fakeri Raof, and Mohammad Jorjor Zadeh. "Feasibility study of recycled tire powder in construction blocks cement to decrease environmental pollution (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20857.
Full textAbstract:
Today, retrieval and optimal use of exiting recourses and environmental protection is in view of seriousattention of the development in the world. Approximately 300 thousand tons of old tires in the country hascaused environmental pollution. Recycling of waste tires is completely different to which is done in our country.Unfortunately recycling scrap tires has not favorable growth in our country. Millions of tires are discarded eachyear, and the scrap piles of rubber this creates pose serious environmental problems. Rubber tires also leachhazardous materials into the environment as they decompose. This study was performed in Ahvaz metropolitan.In this study there are 9 building blocks which had different percentages of rubber powder as filling materials.Pressure test done on these blocks. The result of the stress test on the samples compared with the result of thestress test on the main samples. The comparison showed that by adding 10% of rubber powder instead of fillermaterial in the process of preparing the block, there was no change in compressive strength. Therefore this blockwill be replaced by blocks used in construction industry. At least some of the environmental hazards caused byincorrect tire were buried as were recommendation to improve.