Journal articles: 'Ruc language'

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Tạ, Tấn Thành. "The tone system of Ruc and tonogenesis in Vietic languages." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 5, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i1.568.

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Rục, a dialect of the ethnic group of Chứt spoken in the mountainous area in Quảng Bình province, has been describing as a tonal language with four tones characterized by pitch (F0), voice quality and laryngeal features; however, there has been no experimental study on the tone system of Rục. In Summer 2019, we recorded 20 Ruc speakers (10 women) reading a wordlist including 66 words made of five vowels /iː, ɛː, uː, ɔː, aː/ in combination with different dental and velar onsets and the four tones. The results show that the four tones in Rục are differentiated by pitch height and pitch contour. Moreover, spectral measurements (H1-H2, H1-A1, H1-A2 and CPP) indicate that two low-register tones (derived from voiced onsets) have a breathy voice compared to a modal voice in two high-register tones (derived from voiceless onsets). In words with the two low-register tones, vowels tend to be pronounced with a higher aperture (a lower F1) than in high-register tones context. These results support and update theories on tonongenesis and registrogenesis in Vietic languages and Mon-Khmer languages in general.

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Ferlus, Michel. "Les Systèmes De Tons Dans Les Langues Viet-Muong." Diachronica 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.15.1.02fer.

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SUMMARY The Viet-Muong languages present a wide variety of systems having four to six tones, and reflecting two earlier systems: a six-tone system and a four-tone system in which final -h is preserved. Vietnamese, Muòng and Cuoi are representative of a pure six-tone system in the traditional definition. Sách/ Ruc and Thavung have a four-tone system in which vowel breathiness is preserved in the low tone series. When in such a system breathiness is lost too fast, as in Maleng, the result is a kind of eroded two-tone system. In some languages like Pong and some Vietnamese dialects, final -h was lost without giving contrastive tones, the result being a kind of heterodox four-tone system. The situation of tone systems in Viet-Muong languages is of the highest importance for the theory of tonogenesis. RÉSUMÉ Les langues viet-muong offrent un large éventail de systèmes tonals, de quatre à six tons, provenant tous de deux systèmes antérieurs de base: l'un à six tons et l'autre à quatre tons où le -h final est préservé. Le vietnamien, le muròng et le cuôi sont représentatifs d'un pur système à six tons dans leur définition la plus classique. Le sách/ruc et le thavung ont un système à quatre tons avec des voyelles soufflées sous les tons de la série basse. La chute trop rapide du caractère soufflé, comme en maleng, donne une sorte de système érrodé à deux tons. En pong et dans certains dialectes vietnamiens le -h final est tombé sans entraîner la création de tons supplémentaires, le résultat étant la formation de systèmes tonals hétérodoxes à quatre tons. La variété des systèmes tonals en viet-muong représente un apport important à une théorie de la tonogénèse. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Viet-Muong-Sprachen stellen eine groBe Varietät von Systemen zwi-schen vier und sechs Tonen dar; sie reflektieren zwei frühere Systeme, und zwar ein Sechstonsystem und ein Viertonsystem, in welchen ein finales -h erhalten geblieben ist. Vietnamesisch, Muòng and Cuoi sind repräsentativ fur ein reines Sechstonsystem der herkommlichen Art. Sách/Ruc und Thavung hingegen haben ein Viertonsystem, in welchem eine rauhe Vokalbehauchung in der niederen Tonreihe erhalten geblieben ist. Wenn in einem solchen System die rauhe Behauchung zu schnell verlorengeht, wie im Maleng, ist das Ergebnis eine Art heruntergekommenes Zweitonsystem. In solchen Sprachen wie Pong und einigen vietnamesischen Dialekten war das End-h verlorenge-gangen, ohne jedoch kontrastierende Tone zu erhalten: das Ergebnis war eine Art heterodoxes Viertonsystem. The Situation der Tonsysteme in den Viet-Muong-Sprachen ist von groBter Wichtigkeit fur die Theorie der Tongenese.

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Trinh, Ngoc Thi Kim. "Cultural diversity of Chut Ethnic minority in Vietnam in front of the threats of the fades." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss4.527.

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Chut is official name of special ethnic community in Viet Nam, who consists of 5 local groups: May,Sach, Ruc, A Rem and Ma Lieng in the end of 1973 year. They are li ving in the western border of central provinces Quang Binh and Ha Tinh of Viet Nam. These minorities groups left their wild life in the high mountains very late in comparison with the other ethnic groups in Viet Nam. In the years 60 of Century XX, the Chut was considered as the secluded group and in that time they have brought to return to concentrated village. Previously, due to war, disease and extremly difficult economical life, the population of ethnic minority Chut have declined much. So the internatio nal and Vietnamese scholars had worry about their danger of extinction. Nowadays, ethnic Chut is belonging to 16 smallest ethnic groups in Viet Nam and standing in 42 orders in the List of 54 Vietnamese ethnic minorities. The most important of Chut minorit y is that, in their language still preserved lots of elements of proto Viet Muong as the ancient Vietnamese language. So Vietnamese scholars call “Chut minority as National live museum in Viet Nam” and these ethnic groups have a huge significance for inter national and Vietnamese scholars to study the history of Vietnamese Nation and language, also. Vietnamese Government and the whole community are trying to support Chut ethnic minority in development and preservation their original culture. But nowadays, in the process of integration with other ethnic groups living in central provinces of Vietnam, while the Chut population is developing sustainable, but the ancient features of Chut's traditional culture are standing in front of the risk of fades. Our researc h paper will indicate the current situation of cultural diversity of Chut ethnic minority and the challenges in their cultural preservation.

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DeMille, Mellissa M. C., Kevin Tang, Chintan M. Mehta, Christopher Geissler, Jeffrey G. Malins, Natalie R. Powers, Beatrice M. Bowen, et al. "Worldwide distribution of the DCDC2 READ1 regulatory element and its relationship with phoneme variation across languages." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (April 16, 2018): 4951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710472115.

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DCDC2 is a gene strongly associated with components of the phonological processing system in animal models and in multiple independent studies of populations and languages. We propose that it may also influence population-level variation in language component usage. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the evolution and worldwide distribution of the READ1 regulatory element within DCDC2, and compared its distribution with variation in different language properties. The mutational history of READ1 was estimated by examining primate and archaic hominin sequences. This identified duplication and expansion events, which created a large number of polymorphic alleles based on internal repeat units (RU1 and RU2). Association of READ1 alleles was studied with respect to the numbers of consonants and vowels for languages in 43 human populations distributed across five continents. Using population-based approaches with multivariate ANCOVA and linear mixed effects analyses, we found that the RU1-1 allele group of READ1 is significantly associated with the number of consonants within languages independent of genetic relatedness, geographic proximity, and language family. We propose that allelic variation in READ1 helped create a subtle cognitive bias that was amplified by cultural transmission, and ultimately shaped consonant use by different populations over time.

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Rusho, Dima. "Cultural conceptualisations of language and country in Australian Indigenous languages." International Journal of Language and Culture 5, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.17006.rus.

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Abstract This article presents a Cultural Linguistics perspective on the enduring and multifaceted relationship between people, language and country in Indigenous Australia. It builds on a substantial body of work in Cultural Linguistics that has examined the cultural conceptualisations present in Aboriginal English, but shifts the focus to exploring how such conceptualisations are also encoded in ancestral Indigenous languages. The article provides linguistic and ethnographic data from a number of Indigenous language groups to explicate the notions of language as a ‘cultural schema’ and country as a ‘cultural category’ in Indigenous languages. It also posits a number of conceptual metaphors that relate to country and language, namely country is a sentient being, country is a rational being, and country is a linguistically competent being.

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GIAMMARRESI, DORA, and ANTONIO RESTIVO. "RECOGNIZABLE PICTURE LANGUAGES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 06, no. 02n03 (August 1992): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800149200014x.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a new notion of recognizability for picture (two-dimensional) languages extending the characterization of one-dimensional recognizable languages in terms of local languages and alphabetic mappings. We first introduce the family of local picture languages (denoted by LOC) and, in particular, prove the undecidability of the emptiness problem. Then we define the new family of recognizable picture languages (denoted by REC). We study some combinatorial and language theoretic properties of REC such as ambiguity, closure properties or undecidability results. Finally we compare the family REC with the classical families of languages recognized by four-way automata.

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Wolfe, Victor Fay, Susan Davidson, and Insup Lee. "RTC: Language support for real-time concurrency." Real-Time Systems 5, no. 1 (March 1993): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01088697.

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McIntosh, Harold V., and Gerardo Cisneros. "The programming languages REC and convert." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 25, no. 7 (July 1990): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/382076.382648.

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Jørgensen, Dolly, Christer Nilsson, Anouschka R. Hof, Eliza M. Hasselquist, Susan Baker, F. Stuart Chapin, Katarina Eckerberg, Joakim Hjältén, Lina Polvi, and Laura A. Meyerson. "Policy Language in Restoration Ecology." Restoration Ecology 22, no. 1 (November 26, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12069.

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Muzaffarova, Farangiz. "THE ROLE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY OF COUNTRY." JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9513-2019-2-1.

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Epp, Lucy And. "Using the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) to Benchmark College Programs/Courses and Language Proficiency Tests." TESL Canada Journal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2001): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v18i2.909.

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In this article the authors describe a process developed by the Language Training Centre1 (LTC) at Red River College (RRC) to use the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) in analyzing: (a) the language levels used in programs and courses at RRC in order to identify appropriate entry-level language proficiency, and (b) the levels that second language (L2) students need in order to meet college or university entrance requirements based on tests of language proficiency. So far 19 programs and four courses have been benchmarked at RRC. The benchmarking of the programs and courses involved gathering data from various sources at the College and analyzing them by means of CLB descriptors. In addition, a process was developed for using the CLBA and CLB descriptors to benchmark tests: the Canadian Test of English for Scholars and Trainees (CanTEST, 1991) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). In conclusion, the authors summarize some benefits realized by the benchmarking process. They also address the need to continue to evaluate the results and advise prudent use of the results of these projects.

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Mima, Hideki, and Sophia Ananiadou. "An application and e aluation of the C/NC-value approach for the automatic term recognition of multi-word units in Japanese." Terminology 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.6.2.04mim.

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Technical terms are important for knowledge mining, especially as vast amounts of multi-lingual documents are available over the Internet. Thus, a domain and language-independent method for term recognition is necessary to automatically recognize terms from Internet documents. The C-/NC-value method is an efficient domain-independent multi-word term recognition method which combines linguistic and statistical knowledge. Although the C-value/NC-value method is originally based on the recognition of nested terms in English, our aim is to evaluate the application of the method to other languages and to show its feasibility for multi-language environments. In this article, we describe the application of the C/NC-value method to Japanese texts. Several experiments analysing the performance of the method using the NACSIS Japanese AI-domain corpus demonstrate that the method can be utilized to realize a practical domain-and language-independent term rec- ognition system.

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Perlin, Jacek. "Rec.: Roman Tymoshuk, Wojciech Sosnowski, Maciej Jaskot, Yurii Ganoshenko, "Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukraińskiej", KJV Digital Sp. z o.o., Warszawa 2018, 312 ss." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 53 (December 24, 2018): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2018.025.

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Review: Roman Tymoshuk, Wojciech Sosnowski, Maciej Jaskot, Yurii Ganoshenko, Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukraińskiej, KJV Digital Sp. z o.o., Warszawa 2018, 312 pp.The article is a review of a novel lexicographic work, whose authors collate most frequent phraseologisms of the Polish and Ukrainian languages, based on the material of the spoken language of the young generation of both languages’ native speakers as well as on texts of electronic communication and popular culture. Rec.: Roman Tymoshuk, Wojciech Sosnowski, Maciej Jaskot, Yurii Ganoshenko, Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukraińskiej, KJV Digital Sp. z o.o., Warszawa 2018, 312 ss.Artykuł stanowi recenzję nowatorskiej pracy leksykograficznej, której autorzy zestawiają ze sobą najczęściej występujące związki frazeologiczne języków polskiego i ukraińskiego, za materiał przyjmując język mówiony młodego pokolenia rodzimych użytkowników obu języków oraz teksty komunikacji elektronicznej i kultury popularnej.

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INOUE, KATSUSHI, and ITSUO TAKANAMI. "A CHARACTERIZATION OF RECOGNIZABLE PICTURE LANGUAGES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 02 (April 1994): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000255.

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This paper first shows that REC, the family of recognizable picture languages in Giammarresi and Restivo,3 is equal to the family of picture languages accepted by two-dimensional on-line tessellation acceptors in Inoue and Nakamura.5 By using this result, we then solve open problems in Giammarresi and Restivo,3 and show that (i) REC is not closed under complementation, and (ii) REC properly contains the family of picture languages accepted by two-dimensional nondeterministic finite automata even over a one letter alphabet.

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Şimşek, Çiğdem Sağın, and Elena Antonova Ünlü. "A hearer-based analysis of Turkish–Azerbaijani receptive multilingual communication." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 843–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703457.

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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Receptive multilingualism (RM), a mode of multilingual communication in which speakers of different languages use their own native language to communicate and still understand each other, is considered to be a relatively under-investigated area in multilingual research. This paper examines features of Turkish–Azerbaijani RM and, focusing on a hearer-based analysis, looks into strategies applied for achieving understanding in the receptive multilingual communication (RMC). Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is carried out within the conceptual framework of RM. Data and Analysis: Authentic data obtained from oral communication between an Azerbaijani and a Turkish native speaker are analyzed and a post-interview was conducted with the participants in order to investigate to what extent they were able to understand each other in the RMC and what strategies they applied to achieve understanding. Findings/Conclusions: The study reveals that the Turkish and Azerbaijani participants could communicate with each other in RM mode without much difficulty thanks to the typological proximity of their languages. In a few instances in which lack of understanding occurred, the participants were found to apply strategies such as asking questions for clarification, conveying confirmation, repeating, rephrasing, resorting to their lexical and world knowledge as well as utilizing the let-it-pass strategy. Originality and Significance/Implications: The significance of the study is twofold: first, it demonstrates that RMC between Turkish and Azerbaijani can be utilized as an alternative to lingua franca communication; and second, the study expands the taxonomy of hearer-based strategies in RMC.

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Pengzi, Rao. "The Overseas Chinese Language Literature in a Global Context." Revue de littérature comparée 337, no. 1 (2011): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rlc.337.0106.

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Glenn, Kathleen M. "Power and Language in Jaume Cabré's Senyoria." Romance Notes 52, no. 1 (2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2012.0006.

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Gidigbi, Matthew Oladapo, and Benedict Akanegbu. "Does Financial Integration Exist in ECOWAS?" Journal of Social and Development Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 18, 2017): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v8i2.1793.

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Free movement of goods, capital, and persons have been the long-term strategic goals of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) since its establishment. Notwithstanding, financial integration has become more important in deepening political integration in the region than ever. Assessing how far the Regional Economic Community (REC) has achieved her objective of free movement of capital among the member states. Therefore, this study investigated the existence of financial integration in ECOWAS by employing savings-investment equality, popularly known as Feldstein-Horioka Criterion; a panel data for all the 15 member states was fitted into the specified model. The study found that there is the existence of financial integration in the REC, and that language inhibits financial integration and that the coefficient of language dummy stands at -4.8 percent. However, it found that language inhibition of the financial integration in the REC will gradually disappear over time, as the interactive coefficient of language and time stands at -0.12 percent. This study concludes that a level of financial integration is in existence in the REC. Therefore, the REC is prepared for monetary unification assuming that there will be more substantial trade among the member states.

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De Meyer, Mathias. "Learning in Morocco: Language politics and the abandoned educational dream." Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances 12,3, no. 3 (2018): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rac.040.0519.

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Stuart, Ian. "A Political Language for the Theatre: Edward Bond's RSC Workshops, 1992." New Theatre Quarterly 10, no. 39 (August 1994): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00000518.

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Disillusioned by what he sees as the inadequate state of the British theatre, Edward Bond has refused to have some of his more recent plays produced in this country, although they have been seen in productions on the Continent. This year's Avignon Festival will thus be focusing on his work, and later in 1994 the Berliner Ensemble will be staging Olly's Prison. In 1992, however, Bond worked – for the first time since the late 1980s – with members of the Royal Shakespeare Company, resuming in workshop conditions his attempt to develop a distinctive acting style for his work. Commenting on the programme of workshops, and through subsequent interviews with Bond and some of the actors involved, Ian Stuart, who teaches in the School of Theatre at the University of Southern California, attempts to draw conclusions about Bond's current theatre methodology.

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Lynch, Andrew. "Spain’s Minoritized Languages in Brief Sociolinguistic Perspective." Romance Notes 51, no. 1 (2011): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2011.0006.

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Runcieman, Alan James. "Proposal for a ‘translanguaging space’ in interpreting studies." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 7, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00070.run.

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Abstract There is a growing body of academic research that suggests that we are living in an increasingly superdiverse society, where multi-ethnic, multicultural and multilingual peoples cohabit on a daily basis. Superdiversity challenges any nation state’s ideological claim of being representative of only one culture and one language, and indeed, in relation to the latter, highlights the increasing phenomenon of translanguaging, both in the wider world of social interactions and in the classroom. In this context, it is argued here that interpreter training needs to respond to superdiversity and translanguaging, as future interpreters are part of the same social world, and will undoubtedly encounter translanguaging in their future professional life. In superdiverse and translanguaging societies, source and target languages are no longer a one-to-one linguistic and cultural translation, but a far more fluid, dynamic and multiple interchange of repertoires and resources that people access in multi-varied and multi-functional ways. In this increasingly complex scenario, languages are not seen as bounded entities, but rather as fluid and interchangeable in the situated moment, and this, it is argued, needs to be reflected in pedagogy. Moreover, translanguaging (between bi/multilinguals) has been shown to promote greater cognitive development when tackling complex issues and rationalising processes. Also, translanguaging aids social and professional identity work, as interpreter students develop their understandings of the role their future interpreter life can and need to play in their career. Drawing on my own research and the observations made on the present and future needs of interpreting studies, a ‘translanguaging space’ (Li Wei 2011) is proposed for curriculum design in interpreter training.

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GIAMMARRESI, DORA. "EXPLORING INSIDE TILING RECOGNIZABLE PICTURE LANGUAGES TO FIND DETERMINISTIC SUBCLASSES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 07 (November 2011): 1519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054111008854.

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Tiling recognizable two-dimensional languages, also known as REC, generalize recognizable string languages to two dimensions and share with them several theoretical properties. Nevertheless family REC is not closed under complementation and this implies that it is intrinsically non-deterministic. We consider different notions of unambiguity and determinism and the corresponding REC subclasses: they define a hierarchy inside REC. We show that some definitions of unambiguity are equivalent to particular notions of determinism and therefore the corresponding classes have linear parsing algorithms and are closed under complementation.

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Dobrovol’skij, Dmitrij O. "Corpus-based approach to phraseology research: New evidence from parallel corpora." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 17, no. 3 (2020): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2020.303.

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The present paper discusses the possibility of using parallel corpora in the study of phraseology. The results of the analysis support the assumption that the use of corpus data not only significantly improves cross-linguistic descriptions, but also changes the very idea of the specifics of phraseology as a subsystem of the lexicon. Parallel corpus data make it possible to identify the language-specific features of idioms that were traditionally considered completely equivalent. As the empirical bases, parallel subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus (RNC) are used: Russian-German and primarily German-Russian. In some cases, the material of the main corpus of the RNC is involved. In addition to the task of identifying similarities and differences between semantically similar idioms of German and Russian, the paper also addresses general issues, in particular the question of the boundaries of the concept of crosslinguistic equivalence and ways to operationalize it. At least two different types of equivalence have to be distinguished: equivalence at the level of the language system and equivalence at the text level. The proposed method includes a subsequent comparison of individual pairs of correlating idioms of different languages based on corpus data. It aims at identifying differences between them, including semantic, syntactic, pragmatic and combinatorial ones. The results of the performed analysis may find application in bilingual lexicography.

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Bender, Rebecca M. "The Failure of Language in Ernesto Sábato’s El Túnel." Romance Notes 52, no. 2 (2012): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2012.0016.

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Lemish, N. Ye. "Intralingual Prototypical Features of Causal Dominants in Related Languages." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.09.

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The paper deals with defining the intralingual prototypical features of causal dominants in English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian, being the languages of our research. The objective is achieved through solving such tasks as specifying the notion of “a prototype” and “a prototypical feature”, identifying causal sememes for all the causal dominants in related languages under study, and assigning semantic roles to all the elements of causal sememes identified. The employment of the following linguistic methods made it possible to fulfil all the tasks, namely: a contrastive method to select a causal sememe as tertium comparationis with further identification and contrasting of prototypical features on its basis; a structural method with componentional analysis of each causal dominant based on dictionary definitions; a cognitive method to model chains of semantic roles for each causal dominant. The combination of methods enabled modelling of three major chains, such as: [Ag +/ Eff + CAUSE + Pat +/ Rec +/ Instr]; [Ag +/ Eff + BE1 + Pat +/ Rec +/ Instr]; [Ag +/ Eff + BE2 + Pat +/ Rec +/ Instr].The analysis of 1115 causal sememes identified based on the data from 24 dictionaries of 5 languages revealed the prototypical features for 10 causal dominants in English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian. As a result prototypical features for the English CC include Ag (5), Eff (33), Pat (2), Rec (34); for the Dutch CC – Ag (8), Eff (33), Pat (9), Rec (29); for the Spanish CC – Ag (0), Eff (41), Pat (4), Rec (37); for the Ukrainian CC – Ag (7), Eff (36), Pat (8), Rec (35); for the Russian one – Ag (7), Eff (42), Pat (8), Rec (42).The results obtained for intralingual prototypes in English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian can serve as the basis for further identification of intralingual prototypes in the other languages, as well as defining crosslingual prototypes of the causal dominants in related languages, showing the universal and specific in mapping the phenomena of causal reality by different ethnic groups.

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Doh, Joung Hyun, Soo A. Kim, Kiyoung Oh, Yuntae Kim, Nodam Park, Siha Park, and Nam Hun Heo. "The Predictive Value of Language Scales: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition in Correlation With Korean Sequenced Language Scale for Infant." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.19198.

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Objective To compare the relationship of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd Edition (K-BSID-III) language score and the Sequenced Language Scale for Infant (SELSI) score and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of K-BSID-III language score and optimal cutoff value with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in infants and toddlers with delayed language development.Methods A total of 104 children with suspected language developmental delay were included in this retrospective study. Subjects were tested using the K-BSID-III and SELSI and subdivided into several groups according to the severity of language scores. ROC curve analysis was performed to assess K-BSID-III for delayed language development.Results Receptive and expressive language subscales of the K-BSID-III showed markedly significant correlation with the SELSI scores (p<0.001). ROC analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.877 (p<0.001) in SELSI receptive score and 0.935 (p<0.001) in SELSI expressive score. The optimal cutoff value where sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 81% were achieved with the K-BSID-III receptive score was 1.50 (between average and low average) in the SELSI receptive score. The optimal cutoff value where sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 82% were achieved with the K-BSID-III expressive score was also 1.50 in the SELSI expressive score.Conclusion In this study, the correlations between K-BSID-III and SELSI language scores were statistically significant. However, the interpretation should be considered carefully in low average group due to tendency of underestimation of delayed language development.

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BOOIJ, G. "The Morphology of Dutch (rec. W. SMEDTS)." Leuvense Bijdragen - Leuven Contributions in Linguistics and Philology 91, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/lb.91.3.505122.

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Robbins, Mandy. "Exploring God-talk: using language in religionby Jeff Astley." Rural Theology 3, no. 1 (December 7, 2005): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/rut.3.1.b20131g015r70168.

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Warnia Nengsih, M. Mahrus Zein, and Nazifa Hayati. "Coarse-Grained Sentiment Analysis Berbasis Natural Language Processing – Ulasan Hotel." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v10i1.548.

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Sentiment analysis adalah metode untuk memperoleh data dari berbagai platform yang tersedia di internet. Kemajuan teknologi memungkinkan mesin untuk mengenali suatu istilah yang dianggap sebagai opini positif maupun sebaliknya. Data-data dan opini tersebut berperan penting sebagai umpan balik produk, layanan, dan topik lainnya. Tanpa perlu memperoleh opini secara langsung dari masyarakat, pihak penyedia telah mendapatkan evaluasi yang penting guna mengembangkan diri. Bisnis perhotelan merupakan bidang yang terkait dengan jasa memberikan layanan pada pelanggan. Indikator keberlangsungan bisnis ini juga bergantung pada umpan balik pelanggannya dan dijadikan sebagai acuan untuk pengambilan kebijakan strategis. Teknik sentiment analysis berbasis Natural Language Processing dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Pada makalah ini prediksi dilakukan menggunakan classifier Random Forest (RF), sementara untuk merangkum kualitas classifier, digunakan kurva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Kurva ROC berupa grafik yang baik untuk merangkum kualitas classifier. Semakin tinggi kurva berada di atas garis diagonal, semakin baik prediksinya, dengan nilai kurva ROC yang diperoleh sebesar 0,90. Terlihat hasil ulasan terhadap opini pelanggan terhadap jasa dan pelayanan yang diberikan oleh hotel untuk kategori positif lebih banyak daripada kategori negatif. Polaritas dari ulasan diperoleh 68% ulasan pelanggan berada pada area positif dan 32% berada pada area negatif.

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Romanchuk, Aleksey. "Romanian a cinsti in the light of some Romanian-Slavic contacts." Journal of Ethnology and Culturology 29 (August 2021): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/rec.2021.29.14.

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A group of Slavic loanwords with epenthetic /n/ in the Romanian language, to which a cinsti belongs, is considered. Interpreting the existing set of facts, the author supposes that the semantic convergence between the Slavic честь ‘honour’ and угощение ‘treat’appeared as far back as the Late Slavic period. The Romanian a cinsti, which is an early Slavic borrowing, also clearly testifies Slavic origin of this semantic convergence. Accordingly, the Ukrainian частувати and Polish częstowac appeared independently from each other, as well as from the Romanian a cinsti. Whereas the Romanian a cinsti (and cinste), as well as the whole group of Slavic loanwords in the Romanian language with the epenthetic sound /n/, are the result of early contacts of the Romanian language with some late Slavic dialect (or dialects), which was characterized by a tendency of widespread epenthetic nasal vowels. We can suppose that some traces of this for-Slavic dialect (dialects) could also be found in the Carpathian Ukrainian dialects as well. In particular, such traces, perhaps, should include both the Ukrainian dialectal чандрий, шандрий, чендрий and another Ukrainian dialectal form, recorded in the Bulaesti village, /мон|золетеи / ‘procrastinate; fiddling around in vain’ (in Russian: ‘мусолить; впустую теребить’).

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Wanzer-Serrano, Darrel. "Rhetoric’s rac(e/ist) problems." Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2019.1669068.

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Pérez, Rolando. "Severo Sarduy on Galileo, Kepler, Borromini, and the Coded Language of the Anamorphic Image." Romance Notes 56, no. 2 (2016): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2016.0026.

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Watkin, C. "Ric ur across the Disciplines." French Studies 65, no. 3 (June 28, 2011): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knr101.

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Goksuluk, Dincer, Selcuk Korkmaz, Gokmen Zararsiz, and A. ,Ergun Karaagaoglu. "easyROC: An Interactive Web-tool for ROC Curve Analysis Using R Language Environment." R Journal 8, no. 2 (2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2016-042.

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Rudnev, Pavel, and Anna Kuznetsova. "Linearization constraints on sentential negation in Russian Sign Language are prosodic." Sign Language and Linguistics 24, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.20007.rud.

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Abstract This squib documents exceptions to the main strategy of expressing sentential negation in Russian Sign Language (RSL). The postverbal sentential negation particle in RSL inverts the basic SVO order characteristic of the language turning it into SOV (Pasalskaya 2018a). We show that this reversal requirement under negation is not absolute and does not apply to prosodically heavy object NPs. The resulting picture accords well with the view of RSL word order laid out by Kimmelman (2012) and supports a model of grammar where syntactic computation has access to phonological information (Kremers 2014; Bruening 2019).

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Beatty, W. W. "Fluency in multiple sclerosis: which measure is best?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 8, no. 3 (June 2002): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458502ms799oa.

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Tests of verbal fluency provide brief and sensitive measures of the deficits in rapidly retrieving overlearned information common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Production of words that begin with the letters F, A, and S is the verbal fluency measure most often used with patients who are fluent in English. However, because of frequency of words beginning with certain letters varies from one language to another, it is unlikely that any fixed set of letters will be appropriate for multicenter trials that involve patients who are fluent in different languages. A possible alternative involves using semantic fluency categories that contain such a large number of exemplars that no fluent speaker of any language could exhaust the category in the allotted response time. To examine the potential usefulness of semantic fluency measures, 203 MS patients and 87 healthy controls generated words that begin with F, A, or S or were exemplars of the categories animals and parts of the body. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses indicated that sensitivities and specificities for the three fluency measures in discriminating patients from controls were quite similar, especially if patients with global cognitive impairment were excluded.

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DUINHOVEN, A. M. "Analyse en synthese in het Nederlands (rec. S. DECORTE)." Leuvense Bijdragen - Leuven Contributions in Linguistics and Philology 91, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/lb.91.3.505118.

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Roca de Larios, Julio, Francisco Javier García Hernández, and Yvette Coyle. "A theoretically-grounded classification of EFL children’s formulation strategies in collaborative writing." Language Teaching for Young Learners 3, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 300–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.20008.roc.

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Abstract Research into collaborative writing (CW) has drawn on the notion of “languaging”, operationalized as language-related episodes (LREs), to account for the way learners pool their ideational and linguistic resources, give and receive immediate feedback on language and, as a result, deepen their awareness of meaning-form mappings. LREs in CW have been examined from different perspectives, including the degree of noticing shown by learners, the extent of their involvement in the interaction, the knowledge sources drawn upon, or the cognitive processes deployed to solve their linguistic problems. Yet, in spite of the alleged “added value” that strategic behaviour brings to learners’ reflection on language, available research on CW has not yet looked at LREs from the perspective of formulation strategies, i.e., the conscious mental actions engaged in by writers to address the problems involved in the transformation of ideas into written language. In an attempt to address this gap, and to extend available, but sill limited, CW research with children, the interactions of 30 young EFL pairs while writing two narrative picture-story texts were analysed by means of a reconceptualization of LREs as problem-solving strategy clusters, i.e., chains of strategies activated and applied to the writer’s linguistic knowledge in the course of the activity. The outcome of these analyses is a theoretically-motivated and pedagogically useful, child-based taxonomy of collaborative formulation strategies, which can help raise awareness of the mechanisms involved in solving language-related problems in early EFL writing, thereby promoting more tailored writing instruction and learners’ self-regulation. The taxonomy is also presented as a point of departure for future research.

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Tang, Kevin, Mellissa M. C. DeMille, Jan C. Frijters, and Jeffrey R. Gruen. "DCDC2 READ1 regulatory element: how temporal processing differences may shape language." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 3, 2020): 20192712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2712.

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Classic linguistic theory ascribes language change and diversity to population migrations, conquests, and geographical isolation, with the assumption that human populations have equivalent language processing abilities. We hypothesize that spectral and temporal characteristics make some consonant manners vulnerable to differences in temporal precision associated with specific population allele frequencies. To test this hypothesis, we modelled association between RU1-1 alleles of DCDC2 and manner of articulation in 51 populations spanning five continents, and adjusting for geographical proximity, and genetic and linguistic relatedness. RU1-1 alleles, acting through increased expression of DCDC2 , appear to increase auditory processing precision that enhances stop-consonant discrimination, favouring retention in some populations and loss by others. These findings enhance classical linguistic theories by adding a genetic dimension, which until recently, has not been considered to be a significant catalyst for language change.

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Storey, Joella E., Jeffrey T. J. Rowland, David A. Conforti, and Hugh G. Dickson. "The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): a multicultural cognitive assessment scale." International Psychogeriatrics 16, no. 1 (March 2004): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000043.

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Objective: To develop and validate a simple method for detecting dementia that is valid across cultures, portable and easily administered by primary health care clinicians.Design: Culture and Health Advisory Groups were used in Stage 1 to develop culturally fair cognitive items. In Stage 2, clinical testing of 42 items was conducted in a multicultural sample of consecutive new referrals to the geriatric medicine outpatient clinic at Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia (n=166). In Stage 3, the predictive accuracy of items was assessed in a random sample of community-dwelling elderly persons stratified by language background and cognitive diagnosis and matched for sex and age (n=90).Measurements: A research psychologist administered all cognitive items, using interpreters when needed. Each patient was comprehensively assessed by one of three geriatricians, who ordered relevant investigations, and implemented a standardized assessment of cognitive domains. The geriatricians also collected demographic information, and administered other functional and cognitive measures. DSM-IV criteria were used to assign cognitive diagnoses. Item validity and weights were assessed using frequency and logistic regression analyses. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine overall predictive accuracy of the RUDAS and the best cut-point for detecting cognitive impairment.Results: The 6-item RUDAS assesses multiple cognitive domains including memory, praxis, language, judgement, drawing and body orientation. It appears not to be affected by gender, years of education, differential performance factors and preferred language. The area under the ROC curve for the RUDAS was 0.94 (95% CI 0.87–0.98). At a cut-point of 23 (maximum score of 30), sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 98%, respectively. Inter-rater (0.99) and test-retest (0.98) reliabilities were very high.Conclusions: The 6-item RUDAS is portable and tests multiple cognitive domains. It is easily interpreted to other languages, and appears to be culturally fair. However, further validation is needed in other settings, and in longitudinal studies to determine its sensitivity to change in cognitive function over time.

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Bouso, Tamara, and Pablo Ruano San Segundo. "Another turn of the screw on the history of the reaction object construction." Functions of Language 28, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20026.bou.

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Abstract This article deals with the Reaction Object Construction (ROC), as in She smiled disbelief, where an intransitive verb (smile), by adding an emotional object (disbelief), acquires the extended sense “express X by V−ing” (i.e. “She expressed disbelief by smiling”). Earlier research has suggested a diachronic connection between the ROC and Direct Discourse Constructions (DDCs) of the type She smiled, “I don’t believe you” (Visser 1963–1973). More recently, Bouso (2018) has shown that the ROC is primarily a feature of 19th century narrative fiction. This paper aims to bring together these insights. On the basis of a self-compiled corpus and De Smet’s Corpus of English Novels, it investigates the productivity of the ROC in 19th and 20th century fiction, and the role of DDCs in its development. The results reveal a peak in the productivity of the ROC that coincides with the development of the sentimental novel, and a correlation between the development of the ROC on the one hand and of those DDCs that have been mistakenly hypothesised to be its single source constructions on the other. Extravagance is proposed as a triggering factor for the use of the ROC in the 19th century as an alternative to DDCs.

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Russon, Anne E. "Pantomime and imitation in great apes." Interaction Studies 19, no. 1-2 (September 17, 2018): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17028.rus.

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Abstract This paper assesses great apes’ abilities for pantomime and action imitation, two communicative abilities proposed as key contributors to language evolution. Modern great apes, the only surviving nonhuman hominids, are important living models of the communicative platform upon which language evolved. This assessment is based on 62 great ape pantomimes identified via data mining plus published reports of great ape action imitation. Most pantomimes were simple, imperative, and scaffolded by partners’ relationship and scripts; some resemble declaratives, some were sequences of several inter-related elements. Imitation research consistently shows great apes perform action imitation at low fidelity, but also that action imitation may not represent a distinct process or function. Discussion focuses on how findings may advance reconstruction of the evolution of language, including what great apes may contribute to understanding ‘primitive’ forms of pantomime and imitation and how to improve their study.

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Bryan Bademan, R. "“Monkeying with the Bible”: Edgar J. Goodspeed's American Translation." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 16, no. 1 (2006): 55–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.55.

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AbstractDevotion to the Bible remains an underappreciated aspect of American religious life partly because it fails to generate controversy. This essay opens a window onto America's relationship with the Bible by exploring a controversial moment in the history of the Bible in America: the public reception of University of Chicago professor Edgar J. Goodspeed's American Translation (1923). Initially, at least, most Americans flatly rejected Goodspeed's impeccably credentialed attempt to cast the language of the Bible in contemporary “American” English. Accusations of the professor's irreligion, bad taste, vulgarity, and crass modernity emerged from nearly every quarter of the Protestant establishment (with the exception of some card-carrying theological modernists), testifying to a widespread but unexplored attachment to the notion of a traditional Bible in the early twentieth century. By examining this barrage of reaction, “Monkeying with the Bible” argues that Protestants, along with some others in 1920s America, believed that traditional biblical language was among the forces that helped stabilize the development of American civilization.

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Morris, Charles E. "(Self-)Portrait of Prof. R.C.: A Retrospective." Western Journal of Communication 74, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 4–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570310903463760.

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Bardell, M. "ALLEGORICAL LANDSCAPE: PEIRE VIDAL'S 'RIC THESAUR'." French Studies 55, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/55.2.151.

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Eberhardt-Wetherington, Berit, Valerie Gall, Melanie Lang, Manuela Schmidinger, Viktor Gruenwald, Christina Claussen, Markus Wartenberg, and Daniel Kalanovic. "Therapy Management Patient Consensus (TheMaPaC): A patient perspective on published therapy management recommendations for TKI-treated patients with a special focus on sunitinib." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e19502-e19502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e19502.

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e19502 Background: Therapy management is an essential component of patient care for RCC or GIST patients (pts) treated with TKI (e.g. Sunitinib). Preventive measures and early intervention can reduce or eliminate specific adverse events (AE) allowing for adequate therapy duration and improved quality of life. Published recommendations (RECs) for AE management often rely on theoretical aspects and limited evidence leading to heterogeneous or contradicting RECs. To overcome these issues, a collaborative approach of physicians, pts and Pfizer was established. Here we report on an extensive survey to deepen the knowledge on the validity and practicability of published RECs in 27 TKI treated pts (20 RCC; 7GIST). Methods: RECs (n = 221) for AE management in pts receiving sunitinib or other VEGFR-targeted TKIs were retrieved from the literature since 2006 (approval of sunitinib). RECs were transferred into a detailed questionnaire (QU) using patient-friendly language. Pts receiving sunitinib assigned one of 5 rating categories to each REC (positive experience (self/others); no information; negative experience (self/others). Results: 47 pts received the QU, 27 (15 female; median age 62 yrs) returned evaluable QUs. The pts have been on sunitinib therapy for a median of 16 months. On average, 49% of RECs received positive ratings; 44% based on individual experience. 20 RECs were rated positively by >80% of pts. The results indicate that patients had the most positive experience with RECs about patient/physician information on AEs, care/protection of feet, skin ointment use, food preference, hydration and fatigue reduction. Other REC ratings were heterogeneous, with a preference for measures that can be easily applied in daily life. It is notable that 47% of published RECs were unknown to the participants. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first extensive patient survey on the validity and practicability of published RECs. The results identify a number of useful, established RECs from a real-life pts perspective. The results will be further evaluated and compared with an ongoing physician survey.

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Fernández, Esther. "The Languages of Puppetry: Rewriting Early Modern Iberian Theater for the Contemporary Stage." Romance Notes 55, no. 1 (2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2015.0003.

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A.M. Alias, M. N., S. N. Mohyar, M. N. Isa, A. Harun, A. B. Jambek, and S. A. Z. Murad. "Design and analysis of dedicated real-time clock for customized microcontroller unit." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp796-801.

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<span>In this paper, a Real Time Clock (RTC) system for a dedicated microcontroller is proposed to provide the customized microcontroller its own time and date system. The RTC is developed using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and simulated using Synopsys software. This RTC is developed with standard Advance Peripheral Bus (APB) to be interfacing with the microcontroller through Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). This RTC will be used as an on-chip RTC in the microcontroller system to provide precise time and date which can be used for various applications. The basic architecture of RTC, APB standard for interfacing the RTC with AMBA bus, and the result in term of RTL, waveform, and layout will be discussed in this documentation. For this research, the part covered is on the logic part of the RTC that is bus interface, register, frequency divider and counter.</span>

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Van Zandt, Trisha. "ROC curves and confidence judgments in recognition memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, no. 3 (2000): 582–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.3.582.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ruc language'

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