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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubeole congenitale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Wulandari, Ratna, and Astrid Novita. "Alternatif Kebijakan dalam Upaya Peningkatan Minat Wanita Usia Subur Melakukan Imunisasi Campak dan Rubela." Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan Indonesia 9, no. 02 (July 16, 2019): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33221/jiki.v9i02.216.

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Imunisasi Campak dan Rubela pada Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) hingga saat ini masih menjadi kategori imunisasi lanjutan pilihan yang belum diwajibkan. Ibu hamil yang menderita Campak dan Rubela akan memiliki risiko tinggi janinnya mengalami kelainan bawaan pada bayi baru lahir atau yang dikenal dengan Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). Di Puskesmas Kecamatan Pasar Minggu kunjungan WUS yang melakukan imunisasi Campak Rubela <100 kunjungan dengan 11 kejadian CRS pada Tahun 2017. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menentukan identifikasi masalah, kriteria evaluasi, dan rumusan alternatif kebijakan dalam upaya meningkatkan minat WUS dalam melakukan imunisasi Campak Rubela. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Informan dalam penelitian ini meliputi Kepala Puskesmas sebagai Informan Kunci serta Tim Imunisasi Campak Rubela dan User sebagai informan pendukung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode indepth interview. Hasil temuan masalah dalam penelitian ini antara lain ; belum ada data jumlah penderita campak dan rubella dewasa, belum ada upaya promotif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan WUS tentang imunisasi Campak Rubela, belum ada anggaran untuk upaya promotif imunisasi Campak Rubela dewasa, dan kurangnya koordinasi antar unit kesehatan dalam memperkenalkan imunsasi Campak Rubela untuk WUS. Setelah dilakukan analisis dengan metode Urgency Strategy Growth (USG) dan Strenght Weight Opptunity Threat (SWOT), prioritas masalah yang terpilih adalah belum adanya upaya promotif imunisasi campak dan rubella untuk dewasa. Usulan alternatif rekomendasi kebijakan terpilih adalah penyusunan Standar Operasional Prosedur Upaya Promotif Kesehatan Imunisasi Campak Rubela untuk WUS, yang disusun dalam bentuk Standar Operasional Prosedur yang isinya meliputi acuan kegiatan, diagram alur dan anggaran biaya. Saran yang diberikan untuk lahan penelitian adalah segera disusun kebijakan untuk pemberian imunisasi Campak dan Rubela dengan prioritas sasarannya adalah WUS untuk mencegah kejadian CRS.

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2

Lim, G. H., S. L. Deeks, J. Fediurek, J. Gubbay, and N. S. Crowcroft. "Consignation de l'élimination de la rougeole, de la rubéole et de l'embryopathie rubéolique en Ontario : 2009-2012." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 40, no. 8 (April 17, 2014): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v40i08a01f.

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3

Tandililing, Lily Cahyani, Djatnika Setiabudi, and Nelly Amalia Risan. "Hubungan Jenis Kelamin, Usia Gestasi, dan Berat Badan Lahir dengan Sindrom Rubela Kongenital." Sari Pediatri 17, no. 4 (October 26, 2016): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp17.4.2015.302-6.

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Latar belakang. Sindrom rubela kongenital (SRK) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu. faktor usia gestasi, berat badan lahir, dan jenis kelamin berhubungan dengan kasus confirmed sindrom rubela kongenital.Tujuan. Menentukan hubungan jenis kelamin, usia gestasi, dan berat badan lahir dengan kasus probable SRK.Metode. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan potong lintang. Data retrospektif diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien rawat inap dan rawat jalan usia <1 tahun periode 1 Januari 2008-31 Desember 2014, dengan kode diagnosis (ICD-10) meliputi congenital rubella syndrome, congenital heart disease, congenital cataract, sensorineural hearing loss, cerebral palsy, dan neonatal jaundice. Klasifikasi kasus SRK berdasarkan CDC 2009, yaitu suspected, probable, confirmed, dan infection only. Pemilihan subjek secara purposive sampling. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan analisis bivariat dan regresi logistik untuk faktor dengan p<0,25 dengan Rasio Odds (RO) dan Interval Kepercayaan (IK) 95%.Hasil. Didapat 133 subjek klasifikasi SRK suspected (96), terdiri atas probable (29) dan confirmed (8). Mayoritas subjek laki-laki (58,6%), usia ibu 25-29 (48,9%) tahun, multipara (54,1%), dan tanpa riwayat vaksinasi rubela (100%). Hubungan bermakna didapatkan dalam analisis regresi logistik pada faktor jenis kelamin (p=0,002; OR 6,656; IK95% 2,046–21,657) dan berat badan lahir (p<0,001; OR 10,365; IK95% 2,839–37,834).Kesimpulan. Jenis kelamin dan berat badan lahir berhubungan dengan kasus probable SRK. Diperlukan penelitian prospektif untuk menentukan hubungan usia gestasi dengan kasus probable SRK.

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4

Kuzhiyil, Aslam Pala, Rajesh Thaliyil Veettil, Binci Charulatha, and Geeta M. Govindaraj. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome among Hospitalised Infants in South India - A Long Way to Go." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/108.

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BACKGROUND The prevalence of rubella immunity in India is 55 % in pregnant women during the first 3 months of pregnancy and nearly 45 % of women are susceptible to congenital rubella syndrome. The exact epidemiology or actual burden of congenital rubella syndrome has not yet been assessed in the Indian population. In the run up to the target of controlling congenital rubella by 2020, there is added impetus to document congenital rubella syndrome cases, its clinical characteristics, interventions needed and psychosocial problems of infants and their parents, admitted with laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS A retrospective study based on hospital records was conducted between January 2016 and December 2017. Clinically confirmed cases not satisfying laboratory criteria for congenital rubella syndrome were excluded. In-depth interviews of mothers were conducted. RESULTS 16 infants with a positive IgM rubella antibody were included. Microcephaly was observed in 9 (56 %) babies. Ophthalmological manifestations were present in 12 (75 %) babies; of whom 9 (75 %) had cataract. Glaucoma occurred in 3 (18 %) babies and 2 (12.5 %) had salt and pepper retinopathy. Hearing impairment was detected in 8 (50 %) babies. Congenital heart disease was present in 15 (93.7 %) infants. Surgical interventions including cataract surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation and cochlear implantation were necessary in 14 babies. CONCLUSIONS Congenital rubella syndrome is still a significant problem and urgent measures are needed to increase immunisation coverage of the target population. Affected families endure a heavy physical and psychosocial burden, which should be addressed simultaneously. KEYWORDS Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Rubella Vaccination, Cataracts

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5

Multazam, Chaq El Chaq Zamzam, Mahrus A. Rahman, and Wiwin Retnowati. "Profile of Age and Sex of Congenital Rubella Syndrome Patients with Congenital Heart Disease." Health Notions 5, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn50306.

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Background: Rubella is an acute viral disease that often attacks vulnerable children and young adults throughout the world. Even though it only causes mild clinical illness, concern in the health world arises from its teratogenic potential resulting in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The most common abnormalities of CRS are hearing loss or deafness, eye defects and congenital heart defects. Purpose: To determine the profiles of age and sex in congenital rubella syndrome patients with congenital heart disease in Dr Soetomo Regional Public Hospital for the period of 2016-2018. Methods: This type of research was a descriptive study by collecting data on the age and sex in congenital rubella syndrome patients with congenital heart disease in Dr Soetomo Regional Public Hospital retrospectively through medical records of patients for the period of 2016-2018. Results: The most age group of congenital rubella syndrome patients with congenital heart disease in Dr Soetomo Regional Public Hospital for the period of 2016-2018 was the toddler (0-

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6

Matalia, Jyoti, and Sheetal Shirke. "Congenital Rubella." New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 15 (October 13, 2016): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1501815.

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7

HUSSAIN, MISS NAGEEN. "CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 01 (March 6, 2006): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.01.5047.

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Rubella is a major public health problem which is usually a mild rashillness in children and adults. However, its seriousness and public health importance stems from the ability of Rubellavirus to cross the placental barrier and infect fetal tissue, which may result in congenital rubella syndrome. Themechanism by which Rubella virus causes fetal damage is not well understood. Congenital rubella syndrome is anunder-recognized public health problem in Pakistan and can be reduced by vaccinating all seronegative women

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8

Andriatahina, Todisoa N., Lantonirina Ravaoarisoa, Andrianina H. Ranivoson, Vonintsoa L. Rahajamanana, Zina A. Randriananahirana, Jocelyn Andriamahita, Jean C. Andrianirinarison, and Annick L. Robinson. "Epidemio-clinical aspects of congenital rubella syndrome in Madagascar." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20200031.

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Background: Congenital rubella syndrome is the first congenital defect preventable by vaccination. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on the extent and epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome in Madagascar.Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study from January 2013 to May 2019 was conducted in 8 hospitals in 2 provinces of Madagascar, Antananarivo and Toliara. The study included children who attended the services selected during the study period and who had the following conditions: children aged of 0 to 59 months, regardless of vaccination status, meeting the World Health Organization clinical criteria for congenital rubella syndrome with or without biological confirmation.Results: Of the 152,304 cases of children of all ages who visited or were hospitalized during the study period, 112 clinically confirmed cases of congenital rubella syndrome were identified. The age group 0 to 11 months involved 60 children (53.6%). Congenital heart disease was found in 83.0% of cases, mental backwardness in 43.7% and microcephaly in 26.8%. Twenty-three among (20.5%) them died. The death was due to cardiac diseases in 16 children.Conclusions: Findings confirm that the diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome is underestimated in current pediatric practice in Madagascar. The introduction of the rubella vaccine in the Expanded Program on Immunization and the implementation of an effective and sustainable surveillance system for congenital rubella syndrome in the country is a proved effective tool for the prevention of this disease.

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Osman, Mahmoud M., Meryat T. Zakaria, Mutassem F. Alnofal, Sulafa A. Hamdoun, and Mohammed S. Alissa. "Congenital rubella syndrome: a case report." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 10 (September 21, 2020): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20204052.

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Currently, rubella virus infections are very rare in many countries, and may not be recognized promptly. However, congenital rubella syndrome still appears, often in infants of mothers coming from countries with suboptimal vaccination programs. We describe a case of CRS in a full-term baby girl born to a foreign mother who documented perinatal antibodies against rubella. The baby had the classical abnormalities seen in infants with CRS include congenital cardiac and ocular anomalies. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive rubella serology in both infant and mother. Vaccination is the only known prophylactic measure for congenital rubella syndrome.

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10

Spika, J. S., F. X. Hanon, S. Wassilak, R. G. Pebody, and N. Emiroglu. "Preventing congenital rubella infection in the European Region of WHO: 2010 target." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00455-en.

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The World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has recently published a strategic plan and surveillance guidelines for measles and congenital rubella infection. The strategy prioritises measles control activities but encourages the introduction of rubella vaccine when measles vaccine coverage has reached >90 %; although, many western European countries with suboptimal measles vaccine coverage are already using the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Women in these countries may have an especially high risk of having an infant with congenital rubella syndrome. WHO is seeking to improve the surveillance for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome as a means to obtain better information on the burden of these diseases and engage policy decision makers in the need to support the WHO European Region's strategies for rubella.

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11

Kavitha, K., B. Pramila, and MBharathi Mohan. "Congenital rubella syndrome." TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_89_18.

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12

Thomas, Adrian K., N. McK Bennett, S. B. Fish, and G. J. Rouch. "Congenital rubella syndrome." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 8 (October 1986): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb112411.x.

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13

Brooks, A. M., and W. E. Gillies. "Congenital rubella syndrome." British Journal of Ophthalmology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.78.1.79.

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14

Narkeviciute, Irena, and Skirmante Digliene. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 20, no. 3 (May 2012): e8-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0b013e31824242f7.

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15

Pandey, Meenu, Ajay Dudeja, Vikram Datta, Bhupesh Singla, and Arvind Saili. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 80, no. 7 (June 5, 2012): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0782-0.

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16

Curti, Suely Pires, Cristina Adelaide Figueiredo, Maria Isabel de Oliveira, Joelma Queiroz Andrade, Marcelo Zugaib, Denise Araújo Lapa Pedreira, and Edison Luiz Durigon. "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in São Paulo." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 60, no. 5 (October 2014): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.60.05.013.

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Objective: rubella during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Samples collected from pregnant women with symptoms and suspected of congenital rubella infection between 1996 and 2008 were analyzed. Methods: a total of 23 amniotic fluid samples, 16 fetal blood samples, 1 product of conception and 1 placenta were analyzed by serology and RT-PCR. Results: all patients presented positive serology for IgG / IgM antibodies to rubella virus. Among neonates, 16 were IgG-positive, 9 were IgM-positive and 4 were negative for both antibodies. Of the 25 samples analyzed in this study, 24 were positive by RT-PCR. Changes in ultrasound were found in 15 (60%) of 25 fetuses infected with rubella virus. Fetal death and miscarriage were reported in 10 (40%) of the 25 cases analyzed. The rubella virus was amplified by PCR in all fetuses with abnormal ultrasound compatible with rubella. Fetal death and abortion were reported in 10 of 25 cases analyzed. Conclusion: this study, based on primary maternal rubella infection definitely confirms the good sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR using amniotic fluid and ultrasound. The results showed that molecular assays are important tools in the early diagnosis of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.

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Edlich, Richard F., Kathryne L. Winters, William B. Long III, and K. Dean Gubler. "Rubella and Congenital Rubella (German Measles)." Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants 15, no. 3 (2005): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i3.80.

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Xie, Winny, and Yusmiati Yusmiati. "Optimization and Validation of a Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction with RNA Internal Control to Detect Rubella RNA." Indonesian Biomedical Journal 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v5i3.70.

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BACKGROUND: According to a report from WHO, cases of rubella infection in Indonesia has increased up to 10-fold from 2007 to 2011. Despite no data of congenital rubella syndrome in the report, there are approximately 45,000 cases of babies born with heart failure and 0.1-0.3% live births with congenital deafness in Indonesia. Allegedly, rubella infection during pregnancy may play a role in this condition. This study aimed to optimize and validate a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method to detect rubella virus RNA as an aid for the diagnosis of congenital rubella infection.METHODS: Method optimization was conducted using nucleic acids extracted from Trimovax Merieux vaccine with the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit. One step RT-qPCR was performed with Quantifast Multiplex RTPCR+R Kit. Target synthetic DNA was designed and used to determine the sensitivity of the method. RNA internal control was synthesized to control the process of extraction and amplification.RESULTS: The analytical sensitivity of this method was as low as 5 copies target synthetic DNA/μl. The mean Coefficient of Variation (CV) % of the critical threshold (Ct) obtained were 2.71%, 1.20%, 1.62%, and 1.59% for within run, between run, between kit lots, and between operators, respectively. Recovery of the target synthetic DNA from amniotic fluid was 100.51% (by the log copies/μl) at the concentration of 1,000,000 copies/μl.CONCLUSION: RT-qPCR is successfully used for the detection of rubella virus RNA in vaccine and synthetic nucleic acid. With its high sensitivity, good precision and recovery, this method offers a means to improve the diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in developing countries like Indonesia.KEYWORDS: congenital rubella, RT-qPCR, prenatal diagnosis, amniotic fluid

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Bhatia, Sarabjot, Ashima Goyal, Mohit Dubey, Aditi Kapur, and Priyanshi Ritwik. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome: Dental Manifestations and Management in a 5 year Old Child." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 37, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.37.1.m8281502231550u2.

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Congenital Rubella Syndrome is a rare disorder comprised of a constellation of physical abnormalities that develop in infants as a result of maternal infection and subsequent fetal infection with rubella virus. The congenital lesions involve vital organs such as heart, eye, ear, brain and endocrine system and less frequently, teeth. The severity of systemic involvement depends on the stage of gestation at which maternal rubella infection occurs. With the implementation of immunization programs worldwide, its incidence has been dramatically reduced during the past half century. This article provides an insight into the prolonged effect of the virus on ameloblasts by highlighting the presence of hypoplastic enamel in primary teeth and erupting permanent teeth in a female child diagnosed with congenital rubella syndrome.

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Ravaoarisoa, Lantonirina, Todisoa N. Andriatahina, Zina A. Randriananahirana, Andrianina H. Ranivoson, Vonintsoa L. Rahajamanana, Jocelyn Andriamahita, Jean C. Andrianirinarison, and Annick L. Robinson. "Knowledge, attitude, and practice of care providers about congenital rubella syndrome." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20200533.

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Background: Behaviour of healthcare providers when facing an illness is an important part of their struggle. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, the attitude and the practice of health care providers regarding to the Congenital Rubella Syndrome.Methods: Authors did a descriptive study on the knowledge, the attitude and the practice of healthcare providers about Congenital Rubella Syndrome with 161 healthcare providers working in 8 hospitals in Madagascar. A self-introduced survey was used to collect the data.Results: There were 87% of all healthcare providers included in the study, who said that rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy was the cause of this syndrome for child, 87% knew at least 2 of the 3 major signs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome and more than 80% had a good knowledge of the criteria for diagnosing cases (suspected, clinically confirmed, laboratory confirmed). The referral to a hospital or to a specialist was the most proposed for the management of the case of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. The prescription of an IgG avidity for rubella and advising abortion were the main propositions for mothers having a positive test at the first trimester of pregnancy.Conclusions: A fairly satisfactory level of knowledge of healthcare providers was noted.

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Ciofi Degli Atti, M. L., A. Filia, M. G. Revello, W. Buffolano, and S. Salmaso. "Rubella control in Italy." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00462-en.

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In Italy, rubella vaccination has been recommended since 1972 for pre-adolescent girls, and since the early 1990s for all children in the second year of life. Nevertheless, coverage in children from 12 to 24 months of age is suboptimal (i.e., 56% in 1998, 78% in 2003), with wide variations among regions. As a result, rubella is still circulating in Italy, and in 1996 the percentage of women susceptible to rubella between 15 and 39 years of age was >5%. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was a notifiable disease between 1987 and 1991, with a range of 8-76 cases reported annually. Since 1992, national incidence data are no longer available, but local reports show that CRS cases are still occurring. Nationwide, coordinated and uniform actions are needed to control CRS effectively. For this reason, the National Plan for the Elimination of Measles and of Congenital Rubella has recently been launched. This plan includes strategies aimed at increasing MMR vaccination coverage in children and specific control measures for congenital rubella control, i.e., improving the vaccination of susceptible women of childbearing age, and reintroducing national surveillance of CRS.

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Herrmann, K. L. "Rubella in the United States: toward a strategy for disease control and elimination." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048676.

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More than 25 years have passed since the last rubella epidemic in the United States. The rubella pandemic of 1964–5 demonstrated clearly the extraordinary teratogenic potential of the rubella virus. In the United States alone, it is estimated that more than 12500000 cases of rubella occurred during the winter and spring of 1964–5. Congenital rubella infection occurred in an estimated 30000 pregnancies, 10000 resulting in fetal death or therapeutic abortion and 20000 resulting in infants born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) [1]. In contrast, during 1988, only 225 cases of rubella were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, the lowest annual total since rubella became a nationally notifiable disease in 1966 [2]. However, in 1989, this downward trend of reported cases was interrupted, with the number of reported rubella cases in the United States increasing nearly twofold, and in 1990, the total increased another threefold (to more than 1000 cases) [3]. Although the 1990 reports represent the highest total since 1982, the overall incidence of rubella in the United States has still declined by more than 98% since 1969, the year rubella vaccine was licensed (Fig. 1).

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Freij, Bishara J., Mary Ann South, and John L. Sever. "Maternal Rubella and the Congenital Rubella Syndrome." Clinics in Perinatology 15, no. 2 (June 1988): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30710-3.

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Absalem, Ashwaq Ali, Rola Mohammed Alanazi, and Sajida Hassan Alkhawajah. "Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Pediatric." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 69, no. 3 (October 2017): 2075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0041062.

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Nazme, Nure Ishrat, Manzoor Hussain, and Ashith Chandra Das. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome - A Major Review and Update." Delta Medical College Journal 3, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v3i2.24429.

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Rubella is a major public health problem which is usually a mild rash illness in children and adults. However, it has devastating systemic consequences when rubella virus crosses the placental barrier and infects fetal tissue resulting in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Congenital rubella syndrome is an under-recognized public health problem in Bangladesh and the burden of the disease weighs heavily on patients and society; therefore, routine vaccination and other preventative strategies are strongly encouraged. Extensive surveillance studies should be conducted to eliminate CRS from our country. In this review, we will characterize the epidemiology of CRS; describe the patho-phyisiology, clinical features and laboratory testing for the disease, and discuss measures needed for prevention of rubella and CRS.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2015; 3(2): 89-95

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Best, J. M. "Rubella vaccines: past, present and future." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048640.

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The association between rubella in pregnancy and congenital anomalies was first reported 50 years ago, by N. McAlister Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist [1]. During the next 20 years his findings were confirmed by others (reviewed in [2]). However, the first reports of the isolation of rubella virus in cell cultures and development of tests for neutralizing antibodies were not published until 1962 [3, 4]. Subsequent studies conducted in the UK and North America during a pandemic of rubella in 1963–4, were therefore able to make a more accurate estimate of the risks of maternal rubella at different stages of pregnancy. It was estimated that about 30000 rubella-damaged babies were born in the USA alone in 1963–4 [5]. This emphasized the importance of developing a vaccine to prevent infection in pregnancy and thereby, the birth of babies with rubella-induced congenital defects.

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Sharma, Hitt J., Vasant S. Padbidri, Subhash V. Kapre, Suresh S. Jadhav, Rajeev M. Dhere, Sameer S. Parekh, Ashok D. Dudhane, Sunil D. Shewale, and Gajanan S. Namjoshi. "Seroprevalence of rubella and immunogenicity following rubella vaccination in adolescent girls in India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 12 (November 8, 2011): 874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1847.

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Introduction: Serologic surveys conducted in different countries indicate that rubella is a worldwide infection. Several such sero surveys conducted in India have also confirmed that 6-47% of women are susceptible to rubella infection. The current study was conducted on 1,329 female adolescents in 12 districts of Maharashtra, India, to assess their serological status in terms of rubella exposure. Methodology: After enrollment, a pre-vaccination blood sample was collected from the participants followed by rubella vaccination (R-vac). Adverse events were monitored for the next 6-8 weeks, at which time a post-vaccination sample was collected. Results: Pre-vaccination rubella immunity was higher in the urban (80.2%) population compared to the rural (73.1%) population. Following R-vac vaccination, out of 1,159 participants who completed the study, all (100%) in the urban and 99.5% of participants in the rural area developed antibodies against rubella. Conclusion: Substantial numbers of women reach childbearing age without immunity against rubella and thus are at a risk of passing the infection to their fetuses, who can then develop subsequent congenital defects leading to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). An immunization policy recommending vaccination with rubella or rubella containing vaccine is highly desirable to prevent rubella and CRS.

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Harpey, Jean-Paul, Francis Renault, Lydia Valdes, and Claude Roy. "CONGENITAL RUBELLA WITH PNEUMONITIS." Lancet 325, no. 8437 (May 1985): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92409-2.

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Watkins, A. "Risk for Congenital Rubella." Clinical Infectious Diseases 8, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/8.5.830.

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Webster, William S. "Teratogen update: Congenital rubella." Teratology 58, no. 1 (July 1998): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199807)58:1<13::aid-tera5>3.0.co;2-2.

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Rittler, Monica, Jorge López-Camelo, and Eduardo E. Castilla. "Monitoring congenital rubella embryopathy." Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 70, no. 12 (November 19, 2004): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20089.

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South, Mary Ann, and John L. Sever. "The congenital rubella syndrome." Teratology 31, no. 2 (April 1985): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420310216.

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Sagadevan, Rohini, R. Arun Kumar, and K. Pazhanambigai. "Anaesthetic Management of a Child with Congenital Rubella Syndrome Posted for Cochlear Implant - A Case Report." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20210106.

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Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a constellation of multi-system abnormalities and each problem has significant anaesthetic implications. These patients pose various challenge to anesthesiologists like unanticipated difficult airway, uncorrected cardiac lesions, etc. Anesthetic for cochlear implant in child with CRS has not been reported. Anaesthetic management in an infant with PS should be based on decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), avoidance of tachycardia with sinus rhythm, myocardial depression, systemic hypotension and adequate intra vascular volume. Here we report the anaesthetic management of a 5 year aged child with congenital rubella syndrome - post device closure of Patent ductus arteriosus, bilateral cataract surgery with moderate branch pulmonary artery stenosis and mental retardation posted for cochlear implant. Keywords: Congenital rubella syndrome, pulmonary artery stenosis, difficult airway, cochlear implant, patent ductus arteriosus.

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CHANDY, S., A. M. ABRAHAM, A. K. JANA, I. AGARWAL, A. KEKRE, G. KORULA, K. SELVARAJ, and J. P. MULIYIL. "Congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in Vellore, South India." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 6 (July 20, 2010): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001755.

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SUMMARYRubella, a mild, vaccine-preventable disease, can manifest as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a devastating disease of the fetus. To emphasize the inadequacy of the existing rubella vaccination programme in India, we evaluated epidemiological evidence of rubella virus activity with data available from a tertiary-care centre. The proportion of suspected CRS cases that were laboratory confirmed increased from 4% in 2000 to 11% in 2008. During the same period, 329 clinically suspected postnatal rubella cases were tested of which 65 (20%) were laboratory confirmed. Of women (n=770) of childbearing age, 12·5% were susceptible to rubella.

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Lopez, Anna Lena, Peter Francis N. Raguindin, Maria Asuncion Silvestre, Xenia Cathrine J. Fabay, Ariel B. Vinarao, and Ricardo Manalastas. "Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the Philippines: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Pediatrics 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8158712.

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Background. As part of regional elimination efforts, rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) have recently been introduced in the Philippines, yet the true burden of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the country is largely unknown.Objective. To provide baseline information on rubella and CRS prior to routine vaccine introduction in the Philippines.Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review on rubella and CRS in the Philippines, including a cross-sectional study conducted in 2002 among 383 pregnant women attending the obstetric outpatient clinic of the Philippine General Hospital to assess rubella susceptibility of women of childbearing age.Results. 15 locally published and unpublished studies were reviewed. Susceptibility to rubella among women of childbearing age was higher in rural communities. Retrospective reviews revealed congenital heart diseases, cataracts, and hearing impairments to be most common presentations in children of CRS. In the cross-sectional study, 59 (15.4%) of the 383 pregnant women enrolled were seronegative for rubella IgG.Conclusion. Similar to other countries introducing RCV, it was only recently that surveillance for rubella has been established. Previous studies show substantial disabilities due to CRS and a substantial proportion of susceptible women who are at risk for having babies affected with CRS. Establishment of CRS surveillance and enhanced awareness on rubella case detection should be prioritized.

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Chacon Fonseca, Inara, Jacqueline Wong, Kamiar Mireskandari, and David Chitayat. "Newborn with bilateral congenital cataracts: Never forget congenital rubella syndrome." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, no. 2 (March 16, 2019): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz005.

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Abstract A term, growth-restricted newborn presented with a sepsis-like picture, persistent pulmonary hypertension and bilateral cataracts. Initial review of prenatal and family history, as well as microbiological investigations were noncontributory. Following lenticular extraction, viral examination of the lenses confirmed the presence of rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) presents with a constellation of signs and symptoms that overlap with many other conditions. The presence of bilateral cataracts in a newborn is a rare finding and this case is used to review the broad etiology of congenital cataracts. We propose a structured diagnostic approach for clinicians, remembering that CRS is a rare but possible etiology. The early diagnosis of CRS in this case, allowed us to initiate appropriate management and preventive measurements.

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Kanagadurga, M. "A case report on congenital rubella syndrome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20210337.

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Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a rare illness in infants that result from maternal infection with rubella virus during pregnancy. The case reported is a primigravida at 37.3 weeks of gestation with the complaints of headache, decreased urine output, bilateral pedal edema, puffiness of face and mild hydromnios suggesting pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The previous data showed that the fetus had bone anomalies. Controversially the mother had rubella immune before 12 weeks of pregnancy but the report of nuchal translucency (NT) scan taken during 12 weeks of pregnancy was normal. On history mother denied any evidence of rubella infection during or recently before pregnancy which shows it was asymptomatic. She was treated for PIH. By lower segment caesarean section (LSCS), she delivered an alive boy baby who was acrocyanotic and had deformity in all long bones and enlarged liver. Placenta was found to be abnormal. The baby was under observation and the investigation confirmed CRS. Baby had bradycardia and was intubated on following days and found baby’s vocal cord shape was abnormal. Baby had seizures and could not tolerate weaning from ventilator. Before further investigations, the baby was discharged against medical advice. Though very rare, CRS was found to have many consequences to the fetus. Hence it is significant to rule out rubella infection for mother during or recently before pregnancy as a part of routine antenatal checkup as many of them are asymptomatic. All women should be insisted about getting vaccination for rubella minimum 28 days before planning for conception and should be abandoned for those who were already pregnant.

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Garg, Rajesh, and Kamaljit Singh. "Epidemiological study of rubella outbreaks in Rajasthan, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172834.

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Background: Rubella is one of the major causes of significant morbidity and congenital deformities in India. Rubella immunization is yet to be formally introduced in National Immunization schedule across the country. Strong surveillance system for rubella is the key for prevention and control of congenital rubella syndrome. The outbreaks of rubella in Rajasthan in 2014 were investigated. The objective was to study the socio demographic profile of rubella outbreak in RajasthanMethods: The data of the AFP cum measles and rubella surveillance project of Rajasthan was used for analysis. This is an analytical, cross sectional study where 2 districts of Rajasthan having confirmed rubella outbreak in 2014 were included. A total of 101 laboratory plus epidemiologically linked rubella cases were considered. Statistical analysis: Percentages, proportions and Chi square test were applied.Results: In three outbreaks, 101 cases were of rubella (laboratory confirmed + epidemiologically confirmed). Maximum numbers (around 53%) of cases were from the age group 1-4 years and 54.5% male child. The disease starts in early age (4 months) and affected up to the age group of 27 years.Conclusions: There was an outbreak of rubella cases in one district and mixed outbreak in second one. Currently rubella vaccination coverage is zero. Considering the currently available knowledge and reports, it is well justified that CRS can be controlled by effective immunization program and inclusion of rubella vaccination in the national immunization program of India is much awaited. Rubella vaccination is a cost effective measure and it can very easily piggy back Measles vaccine.

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Gottimukkula, Dileep Reddy, Navya Sri Devulapelly, Rakesh Chakinala, Surender Kagitapu, Yogi Morishetty, Nagesh Adla, and Goverdhan Puchchakayala. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome—Case Report." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 02 (2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2016.02.341436.

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Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a consequence of rubella infection that can occur when the virus is transmitted in utero during maternal primary infection. A newborn male baby was admitted for delayed cry, respiratory distress, having a birth weight of 2,150 g. A history of consanguinity marriage of parents. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), cataractous lens, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and a positive serology test are present. Vaccination at high-risk groups is necessary in order to avoid the appearance of CRS.

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Arya, Subhash C. "Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 16, no. 5 (November 2004): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892004001100015.

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&NA;. "Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome can be eradicated." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1175 (February 1999): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911750-00002.

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Springer, S. "Measles, Rubella & Congenital Rubella: Eliminated From US." AAP Grand Rounds 31, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.31-4-37.

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Ueda, Kohji, and Ken Tokugawa. "Rubella Vaccination and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Japan." Pediatrics International 30, no. 2 (April 1988): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1988.tb02514.x.

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Lindegren, Mary Lou, Laura J. Fehrs, Stephen C. Hadler, and Alan R. Hinman. "Update: Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 1980–1990." Epidemiologic Reviews 13, no. 1 (1991): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036077.

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Kadek, Kadek, and S. Darmadi. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome Based on Serologic and RNA Virus Examination." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 13, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v13i2.673.

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Rubella infection with occurs during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester often caused by Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). CRS can resulting abortions, miscarriages, stillbirth, and severe birth defects. The baby diagnosed with CRS when characterized by signs or symptoms from the following two categories A (Cataracts/congenital glaucoma, congenital heart disease (most commonly patent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis), loss of hearing, pigmentary retinopathy) or one categorie A and one catagorie B (Purpura, splenomegaly, jaundice, microencephaly, mental retardation, meningoencephalitis, radiolucent bone disease. Laboratory confirmation can be obtained by any of the following: virus isolation, serologi test (pasif hemaglutination, latex agglutination test, hemaglutination inhibisi, Flouresence immunoassay, Enzyme immunoassay), RNA test.

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Kadek, Kadek, and S. Darmadi. "GEJALA RUBELA BAWAAN (KONGENITAL) BERDASARKAN PEMERIKSAAN SEROLOGIS DAN RNA VIRUS." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 13, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v13i2.885.

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Rubella infection with occurs during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester often caused by Congenital Rubella Syndrome(CRS). CRS can resulting abortions, miscarriages, stillbirth, and severe birth defects. The baby diagnosed with CRS when characterizedby signs or symptoms from the following two categories A (Cataracts/congenital glaucoma, congenital heart disease (most commonlypatent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis), loss of hearing, pigmentary retinopathy) or one categorie A andone catagorie B (Purpura, splenomegaly, jaundice, microencephaly, mental retardation, meningoencephalitis, radiolucent bone disease.Laboratory confirmation can be obtained by any of the following: virus isolation, serologi test (pasif hemaglutination, latex agglutinationtest, hemaglutination inhibisi, Flouresence immunoassay, Enzyme immunoassay), RNA test.

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Panagiotopoulos, T., and T. Georgakopoulou. "Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Greece, 1994-2003." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00461-en.

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In 1993, there was a large epidemic of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Greece. The epidemiology of rubella and CRS after 1993 is described in this paper using information from surveillance data and published studies and reports. The incidence of rubella fell sharply after 1993, but a smaller outbreak occurred in 1999, mainly in young adults, and four CRS cases (4.0 per 100 000 live births) were recorded. A very high proportion of the child population in Greece are currently vaccinated for rubella, while teenagers are inadequately covered (60-80% in different studies). A substantial proportion of women of childbearing age are susceptible to rubella (10-20% in urban areas). This could lead to local or more extended outbreaks. This situation shows that a comprehensive preventive policy should be implemented.

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Singh, Sheetalpreet, Frances Bingwor, Katherine Tayler-Smith, Marcel Manzi, and Guy B. Marks. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Fiji, 1995–2010." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/956234.

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Setting. A nationwide study in Fiji.Objective. To describe the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and its relationship to the incidence of notified cases of rubella in Fiji from 1995 to 2010.Design. Descriptive, retrospective review of all recorded congenital abnormalities associated with live births in Fiji over 16 years.Results. There were 294 infants who met the criteria for CRS. Of these, 95% were classified as “suspected” cases, 5% were “clinically confirmed,” and none were “laboratory confirmed cases”. There was a significant linear increase over the study period in the incidence of CRS (odds ratio 1.045 per year, 95% CI 1.019 to 1.071,P≤0.001). There was no significant association between the incidence of CRS and the reported incidence of rubella (P=0.3).Conclusion. There is a rising trend in reports of suspected CRS cases in Fiji. This highlights the need to strengthen surveillance for CRS through improvements in clinical and laboratory diagnosis to confirm or exclude suspected cases. It is also important to ensure high coverage of rubella vaccination in Fiji.

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Motaze, Nkengafac Villyen, Ijeoma Edoka, Charles S. Wiysonge, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, and Amy K. Winter. "Rubella Vaccine Introduction in the South African Public Vaccination Schedule: Mathematical Modelling for Decision Making." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030383.

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Background: age structured mathematical models have been used to evaluate the impact of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) introduction into existing measles vaccination programs in several countries. South Africa has a well-established measles vaccination program and is considering RCV introduction. This study aimed to provide a comparison of different scenarios and their relative costs within the context of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) reduction or elimination. Methods: we used a previously published age-structured deterministic discrete time rubella transmission model. We obtained estimates of vaccine costs from the South African medicines price registry and the World Health Organization. We simulated RCV introduction and extracted estimates of rubella incidence, CRS incidence and effective reproductive number over 30 years. Results: compared to scenarios without mass campaigns, scenarios including mass campaigns resulted in more rapid elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine vaccination at 12 months of age coupled with vaccination of nine-year-old children was associated with the lowest RCV cost per CRS case averted for a similar percentage CRS reduction. Conclusion: At 80% RCV coverage, all vaccine introduction scenarios would achieve rubella and CRS elimination in South Africa. Any RCV introduction strategy should consider a combination of routine vaccination in the primary immunization series and additional vaccination of older children.

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Raimondi, Francesco, Fiorella Migliaro, Elisa Di Pietro, Francesco Borgia, Antonio Rapacciuolo, and Letizia Capasso. "Nitric Oxide-Sensitive Pulmonary Hypertension in Congenital Rubella Syndrome." Case Reports in Critical Care 2015 (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/198570.

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Persistent pulmonary hypertension is a very rare presentation of congenital virus infection. We discuss the case of complete congenital rubella syndrome presenting at echocardiography with pulmonary hypertension that worsened after ductus ligation. Cardiac catheterization showed a normal pulmonary valve and vascular tree but aPAP=40 mmHg. The infant promptly responded to inhaled nitric oxide while on mechanical ventilation and was later shifted to oral sildenafil. It is not clear whether our observation may be due to direct viral damage to the endothelium or to the rubella virus increasing the vascular tone via a metabolic derangement.

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