Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rules for a translator

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rules for a translator'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 9 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Al-Awawdeh, Dr Nabil. "Translation Between Creativity and Reproducing An Equivalent Original Text." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (2021): 2559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1131.

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It​ isn't easy to find a comprehensive definition of translation; it is described as science, art and creativity at the same time. In this sense, literary translation, especially poetry, may be considered an art and creative work as opposed to scientific or political translation, where the words can be controlled according to the translator's linguistic skills and grammatical rules. The current research discusses how translation is an art and creative work. It is what many critics and scholars have reached for the "literary genre". It is also noted how the literal translation does not give the translated text its right, artistic colour, elevation, and influence in its original language unless it’s based on translators' creativity. In this paper, our methodology is to look at literary translation as one of the most challenging types of translations, as it depends significantly on taste and the entry of the writer's imagination in the translation, whether he was a writer such as a poet, storyteller or novelist, and this in itself requires a creative spirit to be the image of translation and literary material creative artistic non-literal. Here the two-translator a writer or intellectual and professional translator differ. The latter depends on what he studied and read and what he researched in language study stages. Still, if he is also a writer or intellectual, many images and meanings will change. Yet, without prejudice to the essence of the translated text, and here even between a translator writer and another, the degree of creativity in translation varies and maybe at the same degree of different literary imagination. Finally, it is stressed that the essential in the art of translation is choosing the appropriate term so that it is easy, smooth, and light on the recipient here is a skill. The translator chooses the proper word for each material to be translated.
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Wysocki, Marcin. "Biblia i nadzieja na jej dobre tłumaczenie." Vox Patrum 69 (December 16, 2018): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3283.

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In the above article, based on the correspondence of St. Jerome and St. Augustine, there has been shown how these two outstanding the Bible experts, translators and interpreters understood the principles used in its translation. In three parts – entitled: Work, Man, Way – the importance and significance of the Bible and its translations, above all the Septuagint, the tasks and features of the man who translates, the methods and ways of translating were shown. Both of them in their letters indicated: the necessity of an exceptional and proper ap­proach to the Holy Scriptures, a good preparation of the translator and the use of a method that would be appropriate to the translated piece: in the case of the Bible – a beautiful translation preserving the arrangement of the words of the inspired Scriptures; and in the case of non-canonical pieces – expressing the thoughts using the rules of the language into which the work is translated.
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Bakla, Arif, and Ahmet Çekiç. "Machine Translation-Friendly Language for Improved Machine Translation Output in Academic Writing." Eskiyeni, no. 54 (September 30, 2024): 1269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1468068.

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The purpose of academic writing is to convey scholarly knowledge and data to the intended audience in a concise and comprehensible way. Sometimes an academic text needs to be translated into a foreign language by a translator. In this case, the translator is expected to translate the source text into the target text in plain and understandable language. This study illustrates how the author can help the translator during the process of preparing the source text and discusses the strategies that could be used to achieve this. What makes whether an academic translation is of lower or higher quality is not only the level of knowledge and skills that the translator possesses but also the quality of the source text, which directly affects that of the output. In addition, academic writing has its own rules, and, albeit partially, this may differ from one language to another. In this sense, translators encounter some problems while translating academic texts. The purpose of this study is to illustrate such problems and to discuss the strategies that could be used to eliminate them. Common problems that affect the quality of translation are as follows: forming wordy sentences, using ambiguous expressions, organizing the text in a way that is not suitable for the discourse structure of English, using conjunctions imprecisely, using passive verbs unnecessarily, expressing thoughts indirectly instead of using direct language, using words with the same meaning sequentially and spelling mistakes, among others. This study discusses what the writer and the translator can do to improve an academic text in general. Although experienced translators may take effective actions, a good translation may not be possible out of a poorly written source text. High-quality academic translation requires a collaboration between the author and the translator. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness about this issue.
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Laska, Igor. "THE CREATIVE COMPONENT OF THE CONCEPT TRANSLATION IN FRENCH TRADUCTOLOGY OF THE 17 TH CENTURY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (2020): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-204-207.

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The present article highlights the problem of translation as creativity in the writings of French translators of the 17th century. The analysis of the traductologic texts of the classicism era allowed to establish two directions in conceptualization of the creative aspect of the translator’s work. Translators who grouped around the newly formed French Academy, in particular Perrot d’Ablancourt and supporters of translations of the genre les belles infidèles, equate the work of the translator with the work of the author and see his task in giving a new real creation of the receiving literature. However, due to the uncertainty of the limits of creative freedom of the translator, their translation practice rather compromised the very idea of creativity in translation. The second and more moderate direction, represented by translators from Port-Royal, is also oriented to the receiving language and culture. The translator is also considered a full-fledged author and must create a real work, but his freedom is limited by the text of the original, differences in language and culture, the rules of translation. The problems of translation creativity, which was discussed in the traduсtological texts of classicism, includes: role of translator and author, their rivalry, choice between literal and free translation, restriction of translator’s freedom, etc.
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Moore, G. W., U. N. Riede, R. A. Polacsek, R. E. Miller, and G. M. Hutchins. "Group Theory Approach to Computer Translation of Medical German." Methods of Information in Medicine 25, no. 03 (1986): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635465.

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SummaryComputer translators have been studied for almost four decades, but recent advances in speed and storage capabilities have made such translators accessible to small computer users. We obtained the computer typesetting file for a German language medical textbook and wrote computer software sufficient to obtain a draft quality English language translation of the entire book, at a speed of 9,671 words per hour. This translator uses two external tables, namely a word and idiom list and a list of grammatical rules, which completely specify the behavior of the translator. The grammatical rule table satisfies the properties of a mathematical group, and the inverse operation for this group allows one in principle to convert this German to English translator into an English to German translator. For the larger problem of creating multilingual computer translators, the group theory inversion property may allow one to substantially reduce the effort of creating a separate translator for each language pair. Future development of computer translators will depend upon the wider availability of computer-readable documents and will be aided by use of vocabulary and grammatical rule tables with group theory properties which permit the invertability between language pairs.
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Ismoilova, Marxabo Abduraximovna. "TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATION AS ONE OF THE WAYS TO ACHIEVE ADEQUACY IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 6 (2023): 100–105. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8008510.

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It is very important for a translator to know the "precedents" of translation - the most typical, proven translation solutions. V.N. As Komissarov noted, the translator's knowledge of rules, styles and stereotypes helps to quickly find a translation option under time constraints.
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Benhabililes, Bakir. "The Influence of Publishing Strategies on the Process of Translation: the case of Milan Kundera." Traduction et Langues 17, no. 1 (2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v17i1.561.

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Throughout history, translation has never been an isolated activity or an independent literary entity; it has always been tailored by interior and exterior influential factors. In terms of social agents involved in the production of translations, the publishing industry is increasingly becoming a driving force in translation. Publishing is an integral part of the process, which controls mechanisms of translation and dictates editorial rules. Publishers have a huge influence on choosing books to be translated and on hiring translators, and thus on the way the translations are received by the audience. Despite their huge ascendancy however, little research has been carried out in this area. The purpose of this paper is to discover the extent of the publisher’s influence on the translated text. Given that translation theory has often focused solely on the author–translator relationship, our objective is to demonstrate that the translation process is not an ordinary dyadic relationship between a source text and a target text, or a translator and an author, but is a central meeting point for a mixture of relationships in which publishers play a hegemonic role. The publisher`s influence is discussed here through one particular controversial case: Milan Kundera’s novel The Joke (Žert), which first appeared in 1967.
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Mykhailenko, O. O. "Manuscript language norms in translating science articles." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 69 (2) (2021): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.2.05.

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A science article, as one of the leading genres in the scientific discourse, is becoming increasingly significant in modern science communication. It allows the wide audience to learn about the newest research results in various fields of science and technology. New scientific information is shared around the world mostly through translations. A particular research interest is taken in the quality of translation of science papers and the conformity of target texts to the scientific language norms. In Ukraine, there is a current need for highly-qualified translators of scientific texts into English, who can help the author of a science article to present worldwide new research results. It is important for translators to be knowledgeable about the basic rules of transition from the source to the target language, in rendering science texts. To take a rational translation solution, the translator should be competent in using translation devices and bring the source text into accordance with the norms of the language of science. The translator should be trained enough in the branch of knowledge the translation texts belong to. Our analysis of the Ukrainian-English translations of science articles in physics aims to establish the degree of equivalence of source and target texts and to evaluate the translation solutions that were chosen to achieve the text equivalence. The special research attention has been paid to the stylistic features of the language of science and the basic rules of manuscript language that should be a guide for a translator of scientific texts.
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Li, Qun, and Bingwen Sun. "An Analysis of Subtitle Translation of Chang 'an from the Perspective of Skopos Theory." Studies in English Language Teaching 12, no. 2 (2024): p22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v12n2p22.

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Movies are carriers of culture and have become an indispensable means of cultural dissemination in today's society. The demand for subtitle translation is also constantly increasing. Subtitle translation in films is constrained by time, space, and culture; therefore, subtitles should be concise and easy to understand. This article analyzed and evaluated the subtitle translation of the Chinese film "Chang 'an" based on three rules of Skopos theory: skopos rules, intratextual coherence and fidelity rule. The translation purpose of the translator is to help the audience have a better viewing experience and accurately convey the information of Chinese subtitles through a concise English translation. When translating Chinese to English subtitles, translators should omit repetitive or plot-irrelevant information, add conjunctions to make the translation smooth and coherent and transform cultural differences.
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Herasymenko, O. Yu. "TRANSLATOR’S PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS." INTELLIGENCE. PERSONALITY. CIVILIZATION, no. 2(29) (December 30, 2024): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.33274/2079-4835-2024-29-2-79-85.

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The objective of this article is to highlight and analyze the basic principles of professional ethics of a translator. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature, induction, deduction. Results. Translators have long acted as mediators during communication between representatives of different language communities. The presented article reveals a topical issue regarding the problem of professional ethics of translators, which is relevant today. The main problems are that today there is no generally accepted code of conduct. The authors consider the ethics of a translator, which consists of moral principles, moral rules, norms of behavior in society and norms of behavior in a professional environment. The article is devoted to the study of professional ethics of a translator, which is an important aspect in the practice of language activity. The article analyzes the basic ethical principles underlying the professional activities of translators, in particular, accuracy, confidentiality, impartiality, and respect for cultural and linguistic differences. The professional ethics of a translator are important not only for ensuring high-quality translation, but also for maintaining trust between the translator, the customer, and other stakeholders. The research examines various ethical dilemmas that translators face in practice, in particular, problems related to distortion of content, manipulation of information, maintaining confidentiality, and the possibility of a conflict of interest. Issues related to ethical standards in various areas of translation are separately highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the development of professional norms and standards in the field of translation, as well as the role of these standards in shaping the moral responsibility of the translator. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for translators to adhere to ethical principles and maintain a high level of professionalism, which include the continuous improvement of linguistic and intercultural knowledge, as well as participation in professional associations and certification programs. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance of ethics in translation as an important element not only for the quality of work, but also for maintaining professional reputation and trust in the language community. References: Baker, M. & Maier, C. (2011). Ethics in interpreter & translator training: critical perspectives. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, no. 5 (1), pp. 1–14. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2011.10798809 Cadwell, P., & O’Brien, S. (2016). Language, culture, and translation in disaster ITC: An ecosystemic model of understanding. Perspective, no. 24(4), pp. 1–19. Dam, H. V., & Zethsen, K. K. (2016). “I think it is a wonderful job”. On the solidity of the translation profession. The Journal of Specialised Translation, no. 25, pp. 174–187. Goodwin, (2010). Ethical problems in translation: Why we might need Steiner after all. The Translator, no. 16(1), pp. 19–42. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2010.10799292 Icoz, N. (2012). Considering ethics in translation. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, no. 2(2), pp. 131–134. Robinson, (2003). Becoming a translator: An introduction to the theory and practice of translation. London, Routledge Publ., 320 p. Tymoczko, M. (2006). Translation: Ethics, ideology, action. The Massachusetts Review, no. 47(3), pp. 442–461. Tymoczko, M. (2010). Ideology and the position of the translator: In what sense is a translator ‘In Between’. In Critical readings in translation studies. Oxon, Routledge , pp. 213– 228. Van Wyke, B. (2013). Translation and In The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studie., Abingdon, Routledge Publ., pp. 548–561. Venuti, (2013). Translation changes everything: Theory and Practice. Oxon / New York, Routledge Publ., 288 p.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Dugast, Loic. "Introducing corpus-based rules and algorithms in a rule-based machine translation system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8249.

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Machine translation offers the challenge of automatically translating a text from one natural language into another. Statistical methods - originating from the field of information theory - have shown to be a major breakthrough in the field of machine translation. Prior to this paradigm, many systems had been developed following a rule-based approach. This denotes a system based on a linguistic description of the languages involved and of how translation occurs in the mind of the (human) translator. Statistical models on the contrary use empirical means and may work with very little linguistic hypothesis on language and translation as performed by humans. This had implications for rule-based translation systems, in terms of software architecture and the nature of the rules, which were manually input and lack any statistical feature. In the view of such diverging paradigms, we can imagine trying to combine both in a hybrid system. In the present work, we start by examining the state-of-the-art of both rule-based and statistical systems. We restrict the rule-based approach to transfer-based systems. We compare rule-based and statistical paradigms in terms of global translation quality and give a qualitative analysis of their respective specific errors. We also introduce initial black-box hybrid models that confirm there is an expected gain in combining the two approaches. Motivated by the qualitative analysis, we focus our study and experiments on lexical phrasal rules. We propose a setup allowing to extract such resources from corpora. Going one step further in the integration of rule-based and statistical approaches, we then examine how to combine the extracted rules with decoding modules that will allow for a corpus-based handling of ambiguity. This then leads to the final delivery of this work: a rule-based system for which we can learn non-deterministic rules from corpora, and whose decoder can be optimised on a tuning set in the same domain.
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Trujillo, Indalecio Arturo. "Lexicalist machine translation of spatial prepositions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388507.

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Lindeberg, James. "Simplification of Swedish Text by Monolingual Machine Translation Transformation Rules for Simplified Swedish." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352897.

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Discussions on the concept of ”Klarspråk” and ”Lättläst” are major topics in Sweden at the moment with efforts towards increasing readability of government organization information in the project ”Begriplig Text”. In the field of natural language processing, a lot of efforts have gone into text simplification. This thesis examines the possibility of using hand crafted transfer and generation rules to increase the readability of text through monolingual machine translation. Transfer and generation rules were developed that handle Swedish grammatical structures including explicitivity and word order. The data used in this thesis consist of manually collected data sets from government organization websites and Uppsala University. The translation results were evaluated using manual evaluation and the automatic readability evaluation methods LIX, OVIX and nominal ratio (NR). Test results show that the developed rules can produce successful transformation on text although not significantly altering the automatic evaluation scores. The results from the manual evaluation show that a higher readability can be achieved with the developed rules although more tests on bigger data sets are needed in order to fully evaluate all rules developed in this thesis.
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Perez, Richard. "The Canadian C-Spine Rule and CT-Head Rule Implementation Studies: A Psychological Process Evaluation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19814.

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The Canadian C-Spine (CS) and CT-Head (CT) Rules are tools aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of radiography use in emergency departments. This study evaluated whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could explain the inconsistent results from implementation studies of these two rules at 12 Canadian hospitals, where the same intervention resulted in a significant reduction in CS radiography but not CT radiography. It was demonstrated that the TPB model’s proposed relationships between constructs and behaviour could explain the ordering of CS but not CT radiography. However, after examining longitudinal changes of the TPB constructs, it was clear that these changes could not explain the changes in CS radiography ordering. Overall, TPB is unlikely to suggest important ways by which to improve radiography use, for CT because its constructs are not related to radiography ordering, and for CS because of high baseline levels of intention to clinically clear.
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Mostofian, Nasrin. "A Study on Manual and Automatic Evaluation Procedures and Production of Automatic Post-editing Rules for Persian Machine Translation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325818.

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Evaluation of machine translation is an important step towards improving MT. One way to evaluate the output of MT is to focus on different types of errors occurring in the translation hypotheses, and to think of possible solutions to fix those errors. An error categorization is a rather beneficent tool that makes it easy to analyze the translation errors and can also be utilized to manually generate post-editing rules to be applied automatically to the product of machine translation. In this work, we define a categorization for the errors occurring in Swedish--Persian machine translation by analyzing the errors that occur in three data-sets from two websites: 1177.se, and Linköping municipality. We define three types of monolingual reference free evaluation (MRF), and use two automatic metrics BLEU and TER, to conduct a bilingual evaluation for Swedish-Persian translation. Later on, based on the experience of working with the errors that occur in the corpora, we manually generate automatic post-editing (APE) rules and apply them to the product of machine translation. Three different sets of results are obtained: (1) The results of analyzing MT errors show that the three most common types of errors that occur in the translation hypotheses are mistranslated words, wrong word order, and extra prepositions. These types of errors are placed in semantic and syntactic categories respectively. (2) The results of comparing the correlation between the automatic and manual evaluation show a low correlation between the two evaluations. (3) Lastly, applying the APE rules to the product of machine translation gives an increase in BLEU score on the largest data-set while remaining almost unchanged on the other two data-sets. The results for TER show a better score on one data-set, while the scores on the two other data-sets remain unchanged.
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Masachis, Gelo Sara. "When mRNA folding rules gene expression : lessons from type I toxin-antitoxin systems." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0191/document.

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Les systèmes toxine-antitoxine (TA) sont de petits modules génétiques largement présents dans les génomes bactériens. Ils codent pour une petite protéine toxique et une antitoxine. Ils sont classés en six types en fonction de la nature et du mode d'action de l'antitoxine. Ce travail a porté sur l'étude du type I, pour lequel l'antitoxine est un ARN antisens qui cible l'ARNm de la toxine afin de réprimer son expression. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le système aapA3/IsoA3, codé sur le chromosome du pathogène gastrique humain Helicobacter pylori. À ce jour, la plupart des systèmes TA ont été étudiés à l'aide de systèmes d'expression artificiels, qui ne permettent pas de caractériser la régulation transcriptionnelle ou post-transcriptionnelle. En utilisant la létalité induite par l’expression chromosomique de la toxine obtenue en absence d’antitoxine, nous avons développé une sélection génétique de mutants suppresseurs révélés par séquençage haut-débit. Cette approche, appelée FASTBAC-Seq, nous a permis de cartographier une myriade de déterminants de toxicité localisés dans les régions codantes et non codantes du gène de la toxine AapA3. En particulier, certaines de ces mutations ont révélé l'existence de tige-boucles ARN transitoires qui agissent de manière co-transcriptionnelle pour empêcher l'initiation de la traduction pendant la synthèse de l'ARNm codant pour la toxine. Ces structures ARN métastables fonctionnelles sont nécessaires pour découpler les processus de transcription et de traduction et permettent la présence de ces gènes toxiques sur le chromosome bactérien. Bien que les ARNm non traduits deviennent rapidement instables, nos travaux ont également révélé l'existence de deux tige-boucles protectrices situées aux deux extrémités de l'ARNm. Ces structures secondaires empêchent des activités exonucléolytiques agissant en 5' et 3'. Dans l’ensemble, notre travail met en évidence les conséquences de la forte pression de sélection pour limiter l'expression des toxines sous laquelle évoluent les systèmes TA. Cela nous a permis de mieux comprendre l’influence du repliement secondaire des ARNm, non seulement lors de la régulation posttranscriptionnelle, mais aussi co-transcriptionnelle de l’expression de cette famille particulière de gènes. Ces caractéristiques de régulation basées sur l'ARN peuvent être exploitées à l'avenir pour des applications biotechnologiques (p. ex., production accrue de protéines par stabilisation d'ARNm) ou biomédicales (p.ex., développement de stratégies antimicrobiennes alternatives pour l'activation de la synthèse de toxines)<br>Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules widely present in bacterial genomes. They usually code for a small toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin and can be classified into six types depending on the nature and mode of action of the antitoxin. This work focuses on the study of type I, for which the antitoxin is an antisense RNA that targets the toxin mRNA to inhibit its expression. We characterized the aapA3/IsoA3 system, encoded on the chromosome of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. To date, most TAs have been studied using artificial expression systems, which do not allow the characterization of transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation. Taking advantage of the lethality induced by the toxin chromosomal expression in the absence of antitoxin, we developed a high-throughput genetic selection of suppressor mutations revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing. This approach, named FASTBAC-Seq, allowed us to map a myriad of toxicity determinants located in both, coding and noncoding regions, of the aapA3 toxic gene. More precisely, some suppressor mutations revealed the existence of transient RNA hairpins that act co-transcriptionally to prevent translation initiation while the toxinencoding mRNA is being made. Such functional RNA metastable structures are essential to uncouple the transcription and translation processes and allow the presence of these toxic genes on bacterial chromosomes. Although untranslated mRNAs become rapidly unstable, our work also revealed the presence of two protective stem-loops located at both mRNA ends that prevent from both, 5’ and 3’ exonucleolytic activity. Altogether, our work evidenced the consequences of the strong selection pressure to silence toxin expression under which the TAs evolve, and highlighted the key role of mRNA folding in the co- and post-transcriptional regulation of this family of genes. These RNA-based regulatory mechanisms may be exploited in the future for biotechnological (e.g., increased protein production through mRNA stabilization) or biomedical (e.g., development of alternative antimicrobial strategies aiming at the activation of toxin synthesis) applications
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Gergely, Noemi. "Implicit Family Process and Couples Rules: A Comparison of American and Hungarian Families." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/526.

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Family life is organized by rules, and most of them are unspokenly agreed-upon by family members and may be even out of awareness. Implicit family process and couple rules may facilitate or constrain family relationship and intimate couple relationship growth. Prevalence of family rules may be different across cultures. Family members may perceive their rules and family functioning differently according to their family position and gender. Married couples may view their relationship rules differently than couples who cohabit. This study utilized the Family Implicit Rules Profile (FIRP) and the Couples Implicit Rules Profile (CIRP) Questionnaires to answer these research questions. The questionnaires were translated into Hungarian, and the content validity of the Hungarian translation was established. Hungarian non-clinical families and couples were compared to American (U.S.) non-clinical families and couples to examine how prevalent implicit rules were in the two cultures. According to the findings, Hungarian families and couples scored lower on the total FIRP and CIRP scores. Hungarian families perceived implicit family rules regarding kindness and monitoring less prevalent, and rules regarding constraining their thoughts, feelings and self more prevalent than American families. No differences were found in expressiveness and connection and inappropriate caretaking of parents between the two cultures. Hungarian couples perceived their implicit relationship rules regarding kindness, expressiveness and connection and monitoring less prevalent than American couples. No differences in implicit rules about constraining thoughts, feelings and self and inappropriate caretaking of partner were found between the two cultures. Mothers in both cultures viewed their families in a more positive light than other family members, and female family members (mothers and daughters) were more positive than their male counterparts (fathers and sons) about rules in their families in both cultures. Sons in both cultures perceived more responsibility to protect their parents emotionally than did daughters. Married couples in both cultures perceived their relationship rules more favorably in terms of kindness and monitoring than cohabiting couples. Results were interpreted in the context of cultural differences between the American and the Hungarian cultures. Limitations and the possibility of future research are discussed.
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Caseli, Helena de Medeiros. "Indução de léxicos bilíngües e regras para a tradução automática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-29082007-090905/.

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A Tradução Automática (TA) -- tradução de uma língua natural (fonte) para outra (alvo) por meio de programas de computador -- é uma tarefa árdua devido, principalmente, à necessidade de um conhecimento lingüístico aprofundado das duas (ou mais) línguas envolvidas para a construção de recursos, como gramáticas de tradução, dicionários bilíngües etc. A escassez de recursos lingüísticos, e mesmo a dificuldade em produzi-los, geralmente são fatores limitantes na atuação dos sistemas de TA, restringindo-os, por exemplo, quanto ao domínio de aplicação. Neste contexto, diversos métodos vêm sendo propostos com o intuito de gerar, automaticamente, conhecimento lingüístico a partir dos recursos multilíngües e, assim, tornar a construção de tradutores automáticos menos trabalhosa. O projeto ReTraTos, apresentado neste documento, é uma dessas propostas e visa à indução automática de léxicos bilíngües e de regras de tradução a partir de corpora paralelos etiquetados morfossintaticamente e alinhados lexicalmente para os pares de idiomas português--espanhol e português--inglês. O sistema proposto para a indução de regras de tradução apresenta uma abordagem inovadora na qual os exemplos de tradução são divididos em blocos de alinhamento e a indução é realizada para cada bloco, separadamente. Outro fator inovador do sistema de indução é uma filtragem mais elaborada das regras induzidas. Além dos sistemas de indução de léxicos bilíngües e de regras de tradução, implementou-se também um módulo de tradução automática para permitir a validação dos recursos induzidos. Os léxicos bilíngües foram avaliados intrinsecamente e os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os relatados na literatura para essa área. As regras de tradução foram avaliadas direta e indiretamente por meio do módulo de TA e sua utilização trouxe um ganho na tradução palavra-a-palavra em todos os sentidos (fonte--alvo e alvo--fonte) para a tradução dos idiomas em estudo. As traduções geradas com os recursos induzidos no ReTraTos também foram comparadas às geradas por sistemas comerciais, apresentando melhores resultados para o par de línguas português--espanhol do que para o par português--inglês.<br>Machine Translation (MT) -- the translation of a natural (source) language into another (target) by means of computer programs -- is a hard task, mainly due to the need of deep linguistic knowledge about the two (or more) languages required to build resources such as translation grammars, bilingual dictionaries, etc. The scarcity of linguistic resources or even the difficulty to build them often limits the use of MT systems, for example, to certain application domains. In this context, several methods have been proposed aiming at generating linguistic knowledge automatically from multilingual resources, so that building translation tools becomes less hard. The ReTraTos project presented in this document is one of these proposals and aims at inducing translation lexicons and transfer rules automatically from PoS-tagged and lexically aligned translation examples for Portuguese--Spanish and Portuguese--English language pairs. The rule induction system brings forth a new approach, in which translation examples are split into alignment blocks and induction is performed for each type of block separately. Another new feature of this system is a more elaborate strategy for filtering the induced rules. Besides the translation lexicon and the transfer rule induction systems, we also implemented a MT module for validating the induced resources. The induced translation lexicons were evaluated intrinsically and the results obtained agree with those reported on the literature. The induced translation rules were evaluated directly and indirectly by the MT module, and improved the word-by-word translation in both directions (source--target and target--source) for the languages under study. The target sentences obtained by the induced resources were also compared to those generated by commercial systems, showing better results for Portuguese--Spanish than for Portuguese--English.
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Syrowatka, Ania. "Understanding the Role of the Ottawa Ankle Rules in Physicians' Radiography Decisions: A Social Judgment Analysis Approach." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22854.

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Clinical decision rules improve health care fidelity, benefit patients, physicians and healthcare systems, without reducing patient safety or satisfaction, while promoting cost-effective practice standards. It is critical to appropriately and consistently apply clinical decision rules to realize these benefits. The objective of this thesis was to understand how physicians use the Ottawa Ankle Rules to guide radiography decision-making. The study employed a clinical judgment survey targeting members of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. Statistical analyses were informed by the Brunswik Lens Model and Social Judgment Analysis. Physicians’ overall agreement with the ankle rule was high, but can be improved. Physicians placed greatest value on rule-based cues, while considering non-rule-based cues as moderately important. There is room to improve physician agreement with the ankle rule and use of rule-based cues through knowledge translation interventions. Further development of this Lens Modeling technique could lend itself to a valuable cognitive behavioral intervention.
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Conocimiento, Dirección de Gestión del. "The Translator." Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655393.

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Books on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Kinney, Jeff. Rodrick Rules. Amulet Books, 2008.

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Kinney, Jeff. greg Rules. Amulet, 2008.

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Khosravī, Ḥasan. The principles and rules of translation of legal texts. s.n.], 2010.

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Jesuits. The constitutions of the Society of Jesus and their complementary norms: A complete English translation of the official Latin texts. Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996.

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Benedict. Saint Benedict's rule: A new translation for today. Ampleforth Abbey Press, 1997.

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China. The amended criminal procedure law and the criminal court rules of the People's Republic of China: With English translation, introduction, and annotation. W.S. Hein & Co., 2000.

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Bridgettines, Bridgettines, Bridgettines, and Bridgettines, eds. Responsiones Vadstenenses: Perspectives on the Birgittine rule in two texts from Vadstena and Syon Abbey : a critical edition with translation and introduction. Stockholms Universitet, 2011.

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Generalis, Jesuits Congregatio. For matters of greater moment: The first thirty Jesuit General Congregations : a brief history and a translation of the decrees. Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1994.

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Kinney, Jeff. Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules. Amulet Books, 2008.

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Great Britain. Court of King's Bench. Rules, orders and notices in the Court of King's Bench: From the second of King James I. to Trinity Term the twenty-first of King George II., 1747 inclusive : examined by the originals : to which are now added many useful rules of court, omitted in former collections, and a translation, in opposite columns, of the rules heretofore printed in Latin : together with large notes, remarks and references shewing the antient and present practice of the said court : and a new alphabetical table to the whole. 2nd ed. Printed by H. Lintot, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Rosetta, M. T. "Syntactic rules." In Compositional Translation. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8306-0_8.

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Ahn, Jungsub, and Taeho Cho. "Design of Rule Translator for Temporal Rules Execution of BM-DEVS Model." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2447-5_52.

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Zou, Gen, Reuben Peter-Paul, Harold Boley, and Alexandre Riazanov. "PSOA2TPTP: A Reference Translator for Interoperating PSOA RuleML with TPTP Reasoners." In Rules on the Web: Research and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32689-9_22.

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Hogg, James. "Middle English Translations of the Birgittine Rule." In The Medieval Translator. Brepols Publishers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tmt-eb.3.2275.

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Thom, Mark, Harold Boley, and Theodoros Mitsikas. "Invertible Bidirectional Metalogical Translation Between Prolog and RuleML for Knowledge Representation and Querying." In Rules and Reasoning. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57977-7_8.

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Fütterer, Johannes, and Thomas Hohn. "Translation in plants — rules and exceptions." In Post-Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression in Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0353-1_8.

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Winetzhammer, Sabine, and Bernhard Westfechtel. "Staged Translation of Graph Transformation Rules." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25156-1_9.

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Keiler, Kenneth C., and Dennis M. Lee. "trans-Translation." In Recoding: Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89382-2_18.

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Sakamoto, Hiroshi, Hiroki Arimura, and Setsuo Arikawa. "Identification of Tree Translation Rules from Examples." In Grammatical Inference: Algorithms and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45257-7_20.

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Matsumoto, Yuji, and Mihoko Kitamura. "Acquisition of translation rules from parallel corpora." In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.136.34mat.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Shen, Libin, and Bowen Zhou. "What is Hidden among Translation Rules." In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d13-1081.

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He, Yifan, Munyque Mittelmann, Aniello Murano, Abdallah Saffidine, and Michael Thielscher. "Verification of General Games with Imperfect Information Using Strategy Logic." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/40.

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The Game Description Language with Imperfect Information (GDL-II) is a lightweight formalism for representing the rules of arbitrary games, including those where players have private information. Its purpose is to build general game-playing systems, that is, automated players that can understand the rules of games and learn how to play them without human intervention. Epistemic Strategy Logic (SLK), on the other hand, is a rich logical framework for reasoning about multi-agent systems and the strategic behavior of agents with partial observability. To enable a general game-playing system to take advantage of this rich formalism for the automatic verification of properties of games, we present a formal translation from GDL-II to SLK models. We prove the correctness of this translation and show how crucial properties of general games, including playability and the existence of Nash equilibria, can be expressed as formulas in SLK. Finally, we demonstrate the application of an existing model-checking system for SLK to verify the properties of GDL-II games.
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Alwakid, Ghadah Naif, Najm Us Sama, Mamoona Humayun, N. Z. Jhanjhi, and Bilal Hassan. "E2A Translate: An English to Arabic Rule-Based Translation Framework." In 2024 26th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/inmic64792.2024.11004382.

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Le Corre, B., A. Lemoine, A. Harouri, et al. "C-Band Translation by Second-Harmonic Generation in an Orientation-Patterned Gallium Phosphide Waveguide." In Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iprsn.2024.ith2b.5.

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Orientation-patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) is studied for frequency combs conversion from C-band to visible. Simulations of periodic and chirped OP-GaP waveguides nonlinear response are presented. Design rules for future developments are established using this study.
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Chambers, Brian D., Sridhar Srinivasan, Russell Kane, and Michael A. Blades. "An Experimental Method for Evaluation of Crude Corrosivity – Naphthenic Acid and Sulfidic Corrosion of Oil Fractions." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01564.

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Abstract Conventional rules for assessment of naphthenic acid / sulfidic corrosion and consequent operating risk have evolved over several decades. These primarily experience-based rules may translate poorly to processing of crude oil feedstock from new sources, often leading to over-conservative alloy requirements or inspection schedules or non-conservatism and unknown levels of operational risk. Several laboratory techniques have been used historically for the assessment of crude corrosivity, corrosion by high temperature, non-aqueous attack from naphthenic acids or sulfur species. This paper presents a refined experimental approach for the assessment of crude corrosivity of side-cut oil fractions. Stirred oil autoclaves were utilized to expose coupons of several relevant alloys to synthetic oil fractions representative of vacuum gas oils containing a range of acid and sulfur content. Naphthenic acid chemistry and selection of acids for evaluation of crude corrosivity are reviewed. Details of experimental procedures including oil replenishment, test vessel pressure, test duration, and analysis for sulfur content are discussed. The test protocols described were utilized in a 3-year joint industry funded research program on crude corrosivity, the findings of which will be presented in future papers.
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Kazarmina, V., and Yu Kiseleva. "Some rules of translation when using a computer translation." In SCIENCE TRANSFORMS REALITY – 2024. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58168/reality2024_130-132.

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The article is devoted to the basic rules of translation when using a computer translator. Electronic devices have become an integral part of our lives, but we cannot rely on them completely. It indicates what you should pay attention to when using electronic devices.
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Jiang, Jinhu, Chaoyi Liang, Rongchao Dong, et al. "A System-Level Dynamic Binary Translator Using Automatically-Learned Translation Rules." In 2024 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgo57630.2024.10444850.

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Mutalib GASIM, Abbas. "The rules of social behavior in the New Testament between interpretation and translation in the texts of the Old Testament." In VI. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress6-12.

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Studying the meaning of the translated text is represent one of the central priorities in which the focus is placed on balancing between the contextual context on the one hand and the linguistic use which is subject to the criteria and criteria of this meaning on the other hand. Through the conservative interpretation of the meaning in the text and economics in the employment of literal translation. Which is evident in the output of the translation of the sacred religious books represented by interpretations and explanations, which are sometimes similar, different and often confused. But the importance of this research is not only shedding light on similarities and differences, but in reference to the role of the translator in the deletion intended when the wording of the translated text contrary to what is stated in the original text. The researcher followed the descriptive approach and the comparative approach to that end, using selected references from the New Testament, translated from the Hebrew text into the Arabic language
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Yeo, Il, Lalit Patil, and Debasish Dutta. "A Graph Search Approach to Automate Product Concept Translation." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82703.

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Product data translation is essential for the seamless integration of various product-centric activities. Yet, the process to build translators among different software has been left mostly to individual expertise rather than a formal procedure. In this paper, we propose a framework to automatically determine translation rules to enable translation of instances from one system to another. We use a graph search method to obtain the overall translation rule as a combination of multiple basic functions. We apply this method to a subset of non-geometric product knowledge, such as date of creation, color and name of feature used in two commercial systems. We detect the rules using a manually created training data set and evaluate their correctness manually.
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Shquier, Mohammed M. Abu, Mohammed M. Al Nabhan, and Tengku Mohammed Sembok. "Adopting New Rules in Rule-Based Machine Translation." In 2010 12th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uksim.2010.20.

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Reports on the topic "Rules for a translator"

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Lavoie, Benoit, Michael White, and Tanya Korelsky. Learning Domain-Specific Transfer Rules: An Experiment with Korean to English Translation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457732.

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Tarasenko, Rostyslav O., Svitlana M. Amelina, and Albert A. Azaryan. Improving the content of training future translators in the aspect of studying modern CAT tools. [б. в.], 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3877.

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The article deals with the search for improving the content of training for future translators, taking into account the expansion of the use of information technologies in the field of translation. The results of a study of curriculums for translators at the universities of Europe, America and Asia are presented. The use of CAT systems in the work of translation agencies is shown. The presentation of various CAT systems in training programs for translators and their use in the market of translation services is analyzed. It has been established that both university curricula and translation agencies are oriented, as a rule, not to one, but to several CAT systems. The results of a student survey based on their practice in translation agencies are presented. Recommendations have been developed regarding the inclusion of the most common CAT systems in the training program for translators. The expediency of studying not just one, but several CAT systems is substantiated. The necessity of studying both desktop and cloud CAT systems is indicated.
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Paule, Bernard, Flourentzos Flourentzou, Tristan de KERCHOVE d’EXAERDE, Julien BOUTILLIER, and Nicolo Ferrari. PRELUDE Roadmap for Building Renovation: set of rules for renovation actions to optimize building energy performance. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541614638.

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In the context of climate change and the environmental and energy constraints we face, it is essential to develop methods to encourage the implementation of efficient solutions for building renovation. One of the objectives of the European PRELUDE project [1] is to develop a "Building Renovation Roadmap"(BRR) aimed at facilitating decision-making to foster the most efficient refurbishment actions, the implementation of innovative solutions and the promotion of renewable energy sources in the renovation process of existing buildings. In this context, Estia is working on the development of inference rules that will make it possible. On the basis of a diagnosis such as the Energy Performance Certificate, it will help establishing a list of priority actions. The dynamics that drive this project permit to decrease the subjectivity of a human decisions making scheme. While simulation generates digital technical data, interpretation requires the translation of this data into natural language. The purpose is to automate the translation of the results to provide advice and facilitate decision-making. In medicine, the diagnostic phase is a process by which a disease is identified by its symptoms. Similarly, the idea of the process is to target the faulty elements potentially responsible for poor performance and to propose remedial solutions. The system is based on the development of fuzzy logic rules [2],[3]. This choice was made to be able to manipulate notions of membership with truth levels between 0 and 1, and to deliver messages in a linguistic form, understandable by non-specialist users. For example, if performance is low and parameter x is unfavourable, the algorithm can gives an incentive to improve the parameter such as: "you COULD, SHOULD or MUST change parameter x". Regarding energy performance analysis, the following domains are addressed: heating, domestic hot water, cooling, lighting. Regarding the parameters, the analysis covers the following topics: Characteristics of the building envelope. and of the technical installations (heat production-distribution, ventilation system, electric lighting, etc.). This paper describes the methodology used, lists the fields studied and outlines the expected outcomes of the project.
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Galley, Michel, Mark Hopkins, Kevin Knight, and Daniel Marcu. What's in a Translation Rule. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460212.

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Moncarz, Howard T., and Y. Tina Lee. Apparel STEP Translator. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4612.

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Aoun, C., and E. Davies. Reasons to Move the Network Address Translator - Protocol Translator (NAT-PT) to Historic Status. RFC Editor, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4966.

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Egevang, K., and P. Francis. The IP Network Address Translator (NAT). RFC Editor, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1631.

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Yabloko, Len. Database Translator (DATALATOR) for Integrated Exploitation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532407.

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Schlesiger, Christian. Universal Language Translator (ULTRA) User Manual. DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1149297.

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Wing, D., and T. Eckert. IP Multicast Requirements for a Network Address Translator (NAT) and a Network Address Port Translator (NAPT). RFC Editor, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5135.

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