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Academic literature on the topic 'Rulers (Instruments)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

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Razaullah Ansari, S. M., and S. A. Khan Ghori. "Two Treatises on Astronomical Instruments by cABD Al-Munc IM Al-cĀmilī & Qāsim cAlī Al-Qāyinī." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100106086.

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A characteristic feature of Arab-islamic astronomy during the Middle Ages is the promotion and tremendous growth of practical astronomy which was in turn manifested primarily by the establishment of scores of observatories in West-Central Asia, from Abbasid Caliph al-Māmūn (813-833) to the Turkish king Murād III (1574-1595), and by the production of copious literature on astronomical Tables (the zījes) as well as on astronomical instruments (ālāt al-rasad). The enormity of the literature on the latter could be gauged by the list of extant works as given by Matvievskaya and Rosenfeld (1983) in their recent Biobibliography: 349 treatises on astrolabes, 138 on sine-instruments, 81 on quadrants, 4 on sextants and octants, 41 on armillary spheres and celestial globes, 77 on sundials and again 77 on “other instruments”—in all 767 treatises. As a matter of fact the instruments developed by Arab-islamic astronomers could be broadly classified into four groups: a) Time measuring instruments (e.g. sundials, shadow quadrants), b) Angle measuring instruments for astronomical parameters (e.g. armilla of various kinds, dioptre and parallactic rulers), c) instruments for transformation of system of coordinates and/or solving nomographical problems (e.g. astrolabes, quadrants, dāstūr instrument), d) Mathematical instruments for evaluating trigonometric functions, (e.g. sinequadrants). Apart from the fourth and the most important of all, the astrolabe, which in turn embodies all the four groups of instruments to a certain extent, works on “other instruments” were compiled in almost every century (down from 9th to 18th A.D.), also by well-known Arab-Islamic astronomer-mathematicians.

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Fitriyani, Yani, Marlina Eliyanti, Eli Hermawati, and Teguh Ramdan Fauzi. "The use of Risk Board Game Rulers of Archipelago as Learning Media on creative thinking ability of Elementary School Students." ELEMENTARY: Islamic Teacher Journal 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/elementary.v9i2.11547.

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<p>The low ability of students' creative thinking in social studies learning is shown by students who are less able to answer descriptive questions and also have not been able to provide ideas when answering a question. This study aims to describe the differences and improvement of students' creative thinking skills using the board game Risk Rulers of the Archipelago learning media using image media. This research includes quantitative research with a Quasi-Experimental approach, the research design is a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The subjects of this study were fifth-grade students of SD Negeri Pasayangan, Lebakwangi District, Kuningan Regency. Data collection was carried out using test instruments in the form of pretest and posttest description questions to measure students' creative thinking skills before and after the action. The data analysis of this research used instrument tests and statistical tests. The results showed that: (1) there were differences in students' creative thinking skills in the experimental class using the board game Risk Rulers of the Archipelago learning media and the control class using image learning media. (2) there is an increase (gain) of student's creative thinking skills in the experimental class using the board game Risk Rulers of the Archipelago learning media and the control class using image learning media. The conclusion of this research is the use of board game learning media Risk Rulers of the Archipelago is very influential on students' creative thinking skills compared to those using image learning media.</p>

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Dawson, Carol S., and J. M. Zajicek. "The Use and Adaptation of Existing Measurement Tools in People-Plant Research." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 554b—554. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.554b.

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Measurement of variables in physical science research is usually accomplished through the use of mechanical instruments, e.g., rulers, thermometers. The study of the effects of various horticultural activities on people often requires the measurement of mental constructs such as attitudes, opinions, and psychological characteristics. However, the measurement of these variables is not straight-forward. Fortunately, many measurement instruments have already been developed and tested by psychologists and educators which measure variables of interest to researchers studying human issues in horticulture. This workshop will review the types of instruments available and will focus on measures of environmental attitude, and psychological profiles. Criteria for selecting instruments appropriate to specific populations will be discussed. Finally, suggestions for integrating the results of these measures into a human issues in horticulture study will be given.

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Vaubel, Roland. "The making of state religion: Political economy and historical evidence." Critical Research on Religion 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303217690895.

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The paper tries to explain the introduction of state religions. I start by analyzing the meaning of state religion and the instruments of state intervention in religion. I then discuss the rulers' religious objectives and derive ten testable hypotheses about the factors favoring the introduction of state religions and about the choice of instruments. In the main section of the paper I examine the circumstances in which state religions have been introduced. The sample contains thirty-one state religions. The period stretches from 2630 BC (pharaoh Djoser in Egypt) to 1871 CE (emperor Meiji in Japan). Eight hypotheses turn out to be consistent with the historical evidence. The frequencies are significantly higher than 50% in a binomial test.

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Yevgenia Mihaylovna, Lupanova, and Yastrebinskiy Grigiriy Borisovich. "Peter the Great’s scientific instruments in the collections of Kunstkamera." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (55) (2023): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2023-2-35-43.

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The history of modern collections of MAE (Kunstkamera) RAS roots to Peter the Great’s private gatherings. However, the ascertainment of correlation of modern museum objects with the ones which were in the museum in the first quarter of the 18th century demands complicated research – work with the objects, archival documents and historiographical background. Results of this kind of work with scientific instruments are presented in the current article. The research leads to the conclusion that seven objects presented at modern expositions can be surely determined as originating from Peter the Great’s collections: the Great Gottorf (Academic) globe, armillary sphere, lens, two sundials, goniometer and protractor. Twenty-five more instruments can be also associated with Peter the Great’s collections, but the discovery of additional documentary evidence is hardly possible. They are compasses, telescopes, backstaff and a row of drawing instruments (compasses, protractors, rulers, angles, levels and pens). Some museum objects (such as B. Scott’s boussole and N. G. Chizhov’s sundial) came to the memorial Emperor’s cabinet in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th century by mistake, they could not be made in the first quarter of the 18th century.

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Stoianov, Lubomir Petrov, Emilia Emilova Ganeva, and Georgi Goshev. "Towards a Real Reconciliation of Centralised and Decentralised Approach in Legal Regulation: Application of an AI-Toolkit to a Problem of Jurisprudence." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p163-175.

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We present results from the implementation of an approach and a toolkit overcoming the limitations of the existing approaches by which law creates mechanisms for regulating socio-economic interests. In the centralized approach the rules come down from the rulers to the ruled ones. That limits the range of interested individuals to establish and implement regulatory mechanisms. In the decentralized approach, if necessary, rulers delegate certain individuals to create rules ad hoc, expanding the range of subjects of decision. This presupposes possibility of power abuse and take conflicting decisions in analogous cases.These disadvantages have been identified back in the ancient Rome. For their overcoming the systems of ius civile and ius honorarium were combined (II B.C.-I A.C.). Such attempts continue, for example within the EU law. A model that overcomes these disadvantages hasn`t been applied so far, because optimal and socially-efficient combination of centralized and decentralized approaches presupposes specific mechanisms. Their establishment and implementation should cover all interested individuals by coordinating and integrating the partial decisions, guaranteeing an optimal adaptability of the society towards the environment. Such mechanisms are achievable by the application of a cognitive approach, methodology and the G-space architecture for identifying inaccurately or mistakenly formulated motivational mechanisms in legislation. We describe how this set of cognitive instruments could be used to correct mistakes in existing legislation and design new, subject to ex-ante defined purposes. We show that the approach, methodology and G-space architecture extend the boundaries of the inter-disciplinary area of Artificial Intelligence in Law.

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Lubin, Timothy. "The Theory and Practice of Property in Premodern South Asia: Disparities and Convergences." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 61, no. 5-6 (September 5, 2018): 803–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341471.

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AbstractThis article reviews the main scholastic norms relevant to property and land rights in ancient and medieval India, and then surveys a range of inscriptions that illustrate the contours of land law in practice. The evidence suggests that India developed a sophisticated concept of landed property from earliest history, with conceptual tools and legal instruments to define the rights of owners vis-à-vis rulers, rival claimants, and holders of subordinate interests (such as tenants, cultivators, mortgagees, etc.). It further shows that although earlier inscriptions deployed those tools and instruments in a narrow range of transfers between rulers and Brahmins or other religious groups, subsequent periods provide evidence of an increasingly wider application, including gifts by non-elite donors, ordinary contractual land transfers, and resolution of property disputes. In some cases, the implication seems to be that the legal framework was more widespread in practice but generated durable records (in metal or stone) only for elite actors; in many cases, it seems likely that elite legal resources became more widely available over time. This survey also notes how documents bring to the fore aspects of property law—the role of councils and arbitrators in administering the law (rather than the king or his officers), or the use of documents to carve out special rights—that are less prominent in scholastic treatments such as Dharmaśāstra.

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Topychkanov, A. V. "Strengthening Russia’s International Prestige during the Northern War: Russian Diplomatic Institutions and Instruments." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-69-84.

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During the Northern War (1700-1721), the Russian government had to make great efforts to strengthen the anti-Swedish coalition. Peter the Great developed a broad foreign network of state representatives: employees of the diplomatic corps (envoys, ministers, residents, agents, etc.), trade commissioners, and correspondents. Peter the Great himself, his Cabinet, and the foreign policy department (Posolsky Prikaz, Collegia Inostrannykh Del) controlled these agents of influence. Peter’s diplomats fought for symbolic capital by taking part in official negotiations and unofficial meetings, in diplomatic and court ceremonies, in gift-exchanging, and organizing various festivities. This capital then was converted into the international prestige of the ruler, his title, honor, glory, and position in the hierarchy of European rulers. Considerable attention was paid to promptly inform Western partners about events in Russia’s foreign and domestic policy. Russian information policy emphasized the news that can strengthen Russia’s international prestige: dynastic, diplomatic, and military successes, political reforms, and court celebrations. The article examines the practice of news dissemination through Russian diplomatic missions and foreign diplomatic representatives in Russia. The practice reduced the negative effect of the spread of unofficial information, fake news, and false rumors. The war continued in the pages of print media. To limit the dissemination of information damaging Russia’s prestige, Russian diplomats began to use the same instruments of influence (newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets), which European diplomats used at that time: various methods of pressure and bribery, propaganda, and censorship. The successes of Russian diplomacy have led to the strengthening of Russia’s international prestige and contributed to creating a positive image of the country abroad. The Russian government transferred the gained experience into domestic policy. Peter the Great also demanded fighting against “reprehensible” information about “the person of his majesty, or his troops, as well as his state.”

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Samaan, Jean-Loup. "The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Elusiveness of Defense Cooperation: The Revealing Effect of the 2017–2021 Crisis." Middle East Journal 76, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/76.2.12.

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The 2017–21 blockade of Qatar has frequently been depicted as the largest obstacle to further cooperation within the Gulf Cooperation Council. However, this narrative overestimates the impact of the dispute and underestimates the historical limitations of the GCC and its multilateral projects prior to the crisis. GCC initiatives rarely produced tangible results, even before 2017, because their primary function was at the rhetorical level for Gulf Arab rulers, providing them with narratives of apparent regional unity rather than with concrete instruments of cooperation.

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Herrero, Montserrat. "The Politics of Relics: The Charisma of Rulers and Martyrs in the Middle Ages." Religions 14, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030297.

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Among the symbols used for representing power in the Middle Ages were the relics of saints and martyrs. When it came to political power, relics were one of the most cherished symbolic instruments to achieve legitimation of political power. However, no texts from the Middle Ages can be found that reflect the practice of associating relics with power. Rather, we have to assume or derive that reflection indirectly through narratives and stories around the relics present in the culture and religion of the time. This article reflects on the symbolic use of relics from a theological–political perspective: What kind of power acts through relics? What meaning of power is embodied in their political use of them? The thesis that the article will defend is that reflection on the politics of relics leads to a resignification of the idea of power in the Middle Ages, which is closely connected to the idea of charisma originating in the writings of the Apostle Paul.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

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Schrage, Karen A. "Development of instructional material to improve middle school ruler reading." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000schragek.pdf.

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França, Flavia Aparecida de Moraes. "Teste tuberculínico: comparação de dois instrumentos de leitura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-17052012-104258/.

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Introdução- A busca ativa de indivíduos infectados pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, com o auxílio do teste tuberculínico, principalmente em populações de detentos, moradores de rua, infectados pelo vírus do HIV entre outras, tem como objetivo prevenir a evolução da infecção para a doença tuberculose e auxiliar o conhecimento de novos casos da doença. O teste tuberculínico é uma importante ferramenta, para identificar os indivíduos reatores (infectados) e não reatores (não infectados). Ele pode ser aplicado a partir de várias técnicas, mas a que permite a padronização e a comparação dos resultados é a técnica intradérmica de Mantoux, a mais usada atualmente. No Brasil, a leitura do resultado do teste tuberculínico é realizada, por recomendação do Ministério de Saúde, com régua milimetrada. Para seu uso é necessário um treinamento rigoroso, o que tem contribuído para a diminuição de leitores do teste tuberculínico na rotina dos serviços de saúde. Como alternativa temos outro instrumento, paquímetro, ainda não padronizado no Brasil. Outros países o utilizam nas rotinas dos serviços de saúde para busca de indivíduos reatores ou não ao teste tuberculínico, ele não cabe para aferição ou inquéritos epidemiológicos. Objetivo- Comparar os instrumentos de leitura dos resultados do teste tuberculínico obtidos através da leitura padronizada, feita por régua milimetrada, e a leitura, não padronizada, feita por paquímetro. Métodos- Estudo descritivo realizado numa população prisional de uma Penitenciária e de um Centro de Detenção Provisória, da cidade de Guarulhos, Grande São Paulo, entre os meses de março a junho de 2008. Foi realizada a leitura do teste tuberculínico de forma dupla cega, por dois leitores, com instrumentos diferentes, paquímetro e régua milimetrada. Resultados- Foram administrados testes tuberculínicos em 1954 indivíduos; destes 111 foram excluídos por não terem comparecido à leitura do teste, resultando em uma amostra de 1843 indivíduos divididos em 1059 (57,5 por cento ) na Penitenciária e 784 (42,5 por cento ) no Centro de Detenção Provisória. Os resultados comparativos entre os dois instrumentos, quando avaliados os reatores com os não reatores, foram altos e equivalentes, pois a sensibilidade (93 por cento ) e a especificidade (97 por cento ) foram praticamente as mesmas. A média da concordância foi alta entre os dois instrumentos (95,5 por cento ) e a discordância foi baixa (4,5 por cento ). O Ministério da Saúde preconiza uma concordância acima de 80 por cento para aferição de novos leitores. Conclusões- Com este estudo observamos que o paquímetro pode ser considerado equivalente à régua milimetrada e poderá ser uma alternativa à régua para a leitura do teste tuberculínico no Brasil, principalmente para a busca de casos de tuberculose latente na rotina dos serviços de saúde, por ser um bom instrumento de separação dos indivíduos e não é suficiente para aferir um novo leitor. Entretanto, a régua deverá ser mantida, especialmente para inquéritos epidemiológicos
Introduction- The active search of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis aims to prevent the development of infection to the disease tuberculosis and ancillary knowledge of new cases of the disease. The tuberculin test is an important tool to identify individuals (infected) and non-reactors reactors (noninfected). It can be applied from various techniques. Nowadays Mantoux intradermal technique is the most widely used and allows the standardization and comparability of results. In Brazil, the reading of the tuberculin test result is performed with a ruler, by recommendation of the Ministry of health. For its use is required a rigorous training, which has contributed to the decline of tuberculin test readers in routine health services. Alternatively, caliper rule is a technique that can be used, but it is not standardized in Brazil. Objective- Compare the reading instruments of tuberculin skin test results obtained through the standardized reading, made by a millimeter ruler, and reading, not standardized, made with a caliper rule. Method- It was a descriptive study in a prison population of a Penitentiary and a Provisional Detention Centre in the city of Guarulhos, São Paulo, between the months of March to June 2008. Tuberculin test reading was done in a double blind, tuberculin test by two readers, with different instruments, ruler and caliper rule. Results- Tuberculin skin tests were administered to 1,954 individuals; of these 111 was excluded for failing to appear for the reading test, resulting in a sample of 1,843 individuals divided in 1,059 (57.5 per cent ) in Penitentiary and 784 (42.5 per cent ) in the Provisional Detention Center. The comparative results between the two instruments were high and equivalent (sensitivity=93 per cent and specificity=97 per cent ). The average correlation was high among the two instruments (95.5 per cent ) and the disagreement was low (4.5 per cent ). The Ministry of Health recommends a concordance above 80 per cent for benchmarking new readers. Conclusions- We observed that the caliper rule can be considered equivalent to the rule and may be an alternative for reading the tuberculin test in Brazil, especially to search for latent TB cases. However, the rule should be maintained, especially toepidemiological investigations

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Badinger, Harald, and Wolf Heinrich Reuter. "Determinants of fiscal rules." Taylor & Francis, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5478/1/Manuscript.pdf.

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This paper empirically assesses determinants of countries' fiscal rules suggested by the political science, sociology, and economics literature. We find several of these variables to be related to the stringency of fiscal rules, providing indirect evidence for the relevance of governments' deficit bias. These determinants may also serve as instruments in models with (endogenous) fiscal rules as explanatory variable.

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Ingham, Sean. "Instrumental Justifications of Popular Rule." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10445.

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Ordinary citizens are rarely charged with making consequential decisions in representative democracies. Almost all consequential decisions are delegated to elected representatives or political appointees. On what basis should we judge whether decisions should be placed in the hands of ordinary citizens or delegated to political elites? I argue that decision-making authority should be allocated in whatever way an assembly of randomly selected citizens would choose, given reasonable beliefs about the consequences of their possible choices. The standard I defend is a variation of the principal-agent model of political representation, in which the people are viewed as a principal and officeholders as their agents. As it is usually formulated, the objectives of the people are deﬁned by the preferences of the majority. I draw on this formulation in chapter 4 to explain why the majority might rationally prefer to delegate authority to a citizens’ assembly instead of an elected legislature and why they might rationally view citizens’ assemblies with distrust, when they are organized and administered by elites. But the standard formulation of the principal-agent model does not provide a coherent standard when the will of the majority is not well-deﬁned. Several chapters on social choice theory explain this problem and why political theorists’ previous responses to it have been unconvincing. In light of this problem, I argue for a revisionary understanding of the principal-agent model, according to which the people and its will are identified not with the preferences of the majority but rather with the decisions of a citizens’ assembly. To motivate this approach I offer a critique of the recent literature on “epistemic democracy,” which describes an alternative form of justification for empowering ordinary citizens. Appeals to expertise and knowledge have historically figured prominently in justifications of political exclusion and hierarchy, but epistemic democrats put them to use in defending participatory forms of democratic politics. Epistemic democrats claim that decision processes in which inexpert, ordinary citizens participate can exhibit greater “collective wisdom” than elite- or expert-dominated decision-making. Chapters 2 and 3 explain why these arguments sit uncomfortably with the nature of disagreements in politics.
Government

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MORRISON, EILEEN FRANCES. "THE TESTING OF INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE RULES, ROLE INCOMPETENCE AND VIOLENCE IN PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183965.

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The purpose of this study was to test research instruments to measure social and therapeutic rules, role incompetence and violence in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Instruments were tested to measure the specific concepts of: the Discrepant Interpretation of the Therapeutic Rules (GTRS and PTRSI), the Inconsistent Enforcement of the Social Rules (SRSI), the patients' Inability to Adhere to the Therapeutic Rules (PTRSII), the patients' Inability to Adhere to the Social Rules (SRSII) and Violence (VS). The study used a descriptive correlational design. The nursing staff sample consisted of 57 nursing staff working in nine clinical psychiatric units of four local hospitals. The nursing staff sample completed research ratings on 162 patient subjects hospitalized on the units. The data were analyzed for estimations of the psychometric properties of the research instruments. The theory was estimated using correlational and multiple regression techniques. The results indicated that with the exception of the General Therapeutic Rule Scale, the instruments had strong evidence of reliability and validity. The General Therapeutic Rule Scale had limited evidence of reliability and validity. The theoretical model testing indicated that three of the predicted theoretical relationships were supported. The expanded empirical model testing indicated three additional relationships. The amount of variance in violence explained by the expanded empirical model was R² = 18%. The major findings of this study were: (a) the social rules were more important than the therapeutic rules in predicting violence, (b) contrary to the literature, personal patient variables such as, age, sex, and diagnosis did not contribute to violence in the hospital setting, (c) a patient history of violence outside the hospital contributed to the patients' inability to adhere to the rules, (d) a direct relationship existed between the therapeutic and social rules, (e) the subdimensions of violence against self, others and property may be theoretically distinct dimensions of violence, and (f) the relationship of violence and other variables may be curvilinear.

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Givel, Reto. "Taming Glaucon through instrumental rationality to the Golden Rule /." Bern : R. Givel, 2006. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Lerner, Berel Dov. "Rules, magic, and instrumental reason : a critical interpretation of Peter Winch's philosophy of the social sciences /." London [u.a.] : Routledge, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0650/2001019766-d.html.

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Feng, Ying (Olivia). "The development of an instrument to measure individual dispositions towards rules and principles, with implications for financial regulation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5300/.

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The main focus of this PhD project is the development and validation of a psychometric instrument for the measurement of individual dispositions towards rules and principles. Literature review and focus groups were used to generate insights into the reasons why individuals prefer rules and principles. On the basis of that review, an initial item pool was created covering the conceptual space of dispositions towards rules and principles. The final instrument consists of 10 items, 5 items each for the rules and principles subscales. The psychometric analysis suggested that it is valid and reliable. The instrument has sound predictive power and was able to significantly predict individuals’ behavioral intentions in relation to rules and principles across contexts. I found there were gender and ethnic differences in the relationship between dispositions towards rules and principles scores and behavioural intentions. This PhD is relevant to an emerging literature in behavioural accounting research that examines how practitioners’ personal characteristics and styles affect financial reporting practice.

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Santos, Jonatas Mendonça dos. "Financiamento do desenvolvimento urbano: normas, eventos e instrumentos urbanísticos na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-29042013-125200/.

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Este trabalho procura destacar o desenvolvimento urbano de São Paulo, levantando as principais normas e eventos - além dos mecanismos de financiamento das infraestruturas - que condicionaram a formação da metrópole. O início da regulação urbanística do município ocorre no final do período imperial, quando são introduzidas as primeiras normas e políticas de segregação da pobreza. A partir de então a cidade se estrutura mediante arranjo institucional que relaciona norma e finança, como os institutos de aposentadorias, o sistema BNH, sem, no entanto, obedecer um planejamento específico. Somente no governo militar, em 1975, o Estado divulga a elaboração de um documento para direcionar desenvolvimento das cidades, cujo abandono poucos anos após sua publicação ampliou a precarização da cidade, aliada à crise econômica na década de 1980. A reforma normativa da Constituição de 1988 revigora o orçamento municipal e estabelece regras para as políticas urbanas, mas o avanço concomitante do neoliberalismo traz forças que entrecruzam as leis nacionais e municipais e durante toda a década de 1990 são reduzidos os investimentos públicos em desenvolvimento, habitação e urbanização. Somente em 2003, com a criação do Ministério das Cidades, a política urbana se estrutura em bases territoriais articuladas, pensando o espaço público das metrópoles a partir dos instrumentos ativos de cidadania, articulando os entes federados e a principal instituição financeira pública do país, a Caixa Econômica Federal. Para colocar em relevo tais propostas, será analisado o programa de urbanização de favelas em São Paulo, no sentido de realizar uma interpretação dessa interlocução, procurando entender em que medida os projetos de desenvolvimento urbano podem agir para recuperar os traços de cidadania perdidos nas normas, planos e projetos.
This work seeks to highlight the urban development of São Paulo, emphasizing the main rules and events, in addition to infrastructure financing mechanisms that conditioned the formation of the metropolis. The joint between urban regulation and political rules starts at the end of the imperial period, when was introduced the firsts acts of segregation of poverty. Since then, the city has been structured by institutional arrangements relating rules and finance, such as embedded on the institutes of retirements and the BNH system, regardless of any specific planning whatsoever. During the military government, in 1975, the state discloses a document to guide the urban development, whose abandonment few years after its publication increased casualization of the city, coupled with the economic crises in the 1980s. The regulatory reform of the 1988 Constitution strengthens the municipal budget and establishes new rules for urban policy, but with the advance of neoliberal ideas comes forces that intersect national and local laws throughout the 1990s. On these bases, the government reduces public investment in development, housing and urbanization. Nevertheless, in 2003, through the Ministry of Cities, urban policy tends to be articulated on territorial bases, considering the public space of the metropolis from the instruments of active citizenship, articulating the federated entities and the main public financial institution in the country, the Caixa Economica Federal. It is important to highlight such proposals, using the slum upgrading program in São Paulo, in order to conduct an analysis of this dialogue, trying to understand the extent to which urban development may take action, in order to recover the lost traces of citizenship standards, plans and projects.

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Salinas, Natasha Schmitt Caccia. "Legislação e políticas públicas: a lei enquanto instrumento de ação governamental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-22042013-112422/.

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Este tese tem por objetivo analisar o papel da legislação enquanto prática institucional de estruturação das políticas públicas. Pretende-se oferecer uma estrutura conceitual que auxilie na compreensão do modo como leis são desenhadas, da forma como administradores comportam-se diante destes arranjos legislativos, da capacidade de tais atos normativos de influenciar a atividade de implementação de programas governamentais, bem como a relação existente entre determinadas estratégias legislativas e os resultados das políticas públicas. Para tanto, esta tese se baseará nos pressupostos e fundamentos de uma teoria da legislação capaz de fornecer as ferramentas analíticas necessárias para a identificação das potencialidades e limitações de diversos instrumentos de engenharia legislativa para promover o controle político da administração e a efetividade das políticas públicas. Ver-se-á que a formulação de uma lei envolve escolhas não só sobre o conteúdo das políticas públicas, mas também sobre aspectos formais das normas jurídicas e dos procedimentos de tomada de decisão administrativa que constarão do texto legislativo. Cabe, portanto, à teoria da legislação fornecer subsídios para a escolha das normas substantivas e procedimentais mais adequadas à realização dos objetivos de uma política pública. Após serem discutidas, à luz das ferramentas analíticas fornecidas pela teoria da legislação, as vantagens e desvantagens, abstratamente consideradas, dos instrumentos de engenharia legislativa mais usuais, esta tese empreenderá um estudo de caso sobre a lei que disciplina a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Este trabalho discutirá as principais falhas do desenho institucional desta lei, que argumenta-se não dispor de instrumentos adequados para condicionar a Administração Pública a agir de modo a formular e implementar a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente de modo efetivo e eficiente. Contrariando um discurso dominante, que atribui exclusivamente a fatores não-legislativos a inefetividade da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, este trabalho procura demonstrar que falhas no desenho institucional da legislação vigente também possuem responsabilidade pelo fracasso das políticas ambientais.
The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the role of legislation in structuring public policy. This work aims to provide a conceptual framework which will help to increase the understanding of how laws are designed, how administrators respond to legislative arrangements, how effective legislation is in influencing the implementation process of governmental programs, as well as how specific legislative strategies affect the results of public policy. In order to do that, this dissertation will rely on the elements and norms of a theory of legislation which provides the analytical tools necessary to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the various instruments of legislative engineering used to promote political control of the administration, as well as public policy effectiveness. It will be seen that the drafting of a statute requires choices not only about substantial issues of public policy, but also about formal aspects of the legal rules and decision-making procedures which are to be set in legislation. In this regard, the theory of legislation on which this dissertation relies provides the analytical tools for the choice of the rules and procedures most suitable for the realization of public policy objectives. After discussing, in abstract, the advantages and disadvantages of specific instruments of legislative engineering, this dissertation will carry out a case study involving the National Environmental Policy Act. It will also discuss the main failures of the institutional design of this statute, which, it is claimed in this work, are not adequate to force the Public Administration to behave effectively and efficiently in the formulation and implementation of the National Environmental Policy. This work runs in the opposite direction to a leading academic discourse which considers only non-legislative factors as the causes for the ineffectiveness of the National Environmental Policy. Instead, this work will demonstrate that failures in the institutional design of legislation may also help to explain why environmental policies do not work.

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Books on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

1

Sutton, Andrew. Ruler & compass: Practical geometric constructions. New York: Walker, 2009.

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Tool and Trades History Society, ed. Mr. Marquois's most useful pair of scales. England]: The Tools and Trades History Society, 2015.

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Sutton, Andrew. Ruler & compass: Practical geometric constructions. New York: Walker, 2009.

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Stanley, Philip E. A rule concordance and value guide. 2nd ed. [s.l.]: Astragal Press, 2004.

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Gaborit-Chopin, Danielle. Regalia: Les instruments du sacre des rois de France, les "Honneurs de Charlemagne". Paris: Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1987.

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Gaborit-Chopin, Danielle. Regalia: Les instruments du sacre des rois de France, les "Honneurs de Charlemagne". Paris: Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1987.

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Lynk, Scott. Stanley "special" and custom rules. [Rutland, VT]: [Academy Books?], 2002.

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Lepsius, Richard. The ancient Egyptian cubit and its subdivision =: Die alt-aegyptische Elle und ihre Eintheilung. London: Museum Bookshop Publications, 2001.

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Schizer, David M. Financial instruments: Special rules. [Washington, D.C.]: Tax Management Inc., 2005.

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(Korea), Kungnip Kogung Pangmulgwan, ed. Chosŏn wangsil ŭi saengno pyŏngsa: Chilbyŏng e matsŏda = The birth, aging, illness, and death of the royal family of the Joseon dynasty : guarding against diseases. Ch'ungbuk Ŭmsŏng-gun: Handok Ŭiyak Pangmulgwan, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

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Jordan, Erin L. "Swords, Seals, and Coins: Female Rulers and the Instruments of Authority in Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Hainaut." In Medieval Coins and Seals: Constructing Identity, Signifying Power, 229–46. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stah-eb.5.109306.

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Fafard, Alexis J. D. "Instrument Flight Rules." In Canadian Air Law for Pilots, 481–88. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3599-2_15.

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Lambert, Paul B. "The Instruments." In Essential Introduction to Understanding European Data Protection Rules, 83–97. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: Auerbach Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781138069848-6.

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Lambert, Paul B. "The Instruments." In Essential Introduction to Understanding European Data Protection Rules, 83–97. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: Auerbach Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315115269-6.

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Broome, John. "Instrumental Reasoning." In Rationality, Rules, and Structure, 195–207. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9616-9_12.

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Kochenov, Dimitry. "Article 7: A Commentary on a Much Talked-About ‘Dead’ Provision." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 127–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_6.

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AbstractThe goal of this chapter is to contribute to the growing Article 7 TEU literature by showcasing the strong and weak points of this provision in the context of the on-going rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland threatening the very fabric of EU constitutionalism. This is done by presenting the general context of the institutional reactions to the so-called ‘reforms’ in Poland and Hungary aimed to hijack the state machinery by the political parties in charge; introducing the background of Article 7 TEU and the hopes of the drafters the provision was endowed with; to move on to the analysis of its scope and all the procedures made available through this instrument as well as the key procedural rules in place. The conclusion restates the necessity of putting our hopes in alternative instruments of combatting rule of law backsliding, outlining three possible scenarios of this, which are not (necessarily) connected to Article 7 as such.

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Bhogal, Tarsem Singh, and Arun Kumar Trivedi. "ICC DOCDEX RULES ICC Rules for Documentary Instruments Dispute Resolution Expertise." In International Trade Finance, 222–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594326_19.

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Holly, Sean, and Paul Turner. "Instrument Rules, Inflation Forecast Rules and Optimal Control Rules When Expectations are Rational." In Advances in Computational Economics, 147–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5219-2_6.

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Bichsel, Robert. "Banking Regulation: Administrative Rules versus Market-Based Instruments." In Financial Intermediation in the 21st Century, 186–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230294127_20.

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Guo, Peng. "Hardship Rules in Domestic Laws and International Instruments." In Good Faith in Long-Term Relational Supply Contracts in the Context of Hardship from A Comparative Perspective, 41–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5513-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

1

Kejia, Wang, Wang Qi, Wang Yi, and Zhang Shuai. "The use of long-period fiber grating bending sensing rules of the fiber-optic hydrophone." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274440.

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Vovseenko, E. A. "Financial Instruments And Hedging: New Rules Of Ifrs." In RPTSS 2018 - International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.167.

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Chandramowli, Shankar N., Frank A. Felder, and Xiaojun G. Shan. "Assessing the Policy Interaction Effect of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Clean Power Plan (CCP) Emissions Goals for States in the U.S. Northeast." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59501.

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With the proposed Clean Power Plan for regulating carbon emissions from the power sector in the U.S, policymakers are likely to use a cost optimization framework to plan for future scenarios and implementation strategies. The modeling framework introduced in this paper would help such policymakers to make the appropriate investment decisions for the power sector. This paper applies an analytical model and an optimization model to investigate the implications of coimplementing an emission cap and a Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) policy for the U.S. Northeast. A simplified analytical model is specified and the first order optimality conditions are derived. The results from the analytical model are verified by running simulations using LP-CEM, a linear programming-based supply cost optimization model. The LP-CEM simulation results are analyzed under the recently proposed Clean Power Plan emissions cap rules and RPS scenarios for the U.S. Northeast region. The marginal abatement cost estimates, derived from a limited set of LP-CEM runs, are analyzed and compared to the theoretical results. For encouraging renewables generation, an RPS instrument is cost-effective at higher policy targets, while an emissions cap instrument is cost-effective at lower policy targets. For CO2 emissions reduction, an emissions cap instrument is found be cost-effective for all policy targets. There is a trade-off between emissions levels and supply costs when the two instruments are co-implemented.

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Pucci, Sabrina, Marco Venuti, and Umberto Lupatelli. "ESG features in financial instruments: A challenge for the accounting treatment." In Corporate governance: Theory and practice. Virtus Interpress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgtapp8.

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The volume of financial instruments including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) features is rapidly increasing with a result that the scale of the issue continues to increase in the lack of a specific accounting rule. This situation creates a deep debate referring to the possibility of financial instruments with an ESG factor to pass the solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) test according to the current requirements in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 9. The debate is not only present in Europe but also in the US. The current accounting standards are not able to define a unique accounting solution for instruments that incorporate ESG factors and when these factors are material for the market, it is not clear which may be the proper solution to present them in the financial statements. The main issue is if it needs to separate ESG features from the basic financial instruments. Existing different positions on this issue, European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) proposed to International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) the introduction of more guidance and examples to apply in a consistent way the current provisions set forth by IFRS 9. In a dynamic market characterized by strong growth and the introduction of new complex instruments, the solution proposed by the EFRAG appears minimal. The introduction of a specific section of IFRS 9 addressed to this issue may be more appropriate in the light of the existing attention on the ESG features disclosure and the possibility to provide specific metric that permits measurement of the ESG features separately from the basic lending instrument

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Owens, A., J. Greiner, T. Mineo, T. Pounds, M. Rees, B. Sacco, L. Scarsi, et al. "Ruler: An instrument to measure gamma-ray burster distances." In Gamma-ray bursts: Second workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.45824.

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Wang, Chih-Jen, and Ya-Chuan Chan. "The Identification Coding Rules and the Acceptance Criteria of Measuring Instruments." In 2019 Joint International Symposium on e-Manufacturing & Design Collaboration(eMDC) & Semiconductor Manufacturing (ISSM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/emdc/issm48219.2019.9052129.

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Benvenuti, Edoardo. "PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A MEANS TO PROJECT EU DIGITAL VALUES ABROAD." In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28266.

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In light of the pivotal role that new technologies play for the achievement of policy objectives, and considering their ability to negatively affect rights and freedoms in a ubiquitous manner, EU law is adopting a number of instruments to regulate those matters that are particularly influenced by digitalisation. Such instruments include substantive rules applicable to several online activities. This legislation aims at establishing an environment where digital interactions take place in accordance with fundamental rights, whose protection is enshrined within EU primary law, as well as to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market. Given the ubiquitous nature of digital technologies, and in order for these rules to be effective, their scope of application is designed to also include cases that may be strongly related to Third States. In this way, the EU aims at strengthening its digital sovereignty by creating a strong digital single market, and by guaranteeing the protection of European users, whose rights should benefit from the protection of EU substantive law even when digital activities take place abroad. Although the EU has a strong interest in ensuring a broad application of its substantive rules, the possibility for EU law to be concretely applicable abroad depends – in the first place – on the existence of jurisdictional rules specifically designed to apply to disputes that may involve parties from Third States. Nonetheless, while some of the instruments adopted in this area ensure the application of substantive rules by providing for specific grounds of jurisdiction, litigation in these matters will normally fall within the scope of Regulation (EU) n. 1215/2012, whose rules apply – in general – only when the defendant has her/his domicile in the Union. In light of these considerations, the paper will assess the coherence between the broad scope of some of the instruments that the EU has adopted (or is going to adopt) in fields strongly affected by digitalisation – such as the GDPR, as well as other EU’s initiatives pertaining to Artificial Intelligence and to digital platforms – and Regulation (EU) n. 1215/2012, in order to evaluate the ability of the latter to support the application of EU digital standards world-wide.

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Каримов, Х., and Х. Усманова. "METROLOGICAL CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES AND NORMS AT THE ENTERPRISE." In Status and development trends of standardization and technical regulation in the world. Tashkent state technical university, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-conf.22.1-77-0068.

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The article discusses and analyzes the main provisions of the state metrological control and supervision, ways of implementation and objects, as well as the stages of verification of the implementation of metrological supervision over the state and use of measuring instruments.

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Pott, Roxane, Sébastien Guillaume, Alain Geiger, and Heinz Wipf. "Optimized Low Level Trajectories for Instrument Flight Rules in Alpine Areas." In 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019). Institute of Navigation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33012/2019.16909.

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Taboada, Karla, Eloy Gonzales, Kaoru Shimada, Shingo Mabu, and Kotaro Hirasawa. "Discovering fuzzy classification rules using Genetic Network Programming." In SICE 2008 - 47th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sice.2008.4654954.

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Reports on the topic "Rulers (Instruments)"

1

Halac, Marina, and Pierre Yared. Instrument-Based vs. Target-Based Rules. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24496.

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McCallum, Bennett T., and Edward Nelson. Targeting vs. Instrument Rules for Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2004.011.

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McCallum, Bennett, and Edward Nelson. Targeting vs. Instrument Rules for Monetary Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10612.

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Parrado, Eric. An Exchange Rate Policy Rule. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005491.

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This paper introduces a novel monetary policy framework where the exchange rate becomes the central instrument. Using Singapore as a case study, it explores the Monetary Authority's adoption of the exchange rate as the primary tool since 1981, diverging from conventional approaches centered on interest rates or monetary aggregates. The estimated exchange rate reaction function aligns well with actual deviations, supporting the hypothesis that Singapore's forward-looking policy rule effectively responds to inflation and output volatility, especially during economic crises. This framework offers a promising alternative for countries with open economies and challenges in implementing traditional interest rate instruments.

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Svensson, Lars E. O. Targeting Rules vs. Instrument Rules for Monetary Policy: What is Wrong with McCallum and Nelson? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10747.

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Sola, Martín, and Martín González Rozada. Towards a "New" Inflation Targeting Framework: The Case of Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011621.

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Using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with financial frictions, this paper evaluates the effects of a rule that incorporates not only the interest rate but also the legal reserve requirements as instruments of monetary policy. It is found that reserve requirements can be used to achieve the Central Bank's inflation objectives. The use of this instrument, however, produces a real appreciation of the Uruguayan peso. When the Central Bank uses the monetary policy rate as an instrument, the effect of an increase in reserve requirements is to contribute to reducing the negative impact on consumption, investment and output. Nevertheless, the quantitative results in terms of inflation reduction are rather poor. The policy rate becomes more effective in reducing inflation when the reserve requirement instrument is solely directed at achieving financial stability. The paper's main policy conclusion is that a well-targeted non-conventional policy instrument can help to effectively control inflation.

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Estevadeordal, Antoni. Negotiating Preferential Market Access: The Case of NAFTA. Inter-American Development Bank, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011086.

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There is a growing interest related to the theoretical analysis of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Nevertheless, there has been as yet very little empirical research on the topic, in particular, on the negotiating dynamics of these types of agreements. This paper attempts to make a contribution in this direction examining the relationship between the two most important market access instruments in the case of NAFTA negotiations: the preferential tariff phase-outs and the accompanying rules of origin (RoO). The traditional literature has viewed market access negotiations solely in terms of tariff (and non-tariff) negotiations. From an analytical point of view, the role of RoO, that is the rules that are designed to determine the origin of products in international trade, has usually been restricted to a "secondary" or "supportive" function. As such, RoO were seen to assist in the application or implementation of other "primary" instruments. In the case of preferential RoO, they help to determine when a particular good will be granted preferential tariff treatment. Using a newly constructed data set this paper estimates a simultaneous equation model where the endogenous variables are the preferential tariff phase-outs between Mexico and the United States and the RoO under the NAFTA agreement. The empirical findings of this paper support the view that in accordance with recent literature, the NAFTA RoO were used as an independent commercial policy instrument with a "primary" market access function as it is the case with the traditional preferential tariffs.

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Bonomo, Marco, Claudio R. Frischtak, and Paulo Ribeiro. Public Investment and Fiscal Crisis in Brazil: Finding Culprits and Solutions. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003199.

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We investigate the relation between existing fiscal rules and investments in the context of a fiscal crisis in Brazil. We analyze existing fiscal rules at national and subnational levels, their enforcement, and proposed alternatives. Using narrative analysis, case studies, interviews, empirical estimation, and model simulations, we conclude that public investment is not closely related to fiscal rules in Brazil but is mainly determined by fiscal conditions both at national and subnational (state) levels. It is the steady increase of personnel expenditures in real terms that underlies the fiscal deterioration of the last decade, despite the existence of fiscal rules devised to prevent it. We argue that a constitutional rule limiting subnationals personnel expenditures to 50 percent of net revenues, triggering adjustment measures when reaching 47.5 percent, would be an effective instrument for subnational fiscal management, opening fiscal space for increasing investments. At the national level, despite the existence of several fiscal rules, the only effective fiscal anchor is the primary expenditure ceiling introduced in 2016, which has successfully curbed expenditures, including those of the judiciary and legislature.

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Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Luiz A. Pereira da Silva. Reserve Requirements and Loan Loss Provisions as Countercyclical Macroprudential Instruments: A Perspective from Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008456.

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This paper discusses, from an analytical and operational perspective, the use of reserve requirements and loan loss provisions as countercyclical macroprudential instruments. In recent years both of these instruments have been used extensively in Latin America and elsewhere in the world. The first part of the paper sets the stage with a discussion of the rationale, in the presence of financial frictions, for using macroprudential regulation to mitigate financial system procyclicality. The second part reviews the general arguments, as well as the recent empirical evidence for Latin America, associated with the use of reserve requirements and loan loss provisions. The third part provides a normative analysis of the ways through which countercyclical reserve requirements and cyclically adjusted (or, more commonly called, dynamic) provisioning rules should be formulated, independently and jointly, to address concerns arising from procyclicality and financial volatility. Optimal countercyclical rules are discussed from the perspective of how these rules can either minimize a composite measure of economic volatility (combining measures of both macroeconomic and financial volatility) or maximize social welfare. The last part brings together the lessons for policymakers that can be drawn from the analysis.

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Banga, Karishma, and Alexander Beyleveld. Are Trade Rules Undermining Taxation of the Digital Economy in Africa? Institute of Development Studies, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.013.

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In the face of emerging and new digital business models, countries are facing a political and technical choice of adapting the existing taxation instruments of corporate income tax (CIT) and value added tax (VAT) or creating new ones, such as digital services taxes (DSTs) and customs duties on electronic transmissions (CDETs). Countries have the potential to tax the digital economy through a combination of at least these four measures, which can be incorporated into their industrial policy and revenue collection strategies

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