To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Ruhr Valley.
Journal articles on the topic 'Ruhr Valley'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 46 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Ruhr Valley.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wrede, Volker. "E13: Carboniferous and Coal in the Ruhr Valley." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 66 (May 28, 2010): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/66/2010/226.
Full text
2
Lees, Andrew, and James H. Jackson. "Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley 1821-1914." American Historical Review 105, no. 2 (April 2000): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1571600.
Full text
3
Guerin, Frances. "Physically absent, visually present: Joachim Schumacher’s photographs of Germany’s Ruhr Valley." Journal of European Studies 47, no. 4 (October 24, 2017): 392–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244117733899.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the photographs of Joachim Schumacher for their vision of a landscape haunted by the forgotten, the silenced and the increasingly invisible lives erased by the re-articulation of Germany’s Ruhr region. The article places Schumacher’s work in relationship to post-war German photography, both that which imagines the memories of World War II and the Holocaust, as well as the 1980s urban photographs of the Düsseldorf School photographers. Within this context, Schumacher’s photographs are understood for their location of place and history on the revitalized Ruhr landscape. In addition, the article considers the photographs in relationship to the New Topographics to demonstrate their simultaneous placelessness. In this international context, Schumacher’s photographs can be seen as indicative of a European placelessness that has emerged in the wake of the closure of mining and industry.
4
Huszka, Victoria. "“Zašto bi dolina rijeke Ruhr mogla postati novi Berlin”." Narodna umjetnost 60, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15176/vol60no102.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on ethnographic data collected from regional Instagram marketing in the Ruhr Valley, this article explores the social and symbolic dimensions of charisma as a resource of civil actors in postindustrial governance settings. It is argued that charismatic Instagram users not only utilize the past as a resource for figurative practices, but also transform it symbolically by mixing it with elements derived from the cultural meaning repertoire of Berlin as a role model for a creative city. Furthermore, results are presented on how Instagram users and public marketing actors engage in the socioeconomic transformation of the region: both groups pursue the goal of bringing forth a new economic imaginary for the region. While charismatic Instagram users aim at redefining the Ruhr Valley by playfully challenging and transforming its industrial structures, regional marketing mainly focuses on following a path set by Berlin, based on the shared characteristic of an industrial past in both areas.
5
Holz, Jean-Marc. "Le L.I.S. dans la vallée de la Ruhr / The Regional Office for Pollution Control in the Ruhr Valley." Revue de géographie de Lyon 71, no. 1 (1996): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geoca.1996.4324.
Full text
6
Sweeney, D. "Book Review: Migration und Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821-1914." German History 17, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549901700417.
Full text
7
Chamberlin, Ute Elisabeth. "Practical Reformers: Women School Owners in Imperial Germany." History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 4 (November 2014): 465–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12079.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1860s, the Ruhr Valley town of Dortmund had no schools for girls beyond the elementary level with the exception of a few private establishments that trained domestic servants. This dearth of educational opportunities is hardly surprising in a town of just 25,000 people at a time when even many larger German cities were bereft of secondary schools for girls. By 1914, however, when Dortmund's population had grown tenfold to well over 250,000, girls or their parents could choose among numerous types of institutions beyond the basic elementary school—several secondary schools, middle schools, and a variety of vocational and commercial institutions, most of them under municipal control.
8
Jung, Yong Suk. "From coal to culture: De-industrialization and industrial heritage in the Ruhr valley of Germany." Kangwon Historical Review 38 (May 31, 2022): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31097/khr.2022.38.02.
Full text
9
Friedrichs, Anne. "A Site of Shifting Boundaries: Fostering and Limiting Mobility in the Ruhr Valley (1860–1910)." Journal of Borderlands Studies 34, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2017.1332489.
Full text
10
Rennert, Thilo, Sylvia Meißner, and Kai U. Totsche. "Status and mobilization of trace elements in two ocherous soils of the Ruhr valley, Germany." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, no. 4 (June 16, 2009): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200800308.
Full text
11
Villinger, Antonia. "Literatur und Energie in Joseph Roths Der Rauch verbindet Städte (1926)." Journal of Austrian Studies 56, no. 4 (December 2023): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/oas.2023.a914872.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: In his report Der Rauch verbindet Städte , which appeared in the Frankfurter Zeitung in 1926, Joseph Roth described how coal mining affected life, society, and work in the Ruhr Valley. The text demonstrates impressively and in metaphoric terms how the coal trade and its industrial use as a source of energy had a direct influence on everyday life and the economy. This article proceeds from coal as a source of energy to examine the connection between literature and energy, reading this text against the background of the field of Energy Humanities currently developing in the anglophone sphere. This research focus, which has to date hardly been pursued in the German-speaking world, provides a new and productive perspective within the field of Austrian Studies.
12
Berger, Stefan. "Industrial Heritage and the Ambiguities of Nostalgia for an Industrial Past in the Ruhr Valley, Germany." Labor 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-7269314.
Full text
13
Schmidt-Rutsch, Olaf. "Field trips E11: Geology and Industrial Heritage in the Ruhr Valley. Nightingale Mine in Witten and Henrichshütte Ironworks Hattingen." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 66 (May 28, 2010): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/66/2010/208.
Full text
14
Helm, Jutta A. "Introduction: German Cities Between Globalization and Unification." German Politics and Society 16, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503098782486979.
Full textAbstract:
For more than a century, Germany has had a well-balanced systemof cities showcasing considerable variety in their social and physicalmake-up. It has lacked spectacular global cities like New York,Tokyo, or London. Instead, western cities include industrial citieslike those in the Rhine-Ruhr Valley and cities shaped by universitiesand research (Göttingen or Freiburg), media and publishing (Hamburg),culture and high-technology sectors (Munich), banking andfinance (Frankfurt/Main), wholesale trade and insurance (Cologneand Düsseldorf), as well as government and administration (Berlin,Bonn, and most state capitals). Dramatic social or economic crisesthat generate debates about urban decline have not happened.Thanks in part to effective urban governments, no German city hascome close to the near-collapse of American rustbelt cities duringthe early 1980s, or the fiscal meltdown of New York City in the1970s. Crime has been consistently lower and less violent, and theAmerican racial divide has no equivalent in German cities. East Germancities, while more unevenly developed, have been no less stable.East Berlin was the dominant center, linked to the industrialcities in the North (Rostock) and South (Leipzig, Halle, Dresden) bya rather creaky infrastructure.
15
Lerche, Ian, and Christof Lempp. "Methods for Estimating Associated Risks of Sinkhole Occurrences: A Demonstration Using Available Data from the Ruhr Valley Region of Germany." Environmental Geosciences 9, no. 4 (December 2002): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2002.94001.x.
Full text
16
Knaak, Mathias, and Katrin Schüppel. "Terrestrial laserscanning /TLS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) - two tools for the three-dimensional documentation of geotopes in the Ruhr Valley." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 94 (May 7, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/94/2019/47.
Full text
17
Moch, L. P. "Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821-1914. By James H. Jackson, Jr. (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1997. xix plus 452pp. $85.00)." Journal of Social History 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 704–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2000.0032.
Full text
18
Burlina, Elena Y. "«Old City» – «Bezymyanka» – creative city." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 2, no. 119 (2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-2-119-144-150.
Full textAbstract:
«Bezymyanka» is the name of the largest industrial district of the city of Kuibyshev, now Samara. The expressive name can also be interpreted as a metaphor for many industrial cities of the Soviet era. In the XXI century various projects for the transformation of industrial cities are known. The cultural capital of Europe in 2007 was the oldest mining city in Germany, Essen, together with nearby industrial ancient mining towns in the Ruhr River Valley. The project was won by solving environmental problems and creative reformatting of the industrial city. It should be noted that the problems of Soviet industrial cities are presented in numerous Russian and foreign studies. So, the article refers to modern works on the search for justified transformations of «Soviet Magnitka»; Uralmash in Ekaterinburg and other problematic industrial cities. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to various interpretations of such cities. In Samara, there is also «bifurcation»: the old city and industrial Bezymyanka. To expose the sociocultural contradiction between the «old» and the «industrial city», the article reveals discrepancies that inhibit development. The author draws attention to the unique and overtaken by its time Grushinsky festival, in particular, its leaders. Conclusion: the lack of the balance of «old», «Soviet» and «post-Soviet» territories inside of one city is a problem of lack of personalities.
19
Tarín-Carrasco, Patricia, María Morales-Suárez-Varela, Ulas Im, Jørgen Brandt, Laura Palacios-Peña, and Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero. "Isolating the climate change impacts on air-pollution-related-pathologies over central and southern Europe – a modelling approach on cases and costs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 9385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9385-2019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Air pollution has important implications for human health and associated external costs to society and is closely related to climate change. This contribution tries to assess the impacts of present (1996–2015) and future (2071–2100 under RCP8.5) air pollution on several cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies and estimate the difference in the costs associated with these health impacts on the European population. For this, air quality data from the regional chemistry–climate modelling system of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) are used, together with some epidemiological information from the European Commission. The methodology considered relies on the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) exposure–response functions and economic valuations (Brandt et al., 2013a, b). Several hypotheses have been established, in order to strictly isolate the effects of climate change on air pollution and health: constant present-day emission levels and population density in the whole of Europe. In general, the number of cases for the pathologies considered will increase in the future (chronic bronchitis, heart failure, lung cancer, premature deaths), increasing the overall cost associated from EUR 173 billion per year to over EUR 204 billion per year at the end of the present century. Premature deaths are the most important problem in the target area in terms of costs (EUR 158 billion per year, increasing by 17 % in the future RCP8.5 2071–2100 projection) and cases (418 700 cases per year, increasing by 94 900 cases per year in the future). The most affected areas are European megacities, the Ruhr Valley and several cities in eastern Europe (e.g. Chişinău, Bucharest). For the RCP8.5 scenario, cases and costs will increase over southern and eastern Europe, while central and northern Europe could benefit from climate change variations (decreasing both cases and costs for the studied pathologies).
20
Burlina, E. Ya. "CITY AS A STAGE: «STARYY» - «BEZYMYANKA» - «KREATIVNYY»." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 77 (2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-77-57-64.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of research. In 2007, the industrial city of Essen, Germany, and the accompanying "ring" of mining towns in the Ruhr Valley, quite unexpectedly became the European Capital of Culture. Essen did not lose in a number of such senior cities as Athens and Florence, world centers like Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels. On the contrary, the project of an industrial city has generated creative interest. The aim of the project was to solve such problems of industrial cities as the ecology of an industrial city, monuments of factory culture. The core of the project was mining biographies and the memory of the profession. The article provides links to similar transformations of the "Soviet Magnitka" - Uralmash in Yekaterinburg and other industrial cities of Russia. The “case of Samara” is considered in most 62 Гуманитарные науки Humanitarian Sciences ________________________________________________________________________________________________ detail. The author's hypothesis is that there is a rift in Samara between the "old" and "industrial city". This is confirmed by the analysis of chronotopes of different parts of the city and the proposed hypothesis of urban archetypes. Research methodology. The article uses the analysis of biographies and the go-along method. The author's concept of the chronotopic fault of the city became the substantive basis of this article. The cultural projects that the industrial "Bezymyanka" gave birth to give a high assessment of their projectivity, which has outstripped its time. Among the "nameless cultural projects" there is a unique mathematical and aesthetic school, a competition for young musicians named after D. B. Kabalevsky, the Valery Grushin International Festival is the world's largest festival of art songs. The city needed creative projects and it deserves study and further development. Conclusion: the problem of different cultural territories within one city inevitably leads to the division of territories and the inhibition of the creative development of the city as a whole.
21
Zanchetta, Alessandro, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Steven van Heuven, Andrea Scifo, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Ivan Mammarella, Ute Karstens, Jin Ma, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen. "Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide inferred from tower and mobile atmospheric observations in the Netherlands." Biogeosciences 20, no. 16 (August 23, 2023): 3539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a promising tracer for the estimation of terrestrial ecosystem gross primary production (GPP). However, understanding its non-GPP-related sources and sinks, e.g., anthropogenic sources and soil sources and sinks, is also critical to the success of the approach. Here we infer the regional sources and sinks of COS using continuous in situ mole fraction profile measurements of COS along the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.; 53∘24′ N, 6∘21′ E) in the Netherlands. To identify potential sources that caused the observed enhancements of COS mole fractions at Lutjewad, both discrete flask samples and in situ measurements in the province of Groningen were made from a mobile van using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS). We also simulated the COS mole fractions at Lutjewad using the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model combined with emission inventories and plant uptake fluxes. We determined the nighttime COS fluxes to be -3.0±2.6 pmol m−2 s−1 using the radon-tracer correlation approach and Lutjewad observations. Furthermore, we identified and quantified several COS sources, including biodigesters, sugar production facilities and silicon carbide production facilities in the province of Groningen. Moreover, the simulation results show that the observed COS enhancements can be partially explained by known industrial sources of COS and CS2, in particular from the Ruhr Valley (51.5∘ N, 7.2∘ E) and Antwerp (51.2∘ N, 4.4∘ E) areas. The contribution of likely missing anthropogenic sources of COS and CS2 in the inventory may be significant. The impact of the identified sources in the province of Groningen is estimated to be negligible in terms of the observed COS enhancements. However, in specific conditions, these sources may influence the measurements in Lutjewad. These results are valuable for improving our understanding of the sources and sinks of COS, contributing to the use of COS as a tracer for GPP.
22
Hubbard, William H. "Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley 1821–1914. By James H. Jackson. Studies in Central European Histories. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press. 1997. Pp. xix + 452. $85.00. ISBN 0-391-04033-2." Central European History 35, no. 2 (June 2002): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900007895.
Full text
23
Say, Daniel, Alistair J. Manning, Luke M. Western, Dickon Young, Adam Wisher, Matthew Rigby, Stefan Reimann, et al. "Global trends and European emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF<sub>4</sub>), hexafluoroethane (C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub>) and octafluoropropane (C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub>)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 3 (February 12, 2021): 2149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are amongst the most potent greenhouse gases listed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). With atmospheric lifetimes on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of years, PFC emissions represent a permanent alteration to the global atmosphere on human timescales. While the industries responsible for the vast majority of these emissions – aluminium smelting and semi-conductor manufacturing – have made efficiency improvements and introduced abatement measures, the global mean mole fractions of three PFCs, namely tetrafluoromethane (CF4, PFC-14), hexafluoroethane (C2F6, PFC-116) and octafluoropropane (C3F8, PFC-218), continue to grow. In this study, we update baseline growth rates using in situ high-frequency measurements from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and, using data from four European stations, estimate PFC emissions for northwest Europe. The global growth rate of CF4 decreased from 1.3 ppt yr−1 in 1979 to 0.6 ppt yr−1 around 2010 followed by a renewed steady increase to 0.9 ppt yr−1 in 2019. For C2F6, the growth rate grew to a maximum of 0.125 ppt yr−1 around 1999, followed by a decline to a minimum of 0.075 ppt yr−1 in 2009, followed by weak growth thereafter. The C3F8 growth rate was around 0.007 ppt yr−1 until the early 1990s and then quickly grew to a maximum of 0.03 ppt yr−1 in 2003–2004. Following a period of decline until 2012 to 0.015 ppt yr−1, the growth rate slowly increased again to ∼ 0.017 ppt yr−1 in 2019. We used an inverse modelling framework to infer PFC emissions for northwest Europe. No statistically significant trend in regional emissions was observed for any of the PFCs assessed. For CF4, European emissions in early years were linked predominantly to the aluminium industry. However, we link large emissions in recent years to a chemical manufacturer in northwest Italy. Emissions of C2F6 are linked to a range of sources, including a semi-conductor manufacturer in Ireland and a cluster of smelters in Germany's Ruhr valley. In contrast, northwest European emissions of C3F8 are dominated by a single source in northwest England, raising the possibility of using emissions from this site for a tracer release experiment.
24
Gorißen, Stefan. "Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821–1914. By James H. Jackson. Studies in Central European Histories. Edited by, Thomas A. Brady and, Roger Chickering. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1997. Pp. xix+452. $85.00." Journal of Modern History 72, no. 1 (March 2000): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315969.
Full text
25
Real, E., and K. Sartelet. "Modeling of photolysis rates over Europe: impact on chemical gaseous species and aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2010): 16691–745. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-16691-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper evaluates the impact of photolysis rate calculation on European air composition and air quality monitoring. In particular, the impact of cloud parametrisation and the impact of aerosols on photolysis rates are analysed. Photolysis rates are simulated using the Fast-JX photolysis scheme and gas and aerosol concentrations over Europe are simulated with the regional model Polair3D of the Polyphemus platform. The photolysis scheme is first use to update the clear sky tabulation used in the previous Polair3D version. Important differences in photolysis rates are simulated, mainly due to updated cross-sections in the Fast-JX scheme. In the previous Polair3D version, clouds were taken into account by multiplying the clear-sky photolysis rates using a correction factor. In a second stage, the impact of clouds is taken into account more accurately by simulating them directly in the photolysis scheme. Differences in photolysis rates inside clouds are as high as differences between simulations with and without clouds. Outside clouds, the differences are small. The largest difference in gas concentrations is simulated for OH with a mean increase of its tropospheric burden of 4 to 5%. To take into account the impact of aerosols on photolysis rates, Polair3D and Fast-JX are coupled. Photolysis rates are updated every hour. Large impact on photolysis rates is observed at the ground, decreasing with altitude. The aerosol species that impact the most photolysis rates is dust especially in South Europe. Strong impact is also observed over anthropogenic emission regions (Paris, The Po and the Ruhr Valley) where mainly nitrate and sulphate reduced the incoming radiation. Differences in photolysis rates lead to changes in gas concentrations, with the largest impact simulated for OH and NO concentrations. At the ground, monthly mean concentrations of both species are reduced over Europe by around 10 to 14% and their tropospheric burden by around 10%. The decrease in OH leads to an increase of the life-time of several species such as VOC. For example, isoprene ground concentrations increase in average by around 10%. NO2 concentrations are not strongly impacted and O3 concentrations are mostly reduced at the ground with a monthly mean decrease of about 3%. O3 peaks are systematically decreased because of the NO2 photolysis rate decrease. Not only gas are impacted but also secondary aerosols, due to changes in gas precursors concentrations. Monthly mean concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, sulphate and secondary organic aerosol at the ground are modified by up to 4% but PM10 and PM2.5 only by 1 to 2%. However monthly mean local differences in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations can reach 8% over regions with strong production of secondary aerosols such as the Po valley. In terms of air quality monitoring, ground concentrations of O3, NO2 and PM10 are compared with measurements from the EMEP stations. Statistics are usually better for simulation taking into account aerosol impact on photolysis rates, but changes are small. On the other hand, the systematic O3 peak reduction leads to large differences in the exceedances of the European O3 threshold as calculated by the model. The number of exceedances of the information and the alert threshold is divided by 2 when the aerosol impact on photochemistry is simulated. This shows the importance of taking into account aerosols impact on photolysis rates in air quality studies.
26
Kumar, Brijesh, H. C. Pande, and Ramesh Kumar. "Rediscovery and new locality record of Botrychium multifidum (Pteridophyta-Botrychiaceae) after 124 years from Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Forestry 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2013-3p0j4s.
Full textAbstract:
Botrychium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr. a Critically Endangred fern of Western Himalaya was earlier reported from Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. The Authors have collected this fern after a gap of 124 years from Solang Valley, Manali.
27
Real, E., and K. Sartelet. "Modeling of photolysis rates over Europe: impact on chemical gaseous species and aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 4 (February 23, 2011): 1711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1711-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper evaluates the impact of photolysis rate calculation on simulated European air composition and air quality. In particular, the impact of the cloud parametrisation and the impact of aerosols on photolysis rates are analysed. Photolysis rates are simulated using the Fast-JX photolysis scheme and gas and aerosol concentrations over Europe are simulated with the regional chemistry-transport model Polair3D of the Polyphemus platform. The photolysis scheme is first used to update the clear-sky tabulation of photolysis rates used in the previous Polair3D version. Important differences in photolysis rates are simulated, mainly due to updated cross-sections and quantum yields in the Fast-JX scheme. In the previous Polair3D version, clouds were taken into account by multiplying the clear-sky photolysis rates by a correction factor. In the new version, clouds are taken into account more accurately by simulating them directly in the photolysis scheme. Differences in photolysis rates inside clouds can be large but outside clouds, and especially at the ground, differences are small. To take into account the impact of aerosols on photolysis rates, Polair3D and Fast-JX are coupled. Photolysis rates are updated every hour. Large impact on photolysis rates is observed at the ground, decreasing with altitude. The aerosol specie that impact the most photolysis rates is dust especially in south Europe. Strong impact is also observed over anthropogenic emission regions (Paris, The Po and the Ruhr Valley) where mainly nitrate and sulphate reduce the incoming radiation. Differences in photolysis rates lead to changes in gas concentrations, with the largest impact simulated on OH and NO concentrations. At the ground, monthly mean concentrations of both species are reduced over Europe by around 10 to 14% and their tropospheric burden by around 10%. The decrease in OH leads to an increase of the life-time of several species such as VOC. NO2 concentrations are not strongly impacted and O3 concentrations are mostly reduced at the ground (−3%). O3 peaks are systematically decreased because of the NO2 photolysis rate coefficient decrease. Not only gas are impacted but also secondary aerosols, due to changes in gas precursors concentrations. However changes in aerosol species concentrations often compensate each other resulting in a low impact on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (lower than 2%). The changes in gas concentrations at the ground induced by the modification of photolysis rates (by aerosols and clouds) are compared to changes induced by 29 different model parametrisations in Roustan et al. (2010). Among the 31 model parametrisations, "including aerosols on photolysis rates calculation" has the strongest impact on OH concentrations and on O3 bias in July. In terms of air quality, ground concentrations (NO2, O3, PM10) are compared with measurements. Changes arising from cloud parametrisation are small. Simulation performances are often slightly better when including aerosol in photolysis rates calculation. The systematic O3 peak reduction leads to large differences in the exceedances of the European O3 standard as calculated by the model, in better agreement with measurements. The number of exceedances of the information and the alert threshold is divided by 2 when the aerosol impact on photochemistry is simulated. This shows the importance of taking into account aerosols impact on photolysis rates in air quality studies.
28
Andrés Hernández, M. Dolores, Andreas Hilboll, Helmut Ziereis, Eric Förster, Ovid O. Krüger, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, et al. "Overview: On the transport and transformation of pollutants in the outflow of major population centres – observational data from the EMeRGe European intensive operational period in summer 2017." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5877–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5877-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Megacities and other major population centres (MPCs) worldwide are major sources of air pollution, both locally as well as downwind. The overall assessment and prediction of the impact of MPC pollution on tropospheric chemistry are challenging. The present work provides an overview of the highlights of a major new contribution to the understanding of this issue based on the data and analysis of the EMeRGe (Effect of Megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the Regional to Global scales) international project. EMeRGe focuses on atmospheric chemistry, dynamics, and transport of local and regional pollution originating in MPCs. Airborne measurements, taking advantage of the long range capabilities of the High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft (HALO, https://www.halo-spp.de, last access: 22 March 2022), are a central part of the project. The synergistic use and consistent interpretation of observational data sets of different spatial and temporal resolution (e.g. from ground-based networks, airborne campaigns, and satellite measurements) supported by modelling within EMeRGe provide unique insight to test the current understanding of MPC pollution outflows. In order to obtain an adequate set of measurements at different spatial scales, two field experiments were positioned in time and space to contrast situations when the photochemical transformation of plumes emerging from MPCs is large. These experiments were conducted in summer 2017 over Europe and in the inter-monsoon period over Asia in spring 2018. The intensive observational periods (IOPs) involved HALO airborne measurements of ozone and its precursors, volatile organic compounds, aerosol particles, and related species as well as coordinated ground-based ancillary observations at different sites. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) tracer releases and model forecasts supported the flight planning, the identification of pollution plumes, and the analysis of chemical transformations during transport. This paper describes the experimental deployment and scientific questions of the IOP in Europe. The MPC targets – London (United Kingdom; UK), the Benelux/Ruhr area (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany), Paris (France), Rome and the Po Valley (Italy), and Madrid and Barcelona (Spain) – were investigated during seven HALO research flights with an aircraft base in Germany for a total of 53 flight hours. An in-flight comparison of HALO with the collaborating UK-airborne platform Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) took place to assure accuracy and comparability of the instrumentation on board. Overall, EMeRGe unites measurements of near- and far-field emissions and hence deals with complex air masses of local and distant sources. Regional transport of several European MPC outflows was successfully identified and measured. Chemical processing of the MPC emissions was inferred from airborne observations of primary and secondary pollutants and the ratios between species having different chemical lifetimes. Photochemical processing of aerosol and secondary formation or organic acids was evident during the transport of MPC plumes. Urban plumes mix efficiently with natural sources as mineral dust and with biomass burning emissions from vegetation and forest fires. This confirms the importance of wildland fire emissions in Europe and indicates an important but discontinuous contribution to the European emission budget that might be of relevance in the design of efficient mitigation strategies. The present work provides an overview of the most salient results in the European context, with these being addressed in more detail within additional dedicated EMeRGe studies. The deployment and results obtained in Asia will be the subject of separate publications.
29
Poraicu, Catalina, Jean-François Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Dominique Fonteyn, Frederik Tack, Felix Deutsch, Quentin Laffineur, Roeland Van Malderen, and Nele Veldeman. "Cross-evaluating WRF-Chem v4.1.2, TROPOMI, APEX, and in situ NO2 measurements over Antwerp, Belgium." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-479-2023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is employed as an intercomparison tool for validating TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite NO2 retrievals against high-resolution Airborne Prism EXperiment (APEX) remote sensing observations performed in June 2019 in the region of Antwerp, a major hotspot of NO2 pollution in Europe. The model is first evaluated using meteorological and chemical observations in this area. Sensitivity simulations varying the model planetary layer boundary (PBL) parameterization were conducted for a 3 d period in June 2019, indicating a generally good performance of most parameterizations against meteorological data (namely ceilometer, surface meteorology, and balloon measurements), except for a moderate overestimation (∼ 1 m s−1) of near-surface wind speed. On average, all but one of the PBL schemes reproduce the surface NO2 measurements at stations of the Belgian Interregional Environmental Agency fairly well, although surface NO2 is generally underestimated during the day (between −4.3 % and −25.1 % on average) and overestimated at night (8.2 %–77.3 %). This discrepancy in the diurnal evolution arises despite (1) implementing a detailed representation of the diurnal cycle of emissions (Crippa et al., 2020) and (2) correcting the modeled concentrations to account for measurement interferences due to NOy reservoir species, which increases NO2 concentrations by about 20 % during the day. The model is further evaluated by comparing a 15 d simulation with surface NO2, NO, CO, and O3 data in the Antwerp region. The modeled daytime NO2 concentrations are more negatively biased during weekdays than during weekends, indicating a misrepresentation of the weekly temporal profile applied to the emissions obtained from Crippa et al. (2020). Using a mass balance approach, we determined a new weekly profile of NOx emissions, leading to a homogenization of the relative bias among the different weekdays. The ratio of weekend to weekday emissions is significantly lower in this updated profile (0.6) than in the profile based on Crippa et al. (2020; 0.84). Comparisons with remote sensing observations generally show a good reproduction of the spatial patterns of NO2 columns by the model. The model underestimated both APEX (by ca. −37 %) and TROPOMI columns (ca. −25 %) on 27 June, whereas no significant bias is found on 29 June. The two datasets are intercompared by using the model as an intermediate platform to account for differences in vertical sensitivity through the application of averaging kernels. The derived bias of TROPOMI v1.3.1 NO2 with respect to APEX is about −10 % for columns between (6–12) × 1015 molec. cm−2. The obtained bias for TROPOMI v1.3.1 increases with the NO2 column, following CAPEX=1.217Cv1.3-0.783 × 1015 molec. cm−2, in line with previous validation campaigns. The bias is slightly lower for the reprocessed TROPOMI v2.3.1, with CAPEX=1.055CPAL-0.437 × 1015 molec. cm−2 (PAL). Finally, a mass balance approach was used to perform a crude inversion of NOx emissions based on 15 d averaged TROPOMI columns. The emission correction is conducted only in regions with high columns and high sensitivity to emission changes in order to minimize the errors due to wind transport. The results suggest that emissions increase over Brussels–Antwerp (+20 %), the Ruhr Valley (13 %), and especially Paris (+39 %), and emissions decrease above a cluster of power plants in western Germany.
30
Kasielke, Till, and Harald Zepp. "Sediment fillings in valleys of the Ruhr area resulting from human impact in different periods of history." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0055s1-0037.
Full text
31
Lucassen, Leo. "HOCHSTADT, STEVE. Mobility and Modernity. Migration in Germany 1820–1989. [Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany.] The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1999. 400 pp. Maps. $52.50. JACKSON, JAMES H., Jr. Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley 1821–1914. [Studies in Central European Histories.] Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands (NJ) 1997. xix, 452 pp. Ill. Maps. $85.00." International Review of Social History 44, no. 2 (August 1999): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859099640500.
Full text
32
Zanokha, L. L. "Swamp plant communities with Salix reptans Rupr. and S. lanata L. in the west of tundra zone of Taymyr Peninsula." Vegetation of Russia, no. 5 (2003): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2003.05.28.
Full textAbstract:
The 2 new associations, Carici stantis—Salicetum reptantis and Salico-Polemonietum acutiflori, are described within the all. Caricionstantis of the class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae R. Tx. 1937 for the northern belt of the typical tundra subzone of Taymyr. The diagnostic species group of the first syntaxon includes plants typical of sites with excessive watering. The ass. Carici stantis—Salicetum reptantis is restricted to bottoms or lower parts of the watershed and mountain terrace slopes. The ecological regime of these sites is subject to slight variations reflected in presence/ absence of certain species. Due to floristic differences, the association is subdivided into several subassociations which form a topographic-ecological series along the humidity gradient: epilobietosum palustris→ptilidietosum ciliaris→typicum→petasitetosum frigidi. The ass. Carici stantis—Salicetum reptantis is referred to the all. Caricionstantis which also includes the associations Meesiotriquetris—Caricetumstantis and Pooarcticae—Dupontietumfisheri (also described from the Ragozinka R. basin); the latter occur in the wet depressions between sloping hills and the flowing valleys, respectively. If compared to these two, the ass. Carici stantis—Salicetum reptantis is shown to hold an intermediate position between them. The ass. Salico-Polemonietum acutiflori with the 2 variants, Salix lanata and S. reptans, represents various variants of mire vegetation which have undergone zoogenic transformation (by lemmings). The stands size 1—1.5 m2 in space. The diagnostic species group comprises plants common of the wet mossy stream banks. The association is referred to the all. Caricion stantis, although many diagnostic species of the alliance are not present in its composition. When the new data are available, the association is probable to be separated into an independent alliance.
33
Stettler, Maria, and Roland Christen. "Vielfältiger Lebensraum, Ruhe, Sensibilisierung – Auerhuhnförderung auf drei Ebenen | A diverse habitat, tranquillity, awareness raising – capercaillie conservation on three levels." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0258.
Full textAbstract:
The diversely structured moor landscape on the left-hand flank of the Sarnen Aa Valley is considered an optimal habitat for the capercaillie. According to the Swiss Capercaillie Action Programme, approximately half the ca-percaillie population of the central Northern Alps is to be found in Canton Obwalden. Obwalden therefore has a particular responsibility towards this species, which the Canton meets by measures on three levels: forest management (1), protected wildlife areas (2) and information and awareness raising (3). In forest reserves the forest can develop in an almost unhindered manner. The capercaillie with its dependence on varied, structured forests profits from the creation of such reserves. A differentiated procedure taking into account the habitat needs of the capercaillie permitted us to identify the forest areas in which the capercaillie would most profit from forest improvement measures. In these areas trees were felled in order to enhance the habitat value for the capercaillie and indicator plots were established to monitor the effectiveness of these measures. The funding was made available within the new Programme Agreement “Biodiversity in Forests” of Confederation and Cantons (1). The provision of wildlife protection areas is our response to increasing disturbances. The highly sensitive capercaillie is a main target species for the creation of such wildlife areas (2). These measures need to be understood and supported by the public, which is why the third focus of Canton Obwalden is placed on public relation activities (3).
34
Usupbaev, Adilet. "The Synopsis of the Genus PiptatherumBeauv.(Poaceae) in Flora of the Kirgiz Republic." Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, no. 1 (August 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2018.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
For the first time, the paper reviews the results of detailed revision of herbarium materials from Poaceae Collection (FRU) kept in the Institute for Biology and Soil Science, National Academy of Sciences of the Kirgiz Republic (Bishkek). Synopsis of the genus Piptatherum Beauv. of Kirgiz flora is presented, with brief nomenclature citations and the key for identification. For species, only the main literature sources are cited: Flora of the URSS, Flora of Kirgiz SSR, Conspectus florae Asiae Mediae, and also Tsvelev’s monograph Grasses of the URSS. Piptatherum sogdianum (Grig.) Roshev. is newly reported for the Kyrgyzstan (Chon-Alai province, Alai mounting range, western slope, Kashka-Suuhole 29 VII 1948; Chon-Alai province, Alai mounting range, east stony slope, Balgyndyhole, 6 VIII 1948, Kashenko). The original illustrations, as photographs of spikelet and distributional maps, accompany the synopsis for each species: Piptatherum alpestre (Grig.) Roshev., Piptatherum ferganense (Litv.) Roshev.ex E. Nikit., Piptatherum holciforme (Bieb.) Roem.&Schult., Piptatherum laterale (Regel) Roshev., Piptatherum latifolium (Roshev.) Nevski, Piptatherum sogdianum (Grig.) Roshev., Piptatherum songaricum (Trin. &Rupr.) Roshev.exNikitina. Spreading within the Kirgizstan territory (conventional regions after the “Cadastre…2011”): Northern Kirgizstan, Issyk-Kul Lake depression, Central Tien Shan, Western Tien Shan, Cis-Ferghanian Kirgizstan, Inner Tien Shan, Alai Valley including southern macro-slope of Alai mountain range and northern macro-slope of Trans-Alai mountain range, entire territory of Kirgizstan.
35
Vardanyan, Anush, Laura Ghalachyan, Anna Tadevosyan, Varduhi Baghdasaryan, Anjelika Stepanyan, and Mahsa Daryadar. "The phytochemical study of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) leaves in hydroponics and soil culture." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 13, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v13i11.1183.
Full textAbstract:
Background: In the medical fieldEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Siberian ginseng is known as a natural adaptogen and immunomodulator. All parts of E. senticosus: roots, stems, leaves, and berries, have medicinal properties. In medicine, E. senticosus is used to treat depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral ischemia, and diabetes. The adaptogenic properties of the plant are related to its rich composition of biologically active compounds (phenylpropanoids, eleuterosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, vitamins, etc.). E. senticosus activates the body’s protection mechanisms, directly affecting tissue metabolism. It increases mental and physical performance, immunity, and protects from stress, making its use important in sports medicine and the military. The use of E. senticosus in food and dietary supplements has become popular in recent years, whereas some studies suggest that its potential benefits are the reduction of stress and enhancement of immune system function. Objective: To study the content of the main biologically active compounds of medicinal raw material (leaves) of E. senticosus, cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soil conditions during different stages of growth and development. Methods: The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and eleutherosides in a 70 % water-alcohol extract from E. senticosus dry leaves at different phases of vegetation period. The spectra were recorded using an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the content of extractive substances was determined, and the content of vitamin C, and β-carotene in fresh leaves (State Pharmacopoeia 2015).Results:The results of our study showed that levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves of E. senticosus obtained in hydroponics and soil culture are the highest during the flowering phase (August-September). It was observed that during the flowering period, the content of total phenols, phenolic acids, and eleutherosides was 1.3 times higher, and flavonoids - 1.2 times higher compared to the vegetative phase. It is worth noting that the content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene and extractives was also higher during the flowering period. Hydroponic plants had higher content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene, and extractives, respectively by 1.4, 1.2 and 1.2 times compared to soil plants. This could be due to several factors such as the optimal content of nutrients (N=200 mg/L, P=65 mg/L, K=350 mg/L), and the high content of oxygen in the hydroponic system. Conclusion: According to the results of a phytochemical study of E. senticosus leaves grown in outdoor hydroponics and soil culture in the Ararat Valley, the highest content of biologically active compounds (eleutherosides, phenols, phenolic acids, vitamins) is recorded in hydroponic plants in the flowering period. In general, the research has practical importance,since the E. senticosus plants grown in hydroponic conditions can be a rich source for the production of natural food and dietary supplements. Keywords:biologically active compounds, adaptogen, eleutherosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, medicinal raw material
36
Ghalachyan, Laura, Stepan Mairapetyan, Аnoush Vardanyan, Lusya Hovhannisyan, Mahsa Daryadar, Khachatur Mairapetyan, Aristakes Ghahramanyan, Anahit Hakobjanyan, and Anna Tadevosyan. "The study of gross beta-radioactivity of some medicinal plants in conditions of outdoor hydroponics and soil culture in Ararat Valley." Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 6, no. 10 (October 13, 2023): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i10.1174.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Technogenic and natural radionuclides (RN) along the biogeochemical chains of agrocenoses may enter the human body through irrigation water- soil- plants- agricultural animals, likewise in hydroponic systems through nutrient solution substrate plants, leading to the development of dangerous diseases. Thus, control of herbal raw material’s gross β-radioactivity and obtaining radioactively safe medicinal raw material are priority issues. Since 1996 we have carried out radio monitoring research in the Ararat valley (where the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) is located) in water, soil, and plant systems in zones of the ANPP with a radius of 2-15, 20 (the territory of Ashtarak city), 30 km (Yerevan, territory of Institute of Hydroponics Problems) (IHP), as well as Dilijan Forest Experimental Station (DFES) (the zone of ANPP with 90 km radius). Studies have shown that in natural waters (artesian water, Hrazdan, Qasakh, Metsamor rivers), soils and in various crops (vegetables, fruit of trees, etc.) of Ararat Valley the content of technogenic RN 90Sr (T1/2=28.6 years) and 137Cs (T1/2=30.1 years) did not exceed maximum allowable concentrations (for drinking water MAC 90Sr=5.0 Bq/L, MAC 137Cs=11.0 Bq/L; for vegetables and fruits MAC 90Sr=50 Bq/L, MAC 137Cs=130 Bq/L). Based on these studies, a complex of practical recommendations in this region will give the opportunity of obtaining ecologically pure agricultural products.Objective: Considering that the accumulation of RN in medicinal plants poses a particularly great threat to obtaining radioecologically safe medicinal raw materials, during 2017-2022 we studied the specificities of gross β-radioactivity and accumulation of controlled technogenic RN (90Sr and 137Cs) in medicinal plants under hydroponics and soil conditions in the Ararat valley (the zone of ANPP with 30 km radius). This has a specific practical significance, as it will enable to obtain the most radio-ecologically safe plant material.Methods: Gross β-radioactivity and content of 90Sr and 137Cs of samples (artesian water (irrigation water), nutrient solution, soil layers with depth of 0 - 30 cm and number of medicinal plants) in it were defined with radio-chemical extraction methods through the radiometer UMF-1500 (made in Russia) with low background. 90Sr was determined by the oxalate method with 90Y. RN were determined in dry sediments of waters, nutrient solution, the ash of plants, and soils. The following chemical reagents were used for the analysis: C2H2O4, HNO3, HCl, CH3COOH, CsCl, Y2O3, YCl3, K2SO4, KI, Sr(NO3)2, CeCl3, Ni(NO3)2, SbCl3, K4[Fe(CN)6] 3H2O and others.Results: The radio-chemical studies showed that the gross β-radioactivity of herbs in hydroponics fluctuated between 250 – 740 Bq/kg, and in soil: 140 – 690 Bq/kg. Thus, the medicinal raw material from the medicinal plants cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soil, is radioecologically safe, since its gross β-radioactivity does not exceed the threshold of 1.0 Bq/g. Medicinal plants grown in hydroponics and soil, with a slight deviation, show the same gross β-radioactivity decreasing pattern as follows: Peucedanum caucasicum (M.Bieb.) K. Koch. > Lycium barbarum > Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) > Teucrium polium = Humulus lupulus, variety “Crystal” > Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench > Humulus lupulus, variety “Chinook” > Humulus lupulus, variety “Newport” > Colchicum speciosum Stev. > Moringa oleifera Lam. Our studies have shown that the proportion of 90Sr and 137Cs together in gross β-radioactivity in different medicinal plants fluctuated between 1.0-7.4 % of dry mass in hydroponics and 1.7-10.1 % of dry mass in soil. In the gross β-radioactivity of medicinal plants the share of 90Sr and 137Cs in hydroponics was 1.2-3.0 and 1.3-2.3 times lower than that of soil plants.Conclusion: In artesian waters, gray soils and different medicinal plants grown in hydroponic settings and soil of Ararat Valley the content of controlled technogenic RN (90Sr and 137Cs) did not exceed MAC. Both medicinal raw materials grown in hydroponic settings and soil in Ararat Valley are radioecologically safe.Keywords: technogenic radionuclides, nutrient solution, herbal raw materials, 90Sr, 137Cs
37
Evdokimenko, Michael D., Leonid V. Krivobokov, and Alexey E. Petrenko. "Environmental Consequences of Landscape Fires in Trans-Baikal Forests." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 58 (2022): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/58/8.
Full textAbstract:
Landscape fires play the leading role in the modern anthropogenic dynamics of forest ecosystems in south-eastern Siberia. Forest pyrologists consider them the most destructive manifestation of fires - an environmental factor that acts across wide areas to change the state of landscapes. Due to the insufficient knowledge of the nature of pyrogenic forest ecosystems, especially its dynamic aspects in the forestforming process, obtaining data on the pyrogenic dynamics of forest ecosystems belonging to various ranks is of broad scientific interest. A new aspect of this study is assessing ecosystem transformations under various pyrological regimes that determine the pyrogenic successions of plant communities, the hydrothermal regime of soils, a post-fire runoff, etc. The history of catastrophic landscape fires in the Baikal and Trans-Baikal regions began after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. At that time, a long strip of coastal hemiboreal small-leaved deciduous forests formed along the southern shore of Lake Baikal, in the area of indigenous dark coniferous taiga, as a result of the “selective” impact of a lingering series of fires that followed intense forest harvesting. It happened regardless of the average productivity of the pyrogenic stands being 30-40% lower vs. the potential level. The landscape fires of the 1930-1950s that arose during industrial development, especially in the areas of intense forest harvesting, caused heavy damage to forest ecosystems throughout Transbaikalia. Now, due to a regress in the Russian forest management, landscape fires have turned into an archaic alternative to the ecological progress as of the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, the relevant goal of this article is to consider the transformation of forest ecosystems after landscape fires. The emergence and spread of landscape fires were studied during two fireintensive seasons through the air monitoring of the Trans-Baikal territory. Geographic coordinates: 49-57° N, 99-122° E. Regular pyrological studies of the seasonal dynamics of the forest fire danger implied the use of the method suggested by N.P. Kurbatsky (1970) [9]. The permanent trial plots were located on the Malkhansky and Khamar-Daban Mountain Ranges. The route studies covered the Selenga Highlands, as well as the basins of the Rivers Barguzin, Turka, Upper Angara, Muya, and Chara. Fig. 1 shows the schematic map of the sites. The pyrological regimes of vegetation complexes were established based on research data (see the table). The environmental consequences of landscape fires were studied in the forests of South-Eastern Baikal and Central Transbaikalia. The closest observations of the dynamics of burned (including through prescribed burning) and control stands were performed on permanent sample plots. There the researchers also ensured regular accounting of litterfall using special 1x1m collectors. The grain composition and physical and mechanical properties of the soils were determined via the common methods [21]. The pyrogenic variations of the forest-forming process after landscape fires were observed in different natural districts (Fig. 2). Pyrological regimes differ in the altitude-belt complexes (ABC) of vegetation and correspond to a wide range of atmospheric moistening. Forest-steppe vegetation prevails in the valleys of large rivers and low mountains in the conditions of extremely insufficient moistening. This vegetation is exposed to an extreme fire regime in the spring and in the early summer. The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) prevails in subtaiga-forest-steppe forests. There, an intense regime takes place even in a standard weather situation. The fire maturation of forests in the light-coniferous taiga belt with predominant larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb., Larix gmelini Rupr.) is approximately two times longer vs. forest-steppe and hemiboreal forests. Accordingly, the pyrological regimes vary from intense to moderate. Dark coniferous forests comprising the Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.), fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) and spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) are confined to wet belts with a moderate pyrological regime. A safe regime prevails in the subalpine ABC. The general fire danger is determined by ground fires, after which most burned forests retain their vitality at the level of their fire resistance, as well as depending on the actual intensity of fire in this area. Fig. 3 illustrates the typical dynamics of Scots pine stands established based on forest management data. In fact, diverse structural transformations of plant communities are observed after landscape fires - from a moderate fire damage to heavy thinning caused by an intense fire, and even complete death after head fires with probable local deforestation. Fig. 4 shows the comparative dynamics of the population of trees in normal and pyrogenic larch forests. Larch trees have an advantageous position vs. pines, as they are better protected from thermal damage by their thick bark. Besides, the crowns of larch trees are capable of regenerating needles and shoots damaged by fire. The duration of recovery to the pre-fire basal area increases exponentially with age, since forest stands inevitably face a growth decline as they become old. The pyrogenic digression of larch forests in permafrost areas with a burned peat horizon was followed by a tree fall, which was observed during the air monitoring of fires. Later thickets of birch and willow trees formed there. The fire damage to trees (trunks and crown), the ground cover, as well as the hydrothermal regime of soils are most comprehensively studied in the Scots pine forests of Central Transbaikalia where the ground cover and lower forest layers were explored not only at natural fire sites but also through prescribed burning. The integral picture of forest disturbance with landscape fires is complex and diverse. On mountain slopes, the strongest fire was observed when it was moving upwards. The speed and direction of the wind, as well as the daily temperature and humidity rhythm played a significant role in the spread of the fire line. Therefore, extensive landscape fires left behind a chaotic structure of damaged and dead stands. Later, a complex mosaic of uneven-aged stands modified by repeated fires formed during post-fire reforestation. After high-intensity fires, the forest plant communities were locally replaced by steppe ones, while reforestation took entire decades. Successions after fires were different. Extensive fires in the upper taiga ABC used to lower the upper boundary of the forest belt. Meanwhile, situations being destructive for the forest ecosystems of Transbaikalia regularly recurred, which was clearly seen based on the 200-year dynamics of the tree-ring width of the Scots pine in the River Turka valley. The tree diagram in Fig. 5 unambiguously shows a sharp decline in the width of tree rings at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries when the TransSiberian Railway was built. One may also identify drought periods in the 1930-1970s. The pyrogenic anomaly of 2015 that covered over 10% of the Baikal region turned out to be extremely dangerous. The article contains 5 Figures, 1 Table and 58 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
38
Friedrichs, Anne. "Charting the Boundaries of Societies in a Trans-European Perspective: The “Ruhr Poles” in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, April 30, 2024, 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.20.
Full textAbstract:
This paper considers the Polish-German workers, mainly from the eastern parts of Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire, who moved to the Ruhr Valley in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Extrapolating from this case study, it suggests a way of rethinking our conception of societies by analyzing the processes through which demarcation and belonging were produced at local, state, and trans-European levels. During this period, increasing numbers of people arrived in the region, some of whom stayed while others moved on. The intellectual and social figure of the “Ruhr Poles” is particularly revealing because it points to competing spatial affiliations whose meanings shifted according to geographical setting and social context. An analysis of the interwoven processes of differentiation and evaluation surrounding these mobile people demonstrates the influence that regional actors exerted through administrative practices of categorization. It also shows the diverse ways in which newcomers to the area represented and normalized social relationships. Finally, the article discusses the consequences of these processes for the scholarly classification of individuals who moved, in ways not defined by the grid of nation-states, between spaces such as the Ruhr Valley and Polish-speaking areas. Overall, the article demonstrates that even as the model of the nation-state was becoming prevalent in scholarly and public discourse across Europe, different constructions of belonging based on origin, achievement, and visions of the common humanity of subjects coexisted in the Ruhr region as an economic zone shaped by mobilities.
39
"Migration and urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821-1914." Choice Reviews Online 35, no. 04 (December 1, 1997): 35–2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-2351.
Full text
40
"Groundwater recharge in the Ruhr Valley by infiltration galleries." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 33, no. 5 (July 1996): A197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(96)89859-7.
Full text
41
Viétor, Birte, Thomas Hoppe, and Joy Clancy. "Decentralised combined heat and power in the German Ruhr Valley; assessment of factors blocking uptake and integration." Energy, Sustainability and Society 5, no. 1 (February 4, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13705-015-0033-0.
Full text
42
VERHAEGEN, Jasper. "Stratigraphic discriminatory potential of heavy mineral analysis for the Neogene sediments of Belgium." Neogene stratigraphy of northern Belgium 23, no. 3-4 (May 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.003.
Full textAbstract:
The Neogene units of Belgium cannot always be easily distinguished based on visual inspection and correlation across the basin is not straightforward. To aid in the stratigraphic interpretation of units, the discriminatory potential of heavy minerals has been determined. In this study, heavy mineral composition is combined with grain size analysis, providing information on the bulk sediment. Based on heavy mineral composition important interpretations could be made, such as (1) a different provenance between the Dessel Member and the Hageland Diest sand, making it improbable that they were deposited at the same time, (2) the Kasterlee-sensu-Gulinck unit of the eastern Antwerp Campine should be redefined as a lower Mol Formation unit or as a lateral equivalent of the typical Kasterlee Formation to the west, affected strongly by southern continental sediment input, and (3) the Waubach Member in the Ruhr Valley Graben should be split into two separate units, with the upper unit correlated with the Mol Formation and the lower unit, possibly the Inden Formation, correlated with the Diest Formation and Kasterlee Formation. The ‘X’ unit of the Maaseik core is likely a local transitional unit which cannot be directly correlated with a unit in the Campine Basin.
43
Schlutow, Angela, Winfried Schröder, and Thomas Scheuschner. "Assessing the relevance of atmospheric heavy metal deposition with regard to ecosystem integrity and human health in Germany." Environmental Sciences Europe 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00391-w.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackgroundThe critical values for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health and ecosystem’s integrity in Germany, especially the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG in Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz-BImSchG), 1974/2020) with its implementing ordinances (especially the 39th BImSchV in Neununddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes Verordnung über Luftqualitätsstandards und Emissionshöchstmengen vom 2. August 2010, zuletzt geändert durch Art. 2 V v. 18.7.2018 I 1222, 2010, 2018), the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV in Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) (GBBl. I S. 1554 vom 12. Juli 1999, zuletzt durch Artikel 3 Absatz 4 der Verordnung vom 27. September 2017 (BGBl. I S. 3465) ge-ändert, 1999/2015) and the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (Luft in Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes–Immissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft – TA Luft), 2002), were analysed, assessed with regard to the possibilities and applicability of the risk assessment, and were prepared for evaluation in comparison to the respective atmospheric deposition modelled with the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS. For a comparison of the critical values, the critical loads for cadmium, lead and mercury inputs were updated for Germany on a scale of 1:1 Mio, and critical loads for additional heavy metals (arsenic, copper, zinc, chromium and nickel) were computed, respectively. Due to the methodological differences of their derivation, the critical values of the individual regulations are only conditionally comparable to one another and to the critical loads. Sometimes major differences exist due to different levels of protection, various protective goods and the effect relationship. Only with the critical load calculations, inputs and outputs can be balanced.ResultsFor two unregulated metals (thallium and vanadium) a preliminary rough estimate of the risk of inputs in the receptors was provided as a calculated balance for in- and acceptable outputs. The uncertainty analysis shows, that the highest deviations occurred in the metal contents in plants used to calculate the output through the harvesting of the biomass. The critical load calculation has the highest sensitivity to changes in the pH value. The critical loads for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health (CL(M)drink) and ecosystem’s integrity CL(M)eco) for arsenic, nickel, zinc and chromium were not exceeded in Germany for 2009–2011. CL(M)drinkand CL(M)ecoare exceeded by Hg and Pb inputs, especially in the low rainfall regions of Germany (Brandenburg, lowlands of Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig Bay, Ruhr valley) with wood vegetation; in addition CL(Cu)ecois exceeded by copper deposition 2010 in the area surrounding Berlin and in the Ruhr valley. The critical loads for cadmium for the protection of drinking water CL(Cd)drinkand for the protection of human food from wheat products CL(Cd)foodare not exceeded in the German data set due to atmospheric deposition in 2010, but in the worst-case scenario the maximum atmospheric deposition in 2010 could exceeded the lowest CL(Cd)drinkand CL(Cd)food.ConclusionsThat assessment of risks was based on deposition from the atmosphere, which represents only a fraction of the inputs compared to the inputs from the use of fertilisers and other sources. This study suggests the conclusive recommendation to methodically deepen and broaden the assessment and evaluation of atmospheric deposition. This is especially true for the spatial validation and specification of exposure for ecosystem types.
44
"James H. Jackson, Jr. Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley 1821–1914. (Studies in Central European Histories.) Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International. 1997. Pp. xix, 452. $85.00." American Historical Review, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/105.2.632.
Full text
45
-, Simran Matlani. "From Partition To Abrogation: Tracing the History of Article 370." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 3 (June 29, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.22166.
Full textAbstract:
Kashmir isn’t “just another city” or just another place that exists on earth. It is a place described by the famous poet Amir Khusrau in the following words, “Gar Firdaus Bar Ruhe Zamin ast, Hamin asto, Hamin asto, Hamin ast….” Which when translated, means, “if there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here…..” The place was once compared to the paradise .The region had been choice of many British officials for their holidays in the British raj period and it remained a frequent location for film shootings by many directors in the 80s and 90s. However, apart from being a great tourist attraction with amazing scenic valley, it also holds a long and painful history of political instability during the latter half of 20th century. The troubles began for Kashmir since the partition of India was proposed and it took a long line of governments and thousands of lives in pursue of the solution to its troubles. This article is an analysis to understand and highlight all the turbulence that valley of Kashmir went through from partition to present day. We will see phase to phase developments that took place in Kashmir from the time of partition to formation of Article 370 and its abrogation along with its impact on the nation in general and the state in particular.
46
Pandey, Laxmi, Caroline Burks, Luisa Gómez Londoño, Larry Newsom, Jason Brock, Robert Kemerait, and Marin Brewer. "First Report of Tar Spot on Corn caused by Phyllachora maydis in Georgia, USA." Plant Disease, January 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-21-2456-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Tar spot is a major foliage disease of corn (Zea mays) caused by the fungus Phyllachora maydis. This disease can reduce the quality of silage, stover, husks, and grain (Valle-Torells et al. 2020). It was identified in the United States for the first time in 2015 in northern Illinois and Indiana (Ruhl et al. 2016). As of 2020, it has also been confirmed in Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Florida, Missouri, Minnesota and Pennsylvania (Telenko et al. 2020, Collins et al. 2021). In early August 2021, tar spot symptoms and signs were observed in late-planted, hybrid corn in southwestern Georgia in both Tift and Calhoun Counties. Where it occurred, incidence was nearly 100% and severity ranged from approximately 1% to 20% leaf coverage. As of November 2021, Tar spot has been confirmed in 13 counties throughout South Georgia. The symptoms on leaves were chlorotic lesions and the signs were black, raised, circular to irregular-shaped structures (stromata or clypei) ranging from 0.2 mm to 8 mm on the surface of the leaves. The stromata were present on both green and necrotic leaf tissue. Southern corn rust (Puccinia polysora) was often, but not always observed on leaves with tar spot. Microscopic observations of stromata included single and clustered ascomata (60 × magnification) that contained cylindrical, unitunicate asci with ellipsoid, hyaline, aseptate ascospores and abundant filiform paraphyses (400 × magnification). For molecular confirmation, stromata were surface sterilized with 95% ethanol and separated from the leaf tissue, then DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini-Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA). PCR was conducted with the universal ITS1 and ITS4 primers to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. The amplicons were Sanger sequenced (Genewiz, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ) and a consensus sequence of a representative lesion was deposited in GenBank (accession number OK649959). Using the BLASTN algorithm our sequence shared 100% and 99.2% coverage, and 97.2% and 98.4% similarity to P. maydis GenBank accessions MG881848 and MK184990, respectively. Phyllachora maydis is an obligate parasite that cannot be cultured, so Koch’s postulates were not performed. Inoculum of P. maydis may have been transported to Georgia from Florida by wind or other weather events, but this has not been confirmed.