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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber Tires'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Li, Lin, and Jin Kuk Kim. "Mechanical Properties of Recycled Butyl Rubber/Virgin Butyl Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.8.

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Large amounts of butyl rubber (IIR) are used as inner tires for aeroplanes, trucks, cars, two-wheelers etc. However, after long runs when these tires are not serviceable they are discarded. Almost the entire amount of rubber from the worn out tires is discarded, which again need very long time for natural degradation due to crosslinked structure of rubbers and presence of additives. To solve this problem, recycled rubber is used as a partial substitute for new IIR in inner tire compounds. The blends with a certain amount of recycled rubber content show good mechanical properties.

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2

Morin, Jeremy E., Drew E. Williams, and Richard J. Farris. "A Novel Method to Recycle Scrap Tires: High-Pressure High-Temperature Sintering." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (2002): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547695.

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Abstract High-pressure high-temperature sintering (HPHTS) is a novel recycling technique that makes it possible to recycle vulcanized rubber powders made from waste rubber (namely scrap tires) through only the application of heat and pressure. A brief look into the mechanism of sintering will be presented along with information about the influence of molding variables, such as time, temperature, pressure and rubber particle size on the mechanical properties of the produced parts. One of the most interesting observations is that powders of every crosslinked elastomer attempted sintered together

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3

Zheng, Sijia, Mengchen Liao, Yang Chen, and Michael A. Brook. "Dissolving used rubber tires." Green Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03545a.

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Reductive silylation cleaves S–S crosslinks in used automotive rubbers, allowing recovery of polymeric oils in up to 93% yield. The oils can undergo oxidative crosslinking to give new elastomers, closing the loop for sulfur-cured rubbers.

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4

Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030103.

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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. How

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5

Klishchenko, V. P., and A. B. Lurie. "Recycling tires and obtaining a new binder for roads Powder based Rubber Powder RKL 2020." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2009-11.

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The problem of recycling worn-out rubbers has a great environmental pollution due to its high resistance to external factors. Also rubbers have a high fire hazard, and the products of their combustion have an extremely harmful effect on human health and the environment. The article presents a unique technology for producing a chemically active rubber powder Rubber Powder RKL 2020 by recycling used car tires.

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6

Guo, Hong Mei, Han Zhu, and Yan Zhou. "The Applied Research of Waste Crumb Rubber in Road Base." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.317.

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Waste tiers increasing with geometric series, in view of that seeking a new treatment process has already become an urgent affair. Over the years, there has been mounting interest in the use of recycled tire rubbers in highway construction. Which have an important benefit to the recycling utilization of scrap tires and environmental protection, and can consume a large number of scrap tires. This paper presents an overview of some of the research published regarding the use of crumb rubber in highway engineering, but the study about the using of crumb rubber in cement-stabilized macadam base is

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7

Bauer, David R., John M. Baldwin, and Kevin R. Ellwood. "Correlation of Laboratory Tire Endurance and Rubber Aging." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 4 (2007): 726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548190.

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Abstract Tire endurance as measured by performance on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Stepped Up Load (SUL) test is shown to be a function of both tire construction and the extent of oxidation in the skim and wedge rubber regions of the tire, as measured by peel strength or elongation to break retention. Tire constructions can be distinguished by speed rating. Tires with higher speed ratings (&gt; S) tend to have relatively high times-to-failure (TTF) in the SUL test and are relatively insensitive to rubber oxidation. SUL TTFs for tires with speed rating of S and

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8

Ahmad, Jawad, Zhiguang Zhou, Ali Majdi, Muwaffaq Alqurashi, and Ahmed Farouk Deifalla. "Overview of Concrete Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete." Materials 15, no. 16 (2022): 5518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165518.

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Utilizing scrap tire rubber by incorporating it into concrete is a valuable option. Many researchers are interested in using rubber tire waste in concrete. The possible uses of rubber tires in concrete, however, are dispersed and unclear. Therefore, a compressive analysis is necessary to identify the benefits and drawbacks of rubber tires for concrete performance. For examination, the important areas of concrete freshness, durability, and strength properties were considered. Additionally, several treatments and a microstructure investigation were included. Although it has much promise, there a

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9

Baldwin, John M., David R. Bauer, and Paul D. Hurley. "Field Aging of Tires, Part II." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (2005): 754–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547911.

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Abstract In an attempt to better understand the mechanism of rubber aging in tires, used tires were retrieved from customer cars. Consumers were contacted in six cities located throughout the United States (Detroit, MI; Hartford, CT; Phoenix, AZ; Miami, FL; Denver, CO; and Los Angeles, CA) and interviewed with regards to driving and maintenance habits. A total of approximately 2,500 tires were obtained from the field and of those, around 1,500 were dissected and analyzed. Some of the tests performed were tensile and elongation properties of the rubber at the belt edges, swelling ratio measurem

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10

Waddell, Walter H., R. Christopher Napier, and Donald S. Tracey. "Nitrogen Inflation of Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 82, no. 2 (2009): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548247.

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Abstract Inflation pressure retention (IPR as a loss rate) is a key predictive parameter to improving tire durability. Improved Tire IPR, manifested as reduced percent pressure loss per month values, has statistically been shown to be a direct result of innerliner compounds made with increasing amounts of halobutyl rubber when used as a direct replacement for natural rubber if other variables are constant. Roadwheel performance of tires is highest when using 100-phr of halobutyl rubber in the innerliner compound. This affords a tire with desirably low IPR loss rate values, desirably low tire i

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11

Theregowda, Ranjani B., Pragnya L. Eranki, and Amy E. Landis. "ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE USE PHASE OF CONVENTIONAL TIRES COMPARED TO GUAYULE NR TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (2019): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81495.

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ABSTRACT Guayule NR can be grown in the United States and offers a potentially more secure and sustainable alternative to the substantial Hevea NR that is imported from Southeast Asia. This paper presents the first rolling resistance and use-phase energy consumption estimates for guayule tires. The results of this study show that use-phase life cycle energy reductions can be achieved with NRs and that the rolling resistance coefficient (RRcnew) and reference service life (RSL) of the new tire are the critical parameters that pertain to energy and fuel efficiency. A tire's use phase accounts fo

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12

Tileuberdi, Ye, Ye K. Ongarbayev, Z. A. Mansurov, K. K. Kudaibergenov, and Y. O. Doszhanov. "Ways of Using Rubber Crumb from Worn Tires." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1512.

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In the paper ways of using rubber crumb from worn tires were investigated. Possibilities of preparing Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC) based rubber crumb (RC) from worn tires were studied experimentally. The physico-mechanical characteristics of paving bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb and spent engine oil. The structure of rubber crumb was characterized by optical microscopy. Physico-mechanical characteristics of RBC were detrminated by standard methods. It is established that the quantity of entered binders depending on physical and chemical conditions, which was optimal composition

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13

Priss, L. S., and A. G. Shumskaya. "Mechanical Losses in Rubbers Under Loading Conditions Typical of Tires in Service." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (1988): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148804.

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Abstract Mechanical losses in rubber compounds per strain cycle are shown to be considerably greater under pulse loading, which simulates tire usage, than under sinusoidal loading. A method is suggested for using data obtained by ordinary laboratory techniques to calculate losses that would occur in an arbitrary anharmonic mode. Some data are given to show how such mechanical losses depend on formulations and processing factors of the rubber. Methods are then discussed for obtaining proper laboratory data on dynamic properties for use in optimizing formulations of tire rubbers.

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14

Barnard, D., C. S. L. Baker, and I. R. Wallace. "Natural Rubber Compounds for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 4 (1985): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536090.

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Abstract An 80 NR/20 BR truck tread compound containing a semi-EV cure system and modified with a 6.0 phr level of stearic acid has been shown to exhibit excellent resistance to reversion when compared to a similar compound containing a normal 2.0 phr level of stearic acid. Improvements in the retention of laboratory abrasion resistance, heat generation, and most physical properties have been identified on test pieces subjected to typical truck retread overcure conditions. In highway fleet testing trials of 1100 × 22.5 truck retreads fitted to both third and fourth drive axles of tipper trucks

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15

Rijo, Bruna, Ana Paula Soares Dias, and Łukasz Wojnicki. "Catalyzed pyrolysis of scrap tires rubber." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (2022): 107037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107037.

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16

Qin, Jun, Hua Ding, Xing Wang, Meiju Xie, and Zili Yu. "Blending LLDPE and Ground Rubber Tires." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47, no. 2 (2008): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550701816217.

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17

Amari, Takeshi, Nickolas J. Themelis, and Iddo K. Wernick. "Resource recovery from used rubber tires." Resources Policy 25, no. 3 (1999): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(99)00025-2.

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18

Carter, R. "When rubber tires leave the road." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (1996): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88833-3.

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19

Sellaf, H., H. Trouzine, M. Hamhami, and A. Asroun. "Geotechnical Properties of Rubber Tires and Sediments Mixtures." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 2 (2014): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.424.

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An experimental work was undertaken to study the effect of rubber tires on the geotechnical properties of a dredged sediment, using a mixing ratio of large size. For comparison, two types of soil were studied (dredged sediment from Fergoug dam and Tizi Tuff from the north west of Algeria). Taking into account the high compressibility and the low water absorption of the rubber tires, grain size analysis, density, Atterberg limits analysis, chemical composition, direct shear tests, loading-unloading tests, modified Proctor and CBR tests are performed on the two soils and their mixtures with diff

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20

Bhardwaj, Manish Kumar, and Sanjeev Gupta. "A Comparative Study between the Usages of Differently Sized Waste Rubber Obtained From Tires over the Strength Performance of Rigid Road Pavements." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012019.

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Abstract In this research work, waste rubber obtained from tires is mainly used as a fractional substitution of natural coarse aggregate to improve the strength aspects of the concrete. 3 dissimilar sizes of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregates were used that is of 4mm, 10 mm and 16 mm. Depending upon all three sizes all the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate were used at 3 different percentages that are at 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent. Then several concrete samples were prepared depending upon the shape and percentage of the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate.

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21

Al-Fakih, Amin, Bashar S. Mohammed, M. S. Liew, M. W. A. Wahab, and Sani Haruna. "Utilizing of Crumb Rubber Derived Recycled Scrap Tires in Masonry Application: A Review." Materials Science Forum 1030 (May 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.73.

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The Disposal of Scrap Tires has Resulted in Major Environmental Problems Worldwide. Therefore, Utilizing Scrap Tires as Crumb Rubber is being Used in Brick Production to Improve the Properties of the Bricks as well as to Provide Feasible Waste Management of Scrap Tires. this Study Presents the Literature Research on Utilizing Crumb Rubber in Bricks Manufacturing. the Review Summarized the Manufacturing Process of Producing Crumb Rubber and then Documented the Application of Crumb Rubber in Masonry. the Results Show that the Compressive Strength of Masonry Bricks Decreases with the Increased Pe

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22

Erçin, Mustafa, and Ridvan Berber. "Investigation of Rubber-to-Metal Bonding on Solid Rubber Tires." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 31, no. 1-2 (1992): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559208017736.

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23

Grigoryeva, O., A. Fainleib, O. Starostenko, I. Danilenko, N. Kozak, and G. Dudarenko. "Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Reclamation: Virgin Rubber / Reclaimed GTR (RE)Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 1 (2004): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547806.

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Abstract Thermochemically partially devulcanized ground tire rubber (GTRD) was revulcanized in compositions with different virgin rubbers. Two different devulcanizing groups (mixture of softeners) with and without processing oil have been used for GTR treatment. As virgin rubbers methylstyrene/butadiene (SBR), isoprene (IR) and butadiene (BR) rubbers or their combinations were selected. They were cured by using sulfur, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) or peroxide based vulcanizing systems. The Rubber/GTRD (re)vulcanizates with the GTRD content from 20 to 80 wt. % have been prepared and stu

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24

Youwai, Sompote, and Dennes T. Bergado. "Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 2 (2003): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.

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The volume of scrap tires, an undesired urban waste, is increasing every year. One of the possible alternatives for this waste is to use shredded tires alone or mixed with soil as a lightweight backfill. This paper presents the results of triaxial tests on compacted shredded rubber tire sand mixtures. The tests were carried out with different mixing ratios of shredded rubber tires and sand. With an increasing proportion of sand in the mixture, the density, unit weight, and shear strength of the mixture increased, but the compressibility decreased. The dilatancy characteristics of shredded ru

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25

Lapkovskis, Vjaceslavs, Viktors Mironovs, Andrei Kasperovich, Vadim Myadelets, and Dmitri Goljandin. "Crumb Rubber as a Secondary Raw Material from Waste Rubber: A Short Review of End-Of-Life Mechanical Processing Methods." Recycling 5, no. 4 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040032.

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Despite technological developments, modern methods for the disposal of end-of-life tires most often involve either their incineration in cement kilns or the destruction of tires in special landfills, demonstrating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. The fundamental role of recycling is evident, and the development of high-efficiency processes represents a crucial priority for the European market. Therefore, the investigation of end-of-life rubber processing methods is of high importance for both manufacturers and recyclers of rubber materials. In this paper, we review ex

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26

Yang, Zhongnian, Qi Zhang, Wei Shi, Jianhang Lv, Zhaochi Lu, and Xianzhang Ling. "Advances in Properties of Rubber Reinforced Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6629757.

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The accumulation of waste tires is a global resource and environmental problem. The landfill or incineration of tires will infiltrate toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, which poses a serious ecological threat to the environment. A large number of studies have shown that waste tires can be used in geotechnical engineering, which provides a good idea for the recycling of waste tires. Up to now, researchers have tested the performance of soil mixed with waste tires by dynamic triaxial test, California load ratio test, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, consolidation te

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27

Lin, Yu-Ting, Guo-Liang Zhuang, Ming-Yen Wey, and Hui-Hsin Tseng. "The Viable Fabrication of Gas Separation Membrane Used by Reclaimed Rubber from Waste Tires." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112540.

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Improper disposal and storage of waste tires poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. In light of the drawbacks of the current disposal methods for waste tires, the transformation of waste material into valuable membranes has received significant attention from industries and the academic field. This study proposes an efficient and sustainable method to utilize reclaimed rubber from waste tires after devulcanization, as a precursor for thermally rearranged (TR) membranes. The reclaimed rubber collected from local markets was characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)

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28

Daly, William H., and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Characterization of Asphalt Cements Modified with Crumb Rubber from Discarded Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1583, no. 1 (1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1583-05.

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Blends with up to 20 percent ground vulcanized rubber (both crumb and 200-mesh powder particles) from recycled tires were prepared with asphalt cements of various grades (AC-5 to AC-30) and evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends produced from powdered rubber particles exhibited Newtonian behavior at high temperatures. Similar behavior was not observed with crumb rubber blends. The mechanical properties of asphalt-rubber blends depend on the concentration of rubber additives, the particle sizes, and the chemical composition of the asphalt. The dynamic mechanical characteristi

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29

Adalier, Korhan, and Ahmet Pamuk. "On the Important Mechanical Properties of Rubber-Sand." Advanced Materials Research 685 (April 2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.8.

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More than a billion rubber tires are discarded annually around the world. Growing piles of discarded tires create fire and environmental hazards. Current disposal methods are mostly wasteful and costly. Tires possess high tensile strength, are chemically very stable, practically non-destructible and light in weight. All of these properties make tires a potentially useful geo-material. This paper presents the results of an extensive laboratory testing study investigating the potential of using shredded tires mixed with sandy soils (rubber-sand) as lightweight fill and backfill material in road

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30

Rajalingam, P., J. Sharpe, and W. E. Baker. "Ground Rubber Tire / Thermoplastic Composites: Effect of Different Ground Rubber Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (1993): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538337.

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Abstract Thermoplastic composites containing different Ground Rubber Tire (GRT) materials, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and, in some case, a coupling agent (IB‘E’, an ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer) were prepared by melt blending. The impact energies of all the thermoplastic composites (normally containing 40 wt % GRT) were evaluated using an instrumented impact tester. The effects of the GRT particle-size, particle size distribution and shape, the mode of grinding, and the oxygen surface concentration were analyzed. The wet-ambient-ground GRT based composites show higher

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31

Rukkur, Sanae, Charoenyut Dechwayukul, Wiriya Thongruang, and Orasa Patarapaiboolchai. "Heat Built-Up of Industrial Solid Tires in Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.445.

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Solid tires made of natural rubber, manufactured and used for forklift trucks in Thailand, have quality problems involving blow out [. Failure of solid tires may occur from excessive loads and or heat generation inducing loss of mechanical properties. The failure of solid tires relating to heat generation is considered. Solid tires under severe conditions, such as overloading, high speed, or high temperature work places often leading to fail and blowout. When these are continuously rolled and loaded, the rubber is stressed and deformed leading to heat generation [. The hysteresis loss storage

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32

Kim, Nam Chul, and Sung Ho Song. "Effects of Zinc-Free Processing Aids on Silica-Reinforced Tread Compounds for Green Tires." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (June 25, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9123635.

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With the development of “green tires” in the tire industry, the conventional carbon black filler that is used in tread formulations is being replaced with silica. Generally, this requires the addition of a processing aid, containing zinc ion, which acts as a lubricant and dispersing agent. However, because zinc is a heavy metal, zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs) are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. We present herein a series of catalytically synthesized ZFAs and evaluate the effects of replacing zinc ion-containing processing aids (ZCAs) on a silica tread formulation. Inter

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33

Zhang, Ping, Michael Morris, and Dhaval Doshi. "MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR LOWERING ROLLING RESISTANCE OF TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 1 (2016): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83805.

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ABSTRACT Many countries are implementing regulatory programs to promote the use of transportation technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance fuel economy of vehicles. These regulatory programs create a need for more durable and fuel-efficient tires. The increased cost of fuel for motor vehicles creates another driving force for improving the fuel economy of vehicles. Commercial vehicle operators recognize that fuel cost is a major driver of the total operating cost; therefore, they increasingly demand tires that are optimized for reducing the fuel cost of a trucking flee

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34

Bauer, David R., John M. Baldwin, and Kevin R. Ellwood. "Correlation of Rubber Properties between Field Aged Tires and Laboratory Aged Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (2005): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547913.

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Abstract The kinetics of aging of key tire properties both in the field and in oven exposures at different temperatures has been interpreted by using a combination of empirical models and accelerated shift factors. Crosslink density and rubber modulus increase with aging while peel strength and elongation-to-break decrease. In the case of oven aging, the rate of property change increases from 40 °C to 70 °C and then decreases. In the case of field aging, the rate of property change is greatest in hotter climates such as Phoenix and is slower in cooler climates such as Detroit. Spare tires age

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35

Cheng, Yaohua, and Qianting Wang. "Enhancement of Green Tires Performance through Ultrasound-Assisted Mixing." Polymers 14, no. 3 (2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030418.

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Combined with the traditional internal mixing process, a custom-built ultrasonic generator was introduced in this study. The effect of ultrasonic parameters on the comprehensive performance of tread rubber formulations was investigated. Compared to the traditional mixing process without ultrasonic wave loading, the introduction of ultrasonic enhanced the dispersion and distribution of composite particles in the rubber matrix and improved the overall performance of rubber products. The devil’s triangle relationship among the rolling resistance, wet skid resistance, and abrasion resistance of ti

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36

Chen, S., J. Cao, C. f. Zheng, and X. D. Guo. "Rheological Characteristics of Tire Rubber-Modified Asphalt following Thermal Variation." Geofluids 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928562.

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In recent years, due to the development of the automobile industry, there are more and more waste car tires, and the reuse of waste tires has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, the crushed rubber of waste automobile tires is used to modify asphalt to prepare rubber-modified asphalt, which can not only solve the problem of using waste tires but also effectively improve the performance of asphalt pavement. This study defines four modified asphalts with different rubber powder content, which are defined as 1#, 2#, 3#, and 4#, respectively. The performance difference between the

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37

Kostrova, Z. A., A. V. Mikheev, Z. V. Zezyulin, et al. "Methods of recycling of pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 3 (2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66935.

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Paper discusses main reasons for the necessity of tires utilization. The tire is considered as a complex composite part which should satisfy the requirements for resistance to repeating and variable loads and the damaging effects of the environment, etc .; these properties make it difficult to recycle tires; to solve the problem an average composition of the tire is provided. Differences in the treatment of worn tires in different countries and ways of utilization of pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires are shown; variants for cold and hot recovery tires are provided; the economic effect of tire

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38

Valentín, J. L., R. Pérez-Aparicio, A. Fernandez-Torres, et al. "ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLED RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (2020): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79963.

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ABSTRACT There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In t

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Rodríguez-Alloza, Ana María, Juan Gallego-Medina, José María Bermejo-Muñoz, and Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez. "EVALUATION OF SIEVE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FIBER CONTENT IN SAMPLES OF RUBBER POWDER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 85, no. 4 (2012): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.12.88906.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to study the validity of the test methods that are currently used to determine the fiber content in samples of rubber powder made from end-of-life tires: CEN/TS 14 243, ASTM D 5603-01, and XP T 47–758. For this purpose, rubber powder samples contaminated with one weight percent (wt%) of fiber were prepared and submitted to sieve analyses, with the weight of the sample and sieving time as the variable parameters. The materials used were rubber powder without fibers and polyester fibers from recycled waste tires, both generated during the shredding of th

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Chalangaran, Navid, Alireza Farzampour, and Nima Paslar. "Nano Silica and Metakaolin Effects on the Behavior of Concrete Containing Rubber Crumbs." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030017.

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The excessive production of worn tires remaining from the transportation system and the lack of proper procedures to recycle or reuse these materials have caused critical environmental issues. Due to the rubber’s toughness, this material could be implemented to increase concrete toughness, and by crushing the tires concrete aggregates can be replaced proportionally with rubber crumbs and large quantities of scrapped rubber. However, this substitution decreases the concrete strength. In this study, crushed rubber with sizes from 1 to 3 mm and 3 to 6 mm were replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% sand; th

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Hess, W. M., P. C. Vegvari, and R. A. Swor. "Carbon Black in NR/BR Blends for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (1985): 350–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536071.

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Abstract A series of ten commercial tread-grade carbon blacks were evaluated in a 60/40 NR/BR truck tire tread formulation. A number of important physical properties and performance criteria were assessed in terms of carbon black surface area and DBPA. Significant response equations were obtained for viscosity, bound rubber, resilience, heat buildup, tear strength, and dynamic properties. Dynamic modulus showed a much greater dependence on DBPA in comparison to previous studies on SBR/BR compounds. In a second designed experiment, a single carbon black (N299) was studied as a function of the N

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HIRAYAMA, Michio, and Takashi NISHINO. "Scaling of Wear Resistance of Rubber Compounds for Tires Using Rubber Properties." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 86, no. 1 (2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.86.3.

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SHIL’KO, Sergey V., Dmitriy A. CHERNOUS, Alexander V. KHOTKO, and Sergey N. BUHAROV. "CALCULATION OF VISCOELASTIC AND THERMOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF TIRE RUBBERS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF DYNAMIC TESTS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 2, no. 59 (2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2022-2-59-24-30.

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Viscoelastic and thermomechanical properties of tire rubbers have been studied to predict hysteresis losses during rolling of automobile tires. The temperature dependences of the elasticity modulus and the tangent of mechanical losses obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis and combined tests in the mode of quasi-static cyclic stretching with subsequent relaxation were used for the calculated determination of the deformation and dissipative parameters of 20 rubber compositions. As a basic theoretical description of rubber as a thermorheologically simple material, a linear viscoelastic Prony mo

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SOL-SÁNCHEZ, Miguel, Fernando MORENO-NAVARRO, and Maria Carmen RUBIO-GÁMEZ. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DECONSTRUCTED TIRES FOR USE AS PADS IN RAILROAD TRACKS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 6 (2016): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914098.

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The use of end-of-life (EOL) tires is now widespread in civil engineering work. In most cases, the tires are shredded and recycled as crumb rubber. However, this research focuses on an alternate method in which EOL tires were deconstructed to manufacture rail pads. In other words, their outer layer was removed, which made it possible to benefit from the mechanical properties of the tires without having to grind them up. The performance of the recycled tire rubber was analyzed by means of static and dynamic stiffness tests as well as by fatigue tests. The results reflected the long-term perform

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Kamal, Ahmed Youssef. "Ductility of simply supported rubberized concrete beams." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 12, no. 2 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2021.02.002.

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Dispose of waste rubberized tires become a dangerous problem around the world, represented a big serious risk to the sur-rounded environment. Many studies show that over 1000 million tires reach their expired date yearly and this figure is anticipated to be 5000 million tires by reaching 2030. A minor part of them is employed as recycled materials and the residual amount is stockpiled or buried. This paper aimed to successfully utilize the vast amounts of tire rubber waste existing currently in landfills. This paper represents a practical investigation of the ductility performance of the reinf

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Brandsma, Sicco H., Martin Brits, Quinn R. Groenewoud, Martin J. M. van Velzen, Pim E. G. Leonards, and Jacob de Boer. "Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 13 (2019): 7595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01835.

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Tumanggor S, Ojakma, Anwar Dharma S, and Eddy Marlianto. "KARET LEMBARAN YANG TERBUAT DARI CAMPURAN SERBUK BAN BEKAS DAN KARET ALAM YANG DISETARAKAN DENGAN SIR-20 UNTUK PEMBUATAN SOL SEPATU OLAH RAGA." JURNAL IKATAN ALUMNI FISIKA 2, no. 1 (2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jiaf.v2i1.3674.

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The study of waste tires powder processing as a filler on making shoe sole has been done. On the research, it has been found the vulcanizate technical on natural rubber of shoe sole by using waste tires powder and was compound to the tecto the technical specification of shoe sole according to Indonesia Natural Standard. The process of making waste tires powder triller 60 mesh particle size has been done by steps of procces, producing of particle size, washing, drying and screening. The vulcanizate of natural rubber shoe sole wich contained waste tires powder and using press molding technical a

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Jong, Lei. "Synergistic Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Biobased Particles for Rubber Reinforcement and Comparison to Silica Reinforced Rubber." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030113.

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Silica is a standard commercial filler to reduce rolling resistance of tires. The co-filler of nano-size calcium carbonate and bio-based particles also produce reinforced rubber with similar tensile properties and rolling resistance as silica reinforced rubber. A synergistic effect between calcium carbonate and soy protein nanoparticles was observed to produce reinforced rubber with good tensile properties and low rolling resistance. The protein increases the effective crosslink density and moduli of calcium carbonate reinforced rubber. Stearic acid coated calcium carbonate particles have a gr

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Carmo-Calado, Luís, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, Roberta Mota-Panizio, Bruno Guilherme-Garcia, and Paulo Brito. "Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031036.

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The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water t

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Eslami, Mohsen, Farzaneh Fakeri Raof, and Mohammad Jorjor Zadeh. "Feasibility study of recycled tire powder in construction blocks cement to decrease environmental pollution (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20857.

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Today, retrieval and optimal use of exiting recourses and environmental protection is in view of seriousattention of the development in the world. Approximately 300 thousand tons of old tires in the country hascaused environmental pollution. Recycling of waste tires is completely different to which is done in our country.Unfortunately recycling scrap tires has not favorable growth in our country. Millions of tires are discarded eachyear, and the scrap piles of rubber this creates pose serious environmental problems. Rubber tires also leachhazardous materials into the environment as they decomp

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