Journal articles: 'Rugby ; rugby union'

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Nolte, Rochelle. "Rugby Union." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00386.

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Marshall, Stephen. "Rugby Union." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 23, no. 4 (July 2013): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000432185.95333.70.

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Williams, JPR. "Rugby Union." Spinal Cord 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101371.

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Williams, JPR. "Erratum: Rugby Union." Spinal Cord 40, no. 12 (December 2002): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101431.

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Brown, Scott R., Matt Brughelli, Peter C. Griffiths, and John B. Cronin. "Lower-Extremity Isokinetic Strength Profiling in Professional Rugby League and Rugby Union." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0129.

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Purpose:While several studies have documented isokinetic knee strength in junior and senior rugby league players, investigations of isokinetic knee and hip strength in professional rugby union players are limited. The purpose of this study was to provide lower-extremity strength profiles and compare isokinetic knee and hip strength of professional rugby league and rugby union players.Participants:32 professional rugby league and 25 professional rugby union players.Methods:Cross-sectional analysis. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate peak torque and strength ratios of the dominant and nondominant legs during seated knee-extension/flexion and supine hip-extension/flexion actions at 60°/s.Results:Forwards from both codes were taller and heavier and had a higher body-mass index than the backs of each code. Rugby union forwards produced significantly (P < .05) greater peak torque during knee flexion in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.81 and 2.02) compared with rugby league forwards. Rugby league backs produced significantly greater hip-extension peak torque in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 0.83 and 0.77) compared with rugby union backs. There were no significant differences in hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios between code, position, or leg. Rugby union forwards and backs produced significantly greater knee-flexion-to-hip-extension ratios in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.49–2.26) than rugby union players.Conclusions:It seems that the joint torque profiles of players from rugby league and union codes differ, which may be attributed to the different demands of each code.

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Cross, Matt R., Matt Brughelli, Scott R. Brown, Pierre Samozino, Nicholas D. Gill, John B. Cronin, and Jean-Benoît Morin. "Mechanical Properties of Sprinting in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby League." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0151.

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Purpose: To compare mechanical properties of overground sprint running in elite rugby union and rugby league athletes. Methods: Thirty elite rugby code (15 rugby union and 15 rugby league) athletes participated in this cross-sectional analysis. Radar was used to measure maximal overground sprint performance over 20 or 30 m (forwards and backs, respectively). In addition to time at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, velocity-time signals were analyzed to derive external horizontal force–velocity relationships with a recently validated method. From this relationship, the maximal theoretical velocity, external relative and absolute horizontal force, horizontal power, and optimal horizontal force for peak power production were determined. Results: While differences in maximal velocity were unclear between codes, rugby union backs produced moderately faster split times, with the most substantial differences occurring at 2 and 5 m (ES 0.95 and 0.86, respectively). In addition, rugby union backs produced moderately larger relative horizontal force, optimal force, and peak power capabilities than rugby league backs (ES 0.73−0.77). Rugby union forwards had a higher absolute force (ES 0.77) despite having ~12% more body weight than rugby league forwards. Conclusions: In this elite sample, rugby union athletes typically displayed greater short-distance sprint performance, which may be linked to an ability to generate high levels of horizontal force and power. The acceleration characteristics presented in this study could be a result of the individual movement and positional demands of each code.

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Hendricks, Sharief, Kevin Till, Dan Weaving, Alun Powell, Simon Kemp, Keith Stokes, and Ben Jones. "Training, match and non-rugby activities in elite male youth rugby union players in England." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 3 (February 13, 2019): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119829289.

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Rugby union is a late specialisation sport. As a consequence, youth players may still be engaged in other activities and sports throughout the year as they transition to rugby specialisation. Limited research exists quantifying rugby union training and matches as well as engagement in other activities and sports. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare rugby union training, matches and other activities of elite youth U15 and U16 rugby union players at different stages of the season. Four-hundred and ninety-two youth (Under-15 and 16-year-old) rugby union players self-reported the frequency, intensity and duration of their participation in rugby union matches, rugby union training, gym, physical education and other sports during three different stages – September to December (Sept–Dec), January to April (Jan–Apr), May to August (May–Aug) – of the year. When all activities were combined, the frequency and volume of rugby matches and training was the greatest during the Sept–Dec stage. The frequency and volume of participating in other sports increased in the May–Aug stage of the season. Gym training frequency, intensity, and duration were stable across the year for both U15 and U16 players. Coaches and practitioners working with elite youth rugby union players should be aware that players are still participating in other activities outside of rugby training and competition. Coaches and practitioners should put structures in place to plan and monitor players' activities in order to optimise the positive outcomes of specialisation (e.g., expertise) while reducing the potential negative outcomes (e.g., injury, burnout).

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Baldwin, Christopher F., and Roger Vallance. "Women Referees’ Experiences Officiating Rugby Union." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2016): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0036.

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Five women rugby union referees who officiated in the New South Wales (NSW) suburban rugby union premiership were interviewed about their experiences refereeing men. After a comprehensive analysis of the interview transcripts, four themes emerged around barriers and challenges to women’s participation in officiating, these themes are: 1) Barriers experienced by women rugby union referees; 2) Success in refereeing male rugby union players; 3) Challenges of women participating in refereeing rugby union; 4) Ways to bring about change. The findings imply that there is discrimination and marginalization present in women’s sports officiating at male games which is in line with the literature in women’s sports coaching. The findings also suggest that women have to be superior and elite athletes with a history of success to be appointed to the best male rugby union matches. Support both on and off the field is crucial to the development and success of female referees.

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Posthumus, M. "The state of women’s rugby union in South Africa: Recommendations for long-term participant development." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2013/v25i1a389.

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Several international rugby unions, including the South African Rugby Union, have adopted the long-term athlete development (LTAD) model, which is based on physiological principles that categorise players into specific stages of development. The original model proposes different age categories for boys and girls within each specific stage of development. This review: (i) discusses the current state of junior female rugby in South Africa; (ii) discusses the evidence for gender-specific differences in the LTAD model; and (iii) recommends a future strategy for LTAD within female rugby in South Africa, considering the current approaches of other international unions.

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Posthumus, M. "The state of women’s rugby union in South Africa: Recommendations for long-term participant development." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v25i1a389.

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Several international rugby unions, including the South African Rugby Union, have adopted the long-term athlete development (LTAD) model, which is based on physiological principles that categorise players into specific stages of development. The original model proposes different age categories for boys and girls within each specific stage of development. This review: (i) discusses the current state of junior female rugby in South Africa; (ii) discusses the evidence for gender-specific differences in the LTAD model; and (iii) recommends a future strategy for LTAD within female rugby in South Africa, considering the current approaches of other international unions.

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O’Beirne, Rónán. "Planet Rugby: An Interactive Information Service for Rugby Union Football200213Planet‐Rugby.com. Planet Rugby: An Interactive Information Service for Rugby Union Football. Gratis." Online Information Review 26, no. 4 (August 2002): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir.2002.26.4.285.13.

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Mellalieu, Stephen, Grant Trewartha, and Keith Stokes. "Science and rugby union." Journal of Sports Sciences 26, no. 8 (June 2008): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410701819099.

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Dabscheck, Braham. "Rugby League and the Union Game." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 2 (June 1993): 242–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500203.

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The Association of Rugby League Professionals came to prominence when it achieved a legal victory which thwarted an attempt by the New South Wales Rugby League to introduce an internal draft, a labour market arrangement which reduced the employment and economic freedom of rugby league players. This article provides a history of the association from its origins in the late 1970s through to the draft case and more recent developments. The article presents information on player associations overseas and in Australia, and examines the origins, structure and organization, and various activities of the association. In so doing it provides information on the various labour market rules which have been used in rugby league, and examines the legal, economic and industrial relations dimensions of not only rugby league, but also other professional sporting competitions in Australia and overseas.1

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Vaz, Luís, Tomaz Morais, Henrique Rocha, and Nic James. "Fitness Profiles of Elite Portuguese Rugby Union Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 41, no. 1 (July 8, 2014): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0051.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the fitness profiles of senior elite Portuguese rugby players. Forty-six senior Portuguese rugby players, classified as backs (n=22; age 26.2±2.8) and forwards (n=24; age 26.7±2.9) were assessed during physical testing sessions carried out for the Portuguese National rugby team. The body composition, maximum strength and anaerobic capacity of players are hypothesized to be important physical characteristics as successful performance in rugby is predicated on the ability to undertake skilled behaviours both quickly and whilst withstanding large forces when in contact situations. No absolute differences were found between the backs and forwards for the speed performance variables although positional differences were found across all speeds when assessed relative to body mass since the forwards were significantly heavier. Coaches and the management team can use this information for monitoring progressive improvements in the physiological capacities of rugby players. These physical characteristics of elite rugby players provide normative profiles for specific positions and should form the basis of developmental programmes for adolescents.

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Milenković, Slaviša. "The Beginning of Rugby Union in Serbia." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2019-0014.

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Summary The first direct contact with rugby was made by young men from Serbia during the First World War, after retreating through Albania, watching matches of French and English soldiers. During 1916, some 3,500 Serbian boys were sent to France and the United Kingdom to study. During their education at lyceums, colleges and universities, they were given the opportunity to play various sports, including rugby union. In keeping with their interest and quality, the Serbian boys quickly became involved in the school teams. Most Serbian boys actively participated in playing rugby in three Scottish cities - Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dundee. Their interest in the sport was so much that in Edinburgh and Glasgow they formed special teams made up only of Serbs who played matches with other school teams. The highlight of dealing with Serb rugby in Scotland was the performance by the boys of the George Heriot School at the Rugby 7 tournament on March 9, 1918 in Edinburgh and a victory over the British Colonies selection. This performance can be considered the first appearance of a sports team under the name of Serbia on the international stage. After the end of World War I and the return to the homeland, some of the young men who became acquainted with rugby in France and the United Kingdom actively participated in academic and sports life in their homeland and the result was the establishment of two rugby clubs, in Sabac and Belgrade.

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Sellars, Paul A., Stephen D. Mellalieu, and Camilla J. Knight. "Continued Participation of Adolescent Males in Rugby Union: Stakeholders’ Perspectives." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0014.

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This study explored stakeholders’ perceptions of Welsh adolescent participation in rugby union. A Straussian grounded-theory approach was adopted and data collection was conducted via semistructured interviews with 15 individuals involved in Welsh adolescent rugby union. Data were analyzed through open and axial coding procedures and theoretical integration. Stakeholders perceived that continued rugby participation resulted from a positive evaluation of one’s participation in the sport and one’s ability to cope with the demands experienced throughout transitions during adolescence. Overall, the findings provide a substantive grounded theory of stakeholders’ perceptions of continued adolescent participation in Welsh rugby union, and applied implications, in an aim to promote continued sport participation.

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Gordon, Greg, Heather Morris-Eyton, and Alliance Kubayi. "Match loads of university rugby union players between the 2016 and 2018 Varsity Cup competitions." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a7949.

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Background: Rugby union is a popular and continuously growing sport globally. With the advance of technology, practices have been implemented to quantify the match running demands of rugby union players. The aim of this study was to analyse the match loads of rugby union players between the 2016 and 2018 Varsity Cup competitions. Methods: The sample consisted of 562 match observations of male university rugby union players competing in the Varsity Cup tournaments. Results: The backline players ran significantly longer total distances (5105 m; p = 0.001; ES = 0.49); have greater high- speed running (496 m; p = 0.001; ES = 1.03), very high-speed running (260 m; p = 0.001; ES = 1.50) and sprint distances (117 m; p = 0.001; ES = 1.32) than forward players. Backline players also accumulated a high number of metres per minute (238 ± 94; p = 0.001; ES = 0.46), total Player Load (488 ± 203; p = 0.001; ES = 0.31), RHIE (9 ± 8; p = 0.001; ES = 0.75) and number of accelerations (4 ± 5; p = 0.001; ES = 0.49). Conclusion: These findings may assist coaches to develop player position specific training programmes to meet the physical demands of rugby. Keywords: rugby union, match loads, physical demands, position

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Haggie, Maryanne. "The Judicial Disciplinary Procedures of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6036.

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This article examines the model established by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union Inc (NZRFU) to deal with acts of violence on the rugby field. The interface between sport and the law becomes relevant when society perceives sportsfield violence as going beyond acceptable boundaries. Identifying where these boundaries lie is problematic given the traditional reluctance of both sports administrators and the courts to invoke criminal sanctions for violence in sport. Part II examines violence in rugby, the limits to the consent defence, New Zealand case law on rugby violence and the likelihood of increased court action. It looks at the debate surrounding the appropriateness of internal disciplinary tribunals for sportsfield violence, and explores the criteria sports organisations must meet to avoid criminal prosecution of their players or judicial review of their internal disciplinary decisions. Part III outlines the establishment of NZRFU procedures to deal with violence in rugby and how they operate at local, national and international levels. In Part IV, the main features of the NZRFU's judicial disciplinary procedures are reviewed. It concludes that the NZRFU has created an effective and fair set of disciplinary rules to deal with violence in rugby, which has been extended to international competitions. However, there are some problems in its application. It will be suggested that changes could be made to the NZRFU's internal disciplinary procedures to improve consistency and independence and ultimately demonstrate to the rugby community, the courts and the public that violence in rugby is decreasing.

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King, Doug, Patria A. Hume, Natalie Hardaker, Cloe Cummins, Conor Gissane, and Trevor Clark. "Sports-related injuries in New Zealand: National Insurance (Accident Compensation Corporation) claims for five sporting codes from 2012 to 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 16 (March 12, 2018): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098533.

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ObjectivesTo provide epidemiological data and related costs for sport-related injuries of five sporting codes (cricket, netball, rugby league, rugby union and football) in New Zealand for moderate-to-serious and serious injury claims.MethodsA retrospective analytical review using detailed descriptive epidemiological data obtained from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) for 2012–2016.ResultsOver the 5 years of study data, rugby union recorded the most moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims (25 226) and costs (New Zealand dollars (NZD$)267 359 440 (£139 084 749)) resulting in the highest mean cost (NZD$10 484 (£5454)) per moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claim. Rugby union recorded more serious injury entitlement claims (n=454) than cricket (t(4)=−66.6; P<0.0001); netball (t(4)=−45.1; P<0.0001); rugby league (t(4)=−61.4; P<0.0001) and football (t(4)=66.6; P<0.0001) for 2012–2016. There was a twofold increase in the number of female moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims for football (RR 2.6 (95%CI 2.2 to 2.9); P<0.0001) compared with cricket, and a threefold increase when compared with rugby union (risk ratio (RR) 3.1 (95%CI 2.9 to 3.3); P<0.0001). Moderate-to-serious concussion claims increased between 2012 and 2016 for netball (RR 3.7 (95%CI 1.9 to 7.1); P<0.0001), rugby union (RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.4); P<0.0001) and football (RR 2.3 (95%CI 1.6 to 3.2); P<0.0001). Nearly a quarter of moderate-to-serious entitlement claims (23%) and costs (24%) were to participants aged 35 years or older.ConclusionsRugby union and rugby league have the highest total number and costs associated with injury. Accurate sport exposure data are needed to enable injury risk calculations.

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Wilson, Barry D. "Protective Headgear in Rugby Union." Sports Medicine 25, no. 5 (1998): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199825050-00005.

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Fuller, Colin W. "Catastrophic Injury in Rugby Union." Sports Medicine 38, no. 12 (2008): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838120-00002.

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Milburn, Peter D. "Biomechanics of Rugby Union Scrummaging." Sports Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 1993): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316030-00002.

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Passos, Pedro, Rita Cordovil, Orlando Fernandes, and João Barreiros. "Perceiving affordances in rugby union." Journal of Sports Sciences 30, no. 11 (July 2012): 1175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.695082.

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Targett, Stephen G. R. "Injuries in Professional Rugby Union." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199810000-00005.

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Hendricks, Sharief, Brad Roode, Bevan Matthews, and Michael Lambert. "Defensive Strategies in Rugby Union." Perceptual and Motor Skills 117, no. 1 (August 2013): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/30.25.pms.117x17z6.

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Hughes, Mike, Michael David Hughes, Jason Williams, Nic James, Goran Vuckovic, and Duncan Locke. "Performance indicators in rugby union." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 7, no. 2 (2012): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2012.72.05.

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Lokteff, Florent, Remy Canet, Saad Drissi, and Pierre Moretto. "Impacts characterisation in Rugby Union." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 23, sup1 (October 19, 2020): S175—S177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2020.1813425.

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Heffernan, S. M., L. P. Kilduff, R. M. Erskine, S. H. Day, J. S. McPhee, G. E. McMahon, G. K. Stebbings, et al. "Association of ACTN3 R577X but not ACE I/D gene variants with elite rugby union player status and playing position." Physiological Genomics 48, no. 3 (March 2016): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00107.2015.

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We aimed to quantify the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) genetic variants in elite rugby athletes (rugby union and league) and compare genotype frequencies to controls and between playing positions. The rugby athlete cohort consisted of 507 Caucasian men, including 431 rugby union athletes that for some analyses were divided into backs and forwards and into specific positional groups: front five, back row, half backs, centers, and back three. Controls were 710 Caucasian men and women. Real-time PCR of genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes using TaqMan probes and groups were compared using χ2 and odds ratio (OR) statistics. Correction of P values for multiple comparisons was according to Benjamini-Hochberg. There was no difference in ACE I/D genotype between groups. ACTN3 XX genotype tended to be underrepresented in rugby union backs (15.7%) compared with forwards (24.8%, P = 0.06). Interestingly, the 69 back three players (wings and full backs) in rugby union included only six XX genotype individuals (8.7%), with the R allele more common in the back three (68.8%) than controls (58.0%; χ2 = 6.672, P = 0.04; OR = 1.60) and forwards (47.5%; χ2 = 11.768, P = 0.01; OR = 2.00). Association of ACTN3 R577X with playing position in elite rugby union athletes suggests inherited fatigue resistance is more prevalent in forwards, while inherited sprint ability is more prevalent in backs, especially wings and full backs. These results also demonstrate the advantage of focusing genetic studies on a large cohort within a single sport, especially when intrasport positional differences exist, instead of combining several sports with varied demands and athlete characteristics.

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Little, Julie-Anne, Fabienne Eckert, Marc Douglas, and Brendan T. Barrett. "Eyewear for Rugby Union: Wearer Characteristics and Experience with Rugby Goggles." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 05 (January 27, 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1068-9501.

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AbstractUnlike many other sports, Rugby Union has not permitted players to wear spectacles or eye protection. With an industrial partner, World Rugby developed goggles suitable for use while playing rugby for the purposes of growing participation amongst those that need to wear corrective lenses. This study reports on the profile and experiences of goggle wearers. 387 players received the goggles. Data were obtained from 188 (49%) using an online, 75-item questionnaire. 87% “strongly agreed/agreed” that goggles are beneficial and 75% are happy with goggle performance. Common problems reported by 49.7 and 32.6% of respondents were issues with fogging-up and getting dirty. 15 (8%) players stopped wearing the goggles because of fogging-up, limits to peripheral vision and poor comfort/fit. Injuries were reported in 3% of respondents. In none of these cases did the player stop wearing the goggles. From the positive experience of players in the trial, the goggles were adopted into the Laws of the game on July 1, 2019. As the need to correct vision with spectacles is common, and contact lenses are not worn by 80%+of spectacle wearers, the new Rugby goggles will widen participation for those that need to wear refractive correction, or have an existing/increased risk of uniocular visual impairment.

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Sheard, K. G. "‘Breakers ahead!’ professionalization and rugby union football: lessons from Rugby League." International Journal of the History of Sport 14, no. 1 (April 1997): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369708713968.

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Kirkwood, Graham, Nikesh Parekh, Richard Ofori-Asenso, and Allyson M. Pollock. "Concussion in youth rugby union and rugby league: a systematic review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 8 (January 13, 2015): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093774.

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Hind, Karen, Natalie Konerth, Ian Entwistle, Alice Theadom, Gwyn Lewis, Doug King, Paul Chazot, and Patria Hume. "Cumulative Sport-Related Injuries and Longer Term Impact in Retired Male Elite- and Amateur-Level Rugby Code Athletes and Non-contact Athletes: A Retrospective Study." Sports Medicine 50, no. 11 (July 16, 2020): 2051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01310-y.

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Abstract Background Rugby union and rugby league are popular team contact sports, but they bring a high risk of injury. Although previous studies have reported injury occurrence across one or several seasons, none have explored the total number of injuries sustained across an entire career. As the first to do so, the aim of this study was to report on cumulative injuries and their perceived long-term impact in retired rugby code athletes compared to athletes from non-contact sports. Methods One hundred and eighty-nine former rugby code athletes (rugby union n = 145; rugby league n = 44) and 65 former non-contact athletes were recruited to the UK Rugby Health Project between September 2016 and December 2018. Details on sports participation, sports injuries and concussion history, sports injury-related surgeries, and previous and current health were obtained from a validated, online self-report questionnaire. Results Former elite rugby code athletes (n = 83) reported more total injuries per player (median 39, IQR 35) than former amateur rugby code athletes (n = 106; median 23, IQR 30; p = 0.014) and non-contact sports athletes (n = 65; median 7.5, IQR 15; p < 0.001). Concussion was the most frequently reported injury for the elite and amateur rugby code groups, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries. These injuries also presented with the highest recurrence. Rugby code groups reported a higher continued impact of previous concussion, neck injuries, shoulder dislocation, ACL tears, and knee ligament injuries (p = 0.003–0.045). The reported prevalence of osteoarthritis was more than twofold greater in the elite rugby code group than in non-contact athletes (51% v 22%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of back pain and/or severe and regular joint pain was high across all groups (47–80%), particularly the elite rugby code group. The total number of joint injuries and sport injury-related surgeries was higher in those who reported current osteoarthritis and current severe and regular joint pain (p < 0.001–p = 0.028). Conclusion Across multiple injury types, past participation in rugby union and rugby league, particularly at elite level, is associated with a high cumulative injury load and a continued impact of previous injuries post-retirement. Given the high number of reported concussions (and their recurrence) and associations between previous injuries during a player’s career and current musculoskeletal conditions, efforts should be prioritized to reduce the occurrence and recurrence of injuries in rugby codes at all levels of the sport. Strategies should also be developed for supporting the specific physical health needs of rugby code athletes post-retirement.

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Hendricks, Sharief, Kevin Till, Steve den Hollander, Trevor N. Savage, Simon P. Roberts, Gregory Tierney, Nicholas Burger, et al. "Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 10 (February 20, 2020): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101293.

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Using an expert consensus-based approach, a rugby union Video Analysis Consensus (RUVAC) group was formed to develop a framework for video analysis research in rugby union. The aim of the framework is to improve the consistency of video analysis work in rugby union and help enhance the overall quality of future research in the sport. To reach consensus, a systematic review and Delphi method study design was used. After a systematic search of the literature, 17 articles were used to develop the final framework that described and defined key actions and events in rugby union (rugby). Thereafter, a group of researchers and practitioners with experience and expertise in rugby video analysis formed the RUVAC group. Each member of the group examined the framework of descriptors and definitions and rated their level of agreement on a 5-point agreement Likert scale (1: strongly disagree; 2: disagree; 3: neither agree or disagree; 4: agree; 5: strongly agree). The mean rating of agreement on the five-point scale (1: strongly disagree; 5: strongly agree) was 4.6 (4.3–4.9), 4.6 (4.4–4.9), 4.7 (4.5–4.9), 4.8 (4.6–5.0) and 4.8 (4.6–5.0) for the tackle, ruck, scrum, line-out and maul, respectively. The RUVAC group recommends using this consensus as the starting framework when conducting rugby video analysis research. Which variables to use (if not all) depends on the objectives of the study. Furthermore, the intention of this consensus is to help integrate video data with other data (eg, injury surveillance).

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Sankey, R. Andrew, John H. M. Brooks, Simon P. T. Kemp, and Fares S. Haddad. "The Epidemiology of Ankle Injuries in Professional Rugby Union Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 36, no. 12 (September 8, 2008): 2415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508322889.

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Background Ankle injuries represent a considerable proportion of injuries to professional rugby union players; however, there is a scarcity of detailed epidemiology about these injuries. Purpose To describe the epidemiology and assess the risk factors associated with ankle injuries sustained by a cohort of professional rugby union players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Method Medical personnel prospectively reported time-loss injuries in professional rugby union in England, and the ankle injuries were evaluated. Results Lateral ankle ligament injuries were the most common injury reported during matches and training, and together with Achilles tendon injuries, they accounted for more than half of the absence due to injury. The incidence rate of injuries was highest in second-row forwards. More than a quarter of injuries were recurrences. Conclusion Lateral ankle ligament injuries and Achilles tendon injuries should be a focus of injury prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies in professional rugby union players.

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Burger, Nicholas, Mike Lambert, and Sharief Hendricks. "Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 2020): e000645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000645.

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ObjectivesThe purpose of this review was to synthesise both injury prevention and performance tackle-related research to provide rugby stakeholders with information on tackle injury epidemiology, including tackle injury risk factors and performance determinants, and to discuss potential preventative measures.DesignSystematic review and narrative synthesis.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaLimited to peer-reviewed English-only publications between January 1995 and October 2018.ResultsA total of 317 studies were identified, with 177 in rugby union and 13 were in rugby sevens. The tackle accounted for more than 50% of all injuries in rugby union and rugby sevens, both at the professional level and at the lower levels, with the rate of tackle injuries higher at the professional level (mean 32/1000 player-hours) compared with the lower levels (mean 17/1000 player-hours). A player’s tackle actions and technical ability were identified as major risk factors for injury and a key determinant of performance.Summary/conclusionEvidence-based education, progressive tackle technique training with a high potential to transfer and law changes have been proposed as key modifiers of player tackle actions and technical ability. Conceivably, all three modifiers working in unison (as opposed to separately) will have a higher potential at reducing tackle injury risk while enhancing performance. With the guidance of tackle injury and performance studies, as well as stakeholder engagement, experiential and explorative tackle research has the potential to inspire innovative injury prevention and performance strategies.

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Dziedzic, Christine E., and Dean G. Higham. "Performance Nutrition Guidelines for International Rugby Sevens Tournaments." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0172.

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Rugby sevens is an abbreviated version of rugby union, played by teams of seven players over 7-min halves. International competitions are usually played in a tournament format. While shorter in duration, the movement demands of rugby sevens per min of match time are greater than rugby union, resulting in an accentuated load on players. This load can be repeated up to six times over a typical 2- or 3-day competition period. The potential cumulative effect of inadequate carbohydrate, protein and/or fluid intake over the course of a tournament is the greatest nutrition-related concern for players. Nutritional strategies before and during competition are suggested to replenish substrate stores, maintain fluid balance and promote recovery between matches. The use of ergogenic aids known to enhance intermittent, high-intensity activity and/or the execution of motor skills may be advantageous to rugby sevens performance and is discussed. This review provides a best-practice model of nutritional support for international rugby sevens competition based on our current understanding of the sport combined with pragmatic guidelines and considerations for the practitioner.

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Viviers, Pierre L., Lovemore Kunorozva, and Elton Wayne Derman. "Rugby Union Concussions-recognize And Rugby Union Concussions-recognise Andremove:do We Over-call Suspected Concussions?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000676964.03269.13.

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Harris, John, and Ben Clayton. "The First Metrosexual Rugby Star: Rugby Union, Masculinity, and Celebrity in Contemporary Wales." Sociology of Sport Journal 24, no. 2 (June 2007): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.24.2.145.

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This paper examines media representations of Welsh rugby player Gavin Henson, arguing that through analysis of media discourses we can trace shifting shapes of masculinities in the (post)modern era of sport. Contradiction and inconsistencies are prevalent in the narratives that accompany the equally conflicting images of Henson, who both conforms to and challenges traditional rugby playing masculinities. The paper examines articles from Welsh and British newspapers from a critical (pro)feminist perspective, arguing that Henson transcends boundaries in a way that no rugby player has ever done before and analyzes his place as the first metrosexual rugby star. The study also examines the somewhat problematic concept of metrosexuality within critical (pro)feminist theories of sport and attempts to conceptualize the position and significance of the term. This work brings images of the continual, dialectic process of the (re)defining of gender identities to the study of masculinities, and sport masculinities in particular.

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Wilson, Dylan M. "Rugby union should ban contested scrums: Scrums are contested in junior rugby." BMJ 332, no. 7554 (June 8, 2006): 1391.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1391.

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Viviers, Pierre L., Jeandré T. Viljoen, and Wayne Derman. "A Review of a Decade of Rugby Union Injury Epidemiology: 2007-2017." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 3 (February 14, 2018): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118757178.

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Context: Rugby union is the most widely played team collision sport globally. As with other contact sports, there is substantial risk of injury. To date, the majority of studies on injury epidemiology have focused on elite male cohorts, which inherently prevents extrapolation of research findings to other groups within the player continuum. This review aims to describe emerging injury trends across the spectrum of various rugby union subpopulations and to highlight gaps that may influence future injury prevention tactics. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant articles published from 2007 to 2017 were obtained by searching MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORT Discus. Studies on 15-a-side rugby union, implemented according to the 2007 consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for injuries in rugby union, were used. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Match injuries occur more frequently than training injuries. Injury rates increase consistently according to age and level of play. Severity of injury often is greater among lower levels of the game, and sex-specific differences relating to injury patterns and incidence rates exist. Conclusion: To date, a paucity of injury surveillance data exists for women and players of both sexes at all levels of community rugby union. Furthermore, the incidence of injuries and illnesses are poorly reported in epidemiological studies. Despite methodological differences, injury trends remain consistent throughout all levels of play.

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Cruz-Ferreira, Antonio Miguel, Eduardo Miguel Cruz-Ferreira, Pedro Barbosa Ribeiro, Luiz Miguel Santiago, and Luis Taborda-Barata. "Epidemiology of Time-Loss Injuries in Senior and Under-18 Portuguese Male Rugby Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 62, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0159.

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Abstract Rugby union has one of the highest injury incidence rates in team sports, however, most of the available data focus on the epidemiology of injuries in countries where rugby is popular. We aimed to report the incidence rate and relevant epidemiological aspects of injuries occurred in a group of Portuguese male rugby players. A prospective cohort study was conducted with a group of 45 senior and 32 under-18 male players (total of 77 players). Outcome measures included injury incidence, position, type, location and severity of injuries. The match injury incidence for all players was 55.84 per 1000 player match-hours (66.66 for seniors, 42.85 for under-18), while mean time-loss for injury was 20.79 days. No statistical differences were found between groups. Lower limb injuries accounted for 60.5% of all injuries, while joint/ligament injuries were the most prevalent type. Contact events were responsible for 65.1% of injuries. Despite the limitations, the obtained data are consistent with the literature. Time-loss injuries seem highly prevalent in rugby union and the incidence rates found in this Portuguese-based study were lower than the reported for international and senior men’s professional rugby union, but higher than those occurring in community rugby in tier-1 countries. The authors believe these data reinforce the need to develop and implement effective injury surveillance and prevention programs.

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Loturco, Irineu, Lucas A. Pereira, Tomás T. Freitas, Chris Bishop, Fernando Pareja-Blanco, and Michael R. McGuigan. "Maximum Strength, Relative Strength, and Strength Deficit: Relationships With Performance and Differences Between Elite Sprinters and Professional Rugby Union Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0342.

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Purpose: To test the relationships between maximum and relative strength (MS and RS), absolute and relative peak force (PF and RPF), and strength deficit (SDef), with sprint and jump performance, and to compare these mechanical variables between elite sprinters and professional rugby union players. Methods: Thirty-five male rugby union players and 30 male sprinters performed vertical jumps, 30-m sprint, and half-squat 1-repetition maximum (1RM), where these force-related parameters were collected. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the relationships between the variables. An independent t test and magnitude-based inferences compared the mechanical variables between sprinters and rugby players. Results: Almost certain significant differences were observed for jump and sprint performance between groups (P < .0001). The rugby union players demonstrated a likely significant higher MS (P = .03) but a very likely lower RS (P = .007) than the sprinters. No significant differences were observed for PF between them. The sprinters exhibited an almost certain significant higher RPF than the rugby players (P < .0001). Furthermore, the rugby players demonstrated almost certain to likely significant higher SDef from 40% to 70% 1RM (P < .05) compared with the sprinters. Overall, all strength-derived parameters were significantly related to functional performance. Conclusions: Elite sprinters present higher levels of RS and RPF, lower levels of SDef, and better sprint and jump performance than professional rugby players. Relative strength-derived values (RS and RPF) and SDef are significantly associated with speed–power measures and may be used as effective and practical indicators of athletic performance.

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Daly, Ed, Adam White, Alexander D. Blackett, and Lisa Ryan. "Pressure. A Qualitative Analysis of the Perception of Concussion and Injury Risk in Retired Professional Rugby Players." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030078.

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This study interviewed retired professional rugby union players (≤10 years since retirement) to discuss their careers in the game of rugby union. The primary aim of the study was to document their understanding of concussion knowledge and the analogies they use to describe concussion. In addition, these interviews were used to determine any explicit and implicit pressures of playing professional rugby as described by ex-professional rugby players. Overall, 23 retired professional rugby players were interviewed. The participants had played the game of rugby union (n = 23) at elite professional standard. A semi-structured individual interview design was conducted with participants between June to August 2020. The research team reviewed the transcripts to identify the major themes from the interviews using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Four major themes were identified: (1) medical and theoretical understanding of concussion, (2) descriptions of concussion and disassociated language, (3) personal concussion experience, and (4) peer influences on concussion within the sport. These were further divided into categories and subcategories. The interviews highlighted that players did not fully understand the ramifications of concussive injury and other injury risk, as it became normalised as part of their sport. This normalisation was supported by trivialising the seriousness of concussions and using dismissive language amongst themselves as players, or with coaching staff. As many of these ex-professional players are currently coaching rugby (48%), these interviews could assist coaches in treating concussion as a significant injury and not downplaying the seriousness of concussion in contact sports.

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Shirazi, M., MD Cusimano, J. Di Michele, and S. McFaull. "Brain injuries sustained by Canadian youth participating in Rugby Union." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 42, S1 (May 2015): S39—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.180.

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Background: Rugby is a high-intensity, full-body contact sport in which there is an increased risk of injury associated with participation. The objectives of this study were to identify the mechanisms and characteristics of rugby-related injury sustained amongst Canadian youth. Methods: Data were obtained from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program database. The study population consisted of individuals aged 10-19 who sustained an injury while participating in rugby between the years 1990 and 2014. Proportions of body parts injured, mechanisms of brain injury, and nature of injury were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There were a total of 6200 rugby-related injuries sustained among individuals aged 10-19 between the years 1990 and 2014. 16.0% (N=993) of all injuries were brain injuries, 48.9% (n=486) of which were concussions. 70.7% (n=4838) of all injuries were sustained by males. The predominant mechanism of brain injury was tackling which accounted for 48.3% of all brain injuries n=480. Conclusion: Participation in rugby is rapidly increasing, and brain injury as a result of participation is a common occurrence. Possible changes to reduce injury include stricter penalties for high tackles to the head and neck area, and rules against blindside tackles.

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Malcolm, Dominic, and Kenneth Sheard. "“Pain in the Assets”: The Effects of Commercialization and Professionalization on the Management of Injury in English Rugby Union." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 2 (June 2002): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.2.149.

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This paper examines the management of injuries in men’s elite rugby union in England and, in particular, how this has altered as a consequence of the (formal) professionalization of the game in 1995. Data are drawn from 42 in-depth, semistructured interviews, conducted with seven coaches/directors of rugby, nine rugby club doctors, ten physiotherapists, and sixteen players. Partly as a consequence of examining pain and injury developmentally, our findings contrast with much of the existing sociological research in the area. The professionalization of rugby union, we argue, has not led to a greater acceptance of pain and injury in the sport or to a higher level of pressure upon, or “coercion” of, players to play under such conditions. Rather professional players receive markedly better medical backup and seem increasingly disposed to utilizing it.

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Gerrard, David F. "External Knee Support in Rugby Union." Sports Medicine 25, no. 5 (1998): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199825050-00002.

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McIntosh, A., T. Savage, J. Best, and J. Orchard. "319 Injury risks in Rugby Union." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (December 2005): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30816-2.

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Sexton, M., J. Hides, D. Mendis, L. Bisset, A. Gardner, and F. Leung. "Headaches in adolescent rugby union players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (October 2019): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.143.

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Climstein, M., J. Walsh, J. Best, K. Adams, M. DeBeliso, S. Burke, J. Kettunen, and I. Heazlewood. "Demographics of veteran Rugby Union competitors." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 14 (December 2011): e80-e81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.166.

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Milburn, Peter D. "The kinetics of rugby union scrummaging." Journal of Sports Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 1990): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732130.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rugby ; rugby union'

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