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1
Oleskevich, Carmen, Zamir K. Punja, and Simon F. Shamoun. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Rubus strigosus Michx., Rubus parviflorus Nutt., and Rubus spectabilis Pursh." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-037.
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Wild raspberry (Rubus strigosus Michx.), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.), and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh) are native perennial deciduous shrubs that rapidly invade disturbed areas. Through prolific vegetative growth, these shrubs form dense, multilayered, and monospecific stands and form extensive clonal colonies. They create habitat and supply food sources for a variety of forest fauna and are important in nutrient cycling and reducing soil erosion. These Rubus shrubs may effectively outcompete economically valuable regenerating conifers. A review of chemical, manual, and biological control methods is presented. Reproductive biology, growth and development, and population dynamics are discussed in detail. Key words:Rubus strigosus, Rubus idaeus, Rubus parviflorus, Rubus spectabilis, wild red raspberry, thimbleberry, salmonberry, forest weed biology, competition, distribution
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Martin, R. R. "VIRUS DISEASES OF RUBUS AND STRATEGIES FOR THEIR CONTROL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 585 (September 2002): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.585.43.
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McCarty, Lambert B., Daniel L. Colvin, and Jeffery M. Higgins. "Highbush Blackberry (Rubus argutus) Control in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum)." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0004077x.
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A 3-yr study investigated highbush blackberry control in bahiagrass turf using selective herbicides. Triclopyr applied alone at ≤ 0.56 kg/ha and in combination with other herbicides provided best (75 to 95%) control for up to 52 wk after treatment with minimal damage to bahiagrass turf. Triclopyr formulations (3A vs 4EC) provided similar highbush blackberry control and bahiagrass tolerance. The addition of either 2,4-D, dicamba, hexazinone, or sulfometuron to triclopyr provided slightly better blackberry control, but increased bahiagrass turf damage. Fluroxypyr applied at 0.14 to 0.28 kg/ha provided 60 to 80% control of highbush blackberry 12 WAT. Glyphosate and glufosinate treatments provided unacceptable highbush blackberry control and/or unacceptable bahiagrass turf injury. The addition of oxadiazon for residual control of subsequent highbush blackberry emergence was ineffective.
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Pârlici, Raluca-Maria, Aurel Maxim, Stefania Mirela Mang, Ippolito Camele, Lucia Mihalescu, and Vlad Stoian. "Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071452.
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Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products—namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite—were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry (‘Polka’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Heritage’) and blackberry (‘Thorn Free’, ‘Chester’ and ‘Loch Ness’) varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.
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LUFFMAN, MARGIE, and DEBORAH BUSZARD. "CONTROL OF LATE YELLOW RUST [Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.] OF RED RASPBERRY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-147.
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Late yellow rust [Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.] has recently become a serious problem in Rubus idaeus L. (red raspberry) plantings of the Atlantic provinces of Canada. The alternate host is Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (white spruce). A program to determine the optimum schedule of fungicide applications for rust control based on the life cycle of the pathogen was established. Anilazine applications at the time of aeciospore release reduced leaf and fruit infections. Later applications at flowering time had a deleterious effect on fruit set and yield. Sulphur used late in the season did not improve disease control and had a negative effect on fruit yield. A program of three anilazine applications early in the season, terminating before flowering gave the best disease control.Key words: Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth., Rubus idaeus L., disease control, anilazine
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Kostamo, K., A. Toljamo, P. Palonen, J. P. T. Valkonen, S. O. Kärenlampi, and H. Kokko. "Control of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in arctic bramble (Rubus arcticusssp.arcticus)." Annals of Applied Biology 167, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12211.
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Peacock, Derek N., and Kim E. Hummer. "Pregermination Studies with Liquid Nitrogen and Sulfuric Acid on Several Rubus Species." HortScience 31, no. 2 (April 1996): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.2.238.
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We contrasted the effect of liquid nitrogen (LN2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and a nontreated control on the germination of six Rubus species. We also were interested in determining if LN2 could be an effective mechanical scarifying agent for these species. Seeds of each species were treated with three 3-minute dips in LN2 with alternating 10-minute thaws, with H2SO4 for 30 minutes, or left untreated. The percent germination of R. multibracteatus A. Leveille & Vaniot, R. parviflorus Nutt., R. eustephanos Focke ex Diels, R. leucodermis Douglas ex Torrey & A. Gray, R. ursinus Cham. & Schldl., and R. chamaemorus L. treated with LN2 was not significantly different than the control. Germinated seedlings from the LN2 treatment of each species showed normal development upon planting, indicating that long-term cryogenic preservation of these Rubus species seeds may be possible. The H2SO4 treatment significantly increased the rate and percentage of germination in R. parviflorus, R. eustephanos, R. leucodermis, and R. ursinus over that of the control and the LN2 treatment. The alternative LN2 application techniques that have been attempted thus far have not significantly improved Rubus seed germination compared with that of the control.
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Kellogg, Allicia A., Tatum J. Branaman, Nathan M. Jones, Coleman Z. Little, and John-David Swanson. "Morphological studies of developing Rubus prickles suggest that they are modified glandular trichomes." Botany 89, no. 4 (April 2011): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-008.
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Prickles are defined as outgrowths of epidermal tissues and can provide a simple developmental system for the study of the control of cell proliferation and growth. Setting the stage for future studies on gene regulation in the genus Rubus (brambles), a detailed analysis and staging series of prickle development in Rubus idaeus subsp. idaeus L. (red raspberry) is presented and compared with Rubus L. subsp. rubus Watson (blackberry) and Rosa hybrida L. 'Radtko' (rose). Morphological measurements from light and scanning electron micrographs were used to subdivide prickle development into four stages. Our studies indicate that raspberry and rose prickles are modified glandular trichomes continuing to grow and eventually hardening into their final prickle morphologies as outgrowths of epidermal tissue. Although glandular trichomes seem to be involved in blackberry prickle development, our studies indicate that these prickles do not follow the same developmental progression as raspberry, suggesting a potential evolutionary deviation from what is commonly seen in raspberry and rose.
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Peacock, Derek N., and Kim E. Hummer. "The Effect of Liquid Nitrogen and Sulfuric Acid on Several Rubus Species." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 869A—869. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.869a.
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Many Rubus species have a seedcoat imposed exogenous dormancy. Our objective was to contrast the effect of liquid nitrogen (LN2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and an untreated control on seed germination of R. multibracteatus A. Leveille & Vaniot and R. parviflorus Nutt. and to determine if LN2 could be used as a mechanical scarifying agent for these species. Three replicates of 100 seeds of each species were treated with either three 3-min dips in LN2 with corresponding 10 min thaws or for 30 min with H2SO4 or were left untreated. The LN2 pretreatment did not significantly reduce the viability of R. multibracteatus or R. parviflorus as compared to the control. A random sample of germinated R. multibracteatus from the LN2 pretreatment showed normal seedling development upon planting. The H2SO4 pretreatment significantly increased germination percentages as compared to the control or LN2 pretreatment as well as for R. ursinus Cham. & Schldl. and R. eustephanus Focke ex Diels. The LN2 treatment did not significantly improve germination over the control group and therefore was not an effective scarifying agent as applied to R. multibracteatus or R. parviflorus. However, these two Rubus species were not damaged by repeated dips in LN2. Alternative LN2 pretreatments are being examined for their potential to improve Rubus germination further.
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Wu, Kai, Ted D. Center, Chunhua Yang, Jun Zhang, Jialiang Zhang, and Jianqing Ding. "Potential Classical Biological Control of Invasive Himalayan Yellow Raspberry,Rubus ellipticus(Rosaceae)." Pacific Science 67, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/67.1.5.
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Ingham, Claudia S. "Himalaya Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) Response to Goat Browsing and Mowing." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00065.1.
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AbstractHimalaya blackberry is a nonnative shrub that has invaded sites throughout the Pacific Northwest. Its persistent canopy and large underground crowns create a competitive environment that prevents desirable species from germinating, establishing, or both. Cutleaf blackberry grows in association with Himalaya blackberry, and control efforts frequently target these two species. Control of Himalaya blackberry is complicated by vigorous vegetative regrowth after mechanical control, including mowing, and variable response to chemical methods. Recent interest in the use of goat browsing for invasive plant control has led land managers to use a variety of browsing regimes to control unwanted species through disturbance by herbivory. This study examined changes in functional group percent cover in a perennial grass pasture invaded by Himalaya blackberry and cutleaf blackberry in the southern Willamette Valley of Oregon. The appearance of species and their functional group membership after three treatment protocols are evaluated. Changes in the percentage of cover by Himalaya and cutleaf blackberries, annual grasses, perennial grasses, annual forbs, and perennial forbs were examined after two annual treatments with (1) high-intensity–short-duration goat browsing, (2) mowing, and (3) high-intensity–short-duration goat browsing followed by mowing. These data were then compiled by functional group to assess trends in the plants' revegetating the pasture after treatment. All treatments caused a significant decline in the percent cover of the invasive blackberries (P < 0.0001), but differences among treatments were not significant. The increase in the percent cover of perennial forbs for plots treated with goat browsing followed by mowing was significantly greater (P = 0.008) than it was in plots browsed only and those mowed only. Changes in percent cover of other functional groups were not significantly different with browsing or mowing treatments. Individual species within the perennial grass and perennial forb groups are discussed.
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Takeda, Fumiomi. "Growth Control in Eastern Thornless Blackberry with NAA." HortScience 26, no. 1 (January 1991): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.1.37.
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NAA at 0.25% to 1.0% applied in late May on the basal portion of thornless blackberry (Rubus, subgenus Eubatus) primocanes inhibited lateral shoot growth in the treated area and reduced the number of primocanes. However, regrowth occurred near or below ground from axillary buds not contacted by NAA. Rates of (0.25% and 0.12570 NAA did not affect the terminal or lateral growth above the treated area. The reduced number of basal lateral shoots facilitated machine harvesting. Chemical name used: napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
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Gupton, Creighton L. "A Marker Gene in Southern Dewberry (Rubus trivialis Michx.)." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1457.
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Anthocyanin-deficient dewberries in Mississippi were evaluated for possible use as a source of marker genes for blackberries. Ratios of normal to anthocyanin-deficient plants from test crosses suggested single-locus control of stem color, with anthocyanin deficiency a recessive trait. Its simple inheritance and easy identification in seedlings provide potential for anthocyanin deficiency (t) to be used as a marker gene in blackberry genetic studies.
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Heuvel, Justine E. Vanden, J. Alan Sullivan, and John T. A. Proctor. "Cane Stabilization Improves Yield of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)." HortScience 35, no. 2 (April 2000): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.2.181.
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Treatments of either staked (stabilized) or not staked (control, freestanding) canes were applied to Rubus idaeus L. `Boyne' and `Regency' during the 1997 and 1998 seasons to determine the effect of stabilizing fruiting canes in a windy environment. Treatments were applied in late April of each year, and canes were removed following harvest for growth analysis. Stabilizing (staking) floricanes increased yield per cane in `Boyne' by 68% and in `Regency' by 189%, primarily through increases in fruit number per cane. Leaf area of the staked canes was 41% larger for `Boyne' and 159% for `Regency' than that of the control canes, suggesting that more leaf area was retained for photosynthesis, resulting in greater yield. Primocane diameter in `Boyne' and primocane height in `Regency' were also increased by staking, but floricane structure was unaffected.
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Glenn, Scott, and Neil G. Anderson. "Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) and Wild Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) Control in No-tillage Corn (Zea mays)." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003685x.
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Hemp dogbane and wild blackberry have become significant weed problems in no-tillage corn production in Maryland. Nicosulfuron (31 to 62 g ha−1) plus crop oil concentrate (COC) gave 67% or more hemp dogbane and wild blackberry control. There was no difference in hemp dogbane or wild blackberry control between 31 and 94 g ai ha−1nicosulfuron. Tank mixtures of 2,4-D or dicamba with nicosulfuron gave 72 to 100% hemp dogbane and wild blackberry control. Hemp dogbane control following applications of 560 g ha−12,4-D was 97% in 1989 and 63% in 1990. Wild blackberry control with 2,4-D was 40% both years. Dicamba at 280 g ha−1gave 70 and 55% control of hemp dogbane and 75 and 65% control of wild blackberry in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Triclopyr plus 2,4-D provided 72 to 98% hemp dogbane control and 92 to 98% wild blackberry control. However, triclopyr plus 2,4-D applied at 280 plus 560 g ha−1injured corn, and corn yields were reduced compared with weedy controls in 1990.
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Sønsteby, Anita, and Ola M. Heide. "Environmental control of growth and flowering of Rubus idaeus L. cv. Glen Ample." Scientia Horticulturae 117, no. 3 (July 2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.05.003.
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Zasada, Inga A., and Patrick P. Moore. "Host Status of Rubus Species and Hybrids for the Root Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans." HortScience 49, no. 9 (September 2014): 1128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.9.1128.
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The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, is a production-limiting pest in red raspberry, Rubus idaeus. Genetic resistance, as a tool to manage P. penetrans in raspberries, would reduce the impact of this nematode on raspberry productivity as well as reduce the need for pre- and/or post-plant chemical treatments to keep populations in control. The host status of 11 Rubus species (R. coreanus, R. crataegifolius, R. innominatus, R. leucodermis, R. niveus, R. parviflorus, R. parvifolius, R. pungens, R. spectabilis, R. sumatranus, and R. odoratus) for P. penetrans was evaluated in greenhouse studies. Additionally, hybrids of R. cockburnianus, R. lasiostylus, R. niveus, R. phoenicolasis, and R. sumatranus with R. idaeus ‘Meeker’ or ‘Tulameen’ were evaluated. The industry standard R. idaeus ‘Meeker’ was included in all trials as the control. Across trials, R. niveus and R. leucodermis were identified as poor hosts for P. penetrans. In addition, when another selection of R. niveus was evaluated in the final year of this study, it was also a poor host for P. penetrans. Among the remaining Rubus species materials tested, there were no consistent differences in host status for P. penetrans. It appears that R. niveus and R. leucodermis might be sources of resistance for P. penetrans. However, a hybrid between R. niveus and R. idaeus ‘Tulameen’ did not consistently support fewer P. penetrans than the ‘Meeker’ control. These results indicate that more research is needed to learn about the inheritance of the putative resistance.
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Hincapié Echeverri, Oscar Darío, Alegría Saldarriaga Cardona, and Cipriano Díaz Diez. "Biological, botanical and chemical alternatives for the control of blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) diseases." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía 70, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 8169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n2.64521.
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In order to control the main diseases that affect blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), a research in which 12 treatments to San Antonio ecotype plants originated in vitro was conducted. These treatments were: 1: Trichoderma harzianum+richoderma koningii (Tropical Fungus), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotection), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7:Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: extract of Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: traditional farming treatments (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: chemical products applications (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar and Metalaxil+Mancozeb) alternated according to the impact of the disease, 11: chemical products applications alternated with organic products according to the suppliers recommendations and presence of the diseases, 12: absolute control, no treatment was applied to the plants. The applications were carried out every 15 days, each plant was an experimental unit and each treatment was made of five experimental units. 12 treatments were made through a RCBD (randomized complete block design) with three repetitions for a total of 15 experimental units per treatment. The assessments were performed every 8 days, and the variables were: number of healthy and sick fruits/treatment, costs/treatment and gross profit. A variance analysis and a Tukey test 5% were made. The best treatments were T11 (rotation of chemicals with biological products), T10 (rotation of chemical products according to the impact of the disease) and T3 (T. koningiopsis); considering the obtained performance/treatment, treatment cost and profit.
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Acosta Ruales, Martin Jamed, William Fernando Viera, Trevor Jackson, and Wilson Vásquez Castillo. "Alternativas tecnológicas para el control de Botrytis sp. en mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus)." Enfoque UTE 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/enfoque.v11n2.521.
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El cultivo de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus) es de mucha importancia para los agricultores ya que deben implementar prácticas culturales que permitan reducir el uso de pesticidas sintéticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes alternativas tecnológicas para el control de Botrytis sp. en el cultivo de mora de castilla. Los tratamientos fueron 1: Testigo absoluto (silwet + agua), 2: Fungicida tradicional sintético (Carbendazim), 3: Extracto de mirtáceas (Iridium®), 4: Metabolitos bacterianos (Balus®) y 5: Trichoderma spp. (Tricomix®). Las aplicaciones se realizaron cada 15 días para el producto sintético y cada 8 días los biológicos, orgánicos y el testigo. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) con 3 repeticiones y un total de 10 unidades experimentales. Las variables estudiadas del fruto fueron: incidencia de Botrytis sp. (%), rendimiento (g/parcela), peso (g), diámetro polar y ecuatorial (mm), firmeza (N), sólidos solubles totales (Brix), acidez (% ácido cítrico) y pH (log H+). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey al 5 %. A partir de un análisis de incidencia semanal, se identificó que Carbendazim, Trichoderma spp. y extracto mirtáceas tuvieron un control en la incidencia de Botrytis sp. en el fruto de mora de castilla.
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Edesi, Jaanika, Jonne Tolonen, Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen, Jouni Aspi, and Hely Häggman. "Cryopreservation enables long-term conservation of critically endangered species Rubus humulifolius." Biodiversity and Conservation 29, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01883-9.
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Abstract Ex situ storage plays an important role in the conservation of plant biodiversity. Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures (− 196 °C) is the only long-term ex situ preservation method for plant species that cannot be stored in seed banks. In the present study, we developed a cryopreservation protocol for micropropagated Rubus humulifolius (Rosaceae) plants representing currently critically endangered population of the species in Finland. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been found to increase the freezing tolerance of several plant species. Thus, we studied the effect of a 10-day pretreatment with 0, 2 or 4 mg/l ABA in comparison to freshly dissected buds. We also studied how the duration of in vitro subculture affects cryopreservation result. The ABA pretreatment had divergent effect on control and cryopreserved buds: the regeneration of non-cryopreserved control buds increased from 51% to 70%, 90% or 87% while the regeneration of cryopreserved buds decreased from 52% to 35%, 6% or 9% after 0, 2 or 4 mg/l ABA pre-treatments, respectively. Buds from plants subcultured for 1 month had 63% survival, which, however, decreased to 29% or nil% after 2 or 4 months subculture. The regenerated plants were successfully transferred from in vitro to in vivo conditions in common garden. Growing in garden is needed for future restoration of the species in wild. Cryostorage and other ex situ conservation actions carried out in botanical gardens may be of increasing importance as a tool to maintain plant biodiversity in the future.
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Won Ryu, Hyung, Byoung Ok Cho, Jaihyunk Ryu, Chang Hyun Jin, Jin-Baek Kim, Si Yong Kang, and Ah-Reum Han. "Anthocyanin Contents Enhancement with Gamma Irradiated Mutagenesis in Blackberry (Rubus fructicosus)." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 9 (September 2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200917.
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Effects of radiation processing on the endogenous phytochemical production in blackberry ( Rubus fructicosus L.) were investigated through a metabolites analysis, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Four mutant cultivar lines (B, C, D, and E) were developed through the treatment of various doses of gamma irradiation (80, 60, 40, and 20 Gy) on the control blackberry cultivar (V3). These mutant cultivar lines were selected according to their different morphological variations in leaf shape and branch color. In the present study, we performed quantitative analyses of the four standard compounds in blackberry mutant cultivars: cyanidin-3- O-glucoside, cyanidin-3- O-xyloside, cyanidin-3- O-malonylglucoside, and cyanidin-3- O-dioxalylglucoside. The HPLC fingerprints displayed different profiles for six blackberry cultivar lines, demonstrating that the accumulation of total anthocyanins was affected by the gamma irradiation. The contents of cyanidin-3- O-glucoside and cyanidin-3- O-xyloside were high in the gamma-irradiated mutant cultivars of blackberries, compared to those of the control cultivar (V3) and the cross breeding cultivar ( R. fructicosus × R. parvifolius; CB). Cyanidin-3- O-malonylglucoside and cyanidin-3- O-dioxalylglucoside were also analyzed for their quantification in six cultivar lines, as metabolites contributing to the discrimination of six cultivar lines. Among gamma irradiated mutant blackberry cultivars, the highest dose level of gamma irradiation (80 Gy) resulted in the highest cyanidin-3- O-glucoside content enhancement. Therefore, these results can be useful to determine the optimized gamma irradiated value at which anthocyanins reaches an abundant level in Rubus species.
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Vilaplana, Rosa, Katherine Guerrero, Jessica Guevara, and Silvia Valencia-Chamorro. "Chitosan coatings to control soft mold on fresh blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) during postharvest period." Scientia Horticulturae 262 (February 2020): 109049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109049.
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Teifion Jones, A. "POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS FOR THE CONTROL OF VIRUSES INFECTING RUBUS AND RIBES CROPS IN EUROPE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 352 (October 1993): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.352.80.
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Bruckart, William L., Jami L. Michael, Michal Sochor, and Bohumil Trávníček. "Invasive Blackberry Species in Oregon: Their Identity and Susceptibility to Rust Disease and the Implications for Biological Control." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.12.
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Two of the five species of European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. aggregate) along the West Coast of the United States are considered invasive. They are also similar in appearance. Biological control of invasive blackberry by Phragmidium violaceum, causal agent of a rust disease, had been under consideration when rust-diseased blackberry was discovered in Oregon in 2005. An investigation was initiated to determine whether this disease would be an important factor affecting population density of these blackberries. Surveys were made over a 5-yr period at more than 30 field sites in the Willamette Valley and along the Pacific coast of Oregon. Diseased and nondiseased blackberry specimens were collected for artificial greenhouse inoculations and for identification. The two blackberry species, Rubus armeniacus and R. praecox, were identified as the most invasive. They were readily distinguished morphologically on the basis of inflorescence and flower characteristics and to a certain extent by differences in primocane leaf and leaflet shape. Artificial greenhouse inoculation studies revealed that R. praecox was susceptible to the rust disease and that R. armeniacus was not. These results were confirmed during a field survey. Results of this investigation revealed that the rust disease will not be effective for biological control of R. armeniacus and other approaches to management of this particular species will be required.
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Márquez, Carlos, Birina Caballero, and Katherin Vanegas. "Efecto de edulcorantes no calóricos sobre el desarrollo de mermelada de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)." Temas Agrarios 21, no. 2 (December 16, 2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rta.v21i2.899.
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Se desarrollaron mermeladas de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth) bajas en calorías, utilizando edulcorantes no calóricos. El trabajo se realizó bajo un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. La metodología aplicada fue de acuerdo a la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 285. Como control se empleó mermeladas con sacarosa y pectina, los tratamientos fueron mermeladas elaboradas con stevia y sucralosa y agar-agar como gelificante. Se evaluaron pH, acidez, sólidos solubles totales (SST), textura, índice de pardeamiento (IP), características organolépticas y se calculó el aporte calórico para cada tratamiento. Se encontró para el pH de los tratamientos un valor inferior al mínimo establecido por la NTC 285; al igual que la acidez; los SST para el control estuvieron acordes con los recomendados por el CODEX STAN 296-2009. Los tratamientos con edulcorantes no calóricos y sus combinaciones presentaron menores SST con respecto al control. En la textura no se evidenció diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos, a partir de sucralosa, stevia y mezclas de estos y el uso de sacarosa como control. El análisis sensorial presentó para los tratamientos sacarosa y stevia (t4), sacarosa y sucralosa (t5) la mayor aceptación, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto al control. La reducción calórica fue de 91,03%, 91,02%, 90,90%, para los tratamientos stevia (t3), stevia y sucralosa (t6) y sucralosa (t2), respectivamente respecto al control. Se concluye que las mermeladas de mora producidas fueron bajas en calorías y que los tratamientos t4 y t5 fueron los de mayor aceptación.
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Takeda, Fumiomi, D. Michael Glenn, and Thomas Tworkoski. "Weed Control with Hydrophobic and Hydrous Kaolin Clay Particle Mulches." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.714.
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Three experiments were performed to determine the effect of amending the soil surface layer and mulching with hydrophobic kaolin particle on weeds and blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) plants. In the first study a processed kaolin material (product M-96-018, Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, N.J.), was incorporated in August into the top 3 cm of freshly roto-tilled field that had been in pasture the previous 5 years. The following spring, dry weight of weed vegetation in the control treatment was 219 g·m–2 and was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the 24 g·m–2 harvested from the treated soil. In two other studies, planting holes for blackberry transplants were either 1) pre- or postplant mulched with a 2- or 4-cm layer of 5% or 10% hydrophobic kaolin in field soil (w/w), or 2) postplant treated with a) napropamide, b) corn gluten meal, c) a product comprised of hydrous kaolin, cotton seed oil, and calcium chloride in water (KOL), d) hand weeded, or e) left untreated. Although untreated plots had 100% weed cover by the end of July, herbicide treatments, 4-cm deposition of hydrophobic kaolin particle/soil mulch, and KOL all suppressed weeds the entire establishment year. Preplant application of hydrophobic kaolin mulch and postplant application of KOL reduced blackberry growth and killed transplants, respectively. In year 2, blackberry plants produced more primocanes that were on average 10-cm taller in weed-free plots (herbicide, 4-cm kaolin soil mulch, and mechanical weeding) than in weedy plots (control and 2-cm kaolin soil mulch). In year 3, yield was significantly lower in control plots (1.5 kg/plant) than in plots that were treated with napropamide and 2- and 4-cm hydrophobic kaolin mulch, or hand weeded during the establishment year (4 kg/plant). The results showed that 4-cm hydrophobic kaolin mulch applied after planting can suppress weeds without affecting blackberry productivity. These kaolin products are excellent additions to the arsenal of tools for managing weeds in horticultural crops.
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Demchak, Kathleen. "Small Fruit Production in High Tunnels." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.44.
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High tunnels are a relatively economical form of protected culture, and offer cultural advantages such as protection from the elements and an extended production season. Interest in high tunnels for small fruit production has been increasing in North America. Growers in the United States and Canada are using multi-bay and single-bay high tunnels for production of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus), strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa), and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Research trials using high tunnels are being conducted in numerous places across the United States. In most instances, high tunnels increased yields of berry crops, improved quality, and decreased the incidence of most diseases compared with field production, powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis) being a notable exception. The insect and mite complex encountered in tunnels when growing berry crops has changed markedly, often becoming similar to that which might have been expected in greenhouses, with numbers of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), whitefly (Aleyrodidae), and thrips (Frankliniella spp.) reaching high levels without control measures. In studies at The Pennsylvania State University, primocane-bearing cultivars of red raspberry plants produced at least two to three times as much marketable fruit in tunnels as in a previous field study, with substantial summer and fall crops obtained. ‘Triple Crown’ thornless blackberry produced very high marketable yields in the tunnels, even though winter injury historically resulted in a lack of blackberry production in the field. Strawberry production in a plasticulture system using short-day or day-neutral cultivars was found to be viable; however, the primary benefit of high tunnels for strawberry may have been reliability of production rather than a yield increase. Potential reasons for improvements in productivity and quality are numerous and warrant further attention.
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Cancino Escalante, Giovani Orlando, S. E. Cancino, and Enrique Quevedo Garcia. "COLONIZATION of Rubus glaucus BENTH BY AZORHIZOBIUM CAULINODANS ORS571 USIG A FLAVONOIDE NARINGENINA." BISTUA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BASICAS 14, no. 2 (October 30, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24054/01204211.v2.n2.2016.2117.
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Root systems of two Andean blackberry materials (thorn and thornless) of Rubus glaucus Benth cultured in vitro in the presence of five treatments (four flavonoids and one control) were inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (pXLGD4) (a strain carrying the lacZ reporter gene which facilitated the detection of bacterial colonization). Evaluation of colonization effectiveness for each treatment was done by means of application of experimental design measuring frequency and intensity parameters. Statistical analysis showed differences at comparing flavonoids vs. control and the overall higher effectiveness of the flavonoid naringenin. Observation of colonization was made by light and electron microscope confirming internal colonization of Andean blackberry roots by A. caulinodans. This is the first work demonstrating root colonization of R.glaucus by azorhizobia and therefore settling the basis for future investigations and scientific applications related to interaction with plant growth-promoting bacteria under the effect of flavonoids, along with possible implications of common benefit for non-legume crops in the northwest region of Colombia. Key Words: Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, Andean blackberry, flavonoids, LacZ, lateral roots, naringenin.
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Rose, Robin, and J. Scott Ketchum. "The Effect of Hexazinone, Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron, and Atrazine on the Germination Success of Selected Ceanothus and Rubus Species." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.4.194.
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Abstract This study documents the impact pre-emergent forestry herbicides have on germination of some selected seral woody competitors in the Pacific Northwest. Four commonly used pre-emergent soil-active herbicides (hexazinone, sulfometuron, metsulfuron, and atrazine) typically used for herbaceous weed control were applied at six rates over stratified seed of Ceanothus velutinus (CEVE) and Ceanothus integerrimus (CEIN) in a greenhouse efficacy trial. In addition, hexazinone and sulfometuron were applied over stratified Rubus ursinus (RUUR) and Rubus parviflorus (RUPA) seed and sulfometuron over stratified seed of Rubus spectabilis (RUSP) at the same six rates. Numbers of seed to successfully germinate and develop true leaves were counted over a 9 wk period immediately following herbicide application. The hexazinone treatments reduced germination and growth of CEVE, CEIN, and RUPA. The RUUR species was tolerant of the hexazinone herbicide at low rates but at higher rates was strongly affected. The sulfometuron treatments had less effect on survival probability than hexazinone but strongly reduced the average dry weight of plantlets of all species. Seedling dry weight decreased with increasing rate of both metsulfuron and atrazine. Increasing the metsulfuron rate reduced the probability for CEVE seedlings to survive but not CEIN. Finally, atrazine sharply reduced the plantlet survival and reduced dry weight of both CEVE and CEIN even at low rates.West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):194–201.
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Coneva, E., J. F. Murphy, R. Boozer, and N. Velásquez. "First Report of Tobacco ringspot virus in Blackberry (Rubus sp.) in Alabama." Plant Disease 92, no. 12 (December 2008): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1708c.
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In 2006, primocane stunted growth and crumbly berry development were observed on 4-year-old Kiowa and Apache blackberry cultivars grown at the Chilton Research and Extension Center, Clanton, AL. Samples from affected plants were tested for virus infection by ELISA kits (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) specific to each of 14 different viruses. Most samples tested positive for Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). TRSV was detected in blackberry samples from North Carolina and South Carolina (2). Bray et al. (1) studied the incidence of viruses in blackberry nursery stock in the United States and reported that 9% of the tested samples contained TRSV. Thus, a survey was conducted for TRSV incidence among commercial blackberry stands in eight counties in Alabama during July 2007. Blackberry plants were observed to express virus-like symptoms including chlorotic spots on leaves, leaf veinal chlorosis, stunting, and combinations thereof. Fruit-bearing plants sometimes had crumbly fruit symptoms characteristic of virus infection. Leaf samples that were collected from symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants representing 14 cultivars were tested by TRSV ELISA (Agdia, Inc.). Of 180 blackberry samples, 68 tested positive for TRSV. Positive ELISA reactions for TRSV were on average 28 times greater than the reactions of known negative control samples considered negative for TRSV. Blackberry plants shown to be infected with TRSV during the 2007 survey were tested in July 2008 in an effort to confirm the presence of TRSV. Fifty-four percent of the samples tested positive by ELISA with the average positive ELISA value being 21 times higher than the average negative ELISA value for known negative control samples. To further confirm the occurrence of TRSV in Alabama-grown blackberry plants, leaf samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to amplify a 329-bp fragment of the viral coat protein gene (TRSV RNA 2 sequence accession no. NC_005096; primers TRSCP-F (5′-TCTGGCACTATAAGCGGAAG-3′) and TRSCP-R (5′-GAAAACATGGGAGGATGCAC-3′). A single band of the anticipated size was amplified (analyzed by agarose gel electorphoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining) from RNA samples extracted with a RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from blackberry samples that tested positive for TRSV by ELISA and a known positive control. No amplified product resulted from a blackberry sample that tested negative for TRSV by ELISA. These results illustrate and confirm the presence of TRSV in blackberry leaf tissues grown in Alabama. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infection of blackberry plants in Alabama. References: (1) M. M. Bray et al. HortScience 40:874, 2005. (2) T. L. Guzmán-Baeny. Incidence, distribution, and symptom description of viruses in cultivated blackberry (Rubus subgenus Eubatus) in the southeastern United States. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2003.
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Mathews, Helena, C. Cohen, W. Wagoner, J. Kellogg, V. Dewey, and R. Bestwick. "180 GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF RED RASPBERRY (RUBUS IDAEUS L.) WITH A GENE TO CONTROL ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 454f—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.454f.
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We have developed efficient plant rageneration and transformation systems for red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). We have successfully introduced a gene for controlling biosynthesis of ethylene into raspberry for the first time. Leaf and petiole segments were co-cultivated with disarmed Agrobacterium strains EHA 101 or 105 containing plasmids pAG5420, pAG 1452 or pAG1552. The plasmids encoded gene sequences for S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAM ase) driven by the fruit specific or wound and fruit specific tomato SE8 or E4 promoters. SAM ase catalyses the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to methylthioadenosine (MTA) and homoserine which can reenter the methionine recycling pathway. SAM is therefore not available for the synthesis of 1-am inocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), the metabolic precursor for ethylene biosynthesis. Initial shoot regenerants were mostly chimeras containing transformed and non-transformed cells. Solid clones of pure transgenics were developed by repeated culture of leaf, petiole and nodal explants of primary regenerants on higher stringency selection medium. Transformants were screened on medium with kanamycin, geneticin or hygromycin depending on the selection marker gene NPTII or hpt. Genomic integration of transgenes were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Transgenic plants of cultivars Canby, Meeker and Chilliwack have been transplanted to the greenhouse for fruit set and further evaluation of transgenic traits.
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Renteria, Jorge Luis, Mark R. Gardener, F. Dane Panetta, and Mick J. Crawley. "Management of the Invasive Hill Raspberry (Rubus niveus) on Santiago Island, Galapagos: Eradication or Indefinite Control?" Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00043.1.
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AbstractThe eradication of an invasive plant species can provide substantial ecological and economic benefits by eliminating completely the negative effects of the weed and reducing the high cost of continuing control. A 5-yr program toward the eradication of hill raspberry (Rubus niveus Thunb.) in Santiago Island is evaluated using delimitation and extirpation criteria, as well as assessment of the ecological community response to management techniques. Currently, hill raspberry is located in the humid zone of Santiago island. It is distributed over three main infestations, small patches, and many scattered individuals within an area of approximately 1,000 ha. New infestations are constantly being found; every year, new detections add an area of approximately 175 ha. Adult and juvenile individuals are still found, both beyond and within known infestations. Both plant and seed bank density of hill raspberry decreased over time where infestations were controlled. Species composition in the seed bank and existing vegetation were significantly different between areas under intensive control and adjacent uninvaded forest. After 5 yr of intensive management, delimitation of hill raspberry has not been achieved; new populations are found every year, increasing the infested area that requires management. Off-target effects on native species resulting from control efforts seem to be substantial. Although a vast increase in economic investment would allow intensive searching that might enable all individuals to be found and controlled, the resultant disturbance and off-targets effects could outweigh the conservation benefits of eradication.
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Harmer, Ralph, Andrea Kiewitt, and Geoff Morgan. "Can overstorey retention be used to control bramble (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) during regeneration of forests?" Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 85, no. 1 (December 13, 2011): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr066.
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Sangiovanni, Enrico, Urska Vrhovsek, Giuseppe Rossoni, Elisa Colombo, Cecilia Brunelli, Laura Brembati, Silvio Trivulzio, et al. "Ellagitannins from Rubus Berries for the Control of Gastric Inflammation: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2013): e71762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071762.
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Mian, M. A. R., R. M. Skirvin, M. A. Norton, and A. G. Otterbacher. "Drying Interferes with Germination of Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Seeds in Vitro." HortScience 30, no. 1 (February 1995): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.124.
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To study the causes of low germinability in dried blackberry seeds, seeds harvested from fresh `Thornless Evergreen' (TE) blackberry (Rubus laciniatus Willd.) were either air-dried (12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, or 120 hours) or explanted directly onto growth-regulator-free medium after bleach disinfestation. Seeds were either cut in half before explanting or kept intact. None of the intact seeds germinated. Fewer of the halved seeds dried 12 hours or more germinated than control (fresh moist) seeds (42.7% and 54.5%, respectively). Germination decreased to <12% following >48 hours of air-drying. In a separate study, fresh seeds of TE and `Navaho' were either dried as described or held in sealed petri dishes on moist filter paper (moist treatment) for up to 60 hours. After 60 hours, germination of dried seeds of both cultivars had decreased significantly; there was no significant change in germination percentage for moist seeds. Since moist halved seeds germinated well and dried halved seeds did not, the inability of dried blackberry seeds to germinate is due to more factors than just the hard seedcoat typical of the genus.
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LePage, P., J. C. Pollack, and K. D. Coates. "Chemical and Manual Control of Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in Northwestern British Columbia: A Rate and Timing Trial1." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/6.4.99.
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Abstract The effects of different site preparation treatments and their timing on thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) percent cover were examined using a factorial experiment. Methods of thimbleberry control tested were: an untreated control, manual cutting, 1.4 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha glyphosate, and 2.1 kg a.i./ha glyphosate. Four treatment dates covering the growing season of thimbleberry in the study area were examined. In all 3 post-treatment years there was a strong interaction between method and timing of control. Thimbleberry percent cover in the manual cutting treatments was not significantly different from the untreated control in any of the years. Chemical treatments were less effective early in the growing season than those later on. Early midseason chemical applications were most effective at the higher rate. Late midseason and late season treatments provided uniformly excellent control at both the low and high rates of application. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):99-102.
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Król-Dyrek, Katarzyna, and Piotr Siwek. "The influence of biodegradable mulches on the yielding of autumn raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)." Folia Horticulturae 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2015-0010.
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Abstract A three-year experiment was set up to assess the effect of three mulch types on the growth and yield of ‘Polka’ autumn fruiting raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). The experimental arrangement comprised four combinations of two parallel blocks, one of which was a field crop and the second was a covered crop in the form of a high tunnel with raised beds sides. The crop was grown on raised beds (approximately 30 cm high) covered with a mulch made of: 1) polypropylene non-woven (PP); 2) PP with a photodegradant; 3) polylactide nonwoven (PLA). A crop on a raised bed without any mulch was the control. Biometric, physiological and yield parameters were assessed and included the number of canes, plant height, chlorophyll content in the leaves, fruit yield, weight of 20 fruits and the extract content. The obtained results show that the height of the canes grown on PLA and PP mulch was significantly higher than for the PP with photodegradant. Cultivation on PP, PLA and PP with photodegradant mulch resulted in a significant increase in the weight of 20 raspberry fruits and higher chlorophyll content in the leaves compared to the control combination.
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FREEMAN, JACK A. "CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN NEWLY PLANTED RASPBERRIES IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-018.
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Over a 5-yr period (1980–1984) the efficacy of napropamide, simazine and terbacil applied singly and in mixture was investigated when applied to newly planted raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. ’Willamette’). Napropamide (4.48–8.97 kg/ha) gave less than satisfactory to good broadleaved weed control and excellent annual bluegrass and barnyard grass control. There was little improvement in efficacy with increased rate except when lady’s-thumb and shepherd’s-purse were the major weeds. Simazine (1.12–2.24 kg/ha) gave good to excellent broadleaved weed and grass control. Creeping yellow cress invaded the simazine-treated plots later in the season. Terbacil (0.67–2.24 kg/ha) generally gave good to excellent broadleaved weed and grass control except when common groundsel and pineappleweed were the major weeds. Significant year × herbicide × planting method interactions occurred on yields and plant vigor. Napropamide caused some reduction in the number of primocanes at emergence and some growth retardation. But, by late August, in all plots the primocane height was equal to or better than those in the control plots. First year fruit yields were not affected detrimentally. In 1 yr only (1980) primocane emergence from root cuttings initially was reduced by simazine at 2.24 kg/ha but not from dormant canes. There was no difference in primocane number or height by late August in any year. Yields were not affected. Again, depending on the year and rate, terbacil caused various degrees of injury from chlorosis to necrosis of new primocane growth. This injury was reflected in decreased yields in plants from root cuttings but not from dormant canes. Napropamide (1.1–2.2 kg/ha) in combination with simazine (0.6–1.1 kg/ha) or terbacil (0.34–0.67 kg/ha) showed considerable promise by the elimination of crop injury and the broadening of the weed control spectrum during early establishment of the raspberry plantation. There was no herbicide × planting method interaction for primocane height and number, although year effect was highly significant. Yields were equal to or greater than those from the control plants.Key words: Napropamide, simazine, terbacil, raspberry tolerance, raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.
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Osterbauer, N., A. Trippe, K. French, T. Butler, M. C. Aime, J. McKemy, W. L. Bruckart, T. Peerbolt, and D. Kaufman. "First Report of Phragmidium violaceum Infecting Himalaya and Evergreen Blackberries in North America." Plant Health Progress 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-0923-01-br.
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Phragmidium violaceum occurs on several species of Rubus, including R. armeniacus, R. fruticosus agg., and R. laciniatus, in Europe, South Africa, Iran, and Iraq, and has been introduced as a biological control agent for invasive blackberries in Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. To our knowledge, this is the first official report of P. violaceum infecting Himalaya and evergreen blackberries in North America. Accepted for publication 16 September 2005. Published 23 September 2005.
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Rufo, R., A. Batlle, A. Camprubi, E. Montesinos, and C. Calvet. "Control of rubus stunt and stolbur diseases in Madagascar periwinkle with mycorrhizae and a synthetic antibacterial peptide." Plant Pathology 66, no. 4 (September 13, 2016): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12612.
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Washington, W. S. "Susceptibility of Rubus Species and Cultivars to Blackberry Leaf Rust (Phragmidium violaceum) and its Control by Fungicides." Journal of Phytopathology 118, no. 3 (March 1987): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb00455.x.
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Velicanski, Aleksandra, Dragoljub Cvetkovic, and Sinisa Markov. "Screening of antibacterial activity of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit and pomace extracts." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 43 (2012): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1243305v.
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Antibacterial activity of fruit and pomace extracts (concentration 50 mg/ml) of two raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars (Meeker and Willamette) was tested against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (reference and wild strains). Disc diffusion method with 15 ?l of extracts and agar-well diffusion method with 50 and 100 ?l were used. Antibiotic (cefotaxime/clavulanic acid) was used as a control. Both raspberry fruit extracts showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wild strain) and Bacillus cereus, where the largest clear zones (without growth) appeared. Escherichia coli was the most resistant strain, with only zone of reduced growth. The highest antibacterial activity of pomace extracts was against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. There were no differences in the antibacterial activity between cultivars for both fruit and pomace extracts.
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Racines-Oliva, M., Evelin Alexandra Tamayo-Gutiérrez, M. Jarrín, F. Báez, and C. Tello. "Alternativas de control orgánico in vitro para Dactylonectria torresensis en la mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus) en Ecuador." Enfoque UTE 10, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/enfoque.v10n4.525.
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Esta investigación evaluó, en laboratorio, la eficiencia de los fungicidas de origen orgánico frente a los fungicidas químicos de uso convencional para controlar el crecimiento del Dactylonectria torresensis, considerada como una de las fitopatologías de importancia económica que afecta a la mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus) en Ecuador. El objetivo del estudio se basó en la necesidad imperante de buscar alternativas naturales y amigables con el ambiente, que permitan obtener alimentos limpios para la población. Para tal fin, se evaluó la eficiencia de los fungicidas convencionales de síntesis química: Azoxystrobin, Benomil, Carbendazim, Difeconazol, Fosetyl Aluminio, Tachigaren, Propiconazol, Penconazol, Metalaxil y Thiabendazole, cada uno en dosis de 100, 10 y 1 ppm, frente a la eficiencia de fungicidas de síntesis orgánica: aceite de neem, extracto de mirtáceas, extracto de ajo, sulfato cúplico pentahidratado y extracto de tomillo, aplicados en dosis de 300, 200, y 100 ppm. Se comprobó que el extracto de mirtáceas controló en 100 % del crecimiento micelial del Dactylonectria torresensis, y mostró resultados similares a los obtenidos con Carbendazim y Azoxystrobin. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que si existiera una alternativa para el control del hongo, esta podría ser utilizada comercialmente, y de esta manera disminuir el uso y los efectos nocivos de los agroquímicos convencionales.
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Lin, Syuan-You, and Shinsuke Agehara. "Foliar application of defoliants after winter chill accumulation changes phytohormone dynamics and improves budbreak in blackberry under subtropical climatic conditions." Plant Growth Regulation 94, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00703-x.
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AbstractInadequate winter chill causes poor budbreak in blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson), limiting the commercial production in the subtropics. In ‘Natchez’ blackberry, our previous study found that, under inadequate chilling conditions, urea and lime sulfur (LS) applied as defoliants before chill accumulation advanced budbreak but did not improve final budbreak. In this study, we applied the two defoliants at the end of chill accumulation and examined their effectiveness in breaking dormancy, with a hypothesis that it can be enhanced with increased exposure to chilling. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons under subtropical climatic conditions. ‘Natchez’ blackberry was sprayed with urea or LS at 10%. Both defoliants were effective in both advancing and maximizing budbreak. Final budbreak reached 42.6% to 76.8% in the defoliant treatments, compared with 27.1% to 31.6% in the control. Advanced budbreak by defoliants increased early season yield by 35% to 88%. Although not statistically significant, defoliants increased total-season yield by 19% to 56%, compared with the control. Phytohormone profiling revealed no changes in abscisic acid and gibberellic acid 4, but increasing trends in jasmonic acid and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) during budbreak. The LS treatment increased IAA accumulation by up to 377% compared with the control. These results suggest that urea and LS are highly effective dormancy-breaking agents for blackberry when applied after winter chill accumulation. These defoliants could be an important adaptation tool for subtropical blackberry production. Furthermore, increased IAA accumulation appears to be, at least in part, the mode of action for LS-induced budbreak.
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Stiles, Herbert D. "One-Sided Shift Trellising Addresses Harvest, Pest Management and Cultural Problems in Rubus." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 852a—852. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.852a.
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Static-V trellis increases raspberry yield, but fruiting shoots grow toward its center making harvest difficult. Shading causes early leaf abscission and it favors fungus diseases inside the V. Static training of floricanes and primocanes to opposite sides of a V trellis prevents neither harvest difficulty, nor primocane injury during harvest. In 1988-89 harvest difficulties were reduced by bloom-time shifting of floricanes on a V-trellis. Over 90% of fruiting shoots were oriented to the trellis ' exterior, but primocane shading and early leaf abscission continued. The 'bent fence' trellis was designed and tested in 1989. It shifts floricanes from horizontal orientation to an upright position on one side of a V-shaped trellis, thus retaining outward display of fruiting shoots and achieving unobstructed display of primocanes on the opposite side. Harvest efficiency, disease reduction, accurate deposition of pesticides, avoidance of solar injury (sun scald), and adaptation of mechanical pest control procedures are potentiated by this system. It also reduces impediments to studies of carbohydrate partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency, yield efficiency, and intraplant competition.
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Wu, Kai, Jun Zhang, Guoan Zhang, and Jianqing Ding. "Epiblema tetragonana and Epinotia ustulana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), two potential biological control agents for the invasive plant, Rubus ellipticus." Biological Control 77 (October 2014): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.05.009.
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Khadgi, Archana, and Courtney A. Weber. "Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Examining the Genomics Controlling Prickle Production in Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010027.
Full textAbstract:
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an expanding high-value berry crop worldwide. The presence of prickles, outgrowths of epidermal tissues lacking vasculature, on the canes, petioles, and undersides of leaves complicates both field management and harvest. The utilization of cultivars with fewer prickles or prickle-free canes simplifies production. A previously generated population segregating for prickles utilizing the s locus between the prickle-free cultivar Joan J (ss) and the prickled cultivar Caroline (Ss) was analyzed to identify the genomic region associated with prickle development in red raspberry. Genotype by sequencing (GBS) was combined with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) to analyze 8474 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identify significant markers associated with the prickle-free trait. A total of four SNPs were identified on chromosome 4 that were associated with the phenotype and were located near or in annotated genes. This study demonstrates how association genetics can be used to decipher the genetic control of important horticultural traits in Rubus, and provides valuable information about the genomic region and potential genes underlying the prickle-free trait.
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Renteria, Jorge L., Rachel Atkinson, Claudio Crespo, Mark R. Gardener, and Edwin D. Grosholz. "Challenges for the management of the invasive blackberry (Rubus niveus) in the restoration of the Scalesia forest in the Galapagos Islands." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.5.
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AbstractStrong competitive ability of introduced plant species has been frequently stated as a key factor promoting successful invasion. The dynamics of invasive species may depend on their abilities to compete for resources and exploit disturbances relative to native species. This study compares the growth performance of the invasive blackberry (Rubus niveus Thunb.) with four of the most common woody native species of the Scalesia forest in the Galapagos Islands. Using a series of greenhouse and field studies, the growth rate and biomass production of native species alone and in competition with R. niveus was compared under different water and light stress conditions. Rubus niveus showed a faster growth rate and biomass production than the native species as well as a broad tolerance to light and water stress conditions. Competitive ability was also assessed by looking at the seedbank and regeneration processes after herbicide control in the field. Although the number of R. niveus seedlings that germinated from the soil samples was considerably larger than that of native species, recruitment of the invasive on the experimental plots was limited. Overall, R. niveus showed superior competitive ability over native species with comparable growth forms, suggesting a possible mechanism that enables R. niveus to successfully invade a wide range of habitats in the Galapagos Islands. Implementing an integrated management strategy including biological control, seedbank reduction, and active revegetation, should improve the efficiency of R. niveus management, enabling the restoration of degraded vegetation in the Galapagos.
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Bobev, S. G., K. De Jonghe, and M. Maes. "First Report of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani on Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) in Bulgaria." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (February 2013): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0793-pdn.
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While performing a routine field survey on 2-year-old canes of Rubus fruticosus (cv. Evergreen Thornless) in the region of Plovdiv (central southern Bulgaria), severe stunting of single or grouped plants (3 to 4 in a row) was found in late August of 2009. It was noteworthy that the leaves of these plants were curved upwards and stayed green until the end of the season. The bushy aspect of the diseased plants led to the assumption of a phytoplasma origin; therefore, specific PCR and sequence based identification methods were applied on leaves, petioles, and stems from three infected Rubus plants grown in different rows of the field (midsummer, nine samples in total) and the same number of asymptomatic samples. Partial amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene with generic phytoplasma primer pairs P1/P7 and fu5/ru3 (3), followed by a nested PCR specific for all members of the Phytoplasma stolbur subgroup by means of the stol11 primers (1), and an RFLP analysis of the tuf gene (elongation factor Tu) fragment produced with PCR primers tufAY/r tufAY (3), were used for the identification and characterization of the pathogen. All target amplicons were also sequenced by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) following gel purification (Nucleospoin Plant II, Macher-Nagel). Identical sequences were obtained from each of the P1/P7-derived amplicons (100% homology between samples) and a consensus 1,142 bp sequence was delineated and submitted to NCBI GenBank with accession no. JF293091. It had the highest similarity (99 to 100%) to sequences of ‘Bois noir’ phytoplasma (e.g. HQ589193; Candidatus Phytoplasma solani, position 29 to 1,171). The fu5/ru3 amplicons produced sequences that showed 99.5% homology to the Ca. Phytoplasma solani strains of a southern Russian and Romanian phytoplasma survey on different hosts (potato, tomato, Convolvulus) (GenBank Accession No. HM449999 to HM4450002). The stolbur specific primers also produced an amplicon in all samples and again the consensus sequence was identified (100% homology between the samples) and deposited in GenBank (JN561701). RFLP analysis of the tuf gene with the enzymes HindIII, HinfI, HpaII, and TaqI (Fermentas) produced the same profile types for the different samples and clearly allocated the phytoplasma in the tuf type-b (VKII), according to (2). This type is commonly reported as associated with bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Additionally, the sequenced tufAY fragment also confirmed a 100% correspondence with the submitted Tu elongation factor fragments of Ca. Phytoplasma solani strains in GenBank. No phytoplasma was detected in symptomless blackberry plants that were sampled from the same plot. In the molecular identification tests, a stolbur phytoplasma control (potato isolate), a Rubus stunt (EY subgroup, 16SrV) and an apple proliferation phytoplasma (AP subgroup, 16SrX) were used as controls. Based on the symptoms and the laboratory results, we concluded that the Rubus plants were infected by Ca. Phytoplasma solani, a species belonging to the stolbur subgroup (16SrXII-A). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ca. Phytoplasma solani on Rubus fruticosus in Bulgaria. The disease is not likely to be an isolated case in the future because of the pathogen's spread on other hosts and the expected increase in blackberry fields. References: (1) X. Daire et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 103:507, 1997. (2) M. Langer and M. Maixner. Vitis 43:191, 2004. (3) K.-H. Lorenz et al. Phytopathology 85:771, 1995.
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Aghighi, S., L. Fontanini, P. B. Yeoh, G. E. St J. Hardy, T. I. Burgess, and J. K. Scott. "A Conceptual Model to Describe the Decline of European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans), A Weed of National Significance in Australia." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-13-1124-fe.
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Human activities have had an adverse impact on ecosystems on a global scale and have caused an unprecedented redispersal of organisms, with both plants and pathogens moving from their regions of origin to other parts of the world. Invasive plants are a potential threat to ecosystems globally, and their management costs tens of billions of dollars per annum. Rubus anglocandicans (European blackberry) is a serious invasive species in Australia. Herbicide and cultural control methods are generally inefficient or require multiple applications. Therefore, a biological control program using stem and leaf rust strains is the main option in Australia. However, biological control using rusts has been patchy, as host factors, climate, and weather can alter the impact of the rust at different locations. In 2007, Yeoh and Fontanini noticed that blackberry plants on the banks of the Donnelly and Warren rivers in the southwest of Western Australia were dying in areas that were being regularly monitored for the impact of rust as a biological control agent. The symptoms on blackberry became known as the disease “blackberry decline”. Continuous and intensive investigations are required to discover the different biotic and abiotic components associated with specific declines in plant populations. The only agent so far introduced to Australia for the biological control of blackberry is the rust Phragmidium violaceum.