Academic literature on the topic 'Rumen protected feeds'

Conducting dairy cattle breeding in modern environments is impossible without a deep understanding of all the physiological processes occurring in the body of a highly productive animal. It is well known that the realization of the genetic potential of cows is impossible without the use of high-quality feed products and feeds. The issue of complete feeding of ruminants is particularly acute during the period of increasing the milk yield. The purpose of the researches was to study the feeding of the PassPro Balance feed product consisting of protected soybean and sunfl ower protein in the rations of freshly calved highly productive cows. It has been found as a result of the experiment that the input of the studied additive in the amount of 2 kg in the ration of cows of the experimental group contributed to the increased consumption of feed dry matter by 3,4 %. For the period of experiment from the experimental animals by 12,0 % more milk (P < 0,05) has been received in comparison with the control group. It has been found that the yield of milk fat in the experimental group was signifi cantly higher than the control one by 13,3 % (P < 0,05). In the experimental group of cows there was a tendency to increase the milk protein content by 10,8 %. By adjusting milk yield by 4,0 % in the experimental group of cows this indicator signifi cantly exceeded the control by 12,8 % (P < 0,05). When analyzing the rumen fl uid for microbiological indicators, a certain decrease in enterobacteria and staphylococci has been found in samples of cows of the experimental group with the increase in lactic acid microorganisms by 1,6 times. The pH of the rumen fl uid of cows of both groups was at the level of 6,2, which excludes the development of acidosis in animals during the fresh calving period.

Abstract The development of a rumen-protected fatty acid (RPFA) product can make the product undigestible in the small intestine. The objective of this experiment was to measure the digestibility of two prototype feeds RPFA enriched with omega-3. Twenty-four Leghorn cockerels (85-week-old, 2.5 kg body weight) were individually caged and assigned randomly to 4 treatments, with 6 cockerels per treatment. Cockerels were fasted for 24 h and after this period the cockerels were tube fed 40 g of 4 different treatment diets: T1) 80% corn and 20% crystalline cellulose, T2) 80% corn and 20% unprotected RPFA, T3) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 3 hours, and T4) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 6 hours. The RUPFA ingredients were 55% modified soy lecithin, 40% fish oil, 5% dextrose. The protection treatment of RPFA is described in the pending patent (US 2020/0197346 A1). After 48 h all the excreta from the cockerels was collected and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. Dried excreta samples and diets were analyzed for total lipids. Data were analyzed as complete randomized block design using linear mixed model. Lipid digestibility was different for treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Lipid digestibility was lesser (P &lt; 0.01) for T1 compared with T2, T3, and T4 (87.6% vs 96.8%, 95.5%, and 96.4% (± 0.34) for T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.1) between T2, T3, and T4. We conclude from these data that the processing of the RPFA product does not change the digestibility of the lipids in non-ruminants.

The objective of the study was to assess the effects of feeding sunflower meal (SM) and seeds (SS) protected against rumen degradation on carcass characteristics and composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb meat. The protection of SM and SS was achieved by treating both feeds with malic acid at 150 °C for 2 h (MAH treatment) and in a previous study this treatment was shown to decrease ruminal degradability of protein of both feeds and fat degradability of SS. Two homogeneous groups of 12 lambs each were fed ad libitum high-cereal concentrates and cereal straw from 14 to 26 kg of body weight. The two concentrates differed only in the treatment SM and SS, which were included either untreated (control) or MAH treated. The MAH-fed lambs had greater thickness of dorsal fat (p = 0.016) and greater (p ≤ 0.016) values of the color parameters a* (redness) and C* (chromaticity) of the Rectus abdominis muscle. However, there were no differences in carcass measurements and in water-holding capacity, chemical composition, pH, color, or fatty acid of Longissimus muscle. In summary, the MAH treatment resulted in only subtle changes in meat composition and quality.

The disclosure of the genetic potential and milk productivity of cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed largely depends on the use of certain feeding factors. The lack of protein and the imbalance of its quality indicators, the lack of amino acids in diets is one of the most important problems in feeding dairy cattle in modern animal husbandry. The synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen is limited and provides only up to 50% of the cows' protein needs, the remaining 50% must be supplied to the animal's body with protein that is not degradable in the rumen. But, since traditional feeds have a low content of it, it is necessary to enrich the main diet with high-protein supplements. To solve this problem, we used the method of introducing into the diet of cows of the experimental group an additive with a "protected" protein - "Belkoff-M". The study was conducted on the basis of the dairy complex LLC "Modern Agrotechnologies" "Ryzhovo" of the Moscow region, Podolsky district, the village of Babenki. 20 dairy cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed were selected by the method of pair-analogues, taking into account the breed, age, live weight, productivity and date of the last calving. Animals received the same diet in the preliminary period. By the beginning of the experiment, the lactation period of cows ranged from 123 to 215 days. Then they were divided into two groups, one of which received a protein supplement instead of part of the feed. The results in the groups were determined in accordance with the data of control milkings and chemical analysis of milk on the 19th, 47th and 76th day of the experiment. Studies have shown the effectiveness of the protein supplement "Belkoff-M" in feeding highly productive cows. Was reduced part of the feed in the diet and increased the amount of non-degradable protein in the rumen. Thus, it was possible to reduce the exorbitant level of cleavable protein, which ultimately led to the normalization of metabolic processes in the animal body and an increase in the productivity of cows.

The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content). But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable secondary metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P<0.05) to increase total gas, ammonia (N-NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) and significant effect (P<0.05) to decrease of methane and methane percentage. Supplementation IZ at a level of 10% was significantly higher for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and microbial protein production (PPM) than diets treatment of R0, R2, and R3. The experiment concluded that Supplementation of I. zollingeriana (IZ) was able to reduce the methane gas production. Protein characteristics of IZ have easily degradable by rumen microbe showed the ammonia production was linearly increasing by 45.66% for each increasing level of IZ supplementation. Microbial protein production was higher (184.33 mg/ml) obtained of IZ supplementation up to 10% (R1). The experiment suggests doing protected protein of IZ when be used as a protein source in ruminant diets.

With increasing awareness of the importance of controlling tender wool, there is a need to describe supplementary feeds in terms of their effects on wool growth. Since wool growth is largely a function of the quantity and quality of absorbed protein, the aim of this experiment was to compare the protein quality of different diets in relation to their ability to promote wool growth. An additional aim was to compare observed responses with those predicted using feeding models based on metabolisable protein. Sixty-four Merino weaner wethers were allocated to 8 treatment groups in a factorial design consisting of 4 diets each at 2 levels of protected methionine. The 4 roughage-based diets consisted of different protein sources: Rumentek®-protected canola meal (at 33% of the diet), oats plus urea (oats at 46% and urea at 2.6%), Lupinus angustifolius (at 36%), and L. albus (at 36%). The 2 levels of protected methionine were 0 or 3 g/day as Lactet. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and were fed at 1.5 × maintenance metabolisable energy. The experiment lasted 13 weeks, which included a 3-week balance collection period in which faeces and urine were collected. Wool growth in sheep fed the protected canola meal diet was 37% greater than in sheep fed oats (1.37 v. 1.0 mg/cm2 per day), and 73% greater than in sheep fed L. angustifolius (P < 0.001). Wool growth from the oat diet was 26% greater than from the L. angustifolius diet (P < 0.05). There was no effect of diet on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Lactet increased wool growth by 18% across all diets (P < 0.001), representing an additional 0.17 mg/cm2 per day or 1.7 g/head per day. There were no significant differences in liveweight gain between the diets unless Lactet was added. When Lactet was added, lupins produced a significantly higher liveweight gain than oats or protected canola meal. Lactet increased mean liveweight gain by 22% across all diets (P < 0.05). Lactet also increased the concentration of plasma albumin, decreased plasma α-amino nitrogen, and increased urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives (P < 0.05). The findings highlight the need to evaluate feed sources in terms of protein degradability and sulfur amino acid composition, particularly when assessing effects on wool growth. The inability of current feeding models to incorporate differences in amino acid flows, particularly sulfur amino acids, is an impediment to evaluating supplement quality in terms of wool growth.

Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components. In vitro degradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteri and Quercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortum andDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using the in vitro gas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P < 0·05) increased in vitro gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % in A. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri, D. intortum,D. uncinatum and Q. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P < 0·05; R2 0·70 and 0·82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as μmol purine/mmol SCFA.

<pre><em>Increased of ruminants energy intake can be conducted by increasing the energy density of feed by using fat (oil). Protein intake can be enhanced by increasing of protected protein that escapes degradation by rumen microbes. The Aim of this research was to evaluate protected of feed supplement based on dry matter digestibility (KcBK), organic matter digestibility (KcBO) in vitro in the rumen and post-rumen. Protected feed supplement was produced from sardine fish oil and hydrolyzed blood , throught two protection methodes. It was saponification and microencapsulation. This research uses a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (feed supplements protected, soybean meal and pangola grass), which each treatment was repeated 5 times. </em><em>The results in the first step (rumen) of the protected feed supplement showed that has dry matter digestibility</em><em> 24.46% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 57.17%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.20% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.66%, and pangola grass has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 50 , 81% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 59.21%. In the second step (post rumen) the digestibility of protected feed supplement has dry matter digestibility 69.04% and organic matter digestibility 66.71 72.76%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 90.38% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 88.23%, and the grass pangola have KcBK 63.24% and KcBO 59.21%. The results could be concluded that in the rumen protected feed supplementation is the most microbial degradation resistant compared the other and it can be degraded and digested in the abomasum to the small intestine.</em></pre><p> </p>

Traditionally, yaks graze only natural pasture all year round without supplements. Forage intake of lactating yaks is below energy and protein requirements, even in the summer, and suckling yaks lose a substantial amount of significant body weight. Today, to mitigate the loss in body weight, supplementary feed is being offered to lactating yaks. However, the effects of supplementary feed on ruminal bacterial communities in lactating yaks is unknown. In the current study, we examined the effect of supplementary feed on ruminal microbiota, using 16S rRNA sequencing, and on volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Twenty-four lactating yaks of similar body weight (218 ± 19.5 kg) and grazing natural pasture were divided randomly into four groups and received different supplements: (1) rumen-protected amino acids (RPA); (2) concentrate feed (C); (3) RPA plus C (RPA+C); and (4) no supplements (control-CON). The concentrations of total VFAs, acetate, and butyrate were greater (p < 0.05) when supplemented with concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA). Bacteroidetes (B) and Firmicutes (F) were the dominant ruminal bacterial phyla in all groups. The ratio of relative abundance of F:B in RPA+C was greater than in the RPA group, while there was no difference between CON and RPC (interaction, p = 0.026). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Absconditabacteriales_SR1, Bacteroidales-RF16-group, Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group, Prevotellaceae, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were lesser (p < 0.05) with supplementary concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA), whereas Butyrivibrio_2 and Pseudobutyrivibrio were greater (p < 0.05) with supplementary rumen-protected amino acids (RPA and RPA+C) than without rumen-protected amino acids (CON and C). These results demonstrate that supplementary feed: (1) alters the composition of rumen microbiota and concentrations of ruminal VFAs in lactating yaks; and (2) can be used to manipulate the composition of rumen microbiota.

Abstract. This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the University of Jordan in the Jordan valley to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected methionine to early lactating Shami goats on milk production, composition, fatty acid profile, and growth performance of their kids. Twenty-four fresh lactating Shami goats were randomly assigned into three dietary treatment groups (eight each) in a completely randomized design. Diets were a control with no supplements or supplemented with either 2.5, or 5.0 g/head/d rumenprotected methionine. The experiment started exactly after kidding and lasted for 60 days thereafter. Production variables studied were milk production, milk composition, body weights, feed intake, kids weaning weight, and milk fatty acids. Daily milk production and energy corrected milk were not affected by protected me thionine supplementation. Milk Percentages of fat, protein, total solids, and casein were also not affected by protected methionine supplementation. Likewise, fat and protein yields were not different among dietary treatments of protected methionine. No differences in milk fatty acids composition were observed by supplementing rumen protected methionine in the experiment. Feed intake, feed to milk ratio, and final body weight of dams were not changed among treatments. No differences were observed in weaning weights, average daily gain, and milk to gain ratio of kids born to dams in the experiment regardless to sex of kids. In conclusion, results indicated that supplementing rumen protected methionine to dairy goats diet did not improve their milking performance, the composition of their milk, or growth performance of their kids.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 20, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Over recent decades, research has demonstrated a direct correlation between phytosterol consumption and the lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The fortification of phytosterols in processed food products has therefore become increasingly popular and as a result, there is a subsequent need for new and improved techniques for quantification of phytosterols in these products. Natural phytosterol fortification of milk by controlled feeding is also becoming a common farming practice although the efficacy of this approach is relatively unknown. Moreover, there are no known reports regarding the resulting phytosterol content in milk under different animal feeding regimes. This study therefore investigated whether different cattle feeds can influence the profile of phytosterols and cholesterol in the milk produced as an alternative to direct fortification. A series of five feeding experiments were performed using common feeds used by Australian dairy farmers and selected formulated rumen protected feeds. In order to achieve this main objective, a new reliable and rapid analytical technique was required which could accurately measure total phytosterols (including the conjugates) at naturally occurring levels in cattle feed and the resulting bovine milk. The analytical method development investigated three hydrolysis techniques to liberate the sterols for extraction. This included acid hydrolysis and enzymatic treatments (for glycosidic bonds) and saponification (for fatty acid ester bonds). The method development also included optimisation of a sample clean-up and instrumentation. The final method parameters were selected based on accuracy, time efficiency, labour intensity and the availability of resources. The optimised analytical method used acid hydrolysis and saponification protocols with simultaneous sterol solvent extraction during the hydrolysis step to avoid the less efficient manual liquid extraction step usually performed at this stage. This was then followed by sample clean-up using an amino propyl phase solid phase extraction for cattle feed samples. All extracts were concentrated to a known volume and derivatised using a silylating reagent to make them thermally stable for analysis. Quantification of sterols was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ionisation detectors which, allowed for direct quantification and identification of the samples. The total phytosterol determination was based on the sum of the identified plant sterols including brassicasterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, campestanol, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol. A total of twelve different cattle feed types (excluding the rumen protected feed) commonly used in the dairy industry were analysed including lucerne, pasture (rye grass), maize silage, pasture silage, grape marc (dried and wet), wheat, canola, tannin, barley grain, mineral mix, cotton oil and molasses. These feeds were used in various combinations for the controlled feeding trials with the developed analytical method determining that the highest and lowest average phytosterol contents were found in cotton seed oil (256 mg/100 g) and tannin (<35 mg/100 g) respectively. Based on the analytical method developed, the limit of reporting was 35 mg/100 g and 5 mg/100 g for total phytosterols and individual sterols respectively. In addition to these common cattle feeds, a final feeding trial was also conducted with a rumen protected feed with a known high phytosterol content. The results of the feeding trials showed that statistical significances (p < 0.05) were observed for some individual phytosterols and cholesterol in milk under these differing feeding regimes compared to the respective controls. The limit of reporting for the milk was 0.12 mg/100 mL and 0.02 mg/100 mL for total phytosterols and individual sterols respectively. In the case of the phytosterols, where the daily recommended consumption to optimise the health benefits is typically 2 g per day, the levels found in milk were <0.12 mg/100 mL of total phytosterols which is comparatively insignificant. The main phytosterols found in milk included lathosterol, β-sitosterol and campesterol, with the average cholesterol content ranging from 12-16.5 mg/100 mL. The cholesterol contents found in the milk samples were within expected values compared to nutritional panels and previous studies. The limited experiment using the rumen protected feed with high phytosterol levels suggested a decreased transfer of cholesterol to the milk by as much as 20% although further work is required to confirm these preliminary results. Overall, the research suggests that different feeding practices have minimal impact on the quality of milk with regard to the resulting sterol profile. This research has important implications for the dairy industry with the development of reliable, robust and streamlines methods for measuring sterol contents in milk. In addition, it demonstrates that the use of expensive cattle feeds to naturally fortify milk with phytosterols is unfounded and that common, inexpensive feeds result in similar quality milk. Given that cattle feed is the foremost expense for dairy farmers, these findings support the continued use of these more affordable cattle feeds.