Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ruler's court'

Under the 1956 Labour relations Act, parties who were dissatisfied with decisions of the then Industrial Court, could appeal to the old Labour Appeal Court, and then if still further unhappiness persists, to the former Appellate Division. Such appeals entailed placing before the court the complete record of the Industrial Court, and requesting it to decide if on the evidence, it would have come to the same conclusion. Sometimes the courts of appeal decide that they would, sometimes that they would not. When planning the new Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, the Cheadle Commission decided that this process was too slow, too technical, too cumbersome and too expansive. So it recommended that, at least in the case of the most common disputes, the issues should be decided quickly, informally and finally by arbitration. Unless the parties agree to private arbitration under the Arbitration Act, 42 of 1956, the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation & Arbitration (CCMA) would supply the arbitrators, who would exercise their powers, not under agreed terms of reference, but under the LRA itself. Like private arbitrators, those of the CCMA are also meant to dispose of matters with a minimum of legal formalities (see section 138(1) of the LRA). But the drafters of the LRA did not mean to insulate arbitration awards entirely from the watchful eye of the Labour Court. They therefore specifically provided for review of CCMA arbitrations awards in section 145, but they also gave general powers of review in section 158(1)(g) respectively of the LRA. As if the jurisdictional puzzle created by the LRA was not complex enough, the legislature added the Promotion of Justice Act 3 of 2000. It is an attempt to give expression to the constitutional right of fair labour practices and the constitutional standard of lawfulness and rationality. If section 145 limits the grounds on which commissioners’ actions can be reviewed, or if that section cannot be interpreted to reconcile it with the PAJA, it may well be that section 145 cannot pass constitutional muster - unless that section constitutes a limitation compliant with section 36 of the Constitution. That would be for the Constitutional court to decide.

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

This study of the cultural activities of the Scottish court in the adult reign of King James V reveals a vibrant, sophisticated and confident outlook, which was more closely integrated with the developments of the northern-European Renaissance than has been apparent hitherto. James V utilised the limited resources at his disposal to good effect, and his cultural patronage propagated multi-layered images of royal power. Continuity with the traditions established by his Stewart forbears, especially his father, James IV, was stressed, particularly in the early years of his reign. However, the chivalric, imperial and humanist themes which were fashionable at the Valois, Habsburg and Tudor courts of the period, were also important and became more prominent at the Scottish court as the reign progressed. An initial examination of the daily life of the court focuses on the personnel, structure and organisation of the royal household and considers the itinerary and routine activities of the king, his family and his entourage. This allows the cultural patronage of the court to be placed in a social context, in which the role and status of women at the court are particularly highlighted. Subsequent chapters consider developments in the visual arts, music and religious observance, learning and literature, military technology, and pageantry and ceremonial. The architectural patronage of the court was particularly rich and encompassed buildings in the ornate High-Gothic style, which was pioneered in the Burgundian Netherlands, and a more restrained Italianate Classicism borrowed from the French court. Music also flourished at the Scottish court, where the French chanson and the Italian consort of viols could be heard alongside the florid, Anglo-Flemish, sacred polyphony of the chapel royal. Likewise, the literary life of the court included vivid (and sometimes bawdy) vernacular verse, scholarly translations of classical texts, neo-Latin humanist treatises, and one of the earliest known examples of a Scottish play. The king also spent heavily on developing an embryonic royal navy, royal artillery and a network of coastal and border fortifications, which incorporated the latest advances in military technology. The ceremonial highlights of the reign included two royal weddings, the lavish funerals of Queens Madeleine de Valois and Margaret Tudor, the coronation of Queen Mary of Lorraine as well as tournaments and rituals connected with the chivalric orders of the Garter, the Golden Fleece and St. Michael. In all of these areas the inspiration of the court of Francis I was particularly strong, since James V spent several years of his minority under the authority of a French Governor, married two French princesses and made a personal visit to the French court in 1536-37. However, men of English, Flemish and Italian origins served the king or visited his court and their influence can also be detected operating alongside the tastes and customs of the Scottish realm. Emerging defiantly from a long and turbulent minority, the adult James V managed to create an exuberant and cosmopolitan court in only fourteen years. His patronage was, of necessity, on a smaller scale than that of the Tudor and Valois kings but a detailed examination of the Scottish court at this period nevertheless reveals a cultural achievement of remarkable quality and diversity.

La CIJ en tant qu’organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies est amenée à connaître de ce type de différend spécifique. En effet, les litiges environnementaux emportent avec eux un certain degré de technicité et font appel à des notions scientifiques particulièrement complexes. La rencontre entre la protection de l’environnement et la CIJ ne pouvait alors que donner lieu à un contentieux particulièrement riche. L’appréhension de ce contentieux par la Cour conduit à s’interroger sur la manière dont cette dernière réceptionne ces litiges. La présente thèse s’intéresse donc aux effets et conséquences résultant du contentieux de l’environnement devant la CIJ. Deux remarques peuvent être formulées : la première concerne le constat d’une intégration progressive des enjeux environnementaux au sein du contentieux international de la CIJ, et la deuxième concerne l’opportunité pour la Cour d’adapter ses règles procédurales. Une adaptation des règles procédurales de la CIJ serait souhaitable. En effet, les enjeux environnementaux tendent à s’intégrer de plus en plus au sein du contentieux international de la CIJ qui contribue de ce fait au développement des règles de droit international de l’environnement. Toutefois, une telle intégration révèle également les limites de la Cour. La Cour pourrait endosser le rôle de juge environnemental, en prenant en considération les spécificités de ce contentieux, notamment par l’adaptation de ses outils procéduraux. Ainsi, c’est une dynamique réciproque qui s’installe entre la Cour et la protection de l’environnement. La préservation de l’environnement est enrichie par la Cour, mais cette dernière pourrait également voir son rôle évoluer grâce à la prise en considération des enjeux environnementaux. La CIJ pourrait alors devenir un véritable juge international de l’environnement dont la communauté internationale manque encore
The ICJ as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations comes to know of this type of specific dispute. In fact, environmental disputes carry with them a certain degree of technicality and call upon particularly complex scientific notions. The meeting between the protection of the environment and the ICJ could then only give rise to a particularly rich litigation. The Court's apprehension of this kind of litigation raises the question of how the Court deals with these disputes. The present thesis is therefore concerned with the effects and consequences resulting from the environmental litigation before the ICJ.This leads us to two remarks: the first one concerns the phenomenon by which environmental stakes are integrated within international litigation, and, the second one concerns the opportunity for the court to adapt its procedural rules to deal with environmental issues. Indeed, environmental issues tend to be more and more integrated into the international litigation of the ICJ, which contributes to the development of the rules of international environmental law. However, such integration also reveals the limits of the Court. However, the Court could take on the role of an environmental judge, by adapting its procedural tools to the specificities of this particular litigation. Thus, it is a reciprocal dynamic that takes place between the Court and the protection of the environment. The preservation of the environment is enriched by the Court, but the Court could also see its role evolve through the consideration of environmental issues. The ICJ could then become a genuine international environmental judge whose international community is still lacking

On ne trouve pas la racine du mot adab dans le Coran. Dans la littérature pré-islamique, ainsi que dans les hadiths, son utilisation est limitée exclusivement au sens d'« invitation à un banquet », « éducation », « correction » et « punition » (addaba, ta'dīb). Après une période au cours de laquelle les chercheurs n'ont pas considéré l'avis des linguistes et des penseurs musulmans concernant l'étymologie de adab de l'« invitation au banquet de Dieu (ma'dubat Allāh) », des études plus récentes ont remis positivement en question cette opinion. En fait, dans l'histoire des civilisations antiques, la notion de banquet cérémoniel divin ou sacré est très répandue, trouvant son origine dans l'archétype du « Banquet Divin » ou de « L'Hospitalité Divine », qui a exercé une forte influence sur le contexte religieux et culturel d'un certain nombre de différentes civilisations. Cependant, depuis le début du 9é siècle, la littérature religieuse islamique a également commencé à utiliser le terme adab avec un nouvel usage, que l'on pourrait appeler « technique ». La source de cet enrichissement sémantique doit être attribuée aux secrétaires de la cour, les kuttāb, les mawālī persans, les célèbres traducteurs et transmetteurs du patrimoine étatique et culturel persan. En plus d'influencer l'imaginaire culturel de la littérature d'adab classique, l'imagerie de la cour sassanide influencera également la terminologie technique, ainsi que la pratique du soufisme, en engendrant un genre de la littérature soufie, la littérature des ādāb al-ṣūfiyya
The root of the word adab is not found in the Qur'ān. In pre-Islamic literature as well as in the hadith, its use is limited exclusively to the sense of “invitation to a banquet”, “education”, “correction” and “punishment” (addaba, ta'dīb). After a period in which scholars did not taken seriously the opinion of Muslim linguists and thinkers concerning the etymology of adab from the “invitation to the Banquet of God (ma'dubat Allāh)”, more recent scholarship has questioned this opinion. In fact, the notion of a divine or sacred ceremonial banquet in the history of ancient civilizations is quite widespread, finding its origin in the archetype of the “Divine Banquet” or “Divine Hospitality”, which had a strong influence on the religious and cultural contexts of a number of different civilizations. However, from the beginning of the 9th century CE Islamic religious literature also began to use the term adab in a new usage, that one might call “technical”. The source of this semantic enrichment should be traced to the court secretaries, the kuttāb, the Persian mawālī who were well-known translators and transmitters of Persian state and cultural heritage. In addition to influencing the cultural imaginary of classical adab literature, the Sasanian court imagery will also influence the technical terminology, as well as the practice in Sufism, producing a genre of the Sufi literature, the ādāb al-ṣūfiyya literature

Absente de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, mais prévue par le règlement de la Cour, la révision des arrêts de celle-ci apparaît comme une procédure exceptionnelle qui, à première vue, ne soulève pas de problèmes particuliers. S’agissant pourtant d’une procédure qui existe dans un système institué en vue de la protection des droits de l’homme, il faut déterminer quel est le rôle que la révision peut jouer dans un tel système. A cet égard, l’examen des arrêts adoptés par la Cour à la suite des demandes en révision qui lui ont été présentées relève que la disposition régissant la révision est de nature à susciter une réflexion approfondie et ce, bien que le nombre des arrêts prononcés dans ce domaine ne soit pas impressionnant. En effet, les questions soulevées dans les procédures en révision impliquent une lecture minutieuse de ladite disposition, dont la richesse ne doit pas être sous-estimée
Not included in the European Convention on Human Rights, but provided for by the Rules of Court, the revision of its judgments appears as an exceptional procedure that, at first glance, does not raise particular issues. However, being amongst the procedures belonging to the human rights protection system, it must be determined what role revision may play in such a system. In this respect, the examination of the judgments delivered by the Court following the requests for revision submitted to it points out that the provision governing revision is likely to give rise to a thorough reflection, even though the number of judgments in this area is not impressive. Indeed, the issues raised in the procedures for revision involve a careful reading of the before-mentioned provision, whose potential should not be underestimated

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In this dissertation, it will be made an approach to the International Criminal Court (ICC) rules in comparison with those of the Brazilian legal system, what coincide, making a check analysis of possible antinomies between internal standard and internalized. In this north, will be carried out an assessment of International Courts historical evolution that existed and the Court of Rome predecessors forms, in addition to the perception of data relating to its creation and accession of Brazil for their rules. In sequence, the features Court are related and, in this line, individual criminal responsibility, own this approach, in addition to the reflection on the concept of the Statute Member States sovereignty. Then the study is concentrated on the examination of international criminal law in comparison with the international criminal law, where international cooperation is addressed, in addition to the core crimes and criminal principles common to the internal order and external, all under the rules paradigm for the protection of international human rights. Finally, it will be checked the apparent shocks between constitutional rules and the Rome Statute, a verification of compatibility, a control of all juridical convention on domestic law impact and effect.
Neste trabalho, far-se-á uma abordagem das normas do Tribunal Penal Internacional em comparação com as do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, naquilo que coincidem, fazendo uma análise de verificação das possíveis antinomias entre a norma interna e a internalizada. Neste norte, será realizada uma apreciação da evolução histórica das Cortes Internacionais que existiram e foram antecessoras do Tribunal de Roma, além da percepção dos dados referentes à sua criação e adesão do Brasil as suas regras. Em sequência, as características da Corte serão relacionadas e, nesta linha, a responsabilidade penal individual, própria desta abordagem, além do reflexo no conceito de soberania dos Estados/Partes do Estatuto. Em seguida, o estudo é concentrado no exame do direito penal internacional em comparação com o direito internacional penal, onde a cooperação internacional é abordada, além dos core crimes e princípios penais comuns à ordem interna e externa, tudo sob o paradigma das regras de proteção aos direitos humanos internacionais. Por fim, checar-se-á os aparentes choques entre normas constitucionais e as do Estatuto de Roma, numa verificação de compatibilidade, num controle de convencionalidade do impacto e consequência ao direito interno.

The present thesis deals with the projected Arab Court of Justice (ACJ) as a regional court, expected to be created within the League of Arab States system. Chapter one deals mainly with the basic structure of the League of Arab States itself, its membership, its organs, the settlement of disputes, and the reasons that are delaying the creation of the ACJ and the role it will be expected to play in settling inter-Arab disputes. In the second chapter comprehensive information on the function of the judicial power in Islamic Shariah is presented, including the status of judges in Islam, their appointment, qualifications, independence and other issues related to them. Chapter three concentrates on the organisation of the projected ACJ, comparing its draft Statute with the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other regional international courts. The chapter will also show how far the Arab draftsmen have been influenced by principles and rules of Islamic Shariah, especially in matters relating to the qualification of judges. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss other points related to the organisation of the bench such as nomination of candidates, system of election, constituting chambers, appointing ad hoc judges etc. The fourth chapter explains in detail at the level of theory as well as of practice the role of Islamic Shariah as a source to be applied by the projected ACJ. The chapter points to the need to discuss the origins and fundamental conceptions of Islamic Shariah as a law capable to be applied by the projected ACJ. Chapter five continues with a discussion of the jurisdiction of the ACJ, and makes detailed reference to the concepts of jurisdiction ratione personae, ratione materiae and the function of the ACJ to give advisory opinions. The thesis considers whether the Arab drafters have developed the above terms or have simply adopted them as they exist in the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The conclusions summarise the findings of the Thesis, and are accompanied by some critical remarks.

En tant que juge administratif spécialisé, le juge financier, entendu au sens de la Cour des comptes, des Chambres régionales des comptes et de la Cour de discipline budgétaire et financière, dispose d'une compétence d'attribution. Il lui revient ainsi d'assurer le respect des règles budgétaires et de la comptabilité publique. La perspective visant à apprécier le juge financier en tant que juge administratif, c'est-à-dire en tant que juge administratif de droit commun, peut dès lors soulever certaines objections. Néanmoins, la jurisprudence financière démontre de nombreuses et régulières interventions du juge financier comparables à celles d'un juge administratif. L'application des règles du droit administratif, les qualifications opérées, les contrôles sur les actes administratifs relevant d'un contrôle de légalité sont autant d'illustrations de ce rôle joué, de façon inattendue, par le juge financier. Ces activités, a priori non naturelles pour ce dernier, devaient dès lors inciter à orienter l'analyse autour des raisons pour lesquelles les juridictions financièresse trouvaient en position de juge administratif. Pouvaient alors être distinguées deux cas de figure. D'une part, il apparaissait nécessaire pour le juge financier, dans certaines hypothèses, d'agir tel le juge administratif. D'autre part, le juge financier affirmait, dans certains cas, une véritable volonté d'intervenir comme tel

Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"May 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-174). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

This article analyzes the content of the judgment Elgo Rios, to see if really that judgment represents a change of direction before the criteria handled by the Constitutional Court. This will explain the implications of procedural rules implemented for the recruitment in the private system over the previous precedent governing the origin of labor protection, that is, the judgment on the record 206-2005-PA, the precedent Baylon.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el contenido de la sentencia Elgo Ríos, para verificar si realmente dicha sentencia representa un cambio de dirección a los criterios antes manejados por el Tribunal Constitucional. Así se explicará las implicancias de las reglas procesales implementadas para el caso de la contratación en el régimen privado con respecto del anterior precedente que regía la procedencia del amparo laboral. Esto es, la sentencia recaída en el expediente 206-2005-PA, el precedente Baylón.

Tagungsbericht: CES Berlin Dialogues: „The UN, NATO and International Courts: New Rules of Engagement" <2004, Berlin> / erster Themenabend der CES Berlin Dialogues in der Reihe „Redefining Justice" am 12. Januar 2004.

Cette étude a voulu saisir la dynamique interprétative de la Cour interaméricaine qui permet de construire la notion interaméricaine de procès équitable, en prenant en compte la «perméabilité» de cet organe juridictionnel vis-à-vis de la production jurisprudentielle de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et du Comité des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies sur ce sujet. Cette «perméabilité» correspond à un mouvement d'inspiration de la Cour de San José de la jurisprudence des deux organes précités, aussi bien que des éléments normatifs issus d'autres espaces normatifs qui sont ressortis de la recherche. Le fondement de la légitimité d'une telle démarche se retrouve dans la Charte des Nations Unies, plus précisément, dans les articles 55, c et 56. Si dans le développement des garanties matérielles du procès équitable (institutionnelles et procédurales), un mouvement d'inspiration accentué a été perçu, pour ce qui est des garanties instrumentales (garanties d'accès à la justice et garanties d'effectivité de la justice), leur développement a été marqué par un mouvement d'affranchissement de la Cour qui a fait ressortir une spécificité interaméricaine. Ces mouvements, d'inspiration ou d'affranchissement peuvent adopter de multiples «visages». En plus de ces mouvements, nous avons perçu une circularité de normes entre les trois systèmes et là où aucun mouvement n'a été expressément perçu, mais où une compatibilité jurisprudentielle a été délectée, nous appelons d'alignement jurisprudentiel. Le mouvement de circularité de normes entre les systèmes renforce l'existence d'un ensemble minimal de garanties du procès équitable à respecter par les états
This study aimed to understand the interpretative dynamics of the Inter-American Court in the construction of the Inter-American notion of due process, taking into account the “permeability" of this judicial body vis-à-vis the jurisprudential production of the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Human Rights of the United Nations in this regard. This “permeability" corresponds to a movement inspired by the Court of San Jose on the jurisprudence of the Iwo abovementioned organs, as well as on normative elements from other normative spaces that emerged from this research. The basis of the legitimacy of such an approach is found in the Charter of the United Nations more specifically in Articles 55, c and 56. If in the development of the material guarantees of due process (institutional and procedural), an accentuated movement of inspiration was seen regarding the instrumental guarantees (guarantees of access to justice and effective justice guarantees), their development has been marked by a movement of emancipation of the Court who does transpire inter-American specificity. These movements of inspiration and empowerment can adopt multiple "faces". In addition to these movements, it was observed a circulation of rules among the three systems and where no movement was explicitly seen, but a jurisprudential compatibility has been found, we call alignment jurisprudential. The movement of circulation of rules among systems reinforces the existence of a minimum set of guarantees of due process to be observed by countries

La demande reconventionnelle est une conclusion du défendeur qui poursuit des avantages autres que le simple rejet de la prétention du demandeur. Elle peut être introduite dans toutes les juridictions, mais devant la Cour Internationale de Justice elle présente des caractéristiques particulières que notre recherche a souhaité mettre en lumière. Celles-ci apparaissent tant dans les éléments constitutifs de cette demande que dans ses conditions de recevabilité. En ce qui concerne les éléments de sa définition, il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour qu’elle est une demande autonome et indépendante, qu’elle est un moyen de défense, qu’elle est formée par le défendeur et qu’elle est une demande incidente. Toutefois, s’il ne fait aucun doute qu’elle constitue une demande autonome, il n’en demeure pas moins que la pertinence de son influence sur le sort de la demande de la partie adverse, l’identification de la partie habilitée à l’introduire en cas de saisine de la Cour par compromis, et sa distinction d’autres demandes réciproques, restent à déterminer. S’agissant des conditions de sa recevabilité, une distinction délicate doit être établie entre la « connexité » requise par l’article 80 du Règlement et la « jonction » de la demande à l’instance en cours. A ce titre une question centrale se pose, celle de savoir si le juge peut refuser une demande reconventionnelle pourtant connexe à l’objet du litige, et inversement, l’accepter quand la connexité fait défaut. Alors que la jurisprudence de la Cour paraît incertaine et la doctrine reste partagée, notre thèse avance des arguments pour une réponse favorable
The counterclaim is the submission of respondent that pursuing objectives other than the mere dismissal of the claim of the applicant in the main proceedings. The counterclaim which the International Court of Justice may entertain by virtue of article 80 of the rules, although similar to those that can be introduced in other jurisdictions, has unique characteristics. This appears in both components of this claim and in its conditions of admissibility. Regarding its definition, if one should not doubt that it constitutes a legal claim, the fact remains that its influence on the fate of the claim of the other party, the identification of the party entitled to present such a claim when the case is brought before the Court by ad hoc compromise, and its distinction from other cross-claims, are to be determined. As regards the conditions of admissibility, after explaining that it must comes within the jurisdiction of the Court and maintain a direct connection with the subject-matter of the claim of the other party, this research emphasizes the distinction between its admissibility under rule 80 and its junction with the current proceeding. The goal is to demonstrate that an claim brought by the defendant may not be attached to the pending proceeding even though the conditions imposed by the rules are met

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O texto objetivou analisar – de uma perspectiva do institucionalismo original – o processo de emergência, reconhecimento e legitimação jurídica/legal das formas de riqueza capitalistas intangíveis e incorpóreas em um país de capitalismo periférico, o Brasil. Claramente inspirado nas reflexões do economista institucionalista norte americano John R. Commons sobre a riqueza incorpórea e intangível, em especial o goodwill, e no papel do sistema legal na sua institucionalização, o texto toma a presença dessas formas de riqueza como sendo a expressão de maturidade do capitalismo monopolista, dada a imensa possibilidade que oferecem para a valorização do capital. O texto mostrou que no Brasil, à diferença dos EUA e outros países de capitalismo central, a presença de tais formas de riqueza foi inicialmente tardia (posterior aos anos 1920), e de certo modo limitada (circunscrita majoritariamente às atividades imobiliárias). Com a própria evolução e consolidação do capitalismo brasileiro, quando as novas formas de riqueza capitalistas foram ganhando peso e destaque, o sistema jurídico progressivamente foi se estruturando e se especializando para analisar e decidir sobre os conflitos originados da própria evolução do capitalismo brasileiro, em especial aqueles que envolveram o goodwill. Deste modo, buscamos compreender como tem sido o processo de regulamentação do goodwill pelo Estado na evolução do capitalismo e das instituições no Brasil, de modo a identificar e analisar casos jurídicos que possivelmente fundamentaram a lei, assim como as possíveis mudanças de entendimentos dos Tribunais de Cúpula (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça) daquilo que é considerado como prática “razoável” no que diz respeito ao goodwill, buscando delimitar os limites de ação dos indivíduos envolvidos e identificar as variáveis responsáveis por tais mudanças, sob a ótica da teoria de Commons. Vemos que parece haver consolidação incremental de jurisprudências acerca do goodwill ao longo das décadas (legitimando-o cada vez mais), principalmente em função do pequeno número de casos que subiram à terceira instância para decisão/delimitação das regras operacionais das transações que possam envolver esse ativo.
The text aimed to analyze - from a perspective of the original institutionalism - the process of emergence, recognition and law / legal legitimation of intangible and incorporeal capitalist wealth forms in a country of peripheral capitalism, Brazil. Clearly inspired by the reflections of North American institutional economist John R. Commons on incoporeal and intangible wealth, especially goodwill, and on the role of the legal system in its institutionalization, the text takes the presence of these forms of wealth as the expression of maturity of monopoly capitalism, given the immense possibility they offer for the valorization of capital. The text showed that in Brazil, unlike the USA and other countries of central capitalism, the presence of such forms of wealth was initially late (after the 1920s), and to a certain extent limited (mostly limited to real estate activities). With the evolution and consolidation of Brazilian capitalism itself, when the new forms of capitalist wealth gained weight and prominence, the legal system gradually became structured and specialized to analyze and decide on the conflicts originated from the very evolution of Brazilian capitalism, in particular those that involved goodwill. In this way, we seek to understand how the process of regulation of goodwill by the State in the evolution of capitalism and institutions in Brazil has been, in order to identify and analyze legal cases that possibly based the law, as well as the possible changes of understandings of the Courts of (Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice) of what is considered a "reasonable" practice with respect to goodwill, seeking to delimit the limits of action of the individuals involved and to identify the variables responsible for such changes, from the point of view of the theory of Commons. We see that there seems to be an incremental consolidation of jurisprudence over goodwill over the decades (legitimating it more and more), mainly due to the small number of cases that have risen to the third instance for decision / delimitation of the operational rules of the transactions that may involve this active.
148129/2016-1.

Research in many fields of life and biomedical sciences depends on the microscopic image analysis of biological images. Quantitative analysis of these images is often time-consuming, tedious, and may be prone to subjective bias from the observer and inter /intra observer variations. Systems for automatic analysis developed in the past decade determine various parameters associated with biological tissue, such as the number of cells, object volume and length of fibers to avoid problems with manual collection of microscopic data. Specifically, automatic analysis of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology, a set of approaches designed to avoid all known sources of systematic error, plays a large and growing role in bioscience research. Our aim is to develop an algorithm that automates and increases the throughput of a commercially available, computerized stereology device (Stereologer, Stereology Resource Center, Chester, MD). The current method for estimation of first and second order parameters of biological microstructures requires a trained user to manually select biological objects of interest (cells, fibers etc.) while systematically stepping through the three dimensional volume of a stained tissue section. The present research proposes a three-part method to automate the above process: detect the objects, connect the objects through a z-stack of images (images at varying focal planes) to form a 3D object and finally count the 3D objects. The first step involves detection of objects through learned thresholding or automatic thresholding. Learned thresholding identifies the objects of interest by training on images to obtain the threshold range for objects of interest. Automatic thresholding is performed on gray level images converted from RGB (red-green-blue) microscopic images to detect the objects of interest. Both learned and automatic thresholding are followed by iterative thresholding to separate objects that are close to each other. The second step, linking objects through a z-stack of images involves labeling the objects of interest using connected component analysis and then connecting these labeled objects across the stack of images to produce a 3D object. Finally, the number of linked objects in a 3D volume is counted using the counting rules of stereology. This automatic approach achieves an overall object detection rate of 74%. Thus, these results support the view that automatic image analysis combined with unbiased sampling as well as assumption and model-free geometric probes, provides accurate and efficient quantification of biological objects.

Orientador: Eliezer Rizzo de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T23:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feitosa_GustavoRaposoPereira_D.pdf: 17361952 bytes, checksum: 113d5b63415e547e03e4244d81782c81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: o estudo tem como objetivo analisar os reflexos do movimento de ampliação do acesso à Justiça sobre a atuação dos magistrados nos juizados especiais cíveis da cidade de São Paulo. O trabalho envolveu. em primeiro lugar. a discussão sobre as origens históricas e teóricas dos modelos que orientam a atuação dos magistrados e sobre as mudanças na estrutura lógica da argumentação jurídica. A pesquisa empírica foi realizada através da observação de audiências em juizados situados em quatro regiões da cidade de São Paulo. de entrevistas com magistrados. do acompanhamento da rotina dos juizados e da análise qualitativa e quantitativa do conteúdo de sentenças produzidas em duas unidades dos juizados da capital paulista. Na pesquisa quantitativa, foram estudadas as sentenças de dois juizados, situados em Pinheiros e Guainazes, regiões com situações sócio-econômicas bastante distintas, com o intuito de acompanhar a maneira de sentenciar de magistrados em dois diferentes contextos. Aplicou-se uma metodologia chamada análise de conteúdo na investigação sobre as sentenças. selecionando elementos do texto para compor as variáveis do banco de dados sobre uma amostra das decisões dos juizados especiais cíveis. A pesquisa permitiu constatar um processo de transformação na estrutura das decisões dos juizados, com o afastamento em relação ao paradigma lógico-dedutivo positivista e a convergência para um modelo argumentativo de busca da solução justa para o caso concreto. As mudanças verificadas revelaram uma postura mais livre e criativa dos juizes diante da interpretação legal. Contudo, a continuidade das experiências inovadoras dos juizados paulistanos mostra-se prejudicada pela falta de defmição, por parte do Judiciário Paulista. de um projeto claro para os juizados, pelas debilidades estruturais e pela dificuldade em modificar práticas judiciais arraigadas
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to analyze the consequences of the movement to broaden access to Brazilian Justice on the judges' performance in the smaIl claim courts at Sao Paulo city. At first, this study discusses the historical and theoretical origins of the models that guide the magistrates' procedure and the changes on the logical structure of the lega] argumentation. The empiric research was carried out through audiences' observation in the small claim courts located at four different Sao Paulo regions; judges' interviews <1ndtheir routine's follow-up, as welI as qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sentences' content produced on two units at Sao Paulo city. The quantitative investigation focus on the sentences' evaluation of the courts located at Pinheiros and Guaianazes. As both areas have very different socio-economic situations, it was possible to distinguish the magistrates' performance in two distinct contexts. The so-called content analysis methodology, applied on this case study, is developed by selecting elements from the legal text to organize the database variables on a sample of the judges' decisions at the small claim courts. The research demonstrates an ongoing transformation process in these courts decisions' structure, which are quite distant from the positivist logical-deductive paradigm and closer to an argumentative model that searches a fair solution to each specific ca..e. These changes revealed a more independent and creative posture of the judges regarding the law interpretation. However, the continuity of the innovative experiences in the small cIaim courts at Sao Paulo is jeopardized by the lack of a cIear a cIear project for the judicial system, by structural weakness, and by the difficulties to modify persi stent judicial practices
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Les écosystèmes naturels subissent des impacts anthropiques croissants qui altèrent la diversité des communautés biologiques. Les cours d'eau amazoniens abritent une biodiversité unique et conséquente, mais sont confrontés à des taux de déforestation sans précédent. Il est donc urgent de comprendre comment l'anthropisation affecte la biodiversité dans ces écosystèmes. Ce travail propose une approche en écologie des communautés pour définir comment l'anthropisation affecte les patrons de diversité, mais aussi les processus écologiques qui façonnent les communautés de poissons. Une méthode d'échantillonnage non-invasive, l'ADN environnemental (ADNe), a été utilisée pour inventorier les communautés de poissons dans les ruisseaux et les grands fleuves en Guyane française. Des surfaces déforestées ont été cartographiées à partir de données spatiales pour créer une variable de déforestation globale qui intègre les effets de l'urbanisation, l'agriculture et l'exploitation aurifère et forestière. Ce travail a, premièrement, permis d'optimiser et valider l'utilisation de l'ADNe pour évaluer l'impact humain sur les écosystèmes riches en espèces, tels que les rivières tropicales. La méthode a montré une reproductibilité élevée, ainsi qu'une capacité à distinguer les communautés de poissons, les habitats et les sites perturbés des sites non perturbés. De plus, nous avons montré que la déforestation affecte la biodiversité au-delà des effets locaux et avons mis en évidence un effet étendu de la déforestation sur la biodiversité en aval. Cet impact lointain a provoqué un déclin de plus de 30% de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés de poissons qui habitent les fleuves. Cependant, cette perturbation n'a pas été déterminante sur les processus écologiques qui façonnent les communautés de poissons, ni sur la composition des traits. Dans les petits ruisseaux, la déforestation a entraîné des modifications dans la composition spécifique, sans diminuer le nombre d'espèces ni la richesse fonctionnelle. Ces altérations ont été induites par un rôle prépondérant des filtres environnementaux sur l'assemblage des communautés. En conséquence, les espèces étaient moins uniformément réparties dans l'espace fonctionnel, laissant des traits liés au compartiment benthique et au régime phytophage sous-représentés alors que les espèces pélagiques et détritivores étaient surreprésentées. Nos résultats montrent la complexité des réponses de la biodiversité à la déforestation. Outre des réponses dépendantes de l'habitat, la déforestation a modifié la biodiversité des communautés de poissons d'eau douce à travers différentes facettes. Finalement, ce travail a souligné la vulnérabilité de la faune tropicale à des légers changements environnementaux, même dans des régions relativement bien préservées, comme la Guyane Française
Natural ecosystems are facing increasing anthropogenic impacts that alter the diversity of biological communities. Amazonian rivers and streams shelter a unique and vast biodiversity. Yet, they are facing unprecedented deforestation levels due to human activities, such as mining, logging and agriculture. It is therefore urgent to deeply understand how human impacts affect biological communities in these ecosystems. The majority of studies addressing this issue were conducted in small streams and documented changes on species composition, but not responses on local species richness. This work proposes a community ecology approach, in which the connected nature of freshwater ecosystems is considered, to define how deforestation affects diversity patterns, but also the ecological processes shaping fish communities. Environmental DNA (eDNA), a non-invasive sampling method was used to equally sampling fish communities in streams and rivers across French Guiana. Deforested surfaces from spatial data were extracted to create a global deforestation variable that integrates the effects of urbanization, agriculture, gold-mining and logging. This work has optimized and validated the use of eDNA to assess the effects of human activities on species-rich ecosystems, such as tropical streams and rivers. The method showed high replicability, as well as the ability to distinguish local fish communities, habitats and disturbed sites from pristine sites. Moreover, we show that deforestation affected fish biodiversity beyond local effects and reveal an extended effect of distant upstream deforestation on downstream fish biodiversity. Distant and low-intensity deforestation caused a decline of over 30% in taxonomic and functional richness of riverine fish communities. Nonetheless, this perturbation was not determinant on the ecological processes shaping fish communities in rivers nor on the trait composition, which were more influenced by the upstream-downstream gradient than by the deforestation gradient. In stream communities, deforestation leads to changes in species composition, without a significant decrease in species or functional richness. These alterations were mediated by environmental filtering which was reinforced in highly deforested sites. As a result, species were less evenly distributed within the functional space, leaving the traits related to the benthic and phytophagous guild underrepresented while overrepresented by pelagic detritivorous. Our findings strongly support the complexity of deforestation impacts on Amazonian biodiversity. Besides, context-dependent responses, the diversity of freshwater fish communities responded to deforestation in a multifaceted way. This work underlined the vulnerability of tropical fauna to slight environmental changes, even in relatively well-preserved region, such as French Guiana

Are social, economic and cultural rights really enforceable rights? Is their nature different from those of the civil and political rights? What does our Constitution   state on the matter? What is the posture that national and international jurisprudence have adopted regarding the issue?In the article at hand, the  authors challenge the common conception about those rights, and analyze the work done by the Peruvian Constitutional Court on the matter.
¿Son los derechos económicos, sociales y culturalesexigibles realmente? ¿Su naturaleza es distinta a lade los derechos civiles y políticos? ¿Qué establece nuestra Constitución al respecto? ¿Cuál ha sido lapostura de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional sobre la materia?En el presente artículo, los autores cuestionan la concepción que normalmente se tiene de dichos derechos, y analizan la labor que ha desarrollado el Tribunal Constitucional peruano al respecto.

Cette recherche porte sur la question de l'existence de lacunes constitutionnelles. Elle vise à évaluer les représentations fondées sur l'hypothèse de telles inexistences normatives. La diversité des propriétés attachées à l'idée de lacune normative dans le champ du droit constitutionnel invite à proposer une cartographie des différents concepts qui peuvent lui être attachés. Les lacunes constitutionnelles sont à la fois des phénomènes et des instruments. Phénomènes, elles sont difficiles à connaître et impossibles à nier. Elles sont difficiles à connaître : leur appréhension est affectée à la fois par les variations dont peuvent faire l'objet les dogmes qui structurent la représentation systématique des normes juridiques et par diverses formes d'indétermination linguistique. Elles sont impossibles à nier: une évaluation des différents arguments formulés au soutien de la thèse de la nécessaire complétude des systèmes normatifs permet d'établir leurs limites. Instruments, les lacunes constitutionnelles ont une fonction critique et une fonction subversive. Utilisées par la doctrine, elles ont une fonction critique: elles semblent une unité de mesure, perfectible, sur le fondement de laquelle elle évalue les dispositions constitutionnelles. Utilisées par les interprètes authentiques, elles ont une fonction subversive: elles constituent une ressource argumentative propre à justifier le contournement de certaines dispositions constitutionnelles
This research relates to the question of the existence of gaps in the constitution. It aims to assess the representations based on the hypothesis of these normative non-existences. The range of properties linked to the idea of normative gaps in the field of constitutional law necessitates the mapping of its various connected concepts. Constitutional gaps are both phenomena and instruments. As phenomena, they are difficult to recognise yet impossible to deny. They are difficult to recognise as their understanding is affected both by the variations in the dogma that structure the systematic re-presentation of the legal norms, and by various forms of linguistic indecision. They are impossible to deny insomuch that an assessment of the various arguments in favour of the theory of the necessary completeness of the system of norms makes it possible to establish their limits. As instruments, constitutional gaps have a critical and a subversive function. Used for doctrinal analysis, their function is critical : they appear as a unit of measure, perfectible, serving as a basis to evaluate constitutional provisions. Used by authoritative interpreters, they have a subversive function: they constitute an argumentative resource that can justify the circumvention of specific constitutional provisions

L’article 6 de la CESDH stipule les principes du procès équitable. Apparemment négligée de ce texte, qui ne la mentionne pas expressément, la matière de la preuve pénale, et des droits qui s’y relient, constitue une composante importante du contentieux issus de l’article 6 Conv. Edh et un domaine dans lequel l’œuvre interprétative de la Cour Edh se fait l’un des laboratoires les plus intéressants pour la comparaison juridique. La « règle de la preuve unique ou déterminante » fixe un standard de garantie minimale, selon lequel la condamnation ne peut pas se fonder, exclusivement ou principalement, sur des éléments de probatoires dont l’administration n’a pas respecté, au niveau interne, les droits que la Convention reconnaît à l’accusé. Élaboré dans un contexte fort innovant, ce critère à la nature juridique hybride, croise, et au même temps sollicite, les tendances évolutives plus récemment à l’œuvre dans le droit probatoire européen
Article 6 of the ECHR provides the principles of fair trial. Apparently overlooked by this text, which does not explicitly mention it, the field of criminal evidence, and rights in connection therewith, is an important component of litigation from Article 6, and an area in which the European Court of Human Rights interpretative work is one of the most interesting laboratories for legal comparison. The “rule of sole or decisive evidence” establishes a minimum standard of guarantee, by which the conviction cannot be based solely or primarily on evidentiary items whose admission has not respected the conventional rights of the accused. Made in a highly innovative environment, featuring an hybrid legal nature, the “sole or decisive rule” crosses, and at the same time seeks, the more recent evolutionary trends at work in European law of criminal evidence

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The existential crisis of the international regime of criminal law is arguably a thing of the past. This is confirmed through a growing body of positive law and the existence of various international criminal courts, notably the permanent International Criminal Court which has been in operation since 2002. Moreover, it is significant that international criminal law (“ICL”) is developing towards increased domestic enforcement, in particular as a result of the complementarity regime envisioned by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. States have generally been receptive and cooperative towards international criminal norms as well as the structures of international criminal justice. As a result international criminal laws are increasingly being transformed into national law and enforced by states on the domestic level. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the abovementioned developments, the characteristics of ICL and certain key concepts. In lieu of the upward trajectory of ICL’s development, the thesis aims to determine whether ICL exerts an influence which holds ‘transformative value’. Chapter 3 unpacks this concept by delineating the different meanings afforded to transformation and identifying the reticent characteristics of transformative change, especially the underlying importance of values during processes of transformation. Transformative value is conceptualised broadly as the product and potential of the type of change that holds some utility for the civitas maxima (or the community of mankind). In Part II, ICL’s transformative value is investigated from a historical and global perspective with emphasis on the purposes, values and politics of international criminal justice. Chapter 4 focuses on the Nuremberg IMT and the trial of Adolf Eichmann. It is submitted that these trials produced a paradigm shift that represents the transformative foundation of modern ICL. Chapter 5 investigates the purposes and aspirations of modern ICL with reference to its underlying assumptions as well as its objectives, the latter which may be found in positive law and the jurisprudence of international criminal courts. The research suggests that ICL is disposed towards objectives which are unique in comparison to those of domestic criminal law. While it cannot be denied that punishment under ICL is predominantly a backward-looking exercise in the tradition of domestic criminal law retributivism, ICL is somewhat removed from this paradigm due to its purpose- and value-driven nature. ICL is also expressive, normative and forward-looking in various respects. Individual criminal liability is however not universally accepted as an appropriate response to collective violence. This is partly a result of ICL’s endemic political dependency. Chapter 6 addresses the impact of politics on ICL’s transformative value. ICL is closely associated with liberal-legalist ideals which essentially promote the interests of individuals. Although it constitutes an important element of ICL’s transformative value, this political influence exposes ICL to criticism and may exert a disruptive influence on its transformative mandate. In this latter respect it is noted that ICL remains somewhat controversial and subject to the general limitations of the decentralised and state-dominated international legal system. In Part III, ICL’s transformative value is investigated using South Africa as a case study, with particular reference to its transitional- and post-transitional periods. Chapter 7 provides a domestic perspective of ICL’s transformative value by investigating the interactions of ICL and the South African legal system, particularly the value of the transformation of ICL into national law. In this regard the impact of Constitutional provisions and national legislation pertaining to ICL are considered, as well as a number of cases related to matters of international criminal justice. It is argued that international criminal norms may promote human values over state authority and political interests in the domestic context. Domestic courts may serve as ‘engine rooms’ for transformative change through more effective enforcement of those international criminal norms that have been ‘transformed’ into national law through implementation legislation. The permeation of international criminal norms into the domestic sphere represents a foray of universal values into an area traditionally dominated by sovereign might and holds potential for promoting the interests of individuals as well as for the institutionalisation of human rights. Yet, as illustrated by the current rift between the ICC and the African Union, international and regional political affiliations may influence the ability of a state to meet its obligations towards international criminal justice. In Part IV (Chapter 8), it is submitted that ICL is historically and ontologically aimed at change that is both backward-looking (repressive) and forward-looking (normative) as well as beneficial in a communitarian sense. ICL’s transformative value derives from the value-and purpose-driven nature of international criminal norms, the political nature of international criminal justice and also from the interaction between international law and domestic legal systems. ICL may be viewed as an authoritative expression of the norms and values of the international community. As such, ICL and its institutions may be viewed not only as a means of punishing the perpetrators of international crime, but also as part of the spearhead towards a desired alternative to the historical and present reality characterised by injustices which have gone unabated under the system of traditional Westphalian sovereignty. As egregious forms of the aforementioned injustices, macro criminality and impunity undermine the protection of internationally recognised individual rights. ICL seeks to remedy this through impacting on those individuals that have not yet acceded to the emergent universal consciousness of the majority in the international community. It is further argued that ICL’s transformative impact is not confined to the “hard” impact of the application of substantive ICL in international and domestic courts. The international criminal justice system as a whole also produces a normative impact through a purpose-driven association with international values and certain political preferences. This thesis offers a new way of thinking about the value, potential and limitations of the ICL regime, as well as the role of politics in international criminal justice.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die eksistensiële krisis van die internasionale strafregbestel is stellig iets van die verlede. Dít word bevestig deur die toenemende hoeveelheid positieweregsmateriaal en die bestaan van verskeie internasionale strafhowe, in die besonder die permanente Internasionale Strafhof wat sedert 2002 in werking is. Daarbenewens is dit beduidend dat internasionale strafreg (hierna ‘ISR’) na binnelandse toepassing begin verskuif, bepaald as gevolg van die komplementariteitsregime wat die Rome Statuut van die Internasionale Strafhof beoog. State is oor die algemeen ontvanklik vir, en tegemoetkomend jeens, internasionale strafnorme sowel as die strukture van internasionale strafregspleging. Gevolglik word internasionale strafwette al hoe meer tot in nasionale wette getransformeer en binnelands deur state toegepas. Hoofstuk 2 bied ’n oorsig van bogenoemde ontwikkelings, die kenmerke van ISR en bepaalde kernbegrippe. In die lig van die opwaartse ontwikkelingstrajek van ISR, het dié tesis ten doel om te bepaal of die invloed wat ISR uitoefen, oor ‘transformasiewaarde’ beskik. Hoofstuk 3 ondersoek hierdie begrip deur die verskillende betekenisse van transformasie uiteen te sit en die versweë kenmerke van transformerende verandering, veral die onderliggende belang van waardes in die transformasieproses, te bepaal. Transformasiewaarde word in die breë verstaan as die produk en potensiaal van die soort verandering wat een of ander nut het vir die civitas maxima (of die gemeenskap van die mensdom). In deel II word die transformasiewaarde van ISR uit ’n historiese en internasionale hoek ondersoek, met die klem op die doel, waardes en politiek van internasionale strafregspleging. Hoofstuk 4 konsentreer op die Neurenberg- internasionale militêre tribunaal en die verhoor van Adolf Eichmann. Daar word aangevoer dat hierdie verhore ’n paradigmaverskuiwing teweeggebring het wat die transformerende grondslag van moderne ISR gelê het. Hoofstuk 5 verken die doelwitte en aspirasies van moderne ISR aan die hand van die onderliggende aannames en oogmerke daarvan. Laasgenoemde is te vinde in die positiewe reg en regsleer van internasionale strafhowe. Die navorsing doen aan die hand dat die oogmerke van ISR uniek is in vergelyking met dié van binnelandse strafreg. Hoewel straf ingevolge ISR onteenseglik ’n hoofsaaklik terugblikkende oefening in die vergeldingstradisie van nasionale strafreg is, is ISR tog ietwat verwyderd van hierdie paradigma vanweë die doel- en waardegedrewe aard daarvan. ISR is in baie opsigte ook ekspressief, normatief en toekomsgerig. Individuele strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid word egter nie allerweë as ’n toepaslike reaksie op kollektiewe geweld aanvaar nie. Dít is deels ’n gevolg van die endemiese politieke afhanklikheid van ISR. Hoofstuk 6 handel derhalwe oor die impak van politiek op die transformasiewaarde van ISR. ISR hou ten nouste verband met liberaal-legalistiese ideale wat in wese individue se belange bevorder. Hoewel dit ’n belangrike element van die ISR-transformasiewaarde uitmaak, stel hierdie politieke invloed ISR ook bloot aan kritiek, en kan dit ’n ontwrigtende uitwerking op die transformasiemandaat daarvan hê. In dié verband word daarop gelet dat ISR ietwat omstrede bly, sowel as onderworpe aan die algemene beperkinge van die gedesentraliseerde en staatsoorheerste internasionale regstelsel. In deel III word die transformasiewaarde van ISR aan die hand van Suid-Afrika as gevallestudie ondersoek, met bepaalde verwysing na die oorgangs- en na-oorgangstydperke van die land. Hoofstuk 7 bied ’n binnelandse beskouing van die transformasiewaarde van ISR deur ondersoek in te stel na die wisselwerking tussen ISR en die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel, veral die waarde van die transformasie van ISR tot in die nasionale reg. In hierdie verband word daar besin oor die impak van grondwetlike bepalings en nasionale wetgewing met betrekking tot ISR, sowel as ’n aantal hofsake in verband met aangeleenthede van internasionale strafregspleging. Daar word aangevoer dat internasionale strafnorme in binnelandse verband straks mensewaardes bo staatsgesag en politieke belange bevorder. Binnelandse howe dien moontlik as ‘enjinkamers’ vir transformerende verandering, deur daardie internasionale strafnorme wat deur inwerkingstellingswetgewing tot in die nasionale reg ‘getransformeer’ is, doeltreffender toe te pas. Die deurdringing van internasionale strafnorme tot in die binnelandse sfeer stel ’n verskeidenheid universele waardes bekend op ’n gebied wat tradisioneel deur soewereine mag oorheers is, en hou potensiaal in vir die bevordering van individuele belange sowel as vir die institusionalisering van menseregte. Soos die huidige skeuring tussen die Internasionale Strafhof en die Afrika-unie egter toon, kan internasionale en streek- politieke bande ’n invloed hê op ’n staat se vermoë om sy verpligtinge teenoor internasionale strafregspleging na te kom. In deel IV (hoofstuk 8) word aangevoer dat ISR histories en ontologies afgestem is op terugblikkende (onderdrukkende) én toekomsgerigte (normatiewe) verandering, sowel as verandering wat een of ander gemeenskapsvoordeel inhou. Die transformasiewaarde van ISR spruit uit die waarde- en doelgedrewe aard van internasionale strafnorme, die politieke aard van internasionale strafregspleging, sowel as die wisselwerking tussen internasionale reg en binnelandse regstelsels. ISR kan as ’n gesaghebbende openbaring van die internasionale gemeenskap se norme en waardes beskou word. As sodanig, is ISR en die instellings daarvan nie net ’n middel om die plegers van internasionale misdaad te straf nie, maar ook deel van die strewe na ’n wenslike alternatief vir die historiese én huidige realiteit, wat gekenmerk word deur onregte wat ongebreideld onder die stelsel van tradisionele Wesfaalse soewereiniteit voortduur. Makrokriminaliteit en strafloosheid, synde uiterste vorme van voormelde onregte, ondermyn die beskerming van internasionaal erkende individuele regte. ISR beoog om dít reg te stel deur ’n invloed uit te oefen op daardie individue wat nóg nie die ontluikende universele bewustheid van die meerderheid in die internasionale gemeenskap openbaar nie. Daar word voorts betoog dat die transformerende impak van ISR nie tot die ‘harde’ impak van die toepassing van substantiewe ISR in internasionale en binnelandse howe beperk is nie. Die stelsel van internasionale strafregspleging in die geheel het ook ’n normatiewe impak deur middel van ’n doelgedrewe verbondenheid aan internasionale waardes en bepaalde politieke voorkeure. Hierdie tesis bied ’n nuwe denkwyse oor die waarde, potensiaal en beperkings van die ISR-bestel, sowel as die rol van politiek in internasionale strafregspleging.
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin for financial support
Stellenbosch University for financial support

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Nos últimos 15 anos, o licenciamento ambiental transformou-se num dos maiores desafios regulatórios do Estado brasileiro. Além de ser apontado como um processo ineficiente, burocrático e inibidor de novos investimentos públicos e privados, o licenciamento ambiental passou a ser caracterizado, inclusive pelos próprios órgãos licenciadores, como um instrumento crescentemente sem efetividade para a proteção do meio ambiente. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar se as falhas do licenciamento ambiental federal (falta de eficiência e falta de efetividade) estão de alguma maneira relacionadas à forma como o Estado brasileiro está organizado para a criação e reformulação de suas normas ambientais. A partir de uma análise econômica do grau de precisão das normas jurídicas, construiu-se um modelo teórico para avaliar a atuação do Congresso Nacional, do Poder Judiciário e do CONAMA em torno do licenciamento ambiental federal. Os desvios institucionais encontrados apontam para a necessidade de reformas envolvendo, sobretudo, a repartição de competências normativas dos órgãos ambientais e o processo de produção normativa no CONAMA.
In the last 15 years, environmental permitting became one of the most challenging regulatory issues in the Brazilian public policy debate. It is regarded not only as an inefficient and excessively bureaucratic administrative procedure, but also as a growingly ineffective instrument for the environmental protection. This study has made an attempt to identify the institutional problems behind our environmental permitting inefficient and ineffective legal norms. Based on an economic analysis of rules and standards, we build a theoretical model to evaluate the different roles played by the National Congress, the courts and CONAMA in shaping the environmental permitting legal norms. The findings suggest that a reform in our environmental permitting law should face two main issues: the delegation of rulemaking authority to environmental departments and CONAMA’s administrative rulemaking procedure.

La présente recherche porte sur l'analyse des voies de recours disponibles au niveau constitutionnel italien et français, en accordant une attention particulière à la voie incidente, élément commun aux deux pays ayant cependant des particularités constitutionnelles spécifiques dans chacun des ordre juridiques. Si, en droit italien, le contrôle incident constitue une voie de recours classique permettant une action au fond, il représente une nouveauté en droit français. Introduit en 2008, il se décline selon des règles procédurales diverses de celles présentes dans l'ordre constitutionnel italien. Pourquoi donc chercher à associer deux formes d'accès à la justice constitutionnelle? Si nous ouvrons le sujet, notons tout d'abord que ladite voie de recours représente un élément essentiel, primaire, du contrôle de constitutionnalité, à propos duquel la science juridique s'est beaucoup interrogée. En outre, un certain nombre d'arrêts récents en lien avec les voies de recours à la justice constitutionnelle, tant italienne que française, illustrent les nouvelles réflexions se faisant jour quant au potentiel et à la critique de la procédure par voie d'exception, soulignant à la fois les similarité des voies de recours des deux systèmes. Enfin, il est intéressant de s'interroger sur la possibilité de transmettre un modèle ou une règle même d'offrir des solutions efficaces, remédiant ainsi aux problèmes déjà rencontrés par l'un ou l'autre des systèmes juridiques
The research focuses on the analysis of the access to the Italian and the French constitutional jurisdiction, with particular regard to the incidental model which is a communal and distinctive feature of both constitutional realities. ln the Italian law, the abovementioned model represents the classical structure of the judgment on laws, while in the French system the “question prioritaire de constitulionnalité” represents a novelty introduced in 2008 which is regulated by different procedural rules. ln particular, we believed that some recent events related to the Italian and French constitutional jurisdiction, allow some considerations on the potential and critical issues of the incidental proceeding. To make sure that the comparison is not limited to a theoretical study but has also a "practical" utility, we will analyze some of the areas that are hardly reachable by the model at hand, also trying to verify if, based on the results of already tested experiences of comparative law, we can "export" useful solutions

O constituinte reformador decidiu tratar do problema da morosidade da justiça, à semelhança de outros países e de diversos tratados internacionais a respeito. A presente dissertação tem por fulcro a análise do novo inciso LXXVIII do art. 5º da Constituição Federal que instituiu a celeridade processual como direito fundamental. É feita cuidadosa abordagem de todos os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à matéria, especialmente o devido processo legal, desde o seu surgimento, na common law inglesa, com a Magna Carta de 1215, evoluindo pela interpretação da Suprema Corte nos Estados Unidos, de modo a conhecer sua vertente substantiva, até ser consagrado no Brasil, de modo expresso, cerca de 200 anos depois, pela Constituição de 1988. Outros princípios apresentam-se igualmente de grande relevância, como o acesso à justiça, eficiência e igualdade. Constata-se que não era imprescindível a positivação de regra específica para que a Justiça estivesse jungida ao dever de julgar com rapidez. Revela-se, porém, profícua a abordagem do tema na Constituição, dentre os direitos fundamentais. Verifica-se a ocorrência de eventuais conflitos no plano concreto envolvendo a celeridade processual e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, bem como a segurança jurídica. Dedica-se especial atenção ao papel da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 2004 e diversos institutos por ela trazidos no intento de se obter um Poder Judiciário mais célere e organizado de modo mais eficaz e uniforme, embora se constate a necessidade de mudanças que se sobressaem à atuação do legislador. Realiza-se pesquisa histórica e descritiva com supedâneo na doutrina brasileira e no direito comparado, especialmente nas literaturas jurídicas francesa, inglesa, portuguesa e estadunidense. Ao se analisar a repercussão do dispositivo à luz do direito constitucional, nota-se a necessidade de muitas outras alterações para que a Reforma atinja seu desiderato. Constata-se que o Poder Judiciário possui papel preponderante na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais, de modo que, atuando a contento, a celeridade processual pode se tornar poderoso instrumento de efetividade de tais direitos e da própria Constituição Federal.
The constituent reformer decided to face the problem of the delays of Justice, likewise that in other countries and various international treaties of the subject. This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the new item LXXVIII of article 5th of the Federal Constitution which set the celerity of procedure as a fundamental right. A careful approach is made from all constitutional principles relevant to the subject, especially the due process of law, since its emergence in the English common law, with the Magna Carta of 1215, evolving through United States Supreme Courts interpretation, in order to meet its substantive aspect, to be explicitly devoted in Brazil, about 200 years later, by the Constitution of 1988. Other principles also have great relevance, such as access to justice, efficiency and equality. It appears to be unessential to insert a specific rule by which the Justice would be bound by duty to judge rapidly. However, it is useful to approach the subject in the Constitution, among the fundamental rights. Possible conflicts are analyzed in concrete plan involving the speedy trial clause and the principles of adversarial and legal defense, as well legal certainty. Proper attention is paid to the role of the 45th Amendment of 2004 and various institutes brought by it, in the attempt to achieve a faster and more uniform and well organized Justice, although evidences the need of changes that overcome the role of the legislator. Takes place a historical and descriptive research takes place in Brazilian doctrine and comparative law, especially in French, English, Portuguese and American legal literature. By analyzing of the clauses effect under the constitutional law, its notice the demand of many other changes to the Reform reach your goal. Its seen that the Judiciary has a predominant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights, so that, working properly, speedy trial clause may become a powerful tool of effectiveness of such rights and of the own Constitution.

Pour étudier le phénomène paradoxal d’un renforcement de l’autonomie de la volonté parallèlement à une multiplication des impérativités en droit international privé contemporain, le concept de norme permissive apparaît particulièrement pertinent. Il permet de saisir l’ensemble des énoncés normatifs où l’auteur de la norme octroie à un destinataire une faculté de faire ou de ne pas faire, qu’il s’agisse du juge lorsqu’il lui est permis de surseoir à statuer en cas de connexité ou des parties lorsqu’il leur est permis de choisir la loi applicable à un contrat international.L’étude du droit positif montre que les manifestations des normes permissives sont nombreuses, tant dans les conflits de lois que de juridictions et qu’elles obéissent à des logiques distinctes selon qu’elles octroient une faculté au juge ou aux parties. Dans cette seconde hypothèse, en effet, il n’est plus question d’une liberté octroyée par la règle de droit mais d’une liberté concédée dans le choix de la règle de droit. Cette spécificité, conjuguée à la multiplication des normes permissives en droit international privé, a donc justifié que leur efficacité soit éprouvée.Dans cette perspective, le présupposé selon lequel les normes permissives constitueraient une traduction normative adéquate de l’objectif de prévisibilité des solutions, qui sert de justification à leur admission, doit être remis en cause. L’appréciation critique de ce postulat permet de proposer que les normes permissives n’occupent, à l’avenir, qu’un rôle résiduel en droit international privé, soit comme instrument de consensus soit comme palliatif à l’indétermination d’un critère de rattachement suffisamment prévisible
In order to study the paradoxical phenomenon of the rise of party autonomy in parallel with the multiplication of mandatory norms in contemporary private international law, the concept of permissive rule is particularly apposite. It accounts for all instances where the law-making body grants a beneficiary the possibility to do or not to do something; be it the judge when he is authorized to stay the proceedings in case of related actions, or the parties when they are authorized to choose the law applicable to an international contract.A study of the positive law shows that permissive rules are numerous in both Choice of laws and Jurisdiction and that they operate under distinct logics depending on whether they grant a possibility to a judge or to the parties. In the latter case, the issue at stake is no longer whether a right is granted by the legal rule, but rather whether a right is conceded in the choice of the legal rule. This specificity, together with the proliferation of permissive rules in private international law, warrants that their relevancy be tested.In this context, the assumption that permissive norms would adequately serve the purpose of foreseeability of solutions, which forms the basis for their adoption, must be questioned. This critical assessment leads to the proposal that permissive norms should, in the future, play only a residual role in private international law, either as a way to reach consensus or as a stopgap in the absence of a sufficiently foreseeable connecting factor

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This thesis aims to analyze the current role of jurisprudence in the face of Brazilian legal system. First, the historical aspects that led to the evolution of the concept of legal system were presented. From these considerations, the following approaches were conducted: (i) historical delineation of the development of law enforcement, especially in the Civil Law legal system, showing how mass society demanded that the Brazilian legislator implanted new trial procedural techniques; (ii) presentation of the concepts of jurisprudence and judicial precedents to the Brazilian legal system; (iii) demonstration of need for the jurisprudence to be dedicated to standardization, function to be exercised by superior courts (Supreme Justice Court and Supreme Federal Court; (iv) demonstration that the performance of this function results a paradigm for future trials and, therefore, comply with the ideals of stability and predictability of the legal system; (v) exposure that uniform jurisprudence of higher courts can and must undergo changes, being inadmissible sudden and unjustified changes; (vi) demonstration of the importance of judicial precedents in the Brazilian legal system, as conductors of uniform jurisprudence; (vii) exposure of standardization techniques of jurisprudence governed by civil process, and (viii) new discipline of the subject, presented in the Draft ot Civil Process Law. As a result of the research, it was found that uniform jurisprudence of higher courts integrates the meaning of rules, reason why it is the structuring element of the legal system, hence it should be observed in future trials, throughout society and the Administration. We sought, therefore, to develop a methodical study, based on extensive local and foreign literature, which intended to establish a current legal framework of the uniform jurisprudence of higher courts and techniques for jurisprudence standardization
Esta tese tem como objetivo principal analisar o atual papel da jurisprudência em face do sistema jurídico brasileiro. Primeiramente, foram apresentados os aspectos históricos que resultaram na evolução do conceito de sistema jurídico. A partir de tais considerações, foram realizadas as seguintes abordagens: (i) delineamento histórico do desenvolvimento da aplicação do direito em concreto, especialmente no sistema jurídico do civil Law, evidenciando como a sociedade de massa exigiu que o legislador brasileiro implantasse novas técnicas processuais de julgamento; (ii) exposição dos conceitos de jurisprudência e precedentes judiciais para o sistema jurídico brasileiro; (iii) demonstração da necessidade de a jurisprudência ser vocacionada à uniformização, função a ser desempenhada pelos tribunais superiores (Superior Tribunal de Justiça e Supremo Tribunal Federal; (iv) demonstração de que a jurisprudência uniforme resulta em paradigma de julgamentos futuros e, por essa razão, cumprir com os ideais da previsibilidade e estabilidade do sistema jurídico; (v) exposição de que a jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores podem e devem sofrer mudanças, sendo inadmissíveis as transformações bruscas e injustificadas; (vi) demonstração da importância dos precedentes judiciais no sistema jurídico brasileiro, como condutores da jurisprudência uniforme; (vii) exposição das técnicas de uniformização de jurisprudência disciplinadas pelo processo civil; e (viii) nova disciplina do tema, apresentada no Projeto de Código de Processo Civil. Como resultado da pesquisa, constatou-se que a jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores integra o sentido das normas, razão pela qual é elemento estruturante do sistema jurídico e, por isso, deve ser observada em julgamentos futuros, por toda a sociedade e pela Administração. Buscou-se, assim, elaborar um trabalho metódico, baseado em ampla bibliografia nacional e estrangeira, que pretendeu estabelecer o enquadramento jurídico atual da jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores e das técnicas de uniformização de jurisprudência

La description des gradients spatiaux ainsi que la documentation des dynamiques temporelles de la biodiversité sont des piliers centraux de l'écologie moderne, en particulier dans le contexte actuel des changements globaux auquel l'intérêt porté est croissant depuis les dernières décennies. Les communautés écologiques sont désormais reconnues comme des entités issues de la sélection d'espèces à partir d'un pool régional, sélection déterminée par différents processus appelés règles d'assemblage. Les deux règles d'assemblage principalement reconnues sont les filtres environnementaux, sélectionnant des espèces similaires adaptées à un milieu, et la limite à la ressemblance, sélectionnant des espèces dont les caractéristiques n'induisent pas de compétition trop forte et permettent la coexistence. Les objectifs de ma thèse ont été de (i) comprendre les patrons spatiaux de la diversité des communautés piscicoles à large échelle, (ii) comprendre la dynamique temporelle de cette diversité et (iii) d'appréhender la dynamique temporelle des processus sous-jacents à la structuration des communautés. Pour ce faire, des données de communautés piscicoles ont été analysées, d'une part à l'échelle continentale (i.e. européenne), et d'autre part à l'échelle nationale (i.e. France) pour laquelle la dimension temporelle est également disponible (i.e. séries temporelles depuis 1966 jusqu'à 2012). La description de la diversité piscicole européenne a permis de mettre en évidence la complémentarité des facettes phylogénétique, morphologique et écologique de la diversité. De plus, le climat, et en particulier la saisonnalité des conditions climatiques, est apparu comme un déterminant majeur de la distribution spatiale de la diversité. A une échelle plus locale et en tenant compte de la temporalité des communautés, il a été mis en évidence que les communautés piscicoles françaises connaissaient actuellement une réorganisation taxonomique due aux déclins de populations et menant à une homogénéisation taxonomique globale. Bien qu'une réorganisation fonctionnelle de ces mêmes communautés ait été observée, résultant des variations démographiques des espèces d'eau chaude et de bas niveau trophique, les conséquences à large échelle restent à explorer. De plus, depuis les années 90, les filtres environnementaux se sont renforcés dans leur rôle structurant des communautés. Finalement, les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de valider des hypothèses usuellement associées aux patrons spatiaux de la diversité, comme mécanismes en lien avec les variations temporelles de la diversité. L'hypothèse de prédominance du stress (au travers des changements de saisonnalités des températures) et de préadaptation des espèces non-natives ont notamment permis de comprendre les dynamiques temporelles de diversité ainsi que des règles d'assemblage sous-jacentes à la structuration des communautés
The description of spatial patterns as well as temporal dynamics of diversity has been a major cornerstone in modern ecology, especially in the contemporary context of global changes for which a growing concern is notable during last decades. Ecological communities are now acknowledged as the result of species that are sorted by selection from the regional pool. This selection of species is determined by several processes, namely the assembly rules. The two main assembly rules are the habitat filtering, selecting species that are able to inhabit in a given set of abiotic conditions, and the limiting similarity, selecting species for which ecological features are dissimilar in order to avoid a too strong competition and to coexist. The goals of my thesis were to (i) understand spatial patterns of freshwater fish community diversity at large scale, (ii) understand temporal dynamic of this diversity and (iii) describe temporal dynamics of the processes underlying the structuration of communities. In order to do this, data of freshwater fish communities has been analyzed first at continental scale (i.e. European) and then at national scale (i.e. France) for which temporal dimension of the data was also available (time series from 1966 to 2012). Based on the European freshwater diversity, we highlighted that phylogenetic, morphological and ecological facets were complementary. Moreover, climatic conditions, and especially their seasonality, seem to be a major driver of the spatial distribution of diversity. At finer scale and by taking into account the temporality of communities, we found that French freshwater communities experienced taxonomic reorganization due to population declines that ultimately leads to taxonomic homogenization of freshwater diversity in France. Although functional homogenization has been observed due to demographic fluctuations of warm water-dweller and low trophic level species, consequences at large scale remained to be explored. Moreover, since the 90s, habitat filtering increased as structuring force for freshwater fish communities. Finally, this thesis allowed us to validate hypothesis usually associated to spatial patterns of diversity, as mechanisms related to temporal variations of diversity. The stress dominance hypothesis (through temporal trends in temperature seasonality) and preadaption hypothesis (related to non-native species) have been used to understand temporal dynamics of diversity as well as of the assembly rules underlying structuration of communities

La thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'ordre administratif : vers une réforme du système judiciaire en RDP Lao à travers l'étude d'identification des règles de droit administratif parmi les textes législatifs existants. La thèse est divisée en deux parties : Première partie : La création d'un droit administratif laotien. L'existence d'un droit administratif laotien est une hypothèse départ qui a permis d'évoquer le développement d'un droit autonome. Puis, les procédures actuelles de résolutions des litiges administratifs ont été étudiées sur la base du questionnaire qui avait été élaboré pour cette étude. Deuxième partie : Pour l'autonomie du droit administratif laotien par la mise en place d'une justice administrative. Il s'agit d'analyser les expériences des pays étrangers : France, Thaïlande et Vietnam sur la création de juridictions administratives. Le but est de connaître comment les juridictions administratives ont vu le jour dans ces pays d'une part et d'autre part d'examiner les caractéristiques celles-ci en tirant les bonnes leçons et expériences afin de proposer le modèle le plus adapté pour le Laos.

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This text proposes a comparative study of English and Brazilian civil procedure. The research approaches the judge powers, specifically the case management powers. Considering the issue s delimitation, new statutes and its practice are compared through the perspective of both countries. In conclusion, these judge powers have become similar due to the blending practices seen among different law families, as well as between different countries of the same family. However despite the convergence towards strengthening these powers the problems to be solved by these countries have distinct roots. In England the cost problem is the biggest one, while in Brazil the biggest problem is the delay. Moreover, despite their early convergence, the cultural roots of each system keep them somehow apart from one another. Thus it is not possible to state which would the best system (since they are unique) and the adoption of the English model by the Brazilian legislation should be done with caution (since the problems to be solved are different)
O presente trabalho é uma proposta de estudo comparado do direito processual civil inglês e do brasileiro. A tese é centrada no tema dos poderes do juiz, notadamente nos case management powers. Dentro do recorte proposto, são comparadas as normas e a prática judicial recentemente instituídas pelo direito de cada um dos mencionados países. Conclui-se que os poderes desses juízes tornaram-se bastante semelhantes em decorrência da assimilação mútua de práticas judiciais entre diferentes famílias do direito, bem como entre países distintos de mesma família. No entanto a despeito da convergência em torno do fortalecimento dos poderes do juiz os problemas a serem solucionados pelos referidos países têm raízes distintas. A Inglaterra tem como maior problema o custo, enquanto o Brasil tem como maior problema a demora. Ademais, a raiz cultural de cada sistema os mantém de alguma forma diferentes, apesar da aproximação recente. Por isso não é possível dizer qual dos sistemas seja melhor (já que são incomparáveis) e eventual importação do modelo inglês pela legislação brasileira precisaria ser feita com ressalvas (já que os problemas a serem solucionados são distintos)

L’objectif de la présente étude est de faire l’état de la lutte contre la fraude à la constitution qui entrave le processus de démocratisation en Afrique noire francophone. Il s’agit de montrer que le renforcement de la démocratie et de l’État de droit a favorisé l’émergence de nouveaux usages de la constitution dans la plupart des États africains. Les gouvernants qui ont intériorisé les contraintes du constitutionnalisme le rejettent de plus en plus par le recours à des artifices juridiques qui se révèlent très difficiles à combattre sur le terrain du droit. Il en est ainsi parce que le fraudeur à la constitution prend toujours le soin de se conformer à la lettre de la constitution pour en combattre son fond. Toutefois, on voit émerger au niveau national, régional et international une synergie d’actions de quelques institutions juridictionnelles, politiques et sociales tendant à combattre les actes des pouvoirs publics qui, revêtant l’apparence de la légalité constitutionnelle, la contrarie. Pour ce faire, les acteurs impliqués dans la lutte contre la fraude n’hésitent pas à tirer du dispositif normatif qui se révèle dans sa mise en œuvre inadaptée, les moyens pour identifier et sanctionner. Le bilan des actions menées contre la fraude révèle des rares succès. Les échecs enregistrés induisent que pour la consolidation de la démocratie en Afrique, la lutte contre la fraude à la constitution doit être placée au centre du contrôle du juge constitutionnel
The objective of this study is to review the state of the fight against fraud in the constitution that hinders the process of democratization in francophone Africa. These show that the strengthening of democracy and the rule of law has encouraged the emergence of new uses of the constitution in most African states. The leaders who have internalized the constraints of constitutionalism reject more and more by the use of legal devices that are very difficult to fight on the field of law. This is so because the fraudster to the formation always takes care to comply with the letter of the constitution to fight his background.However, are emerging at national, regional and international synergy of actions of some judicial institutions, and social policies aimed at combating acts of public authorities, taking on the appearance of constitutional legality, the upsets. To do this, those involved in the fight against fraud do not hesitate to draw the normative system which is revealed in its inadequate implementation, the means to identify and punish. Review the actions conducted against fraud reveals rare success. The failures that lead to the consolidation of democracy in Africa, the fight against fraud in the constitution must be central control of the constitutional court

Que l’on soit un simple promeneur ou un fin observateur, l’eau est présente partout. Pourtant, l’atout qu’elle représente pour les activités anthropiques cache souvent sa réalité environnementale, celle de son cycle. Ce constat se reflète dans l’appréhension juridique de l’eau laquelle est conçue comme un bien ou une chose. Cette qualification l’assigne donc à un statut juridique dont les manifestations révèlent la fonction utilitariste de la ressource. Or, l’émergence des problématiques environnementales confronte le statut juridique de l’eau à sa réalité physique. Ainsi, le droit et les exigences environnementales s’influencent réciproquement pour générer des règles protectrices de l’eau et des représentations juridiques du cycle hydrologique qui engendrent des évolutions du statut. Dès lors, ce dernier s’émancipe des catégories juridiques traditionnelles issues du droit des biens et s’habille d’une finalité protectrice dont les règles et les concepts, qui s’attachent à la fonction écologique de l’eau et à la réalité environnementale du cycle hydrologique, lui façonnent une autre condition juridique
Along a simple stroll or through fine observations, you will always find water, wherever you go. However, the asset this resource represents for anthropogenic activities often hides its environmental reality, the one of its cycle. This is reflected in the legal definition of water which conceives it as property. This latter qualification assigns it to a judicial status which reveals the utilitarian function of the resource. Yet, the emergence of the environmental issues confronts water’s legal status to its tangible reality. Thus, the conflict between the law and water’s environmental demands makes way for protective regulations. Along with the hydrologic cycle’s legal representation, they both influence the evolution of water’s status. Consequently, the latter goes beyond property law traditional legal categories and arms itself with a protective purpose. Its rules and concepts are tied to the ecological function of water and to the environmental reality of the hydrologic cycle which shape yet another judicial condition for the water

v anglickém jazyce The dissertation thesis with title "Presumptions of the formation of the modern men's suit" elaborates the general and unique features in the typology of men's court, military and ecclesiastical clothes. Research, which is based on written, iconographical and material sources, is aimed at environment at the court of the Austrian Habsburgs in early new ages from the end of the 15th century till beginning of the 90s of the 18th century having respect to history of clothing in the in Czech countries in the context with European clothing culture. The conception of the thesis goes out from the approach to men's suit in the history of clothing as to the cultural discipline. The main theoretic-metodological basis is investigsation of the general and the unique features in the concrete types of the men's clothing, which are characterized most of all of the contemporary construction (cut), material (cloth) and colours of the men's clothing and which has got the style-forming importance by means of these general features. The results of the research work amplifies not only the knowledge in the area of the clothing history, but also brings the possibility of practical application of this knowledge to increase of the cultural values of written, iconographical and material memories with time,...

The law of civil procedure is an important branch of South African law as it resolves individual civil disputes through a regulated judicial system. Mandatory statutes and rules regulate the processes when bringing disputes to court. For example, the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013, regulates the superior courts, while the provisions of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944, as well as the Small Claims Court Act 61 of 1984, control the lower courts. Further, a series of court rules ensure efficient operation of different courts and support the overarching legislation. For example, the Constitutional Court Rules, Rules Regulating the Conduct of the Proceedings of the Supreme Court of Appeal, Uniform Rules of Court, Magistrates’ Courts’ Rules, and the Rules of Small Claims Court support the implementation of legislation. The researcher submits, however, that the current legislative provisions, and their enabling rules, are not fully complementing the Electronic Communication and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 and are thereby impeding the growth of e-technology law in South Africa. Put differently, they do not embrace the use of e-technology and digital devices. It appears that in future civil proceedings will occur electronically through digital and e-technology devices. Present legislation does not cater for this practical reality. This calls for South African courts to, for example, install satellite devices that will ease the use of e- technology in civil proceedings. The researcher avers that there have been attempts by the Constitutional Court and Supreme Court of Appeal to enable electronic communication through their websites, but this is insufficient to effectively implement the provisions of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 especially insofar as service of process. The courts have effectively moved away from the decision in Narlis v SA Bank of Athens, which excluded computer-generated evidence and there have been attempts by South African courts in recent decisions to appreciate the use of e-technology. For example, in CMC Woodworking Machinery v Odendaal Kitchens the court, for the first time, acknowledged service of court papers via Facebook. Further, in Spring Forest Trading v Wilbery, the Supreme Court of Appeal confirmed that electronic communication such e-mail, can be used to cancel agreements, even where parties incorporated a non-variation clause into the agreement. However, there is an urgent need to review and amend South African statutes and rules to fully acknowledge the fact that e-technology is a constantly evolving modern reality. Therefore, South African laws and rules ought to be in-line with e-technology developments and competitive with international jurisdictions such as England, the United States of America and Canada. The rules of these jurisdictions realise the use of e-technology and digital e-technology, particularly in England where a pilot project that facilitates the use of e-technology and digital e-technology in civil proceedings, is already in place. The time has come to fully employ e-technology and digital e- technology law within South African law of civil procedure. This research investigates the possibility, and practical implications, thereof.
Criminal and Procedural Law
LL. D.

Political scientists have conducted much work examining a court's decision on the merits of a case. We have concluded that ideology has a strong influence on the outcome on the merits of a decision. Furthermore, courts seek to render a decision that is closest to their own policy preferences. However, federal circuit courts within the judicial hierarchy are constrained by other actors according to the strategic model. There is an abundance of evidence showing that superior actors constrain courts' ideological preferences when such courts render decisions on the merits. However, there is a dearth of scholarship regarding judicial decision making on threshold issues. I argue that federal circuit courts set their judicial agendas by transforming their mandatory appellate jurisdiction into one that is discretionary. They achieve this goal by controlling the type of litigants who gain access to the courts by deciding cases on threshold grounds. I also argue that federal circuit courts are responsive to changes in Congress's ideology because Congress has power to control threshold issues through various mechanisms. I seek to establish that the grounds upon which as case is dismissed -- jurisdictional, justiciable, and procedural -- defines the parameters that constrain federal circuit courts.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電子與資訊工程研究所碩士班
92
Mining association rules from transaction databases is one of important techniques in data mining. Applications of association rules extend to discovering frequent patterns in consumer behavior, marketing analysis, electronic commerce and education, and other areas. In this thesis, we developed EGC, is an efficient algorithm for mining association rules. The main improvements are EGC uses an innovative method for generating candidate itemsets by checking the numbers of the preceding frequent itemsets before joining procedure. And EGC uses the simple tree data structure for storing the candidate itemsets and counting their supports. In addition, EGC uses the database global pruning method of DCP for efficiently reducing the size of the database. The experiments show that the performance of EGC is better than Apriori and DHP,IHPwoTTP, and IHPwTTP. The execution time and memory required of EGC are less than Apriori, DHP, IHPwoTTP, and IHPwTTP. In other applications, EGC can efficiently mine interesting information from investor databases to provide the optimal portfolio for each investor of the brokerage securities firm.

碩士
國立成功大學
中國文學系
102
SUMMARY The long novel “Gu Wang Yan” was edited by Qujing Cao and commented by Dunweng Lin in the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, representing a milestone of the development of pornographic novels. Within nearly one-million words, the novel is full of bald, palpable and detailed descriptions of intercourse. According to the information and materials we have known, the author depicts four families as the core, and extends to all social classes in the Ming society. Among these characters, the author expresses personal feelings into his work by providing a vivid picture about the demise of Ming dynasty. Over the centuries, traditional Chinese liberals have shown a strong desire to get in the politics and get out of the social problems and political struggles. Under the condition of autocratic politics, the ideal of liberals has always been worn out by the reality. Chinese scholars and historians at the transition between Ming and Qing dynasty wondered whether peacefully embraced a newly foreign regime or refused to serve it for a psychological comfort of reminding loyalty to a dead dynasty. The author expresses such worries into his writing. The rule of eunuchs in Ming dynasty represents a rebellious bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy. The instability at court politics sustained as well as the natural calamity, pestilence, rebellion and foreign invasion which led to the fall of the Ming dynasty. The Qing regime reclaimed the mandate of Heaven, and then smothered the Han Chinese liberals. For these liberals, living under the foreign race, the Manchu’s rule was a huge humiliation that challenges the traditional Confucius values. The author suffers a lot during his lifetime for his unfortunate official career, which might be one of the motives for his creation of “Gu Wang Yan”. Key words: “Gu Wang Yan”, Qujing Cao, pornographic novel, the images of characters, the fatuous rules and the traitorous court officials RESEARCH PURPOSE AND METHODS This thesis aims at discovering three values. First, to examine the author’s creative motives of “Gu Wang Yan” as well as to exhibit the historical features beyond the surface of pornographic writings. My research methods is that through comparing historic writings and literatures at Qujing Cao’s living time, to realize how and why he creates such characters, and to reveal Cao’s psychology as he uses pornography to hide his political critics. Second, to construct the strategy that Cao demonstrates in the novel about the characters and the pornographic techniques. And third, to examine some applications of the novel by looking into the author’s political and social dissatisfactions. STRUCTURES This thesis contains six chapters. Chapter One demonstrates the methods and summarizes some main points of the novel, in order to find out the research questions, and then to construct my research purpose and methods. Chapter Two analyzes the historical context and the development of the pornographic novels in ancient China. Furthermore, to acquire the consistency of their thinking and historical views by comparing the author Qujing Cao’s and the commenter Dunweng Lin’s lifetime. Chapter Three discusses the characters in the novel, including the most important fatuous emperors, Tianqi, Chongzhen, and Hongguang. The author is good at depict these three emperors’ different defections: Tianqi is fool and ignorant; Chongzhen is brutal and autocratic; Hongguang is greed and excessive. The author also blames these emperors’ fatuousness for the demise of the Ming dynasty. Chapter Four looks into several traitorous characters in the novel, and these court officials including the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian, Shiing Ma, and Dacheng Zuan. The author composes these heinous and guilty characters’ corruptions, and then provides them miserable ending. Chapter Five generalizes former chapters and the concepts of the fatuous rulers and the traitorous court officials. The author has at least two main objectives by creating“Gu Wang Yan,”: the first is to express his personal emotions through using several bold ways to expose the corruption of the politics of Ming dynasty, and the other is to convey his feelings in verbal skills to ironize the Qing regime. Chapter Six is the conclusion, analyzing the strategy that the writer uses and elaborating how the author conceals his political and social purposes under his pornographic writing. The pornographic dramatizations in“Gu Wang Yan” is not only a persecution of the former brutal dynasty, but also his personal views of society and politics. Through the historical research and the literature analysis, the novel“Gu Wang Yan” is not just a pornographic novel at that time, but also a political critics that reflects the author’s personal opinions of his historical views and thinking. The mind of “lost” is another key value within“Gu Wang Yan,” the short and sad lives of characters is a reminder for false, invented, fabricated loss of morality, just as its title means.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015
The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development has been mandated by the government of the day to render accessible, fair, speedy and cost effective administration of justice in the interest of a safer and more secure South Africa. The department then set service standards to be able to achieve its goals. Like other departments in the country, the department of Justice has officials who perform duties to ensure that service is delivered to people. These officials have to conduct themselves in an acceptable manner prescribed by the employer. Since the code of conduct has been developed to promote and maintain high standard of professional ethics throughout the public service, the code of conduct is mandatory if effective service delivery is to reach all South Africans. Public servants must ensure that their conduct conforms to the basic values and principles governing public administration. The research focused on how discipline is managed in Malamulele cluster magistrate’s courts, in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative research methodology was used. Results indicated that some structures and individuals know their roles and responsibilities in management of discipline, however the understanding is only to a certain extent. Managers have been made to believe that it is proper to attend only less serious misconducts and refer the serious ones to the labour relations section at the regional level. Recommendations were advanced on activities that need to be performed in order for discipline to be well managed.

Hereby submitted thesis {\clqq}EC law contravened by member state`` describes duties of member states regarding the harmonization of national rules of law to the communitary one. Thesis shows consequences of correct or incorrect conversion of superordinated communitary rules of law to national legal systems using concrete cases (examples) from Czech legal practice.

Foreign investments in SADC are regulated by Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investments (SADC FIP), as well as the laws of SADC Member States. At present, SADC faces the challenge that this regime for the regulation of foreign investments is unstable, unsatisfactory and unpredictable. Furthermore, the state of the rule of law in some SADC Member States is unsatisfactory. This negatively affects the security of foreign investments regulated by this regime. The main reasons for this state of affairs are briefly explained below. The regulatory regime for foreign investments in SADC is unstable, due to recent policy reviews and amendments of key regulatory instruments that have taken place. Major developments in this regard have been the suspension of the SADC Tribunal during 2010, the amendment of the SADC Tribunal Protocol during 2014 to bar natural and legal persons from access to the Tribunal, and the amendment of Annex 1 during 2016 to remove investor access to international investor-state arbitration, better known as investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). The regulation of foreign investments in SADC has been unsatisfactory, among others because some SADC Member States have failed or neglected to harmonise their investment laws with both the 2006 and the 2016 Annex 1. Furthermore, SADC Member States such as Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe have multiple Regional Economic Community (REC) memberships. This places these Member States in a position whereby they have conflicting interests and treaty obligations. Finally, the future of the regime for the regulation of foreign investments in SADC is unpredictable, due to regional integration efforts such as the recent formation of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Zone (T-FTA) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The T-FTA is entitled to have its investment protocol, while the AfCFTA investment protocol will be negotiated from 2018 until 2020. These developments entail that the 2016 Annex 1 will soon be replaced by an investment protocol at either the T-FTA or AfCFTA levels, thereby ushering a new regime for the regulation of foreign investments in SADC. The unknown nature of the future regulations create uncertainty and instability among foreign investors and host states alike. This study analyses the regulation of foreign investments in terms of Annex 1 and selected laws of SADC Member States. In the end, it makes the three findings mentioned above. In order to address these findings, the study makes four recommendations. The first is that foreign investments in SADC must be regulated at African Union (AU) level, by means of an AfCFTA investment protocol (which incidentally is now the case). Secondly, investor-state disputes must be referred to the courts of a host state, optional ISDS, the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJ&HR) or other agreed forum. Thirdly, an African Justice Scoreboard (AJS) must be established. The AJS will act as a gateway to determine whether an investor-state dispute shall be referred to the courts of a host state, ISDS, the ACJ&HR or other forums. Fourthly, the office of an African Investment Ombud (AIO) must be created. The AIO shall facilitate the early resolution of investor-state disputes, so as to reduce the number of disputes that may end-up in litigation or arbitration.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.

Title: Sanction mechanism in sport Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to analyse the sanction mechanisms applied in sports, their mutual relationship, the extent of autonomy of sport on the law, the answer to the question whether this condition is satisfactory and give suggestions to solve the alleged deficiencies. Methods: In this thesis are used a method of analysis, comparative analysis, and a method of synthesis Results: Have been found certain deficiencies in the procedural treatment of disciplinary and arbitration in the framework of the Sports Club, which have their origin in perhaps excessive Federal autonomy, this area would undoubtedly benefit from a higher rate of interference of the State, or at least harmonisation through the top sports institution Keywords: sports rules, disciplinary proceedings, arbitration proceedings, the Court of arbitration for sport, the Arbitration Commission of the Czech Olympic Committee