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1
Chuprina, E. G., A. B. Vlasov, D. A. Yurin, and N. A. Yurina. "Feed product in the rations of freshly calved cows consisting of protected soybean and sunfl ower protein." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2010-03.
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Conducting dairy cattle breeding in modern environments is impossible without a deep understanding of all the physiological processes occurring in the body of a highly productive animal. It is well known that the realization of the genetic potential of cows is impossible without the use of high-quality feed products and feeds. The issue of complete feeding of ruminants is particularly acute during the period of increasing the milk yield. The purpose of the researches was to study the feeding of the PassPro Balance feed product consisting of protected soybean and sunfl ower protein in the rations of freshly calved highly productive cows. It has been found as a result of the experiment that the input of the studied additive in the amount of 2 kg in the ration of cows of the experimental group contributed to the increased consumption of feed dry matter by 3,4 %. For the period of experiment from the experimental animals by 12,0 % more milk (P < 0,05) has been received in comparison with the control group. It has been found that the yield of milk fat in the experimental group was signifi cantly higher than the control one by 13,3 % (P < 0,05). In the experimental group of cows there was a tendency to increase the milk protein content by 10,8 %. By adjusting milk yield by 4,0 % in the experimental group of cows this indicator signifi cantly exceeded the control by 12,8 % (P < 0,05). When analyzing the rumen fl uid for microbiological indicators, a certain decrease in enterobacteria and staphylococci has been found in samples of cows of the experimental group with the increase in lactic acid microorganisms by 1,6 times. The pH of the rumen fl uid of cows of both groups was at the level of 6,2, which excludes the development of acidosis in animals during the fresh calving period.
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Russi, Juan P., and Alejandro E. Relling. "PSX-A-14 Late-Breaking: Lipid digestibility of a rumen-protected fatty acids product." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.671.
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Abstract The development of a rumen-protected fatty acid (RPFA) product can make the product undigestible in the small intestine. The objective of this experiment was to measure the digestibility of two prototype feeds RPFA enriched with omega-3. Twenty-four Leghorn cockerels (85-week-old, 2.5 kg body weight) were individually caged and assigned randomly to 4 treatments, with 6 cockerels per treatment. Cockerels were fasted for 24 h and after this period the cockerels were tube fed 40 g of 4 different treatment diets: T1) 80% corn and 20% crystalline cellulose, T2) 80% corn and 20% unprotected RPFA, T3) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 3 hours, and T4) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 6 hours. The RUPFA ingredients were 55% modified soy lecithin, 40% fish oil, 5% dextrose. The protection treatment of RPFA is described in the pending patent (US 2020/0197346 A1). After 48 h all the excreta from the cockerels was collected and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. Dried excreta samples and diets were analyzed for total lipids. Data were analyzed as complete randomized block design using linear mixed model. Lipid digestibility was different for treatments (P < 0.01). Lipid digestibility was lesser (P < 0.01) for T1 compared with T2, T3, and T4 (87.6% vs 96.8%, 95.5%, and 96.4% (± 0.34) for T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively). There were no differences (P > 0.1) between T2, T3, and T4. We conclude from these data that the processing of the RPFA product does not change the digestibility of the lipids in non-ruminants.
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Haro, Andres, Trinidad de Evan, Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez, María Teresa Díaz, Javier González Cano, and María Dolores Carro. "Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Malic Acid–Heat (MAH) Treated Sunflower on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Composition and Fatty Acids Profile in Growing Lambs." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030487.
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The objective of the study was to assess the effects of feeding sunflower meal (SM) and seeds (SS) protected against rumen degradation on carcass characteristics and composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb meat. The protection of SM and SS was achieved by treating both feeds with malic acid at 150 °C for 2 h (MAH treatment) and in a previous study this treatment was shown to decrease ruminal degradability of protein of both feeds and fat degradability of SS. Two homogeneous groups of 12 lambs each were fed ad libitum high-cereal concentrates and cereal straw from 14 to 26 kg of body weight. The two concentrates differed only in the treatment SM and SS, which were included either untreated (control) or MAH treated. The MAH-fed lambs had greater thickness of dorsal fat (p = 0.016) and greater (p ≤ 0.016) values of the color parameters a* (redness) and C* (chromaticity) of the Rectus abdominis muscle. However, there were no differences in carcass measurements and in water-holding capacity, chemical composition, pH, color, or fatty acid of Longissimus muscle. In summary, the MAH treatment resulted in only subtle changes in meat composition and quality.
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Karimova, V. M. "MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS WHEN USING PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT "BELKOFF-M"." Scientific Life 16, no. 7 (2021): 925–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-7-925-938.
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The disclosure of the genetic potential and milk productivity of cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed largely depends on the use of certain feeding factors. The lack of protein and the imbalance of its quality indicators, the lack of amino acids in diets is one of the most important problems in feeding dairy cattle in modern animal husbandry. The synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen is limited and provides only up to 50% of the cows' protein needs, the remaining 50% must be supplied to the animal's body with protein that is not degradable in the rumen. But, since traditional feeds have a low content of it, it is necessary to enrich the main diet with high-protein supplements. To solve this problem, we used the method of introducing into the diet of cows of the experimental group an additive with a "protected" protein - "Belkoff-M". The study was conducted on the basis of the dairy complex LLC "Modern Agrotechnologies" "Ryzhovo" of the Moscow region, Podolsky district, the village of Babenki. 20 dairy cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed were selected by the method of pair-analogues, taking into account the breed, age, live weight, productivity and date of the last calving. Animals received the same diet in the preliminary period. By the beginning of the experiment, the lactation period of cows ranged from 123 to 215 days. Then they were divided into two groups, one of which received a protein supplement instead of part of the feed. The results in the groups were determined in accordance with the data of control milkings and chemical analysis of milk on the 19th, 47th and 76th day of the experiment. Studies have shown the effectiveness of the protein supplement "Belkoff-M" in feeding highly productive cows. Was reduced part of the feed in the diet and increased the amount of non-degradable protein in the rumen. Thus, it was possible to reduce the exorbitant level of cleavable protein, which ultimately led to the normalization of metabolic processes in the animal body and an increase in the productivity of cows.
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Afzalani, Afzalani, R. A. Muthalib, Rahmi Dianita, Fachroerrozi Hoesni, Raguati Raguati, and Endri Musnandar. "Evaluasi Suplementasi Indigofera zollingeriana Sebagai Sumber Green Protein concentrate Terhadap Produksi Gas Metan, Amonia dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba Rumen." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1736.
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The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content). But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable secondary metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P<0.05) to increase total gas, ammonia (N-NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) and significant effect (P<0.05) to decrease of methane and methane percentage. Supplementation IZ at a level of 10% was significantly higher for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and microbial protein production (PPM) than diets treatment of R0, R2, and R3. The experiment concluded that Supplementation of I. zollingeriana (IZ) was able to reduce the methane gas production. Protein characteristics of IZ have easily degradable by rumen microbe showed the ammonia production was linearly increasing by 45.66% for each increasing level of IZ supplementation. Microbial protein production was higher (184.33 mg/ml) obtained of IZ supplementation up to 10% (R1). The experiment suggests doing protected protein of IZ when be used as a protein source in ruminant diets.
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White, C. L., P. Young, N. Phillips, and M. Rodehutscord. "The effect of dietary protein source and protected methionine (Lactet) on wool growth and microbial protein synthesis in Merino wethers." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 2 (2000): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99093.
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With increasing awareness of the importance of controlling tender wool, there is a need to describe supplementary feeds in terms of their effects on wool growth. Since wool growth is largely a function of the quantity and quality of absorbed protein, the aim of this experiment was to compare the protein quality of different diets in relation to their ability to promote wool growth. An additional aim was to compare observed responses with those predicted using feeding models based on metabolisable protein. Sixty-four Merino weaner wethers were allocated to 8 treatment groups in a factorial design consisting of 4 diets each at 2 levels of protected methionine. The 4 roughage-based diets consisted of different protein sources: Rumentek®-protected canola meal (at 33% of the diet), oats plus urea (oats at 46% and urea at 2.6%), Lupinus angustifolius (at 36%), and L. albus (at 36%). The 2 levels of protected methionine were 0 or 3 g/day as Lactet. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and were fed at 1.5 × maintenance metabolisable energy. The experiment lasted 13 weeks, which included a 3-week balance collection period in which faeces and urine were collected. Wool growth in sheep fed the protected canola meal diet was 37% greater than in sheep fed oats (1.37 v. 1.0 mg/cm2 per day), and 73% greater than in sheep fed L. angustifolius (P < 0.001). Wool growth from the oat diet was 26% greater than from the L. angustifolius diet (P < 0.05). There was no effect of diet on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Lactet increased wool growth by 18% across all diets (P < 0.001), representing an additional 0.17 mg/cm2 per day or 1.7 g/head per day. There were no significant differences in liveweight gain between the diets unless Lactet was added. When Lactet was added, lupins produced a significantly higher liveweight gain than oats or protected canola meal. Lactet increased mean liveweight gain by 22% across all diets (P < 0.05). Lactet also increased the concentration of plasma albumin, decreased plasma α-amino nitrogen, and increased urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives (P < 0.05). The findings highlight the need to evaluate feed sources in terms of protein degradability and sulfur amino acid composition, particularly when assessing effects on wool growth. The inability of current feeding models to incorporate differences in amino acid flows, particularly sulfur amino acids, is an impediment to evaluating supplement quality in terms of wool growth.
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Getachew, G., H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. "Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability ofnitrogen and microbial protein synthesis fromtannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 1 (July 2000): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001252.
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Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components. In vitro degradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteri and Quercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortum andDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using the in vitro gas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P < 0·05) increased in vitro gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % in A. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri, D. intortum,D. uncinatum and Q. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P < 0·05; R2 0·70 and 0·82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as μmol purine/mmol SCFA.
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Pramono, Ahmad, Kustono Kustono, Diah Tri Widayati, P. P. Putro, and Hari Hartadi. "EVALUASI PAKAN SUPLEMEN MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DAN HIDROLISAT DARAH TERPROTEKSI BERDASARKAN KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK DI DALAM RUMEN DAN PASCA RUMEN." Sains Peternakan 14, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v14i1.8776.
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<pre><em>Increased of ruminants energy intake can be conducted by increasing the energy density of feed by using fat (oil). Protein intake can be enhanced by increasing of protected protein that escapes degradation by rumen microbes. The Aim of this research was to evaluate protected of feed supplement based on dry matter digestibility (KcBK), organic matter digestibility (KcBO) in vitro in the rumen and post-rumen. Protected feed supplement was produced from sardine fish oil and hydrolyzed blood , throught two protection methodes. It was saponification and microencapsulation. This research uses a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (feed supplements protected, soybean meal and pangola grass), which each treatment was repeated 5 times. </em><em>The results in the first step (rumen) of the protected feed supplement showed that has dry matter digestibility</em><em> 24.46% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 57.17%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.20% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.66%, and pangola grass has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 50 , 81% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 59.21%. In the second step (post rumen) the digestibility of protected feed supplement has dry matter digestibility 69.04% and organic matter digestibility 66.71 72.76%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 90.38% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 88.23%, and the grass pangola have KcBK 63.24% and KcBO 59.21%. The results could be concluded that in the rumen protected feed supplementation is the most microbial degradation resistant compared the other and it can be degraded and digested in the abomasum to the small intestine.</em></pre><p> </p>
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Liu, Hu, Hui Jiang, Lizhuang Hao, Xuliang Cao, Allan Degen, Jianwei Zhou, and Chengfu Zhang. "Rumen Bacterial Community of Grazing Lactating Yaks (Poephagus grunniens) Supplemented with Concentrate Feed and/or Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082425.
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Traditionally, yaks graze only natural pasture all year round without supplements. Forage intake of lactating yaks is below energy and protein requirements, even in the summer, and suckling yaks lose a substantial amount of significant body weight. Today, to mitigate the loss in body weight, supplementary feed is being offered to lactating yaks. However, the effects of supplementary feed on ruminal bacterial communities in lactating yaks is unknown. In the current study, we examined the effect of supplementary feed on ruminal microbiota, using 16S rRNA sequencing, and on volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Twenty-four lactating yaks of similar body weight (218 ± 19.5 kg) and grazing natural pasture were divided randomly into four groups and received different supplements: (1) rumen-protected amino acids (RPA); (2) concentrate feed (C); (3) RPA plus C (RPA+C); and (4) no supplements (control-CON). The concentrations of total VFAs, acetate, and butyrate were greater (p < 0.05) when supplemented with concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA). Bacteroidetes (B) and Firmicutes (F) were the dominant ruminal bacterial phyla in all groups. The ratio of relative abundance of F:B in RPA+C was greater than in the RPA group, while there was no difference between CON and RPC (interaction, p = 0.026). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Absconditabacteriales_SR1, Bacteroidales-RF16-group, Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group, Prevotellaceae, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were lesser (p < 0.05) with supplementary concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA), whereas Butyrivibrio_2 and Pseudobutyrivibrio were greater (p < 0.05) with supplementary rumen-protected amino acids (RPA and RPA+C) than without rumen-protected amino acids (CON and C). These results demonstrate that supplementary feed: (1) alters the composition of rumen microbiota and concentrations of ruminal VFAs in lactating yaks; and (2) can be used to manipulate the composition of rumen microbiota.
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Al-Qaisi, Mohmmad A., and Hosam H. Titi. "Effect of rumen-protected methionine on production and composition of early lactating Shami goats milk and growth performance of their kids." Archives Animal Breeding 57, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-001.
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Abstract. This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the University of Jordan in the Jordan valley to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected methionine to early lactating Shami goats on milk production, composition, fatty acid profile, and growth performance of their kids. Twenty-four fresh lactating Shami goats were randomly assigned into three dietary treatment groups (eight each) in a completely randomized design. Diets were a control with no supplements or supplemented with either 2.5, or 5.0 g/head/d rumenprotected methionine. The experiment started exactly after kidding and lasted for 60 days thereafter. Production variables studied were milk production, milk composition, body weights, feed intake, kids weaning weight, and milk fatty acids. Daily milk production and energy corrected milk were not affected by protected me thionine supplementation. Milk Percentages of fat, protein, total solids, and casein were also not affected by protected methionine supplementation. Likewise, fat and protein yields were not different among dietary treatments of protected methionine. No differences in milk fatty acids composition were observed by supplementing rumen protected methionine in the experiment. Feed intake, feed to milk ratio, and final body weight of dams were not changed among treatments. No differences were observed in weaning weights, average daily gain, and milk to gain ratio of kids born to dams in the experiment regardless to sex of kids. In conclusion, results indicated that supplementing rumen protected methionine to dairy goats diet did not improve their milking performance, the composition of their milk, or growth performance of their kids.
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Wulandari, Wulandari, Rinanti Eka Aldis, Dananto Ramadhan, Wulanningtyas Wulanningtyas, Andriyani Astuti, Adiarto Adiarto, Lies Mira Yusiati, Cuk Tri Noviandi, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, and Ali Agus. "Degradability of Rumen-Protected Soybean Meal with Different Temperatures and Heating Times in Bali Cattle." Buletin Peternakan 46, no. 4 (November 25, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i4.77964.
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The goal of this study was to ascertain the impact of soybean meal's temperature and heating duration as undegraded protein (UDP) on Bali cattle's dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradation kinetics. Soybean meal is a feed ingredient with high protein content, which is about 48%, and is rapidly degraded in the rumen. In this investigation, a factorial design was employed with the first factor being temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120°C), and the second factor being heating time (10, 20, 30, and 40 min). Protected soybean meal was tested for degradation using the in sacco technique on the rumen of fistulous Bali cattle. A sample of 5.0 g was put into a nylon bag and then for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h in the rumen, then analyzed for feed residues for DM and OM. The results showed that soybean meal protected by the heating method could reduce the degradation of DM and OM in the rumen (p<0.05). Heating at 120°C for 40 min showed the lowest DM and OM degradations in this study.
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Hakim, Muhammad Luqmanul, Chusnul Hanim, and Lies Mira Yusiati. "Effect of The Combination of Protected and Non-Protected Soybean Oil (Glycine max L.) Supplementation on Characteristics of Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance in Garut Sheep." Buletin Peternakan 46, no. 4 (November 25, 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i4.77328.
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Soybean oil is a high source of unsaturated fatty acids which if given to sheep have the potential to accumulate in the meat. However, in the rumen unsaturated fatty acids undergoes biohydrogenation by rumen microbes, and the addition of fat in the feed has the potential to reduce fiber fermentation in the rumen which can have an impact on animal performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of the combination of protected and non-protected soybean oil supplementation on the characteristics of rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of Garut sheep. Twelve male Garut lambs aged 13 months and weighing 29±3.23 kg were kept in a metabolic cage and divided into three groups. The basal diet of 60% King grass and 40% pollard bran was supplemented with protected and non-protected soybean oil with the ratio of 3%:0%, 1.5%:1.5%, and 0%:3%, respectively, based on the dry matter of ration. The data obtained were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA, followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that supplementation had no effect on rumen fatty acids profile, microbial protein, ammonia concentration, total volatile fatty acids, acetat, propionate, butirat, and pH. The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and crude fat were not affected. Supplementation also had no effect on nitrogen balance. Hence supplementation of different levels of protected fats did not influence animal performance in Garut sheep.
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Tiven, N. C., L. Hartati, and T. M. Simanjorang. "Liquid Smoke as Fat Protector and Its Effect on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Activity." Tropical Animal Science Journal 44, no. 2 (June 2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.2.152.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of liquid smoke as a fat protector on unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and its effect on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial activity. Crude palm oil (CPO) was mixed with Prosteo skim milk (1:2), then divided into three treatments i.e., crude palm oil without protection by liquid smoke as a control (P0), crude palm oil protected by 2.5% of liquid smoke (P1), and crude falm oil protected by 5.0% of liquid smoke (P2). For in vitro testing, 300 mg of the feed substrate (elephant grass and bran with the ratio of 60:40) was added with 5% of each crude palm oil preparation of P0, P1, and P2 and put in a fermentor syringe. Then, 30 mL of the mixture of rumen fluid and buffer-minerals solution (1:2) was added into each syringe fermentor and flushed with CO2. The fermentor syringes were incubated in a water bath at 39ᵒC for 48 hours. Variables measured were fatty acid composition, fermentation characteristics, and rumen microbial activity. The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance with a completely randomized design. The results showed that the protection of CPO with liquid smoke in P1 and P2 groups decreased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but increased (p<0.01) monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and CMCase activity. Protection of CPO with 2.5% of liquid smoke (P1) significantly increased (p<0.01) fermentation characteristics (NH3 content and pH). It can be concluded that the use of 2.5% of liquid smoke has a better effect on feed fats protection, because it can reduce hydrogenation, increase UFAs, and has no negative effects on fermentation characteristics and microbial activity.
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Hassan, Khasraw M. "The Role of the Amino Acid (Methionine) Protected on the Productivity Performance of the Dairy Cow." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.2.7.
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One of the most important aspects of livestock is the supply of essential quantities of balanced nutrients manufacture. In several physiological functions of nutrients, concerning organisms, protein has an important role. Ruminants are not wholly protected of amino acids by microflora degradation of animal feed sources and by maintaining proteins from the breakdown in the rumen where both high and medium yielding ruminant amino acids are required, they must be met; therefore, rumen-protected protein (RPP) dietary supplementation, including primarily rumen-protected protein (RPP), methionine (RPMeth), protected from rumen flora, it was necessary. Numerous scientists are attracted in the study of the character of (RPMeth) in a dairy cow about it’s an impact on milk produce, growth rate, N- efficiency, coefficient digestibility, intake of DM. Unluckily, the findings obtained from many RPMeth investigations showed excessive fluctuation results in ruminant nutrition between its helpful and useless influence, specifically during early and late lactation periods. Thus, for ruminants, when they use this review post, farm owners may be careful when they are plan to apply RPMeth to the diet of animals. In summary, supplementation RPMeth also has a positive balanced effect, even with no detrimental effect on the yield of milk, animal productivity and hemato-biochemical parameters, especially during the early lactation when used with a ruminant diet low in crude protein
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Guardieiro, Monique M., Grazieli M. Machado, Michele R. Bastos, Gerson B. Mourão, Luiz H. D. Carrijo, Margot A. N. Dode, Jo L. M. R. Leroy, and Roberto Sartori. "A diet enriched in linoleic acid compromises the cryotolerance of embryos from superovulated beef heifers." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 4 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12403.
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Dietary rumen-protected fat rich in linoleic acid may affect the superovulatory response and embryo yield; however, its effects on in vivo embryo cryotolerance are unknown in zebu cattle. The present study evaluated the production and cryotolerance after freezing or vitrification of embryos from Nelore heifers supplemented with rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Forty heifers kept in pasture were randomly distributed into two groups according to the type of feed supplement (F, supplement with rumen-protected PUFA, predominantly linoleic; C, control fat-free supplement with additional corn). Supplements were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each heifer underwent both treatments in a crossover design with 70 days between replicates. After 50 days feeding, heifers were superovulated. Embryos were evaluated morphologically and vitrified or frozen. After thawing or warming, embryo development was evaluated in vitro. There was no difference between the F and C groups (P > 0.10) in terms of embryo production. Regardless of the cryopreservation method used, Group C embryos had a greater hatching rate after 72 h in vitro culture than Group F embryos (44.3 ± 4.2% (n = 148) vs 30.9 ± 4.0% (n = 137), respectively; P = 0.04). Moreover, vitrified and frozen embryos had similar hatching rates (P > 0.10). In conclusion, dietary rumen-protected PUFA rich in linoleic acid did not improve embryo production and compromised the cryotolerance of conventionally frozen or vitrified embryos from Nelore heifers.
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YAMAN FIRINCIOGLU, Sema Yaman Fırıncıoglu, and N. Irshad. "Role of choline in ruminant nutrition: a detailed review." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 3921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26914.
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Recent studies designate feed additives, such as rumen-protected choline (RPC), were seen decreasing the health disorders and upsurges the milk yield. Choline is an endogenous agent and the insufficiency of choline is very problematic. The deficiency has been documented in ruminants for a while. The scale of choline production is affected by administered dose, lactation stage, and basal diet composition. Endogenous synthesis through a pathway (PEMT) signifies a precarious source of choline. High occurrence of fatty liver disease happens in the dairy cows during lactation especially in the periparturient period and to lessen such incident high supply of choline is necessary. This supply is known to decrease the chances of hepatic fatty infiltration and upsurge the countenance of genes tangled in the transport of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein). RPC typically provided as choline chloride is covered inside a shield of the fatty acid matrix. Therefore, to continue choline susceptibility on important mechanisms, like sparing of a methyl group (–CH3), supporting of animal metabolism, and remethylation of homocysteine via metabolite of betaine; choline must be provided in the rumen-protected form in the ration of dairy cows. Precisely concerning lactation, it is important to note that rumen-protected choline positively affects the performance of animals during the lactation period especially when supplementation started before calving and continues throughout the early lactation. But the difference of commercial products of rumen-protected choline in their rumen degradability and choline content is one of the big problems yet to be resolved.
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Guo, Changzheng, Yanfeng Xue, Yuyang Yin, Haipeng Xuan, Fan Hu, and Shengyong Mao. "Urine metabolome alterations in malnutrition and the impact of glycerol or rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation in advanced pregnant ewes." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 11 (February 20, 2020): 1258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711452000063x.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the metabolic profiles of pregnancy malnutrition induced by feed restriction (FR) and the counteracting effects of glycerol and rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation. Two feeding trials were conducted. In the first experiment, twenty pregnant Hu sheep carrying multiple fetuses with a gestation period of 108 d were randomly divided into two groups. The ewes in the control (CON) group were offered 100 % of their nutritional requirements as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC), while the FR group was offered 30 % of feed intake of CON for 15 d. In the second experiment, eighteen pregnant Hu sheep were offered a feed intake comprising 30 % of the NRC-recommended nutritional requirements twice daily. The sheep were randomly divided into three groups: the FR group in the second experiment (FR2), with no supplementation, the glycerol (GLY) group, which received 40 ml of glycerol per d, and the rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC) group, which received 10 g of rumen-protected choline chloride per d for 9 d. In the first experiment, the urine metabolome of sixteen ewes showed significant difference between the CON group and FR group. Compared with the CON group, FR decreased the level of d-glucose, lactic acid, levoglucosan, α-ketoglutarate, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, glucose 6-phosphate and the methyl donors, while increasing the level of pyruvate, fumaric acid and carnitines in urine. Both the GLY and RPC treatments counteracted some of these changes and modulated the urine metabolome in advanced pregnant ewes suffering from malnutrition.
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Scott, TW, and JR Ashes. "Dietary lipids for ruminants: protection, utilization and effects on remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930495.
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Processes have been developed which protect dietary fat from ruminal metabolism, enabling greater quantities of lipid to be included in the diet of ruminants without causing deleterious effects on cellulose digestion and methane formation in the rumen. The inclusion of both protected fat and protected protein in the diet of lactating ruminants increased the percentage of milk fat and eliminated the reduction in protein content which is often observed as a result of feeding protected fat by itself. The inclusion of protected fat and protected protein in the diets of feedlot cattle increased metabolizable energy and rumen non-degradable protein. This resulted in improved feed conversion and dressing percent. There were substantial changes in the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols of milk and adipose tissue as a result of feeding oil seeds protected from ruminal hydrogenation. The inclusion of protected fats containing linoleic or eicosapentaenoic acids in the diet of lotfed cattle resulted in major alterations in the fatty acid composition of the molecular species of muscle phospholipids. The significance of these changes in relation to phospholipid remodelling, signal transduction pathways and the characteristics of lipid-derived second messengers is discussed.
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Hennessy, DW, and PJ Williamson. "Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 2. The effect of urea and maize flour, or protected-casein." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 6 (1990): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9901179.
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Twenty-five Hereford cattle, of both sexes and a mean liveweight (� s.e.) of 172 �5.6 kg were allocated randomly from stratified groups to five treatments in which urea (UR), urea plus maize (URM), urea plus maize flour and protected casein (URMFC) or protected casein alone (FC) were offered to individually penned cattle on a basal diet of native pasture hay (8.4 g N/kg dry matter (DM)) over 70 days. Rumen ammonia concentrations were low in cattle on the basal hay diet (mean � s.e.d.) of 17 � 10.0 mg N/L but were significantly increased (P<0.01) by a supplement of 280 g/head.day of protected casein (FC) to 70 mg N/L and increased further (1 68 mg N/L) when urea was included with maize (URM) in the treatment. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were increased (P<0.05) only by URM which also resulted in higher (P< 0..01) molar proportions of propionic acid. All treatments increased (P< 0.01) the hay intake of cattle during the study with the exception of URM, which was based on a high rate of feeding (400 g/day) of maize flour. Liveweight change of cattle was increased (P<0.01) by urea (UR) and maize flour (URM) to 290 and 340 � 56 g/head.day respectively. Higher (P< 0.01) liveweight gains were recorded when protected casein was included in the diet (URMFC, FC), being 550 and 600 g/head.day respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the scope for improving the efficiency of gain in cattle on a low quality grass hay by including low rumen-degradable proteins as a supplement to grass hays.
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Supiyani, Atin. "EFEK PROBIOTIK DAN SELUBIOSE TERHADAP VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA) DAN NH3 RUMINAL DOMBA GARUT." BIOMA 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bioma13(2).2.
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The composition of feed can improve and optimize the fermentation in sheep rumen. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of probiotic and cellobiose to rumen fermentation of sheep. Four adult (weight ±13.5 kg) rumen fistulae sheep were used. The fed given were King grass (Pennisetum purpureum), rice bran and soybean meal that are protected by formaldehyde 0.3% as base feed. Fed treatment were probiotics (0,5% and 1%) and cellobiose (1 ppm and 3 ppm). Parameters measured were pH, N-NH3 and VFA concentration of rumen fluid at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after feeding with Completely Randomized Design Factorials 4x5 and continued with Duncan test (α=0,05). The ruminal pH range for all treatments between 6.27 - 6.89. The maximum N-NH3 concentration value has been reached at 2 hours after feeding 12.25-18.75 mM. At 0 hours, the total VFA concentration was at an average value of 294.91 mg% and then increased at 2-6 hours reaching its maximum value in the range 661.97-767.70 mg% (p<0.05). The addition of probiotics and cellobiose can optimize rumen fermentation of sheep.
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Trotta, Ronald J., Faithe E. Keomanivong, Jena L. Bjertness, Joel S. Caton, and Kendall C. Swanson. "219 Effects of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzyme activities of lamb offspring." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.081.
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Abstract To determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzymes in lambs, 31 multiparous, Rambouillet ewes were allocated to one of three dietary treatments at 54 d of gestation. Dietary treatments were 100% of nutrient requirements (control, CON; n=11), 60% of control (restricted, RES; n=10), or RES plus a rumen-protected arginine supplement dosed at 180 mg/kg BW once daily (RES-ARG; n=10). At parturition, lambs were immediately removed from dams and reared independently. Milk-replacer and alfalfa hay + creep feed was offered for ad libitum intake. At day 54 of age, lambs were slaughtered and the pancreas and small intestine were collected. Pancreatic (α-amylase, trypsin) and small intestinal (maltase, glucoamylase, sucrase, isomaltase, lactase) digestive enzyme activities were assayed. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with treatment and fetal sex included in the model statement. Contrast statements were used to determine differences between means for effects of restriction (CON vs. RES and RES-ARG) and rumen-protected arginine supplementation (RES vs. RES-ARG). There was no influence (P≥0.32) of maternal nutrient restriction or rumen-protected arginine supplementation on pancreatic or small intestinal protein concentrations. No treatment effects were observed (P≥0.14) for enzymes involved in starch digestion including pancreatic α-amylase and small intestinal maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine of lambs across all treatments. Maternal nutrient restriction tended to increase (P=0.09) pancreatic trypsin specific activity in lambs. Lactase specific activity in the small intestine of lambs tended to decrease (P=0.08) with maternal nutrient restriction. Rumen-protected arginine supplementation to gestating ewes did not influence (P≥0.19) digestive enzyme activities of lamb offspring. These data suggest that maternal nutrient restriction may result in increased pancreatic trypsin activity of lambs to potentially compensate for inadequate pre-natal nutrient supply.
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Tiven, Nafly C., Lies Mira Yusiati, Rusman Rusman, and Umar Santoso. "EFFECT OF CRUDE PALM OIL PROTECTION WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON HYDROGENATION OF RUMEN FLUID UNSATURATED FATTY ACID: ITS EFFECT ON BLOOD AND MEAT FATTY ACID." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 2 (August 23, 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21297.
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This research aimed to determine the effect of crude palm oil protected with formaldehyde on the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen and its effect on blood and meat fatty acids. Fifteenth local male lambs aged 9-12 months weighing 14-17 kg, were divided into 3 groups ration treatment. The first group received only the basal ration (R0), the 2nd group received the basal ration and 3% CPO (R1), while the 3rd group received the basal ration and 3% CPO protected with 2% formaldehyde (R2). Basal feed consisted of 60% grass, 30% bran and 10% soybean meal, with the nutrient content of 62.98% TDN, 45.5% DM, 14.48% CP, 4.70% EE and 21.93% CF. Parameters observed were the fatty acid from rumen fluid, blood and meat of sheep. Data were analyzed by complete randomized design direction patterns. Differences between treatments were tested further using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that treatment of R2 can increase unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, blood and meat (P
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Behan, Loh, Fakurazi, Kaka, Kaka, and Samsudin. "Effects of Supplementation of Rumen Protected Fats on Rumen Ecology and Digestibility of Nutrients in Sheep." Animals 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070400.
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Rumen protected fats (RPF) are known to improve animal performance without affecting rumen metabolism in sheep. However, comparative effects of prilled fat, prilled fat with lecithin and calcium soap have not been fully studied. Hence this experiment was planned using 36 male Dorper sheep in a completely randomized design in four treatment groups. The diets included: Basal diet (70:30 concentrate to rice straw) with no added RPF as a control (CON), basal diet plus prilled fat (PF), basal diet plus prilled fat with lecithin (PFL) and basal diet plus calcium soap (CaS). The trial lasted 90 days following two weeks adaptation period. The body weights, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio were not affected by treatments. The intake and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were not affected, while those for ether extract and crude fibre differed (p < 0.05). RPF had no effect on concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and total bacterial population. The concentrations of rumen total saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, total n − 3, total n − 6, unsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids differed (p < 0.05) among the treatments with RPF supplementation. Hence supplementation of different types of protected fats did not influence animal performance in Dorper sheep.
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Wang, Beibei, Chong Wang, Ruowei Guan, Kai Shi, Zihai Wei, Jianxin Liu, and Hongyun Liu. "Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Betaine Supplementation on Performance of Postpartum Dairy Cows and Immunity of Newborn Calves." Animals 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9040167.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected betaine supplementation on performance of postpartum dairy cows and immunity of newborn calves. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into the control (CON, n = 12) and rumen-protected betaine (BET, n = 12) groups after blocking by parity and milk yield during the previous lactation cycle. The cows were fed a basal total mixed ration diet without BET (CON) or with BET at 20 g/d per cow (BET) from four weeks before expected calving to six weeks postpartum. The results showed that betaine supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake and milk yield of the cows. The BET cows tended to increase feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake) and body weight loss postpartum compared to the CON cows. The plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of the BET cows were greater at d seven after calving than those of the CON cows. Moreover, compared to the CON calves, the BET calves had greater plasma total protein and globulin concentrations. The plasma glucose concentrations of the BET calves tended to decrease relative to CON cows. In conclusion, rumen-protected betaine supplementation from four weeks before expected calving tended to increase fat mobilization of postpartum dairy cows, and might improve the immunity of newborn calves.
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Rimbawanto, Efka Aris, Sri Suhermiyati, and Bambang Hartoyo. "Effects of Slow Release Urea Supplementation of Sheep Protein Source Feed Protected with Condensed Tannin from Leucaena on Protein Degradation in Rumen and Post-rumen In Vitro." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 19, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2017.19.2.624.
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The objectives of the research were to supply nitrogen for protein synthesis of ruminal microbe from slow release urea and to supply post-rumen protein from soybean meal protected with condensed tannin (CT) from crude Leucaena leaves extract. In Experiment 1, slow release urea (SRU) was made by extrusion of cassava waste-urea, tapioca meal-urea and cassava meal-urea. Evaluation of SRU properties was based on residual nitrogen concentration and ruminal fermentation products (total volatile fatty acid and ammonia-nitrogen) in vitro. In Experiment 2, soybean meal protected with CT from crude Leucaena leaves extract as much as 1,68 g tannin/100 g DM soybean meal. SRU that was selected from Experiment 1 was used as the supplement in sheep ration whose protein source was protected with CT. SRU supplement in basal rations was 0, 6.36, 12.75, 19.11% DM. In vitro result in Experiment 1, showed that SRU of cassava waste, tapioca meal and cassava meal were different (P<0,01) on residual nitrogen content, total VFA, ammonia-N, and fermentation time. The optimum SRU obtained from cassava waste by inhibiting nitrogen hydrolysis up to 14 h. In Experiment 2, SRU supplementation of cassava waste on basal ration whose protein source was protected with CT increased dry matter (DM) degradability (P<0,01), total VFA (P<0,01), ammonia-N (P<0,01), and did not affect crude protein (CP) ruminal degradation. Post-ruminal degradability of DM and CP increased (P<0.01) in line with the increasing supplement, and reached the optimum level at 12,75 – 19,11% DM. In conclusion, cassava waste was a potent SRU through extrusion process and could be harnessed as SRU supplement in ration with protein source protected with condensed tannin to improve ruminal microbe protein synthesis.
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Bhatt, R. S., and A. Sahoo. "Effect of feeding complete feed block containing rumen protected protein, non-protein nitrogen and rumen protected fat on improving body condition and carcass traits of cull ewes." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 101, no. 6 (January 7, 2017): 1147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12628.
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Prajapati, Dhruv C., Dilip C. Patel, Abhishek B. Parmar, and Shaweta N. Patel. "Influence of Rumen Protected Fat Supplementation on Nutrient Intake and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Buffaloes." Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology 18, no. 5 (November 7, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.18.5.08.
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This study was carried out to assess the effects of supplementation of bypass fat for one month prepartum and three months postpartum on nutrient intake and feed conversion efficiency for milk production in buffaloes. Advanced pregnant buffaloes (n=32, 2-3 parity) were selected at farmers’ doorstep, and were divided into two equal groups, each of 16 animals, on the basis of previous lactation milk production and fat %. Animals in T1 group (n=16, control) received farmers’ feeding schedule, and those in T2 group were additionally supplemented with bypass fat @ 100 g/head/d during prepartum and 20 g/kg of milk yield during early lactation. Average daily DM and DCP intake did not differ significantly in control and treatment group, whereas average daily TDN intake was found significantly higher in treatment group during postpartum phase. Whole milk yield (kg/head/d) of buffaloes in T2 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 (5.43±0.07 vs. 4.50+0.04). Feed conversion efficiency (kg intake/kg whole milk) of DM (2.40±0.04 vs. 1.99±0.02), DCP (133.50±1.84 vs. 111.56±01.20) and TDN (1.53±0.02 vs. 1.31±0.01) was superior (P<0.05) in bypass fat group, and similar was the trend for 6% FCM yield. Daily feed cost (Rs. 101.66±0.45 vs. 92.98±0.64) and average realizable receipt from sale of milk (Rs. 231.12±1.46 vs. 165.88±1.39/head) were higher (p<0.05) in T2 group over control. The findings indicated that the bypass fat supplement @ 100 g/head/day one month before parturition and 20 g/kg milk yield during early lactation to buffaloes was economically advantageous in terms of increased milk yield and better feed conversion efficiency.
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Radzikowski, Daniel, Anna Milczarek, Alina Janocha, Urszula Ostaszewska, and Grażyna Niedziałek. "Feed additives in the diet of high-producing dairy cows." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 19, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2020.19.4.01.
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Improvement of the genetic value of cows, enabling increasingly high milk yield, requires increasingly modern feeding. Therefore, in addition to high-quality bulky feed and concentrate feed, specialized feed additives are being introduced to the diet of high-producing dairy cows. The available additives (rumen-protected essential ingredients, phytobiotics, probiotic, prebiotic and others) have a broad spectrum of activity, increasing production efficiency, protecting against metabolic disease, and improving the reproductive parameters and health of the herd. It should be borne in mind, however, that only rational use of feed additives in the diet of cows is conducive to their longevity, which is one of the most important factors improving the economic outcomes of milk production.
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Chow, Jo May, Edward DePeters, and R. Lee Baldwin. "Two rumen-protected amino acids in dairy cows' feed change the protein content of milk." California Agriculture 44, no. 6 (November 1990): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v044n06p12.
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Čermáková, J., V. Kudrna, J. Illek, K. Blažková, and J. Haman. " Effects of a rumen-protected form of methionine and a methionine analogue on the lactation performance of dairy cows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 9 (August 30, 2012): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6315-cjas.
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The objective the present study was to determine the influence of a supplemental methionine analogue, the isopropyl ester of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid, commercially available as MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup>, on lactation performance, particularly milk protein production. The effects of this preparation were compared with those of a rumen-protected form of methionine, marketed as Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M. Experiments were conducted according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design and included 30 high-yielding dairy cows (22 Holstein and 8 Czech Fleckvieh) randomly allocated to three balanced groups. Cows were fed a basal diet based on maize silage, lucerne silage, lucerne hay, fresh brewer’s grains, and a concentrate mixture in the form of a total mixed ration ad libitum. The diet M was supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup> (42.5 g/day) and diet S was supplemented with Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M (19 g/day), while control diet C contained solvent-extracted soybean meal, which was added to achieve required levels of dietary protein. Each period lasted four weeks in total, including three preliminary weeks and one experimental week during which samples of milk and tail vein blood were taken. Supplementation of MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup> decreased dry matter intake of cows (18.96 kg) in contrast to the diet containing Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M, for which dry matter intake was the highest (20.48 kg; P < 0.001). Despite decreased dry matter intake, the highest average milk yields were recorded for cows supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM </sup>(31.34 kg), which produced by approximately 1.14 kg (P < 0.001) and 0.78 kg (P < 0.01) more milk than cows fed diets C and S, respectively. As expressed by greater ratios milk/DMI, FCM/DMI, and ECM/DMI, the feed efficiency was improved in cows supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup>.Both MetaSmart<sup>TM </sup>and Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M dietary supplementation increased milk yield, milk protein concentrations, and yields and increased the prevalence of β-casein fraction in milk protein.
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Bulgakov, A. M., D. A. Bulgakova, N. M. Ponamarev, V. M. Zhukov, N. A. Novikov, and K. Ya Motovilov. "INFLUENCE OF FEED SUPPLEMENTS TO COW DIETS DURING FIRST 100 DAYS OF LACTATION ON MILK NUTRITIONAL VALUE." Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, no. 11 (2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2021-205-11-56-61.
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Currently, it has been understudied which forms of feed supplements ensure the most positive effect onincreasing milk nutritional value and processing properties. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in comparable groups of 90 cows. The animals of the 1st (control) group were fed compound feed concentrate that included the following ingredients: a rumen-protected fatsupplementMegalac (3.1%); a buffering agent -sodium bicarbonate (1.4%); protein digestion stimulator Farmatan TM (0.57%); mineral and vitamin premixRindavit 51 ATG RV (3.6%); the animals of the 2nd (trial) group were giventhe following feed supplements: protected fat Nutracor (3.0%); a buffer-ing agent Rumenbuffer (0.9%); protein-mineral-vitamin concentrate Cowfit 5 Plus (3.75%); mineral and vitamin premix Cowfit Immuno Fertil(0.75%). In the 2nd (trial) group, the levels of milk components increased as follow-ing: lactose -by 20%; butterfat -by 15%; casein -by 25%; calcium -by 33%; phosphorus -by 53%; copper by 45%, zinc -by 89%; vitamin A -by 67%; vitamin E -by 30%; that was indicative of milk nutritional value increase
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Golovin, A. V. "Effects of protected vegetable fats on rumen metabolism and productivity dairy cows." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 9 (2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202109009.
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In a scientific economic experiment conducted in the experimental farm «Klenovo-Chegodaevo» (Moscow) on three groups of Holsteinized black-and-white cows with a milk yield of 7000 kg of milk per lactation, 10 heads in each, it was found that the inclusion in the diet of cows of the experimental groups tested protected fats (hydrogenated and fractionated) in the amount of 300 g per head per day, contributed to the tendency for more intensive metabolic processes in the rumen due to a slight increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids by 5,6–7,4% and an increase in the mass of microorganisms in the contents of the rumen by 5,4–14,4% (P≥0,05). At the same time, an increase in the concentration of metabolic energy in the dry matter of the cows ration from 10,7 to 11,0 MJ / kg in the period from 21 to 120 days of lactation, due to the inclusion of protected fats in the diet of cows from the experimental groups, contributed to an increase in milk yield 4% fat content for 100 days of the experiment by 9,7% and 11,0% (P≤0,05), compared with the control, as well as the production of milk fat and protein, respectively by 9,6–11,0% (P≤0,05 in the second case) and 7,4–8,3%, feed costs expressed in ME decreased by 4,9–5,2%.
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Wei, Chunbo, Tao He, Xuanchen Wan, Siwen Liu, Yibo Dong, and Yongli Qu. "Meta-Analysis of Rumen-Protected Methionine in Milk Production and Composition of Dairy Cows." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121505.
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This study aims to evaluate the influence of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the milk yield and milk compositions of dairy cows by employing a meta-analysis method. The articles in the publication databases between January 2010 and January 2022 which reported on various concentrations of RPM supplements in dairy cow diets and then monitored the milk yield and milk compositions were searched. A total of 14 studies were included, covering 27 treatments with a total of 623 dairy cows. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3 was used for statistical analysis, the forest map was drawn by the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and the SMD was calculated by a random effect model. The dose effect curve was drawn by fitting the SMD and RPM dose of each study to explore the optimal dosage of RPM. Compared with the basal diet, the RPM supplement significantly increased the percentages of milk fat (SMD (95% CI): 1.017% [0.388, 1.646]) and milk protein (SMD (95% CI): 0.884 [0.392, 1.377]). However, the milk yield (SMD (95% CI): 0.227 kg/d [−0.193, 0.647]) and lactose concentration (SMD (95% CI): 0.240% [−0.540, 1.020]) were not affected. The subgroup analysis found that the effect of the RPM supplement on the milk fat and milk protein was greater in the high-protein feed than in the low-protein feed. Multiple regression analysis showed that feeding RPM significantly improved the milk yield and milk protein percentage of dairy cows. The results of the dose–effect analysis show that the optimal range for the RPM was 7.5–12.5 g/d. RPM supplements in a dairy diet can improve the milk protein percentages and milk fat percentages of dairy cows.
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Oddy, V. H., S. H. Bird, and L. G. Walker. "Evaluation of calcium and canola oil in the diet of feedlot steers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 5 (2003): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01119.
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An experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of 5.6% canola oil to a barley-based feedlot ration would improve the efficiency of conversion of feed into weight gain and increase the deposition of intramuscular fat. A second aim was to determine what further benefits might accrue from the addition of calcium ions to the rumen.Five groups of 30 steers representing 4 breed crosses were fed in a feedlot for 122 days. The control diet was a standard barley-based ration containing 1.6% calcium carbonate. In a second diet (calcium), calcium carbonate was replaced with 1.2% calcium hydroxide to increase the availability of calcium ions in the rumen. In a third diet (oil), 5.3% canola oil replaced a corresponding weight of barley. The fourth diet comprised oil + calcium and in the fifth, the same weight of oil protected against rumen fermentation was given as Rumentek, replacing 19.5% barley.There was no significant benefit in feed conversion or carcass composition to the substitution of oil for barley in the ration. Supplementary calcium hydroxide reduced the intake of the control diet with little reduction in growth rate. No benefits were observed from the provision of calcium ions in the rumen with either the control or oil diets. The Rumentek diet conferred no benefits in growth rate or feed conversion efficiency, but substantially increased the proportion of unsaturated to saturated long-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, chiefly as polyunsaturates.
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Long, N. M., G. M. Hill, J. F. Baker, W. M. Graves, M. A. Froetschel, D. H. Keisler, and B. G. Mullinix. "Reproductive Performance of Beef Heifers Supplemented with Corn Gluten Feed and Rumen-Protected Fat before Breeding." Professional Animal Scientist 23, no. 4 (August 2007): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30984-0.
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Kawas, Jorge R., Jose F. Garcia-Mazcorro, Hector Fimbres-Durazo, and Maria E. Ortega-Cerrilla. "Effects of Rumen-Protected Choline on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Blood Lipid Metabolites of Feedlot Lambs." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091580.
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Choline is an essential nutrient for animals, but dietary choline is degraded in the rumen, and thus, should be offered as rumen-protected choline (RPC) in ruminants. In this article, we investigate the effect of RPC supplementation in feedlot lambs. Forty intact male Saint Croix lambs (average: 20.3 kg, 3–4 months of age) on a high grain-low roughage base feed were randomly assigned to four treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% RPC on dry-matter basis; n = 10 per group). RPC was offered for 90 days after 15 days of adaptation. RPC supplementation was not associated with significant differences in dry matter intake, weight gain, gain:feed ratio, carcass weights, and the dressing percentages. There was a linear decrease in height to the shoulder (p = 0.013) and longissimus muscle area (p = 0.051) with higher RPC levels, and a higher backfat thickness and yield grade with 0.3% RPC compared to 0.1% RPC (p < 0.05). Blood triglycerides concentrations were higher in control (0% RPC) compared to 0.3% RPC (p = 0.008). The lack of significant effects on growth performance and the results on backfat thickness and yield grade, may indicate undesirable effects associated with RPC supplementation. More research is needed to establish the needs and specific quantities of RPC supplementation in feedlot lambs.
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Kumar, Ravi, Dipankar Kar, Deepak Kumar, Vikramjeet Singh, and Sajjan Sihag. "Effect of Rumen Protected Amino Acids and Fish Meal on Feed Conversion Ratio of Murrah Buffalo Heifers." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 2587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.299.
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Wang, D. M., H. Y. Liu, C. Wang, J. X. Liu, and J. D. Ferguson. "Effects of rumen-protected gamma-aminobutyric acid on feed intake, performance and antioxidative status in transition cows." Livestock Science 153, no. 1-3 (May 2013): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.01.012.
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Kolar, Sara, Slaven Jurić, Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina, and Marko Vinceković. "Potential for application of feed additives encapsulation technology in animal nutrition." Krmiva 62, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33128/k.62.1.6.
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Demands for higher production and consumer demand for healthier food have encouraged intensive research for alternative animal growth promoters in recent years. Research trends are focused on the development of new products enriched with feed additives to improve animal health and enhancing production. Many of these compounds are unstable in the presence of light, air, water, or high temperatures and need to be protected during processing, storage, and application. By encapsulatied in microparticles, feed additives are protected from harmful external influences, and their stability and functionality are not diminished. Microencapsulation technology is used to protect payload and improve bioavailability by controlled and targeted delivery to the digestive tract. It is particularly suitable for the addition of feed additives in ruminant’s nutrition, because the correct choice of microparticle material allows the release of the feed additives in the small intestine, and not in the rumen. With proper use, microparticle formulations are an effective tool in animal nutrition that delivers nutrients and/or drugs to a specific site at the desired rate. The paper summarizes laboratory studies on the application of microencapsulation technology in feeding ruminants and monogastric animals. Numerous results of the application of encapsulated feed additives have shown a positive effect on animal health, increased productivity without negative effects on the final product, and environmental protection.
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ПЕРОВА, Н. А., and А. В. ГОЛОВИН. "INFLUENCE OF HYDROGENATED AND FRACTIONATED FATS ON RUMEN METABOLISM, PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF BLOOD OF DAIRY COWS." Molochnoe i miasnoe skotovodstvo, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33943/mms.2022.32.45.008.
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С целью изучения влияния применения защищенных растительных жиров, приготовленных по различным технологиям (Ultra Feed F — гидрогенизированный жир и Extra Feed F — фракционированный жир), в кормлении высокопродуктивных коров на рубцовое пищеварение, биохимический статус крови, уровень продуктивности и жирнокислотный состав молочного жира был проведен научно-хозяйственный опыт на 3 группах коров голштинизированной черно-пестрой породы по 10 голов в каждой. Установлено, что повышение концентрации обменной энергии в сухом веществе рациона с 10,7 до 11,0 МДж/кг в период с 21 по 120 день лактации за счет скармливания защищенных растительных жиров в дозе 300 г на 1 голову в сутки оказало положительное влияние на тенденцию увеличения концентрации микробиальной массы в рубцовом содержимом коров опытных групп на 5,4—14,4% и концентрации ЛЖК на 5,6—7,4% (Р≥0,05), по сравнению с контролем. Биохимические исследования крови, проведенные на 70-й день лактации, показали, что использование защищенных растительных жиров в кормлении молочных коров в новотельный период оказывает положительное влияние на обмен веществ в их организме, которое проявилось в более интенсивном протекании белкового и углеводного обменов, а также липидного обмена у особей в опытных группах, что выразилось в увеличении концентрации холестерина на 16,1 и 17,9% (Р≤0,05) и снижении отношения НЭЖК к холестерину с 0,055 в контроле до 0,051—0,049 в опытных группах. Использование испытанных защищенных жиров способствовало увеличению удоя молока стандартной (4%) жирности у животных опытных групп на 9,7—11,0% (Р≤0,05), по сравнению с контролем, и повышению массовой доли пальмитиновой кислоты на 2,29 абс.% (Р≤0,05) в молоке коров, которым скармливали фракционированный растительный жир Extra Feed F. In order to study the effect of the use of protected vegetable fats prepared using various technologies (Ultra Feed F — hydrogenated fat and Extra Feed F —fractionated fat), in feeding highly productive cows on rumen digestion, blood biochemical status, productivity level and fatty acid composition of milk fat, we conducted a scientific and economic experience on 3 groups of Holsteinized Black-and-White cows, 10 animals each. It has been established that an increase in the concentration of metabolic energy in the dry matter of the diet from 10.7 to 11.0 MJ/kg in the period from 21 to 120 days of lactation by feeding protected vegetable fats at a dose of 300 g per head per day had a positive effect on the trend increase in the concentration of microbial mass in the rumen content of the cows of the experimental groups by 5.4—14.4% and the concentration of VFAs by 5.6—7.4% (P≥0.05), compared with the control. Biochemical blood tests carried out on the 70th day of lactation showed that the use of protected vegetable fats in the feeding of dairy cows during the new calving period has a positive effect on the metabolism in their body, which manifested itself in a more intensive course of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as lipid metabolism in individuals in the experimental groups, which resulted in an increase in the concentration of cholesterol by 16.1—17.9% (Р≤0.05 in the 2nd case) and a decrease in the ratio of NEFA to cholesterol from 0.055 in the control to 0.051—0.049 in the experimental groups. The use of tested protected fats contributed to an increase in the 4% fat-corrected milk yield in the experimental groups by 9.7—11.0% (P≤0.05), compared with the control, and an increase in the mass fraction of palmitic acid by 2.29 abs.% (P≤0.05) in the milk of cows fed with fractionated vegetable fat Extra Feed F.
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Hashemian, K., M. A. Norouzian, and A. Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh. "Dietary supplemental chromium and niacin influence the growth performance and fat deposition in lambs." Animal Production Science 60, no. 5 (2020): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18717.
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Context Nowadays fat is an unpopular constituent of meat for consumers and therefore, a decrease in fat-tail size is often desirable for producers. Feed additives like chromium (Cr) and niacin (B3) have been reported to improve meat quality in beef and dairy cattle. However, their effect on meat quality and performance of fat-tail breeds of finishing lambs is unknown. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental chromium (Cr) and niacin (B3) on performance and fat deposition of carcass of finishing lambs. Methods Twenty male Zandi lambs (23.7 ± 0.73 kg) were allocated into one of four treatments: (1) control; (2) 300 µg/ kg DM Cr as chromium methionine; (3) 200 mg/kg DM B3 as rumen-protected niacin; and (4) 300 µg/ kg DM Cr as chromium methionine + 200 mg/kg DM B3 as rumen-protected niacin. Key results Chromium and B3 supplementation decreased blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein levels (P < 0.05). Lambs fed diet supplemented with B3 consumed more feed with a higher growth (P < 0.05) compared with other groups. There were no significant differences in feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage among experimental groups. However, there was a decrease in the subcutaneous, abdominal, tail and total carcass fat in Cr supplemented lambs (P < 0.01) compared with other experimental groups. The expression level of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) genes was lower in Cr groups of lambs compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicated that organic Cr supplementation improved meat quality by reducing fat accumulation, whereas B3 supplementation resulted in higher growth rate and feed intake. Implications Results showed that chromium supplementation reduces expression level of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 genes resulting in lower level of subcutaneous, abdominal, tail and total carcass fat of finishing lambs.
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Wang, C., C. Liu, G. W. Zhang, H. S. Du, Z. Z. Wu, Q. Liu, G. Guo, et al. "Effects of rumen-protected folic acid and betaine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Angus bulls." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 10 (January 29, 2020): 1109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520000331.
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AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) and betaine (BT) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in bulls. Forty-eight Angus bulls were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. BT of 0 or 0·6 g/kg DM was supplemented to diet without or with the addition of 6 mg/kg DM of folic acid from RPFA, respectively. Average daily gain increased by 25·2 and 6·29 % for addition of BT without RPFA and with RPFA, respectively. Digestibility and ruminal total volatile fatty acids of neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre increased, feed conversion ratio and blood folate decreased with the addition of BT without RPFA, but these parameters were unchanged with BT addition in diet with RPFA. Digestibility of DM, organic matter and crude protein as well as acetate:propionate ratio increased with RPFA or BT addition. Ruminal ammonia-N decreased with RPFA addition. Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase, pectinase and protease as well as population of total bacteria, protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminobacter amylophilus increased with RPFA or BT addition. Laccase activity and total fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Prevotella ruminicola population increased with RPFA addition, whereas Ruminococcus albus population increased with BT addition. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased with RPFA addition. Addition of RPFA or BT decreased blood homocysteine. The results indicated that addition of BT stimulated growth and nutrient digestion in bulls only when RPFA was not supplemented.
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CHILLIARD, YVES, and MICHEL DOREAU. "Influence of supplementary fish oil and rumen-protected methionine on milk yield and composition in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 64, no. 2 (May 1997): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029996002105.
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The effects of a daily supplement of 300 ml fish oil and 20 g rumen-protected methionine, alone or in combination, were investigated in mid-lactation cows receiving a maize silage-based diet ad lib. Fish oil significantly decreased feed intake, increased milk yield, decreased protein and casein concentrations, and especially fat concentration (by 13·1 g/kg) and output. Fat concentration decreased more in primiparous than in multiparous cows. Methionine supplementation increased protein and casein concentrations and outputs. No significant interaction between oil and methionine supplementation was found on milk composition. Treatments did not modify live weight or body condition changes, or lactose and non-casein nitrogenous compounds in milk. Oil plus methionine supplementation made it possible to decrease milk fat content without changing protein content.
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Alfaro, Gaston F., Sonia J. Moisá, Soren P. Rodning, and Taylor E. Novak. "197 Gene-regulation control of muscle fatigue during transportation with rumen-protected methionine supplementation." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.055.
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Abstract Different participants generally located distant among them compose the U.S. beef production chain, therefore shipping is required for cattle at least once in their lifespan. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Rumen-Protected Methionine (RPM) supplementation on muscle fatigue gene network, creatine synthesis (CKM), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) metabolism after a transportation simulation in a 1.7-miles oval test track. Angus heifers (n = 18) were stratified by body weight (408 ± 64 kg; BW) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL), and 2) control diet + rumen-protected methionine (RPM). After a successful adaptation period to Calan gates, animals received a common diet of Bermuda hay ad libitum and a soy hulls and corn gluten feed based supplement. After 45 days under supplementation, animals were loaded onto a 32 × 7 ft. trailer and transported for 22 hours. Skeletal muscle biopsies, BW and blood samples were obtained on day 0 (Baseline), 43 (Pre-transport, “PRET”), and 45 (Post-transport, “POST”). Heifer’s average daily gain did not differ between Baseline and PRET (P = 0.41). Control heifer’s shrink was 8% of BW while RPM heifers shrink was 10% (P = 0.29). Cortisol level decreased after transportation, but no differences were observed between treatments (P = 0.94). Messenger RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle tissue and gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR. Results showed that AHCY (Creatine synthesis pathway), SSPN (Sarcoglycan complex), DNMT3A (DNA Methylation), and SOD2 (Oxidative Stress-ROS) were upregulated (P < 0.05) in CTRL between baseline and PRET and, decreased between PRET and POST (P < 0.05) while they remained constant for RPM. Furthermore, CKM was not affected by treatments (P = 0.11). In conclusion, muscle fatigue related genes were not affected by RPM. Although, RPM could affect ROS production, after a long-term transportation.
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Ratika, Khwairakpam, and R. K. James Singh. "Effects of Dietary Supplementation Rumen Protected Methionine, Lysine and Choline Supplementation on Feed Intake in Transition Murrah Buffaloes." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 07 (July 10, 2019): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.807.094.
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Acton, Kortney, Ira B. Mandell, Lee-Anne Huber, Michael A. Steele, and Katharine M. Wood. "PSIX-4 Fetal programming – Maternal plane of nutrition effects on progeny performance, feed efficiency, and carcass quality for feedlot steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.719.
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Abstract To evaluate if maternal supplementation of protein and rumen-protected methionine during late gestation affects steer progeny performance and carcass quality, 138 Angus X cows were used in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were randomly assigned one of three protein treatments (feeding to meet 90%, 100%, or 110% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements), with(without) 9 g/d of rumen-protected methionine (MET) and fed these isocaloric diets for ~8 weeks before parturition. Steer progeny (n = 56) were assigned to one of seven pens by weight and received a common corn-based grower diet (58% corn silage, 26% alfalfa haylage, 15% soybean meal) for 47 days, followed by a finisher diet (78% high moisture corn, 12% alfalfa haylage, 8% soybean meal) for 115±31.5 days until slaughter. Body weights were recorded biweekly. Monthly ultrasound images of back and rump fats were captured. Organ weights were recorded at the time of slaughter, with carcass and meat quality recorded 24 to 48 hours later. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with maternal treatment as the fixed effect, and pen as the random effect. Feeding to meet 90% MP requirements resulted in heavier calf weaning weights compared to 100% and 110% (262, 251, and 245 ±13.9 kg, respectively; P = 0.01). Maternal nutritional treatment did not affect average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion during finishing or organ weights. Increasing dietary MP content from 90%, 100% to 110% reduced grade fat thickness (15.5, 14.7, and 11.8 ±1.11 mm, respectively; P = 0.04) and yield grades (2.7, 2.9, and 2.3 ±0.17, respectively; P = 0.04), but increased lean meat yield (49.5, 49.4, and 50.6 ±0.3%, respectively; P = 0.04). These data suggest that maternal MP content may alter steer progeny carcass traits while maintaining animal performance during the finishing period.
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Wiese, S. C., C. L. White, D. G. Masters, J. T. B. Milton, and R. H. Davidson. "The growth performance and carcass attributes of Merino and Poll Dorset × Merino lambs fed rumen-protected methionine (Smartamine™-M)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 5 (2003): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02173.
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This study investigated the effect of 5 levels of rumen-protected methionine (0, 1, 2, 3, or 5 g/head.day) on growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, carcass composition, and wool growth in lambs fed a production diet ad libitum. Merino and Poll Dorset × Merino (crossbred) wether lambs (120 of each genotype) were housed in group pens each of 6 sheep. After a 1-week adjustment period, all lambs were fed a pelleted diet of lupins, cereal grain, and hay ad libitum. Rumen-protected methionine was added to the diets in the form of Smartamine™-M. The crossbred lambs were slaughtered after 28 days on the treatment diet and the Merino lambs after 42 days.Increasing the level of methionine supplementation did not lead to an increase in growth rate, daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, wool growth, skin thickness, or final liveweight and condition score. The Merino lambs had a lower growth rate, thinner skin, faster rate of wool growth, and were less efficient at converting feed into liveweight gain than the crossbred lambs (P < 0.05). There was no interaction between breed and methionine treatment.Increasing the level of methionine treatment also did not improve hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, tissue depth over the rib, longissimus dorsi (LD) cross-sectional area, meat pH, or meat colour. The only beneficial effect of methionine supplementation on carcass attributes was a decline in fat depth over the deepest part of the LD as methionine level increased (P < 0.05).There were no differences in tenderness, juiciness, or flavour intensity between the breeds or as a main effect with methionine supplementation. However, there was an interaction between breed and methionine for flavour intensity, such that methionine supplementation reduced the flavour intensity of Merino meat but not that of the crossbred meat (P < 0.05).This work suggests that there are unlikely to be production gains in terms of liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or wool growth in supplementing lambs with protected methionine if they are being fed a high performance diet ad libitum. However, there were 2 benefits that may have scope for further investigation. The first was a reduction in fat cover over the loin as the level of methionine supplementation increased. The second was a reduction in the intensity of flavour found in Merino lamb when the lambs were supplemented with methionine. The study also provided some useful guidelines for the differences in growth and carcass characteristics between Merino and crossbred lambs when they are finished under identical conditions to an even fat cover, and demonstrated that Merino lambs can produce carcasses of very acceptable eating quality when well finished.
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Ma, ZhiYuan, LuoYun Fang, Emilio Ungerfeld, XiaoPeng Li, ChuanShe Zhou, ZhiLiang Tan, LinShu Jiang, and XueFeng Han. "Supplementation of Rumen-Protected Glucose Increased the Risk of Disturbance of Hepatic Metabolism in Early Postpartum Holstein Cows." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030469.
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The dual stress of reduced feed intake and increased milk yield in dairy cows early postpartum results in a negative energy balance. Rumen-protected glucose (RPG) has been reported to replenish energy, increase milk yield, and improve gut health. However, early postpartum cows often develop an insulin resistance, implying that RPG may not be well utilized and increased milk production may increase the liver’s fat oxidization burden. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RPG on the hepatic oxidative/antioxidative status and protein profile. Starting 7 d before expected calving, six pairs of cows were supplemented with rumen-protected glucose (RPG, n = 6) or with an equal amount of rumen-protecting coating fat (CON, n = 6). Liver samples were obtained from 10 cows 14 d after calving (d 14). Concentration of malondialdehyde and activity of glutathione peroxidase were increased and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase tended to increase in the livers of the RPG cows compared to the CON cows. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) was decreased by RPG, but triacylglycerol concentration in liver was increased by RPG supplementation. The overall profiles of hepatic proteins were similar between CON and RPG. A partial least square regression was conducted to identify the proteins associated with liver lipidosis, oxidative stress, and antioxidative capacity. The top twenty proteins, according to their variable importance value, were selected for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Eighteen enriched KEGG pathways were identified, including metabolism, the citrate cycle, propanoate metabolism, the peroxisome, and type II diabetes mellitus. Our study showed that RPG supplementation reduced insulin sensitivity but increased the liver triglyceride concentration and the oxidative stress in early postpartum cows. Liver proteins related to lipidosis, oxidative stress, and antioxidative capacity, were positively associated with the glutamine metabolism, citric acid cycle, peroxisome, and type II diabetes pathways, which may indicate an increased risk of liver metabolic disorders caused by RPG supplementation in early postpartum cows.
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CHANDRASEKHARAIAH, M., N. M. SOREN, and S. B. N. RAO. "Ruminal degradability of bypass fat and protein of certain commonly used feedstuffs in dairy rations." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 4 (May 24, 2022): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i4.124171.
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Studies were conducted to determine the rumen degradability of protein of certain commonly used feed ingredients and degradability of bypass fat used in dairy rations. In situ crude protein (CP) disappearance of groundnut cake, soybean extraction, cottonseed cake, maize gluten meal, wheat bran, rice bran, maize, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% (of CP) formaldehyde treated soybean extraction, and in situ fat disappearance of bypass fat in the rumen at different incubation periods were determined by nylon bag technique using 3 adult crossbred steers. The effective degradability was calculated for an assumed outflow rate of 5%/h. The effective CP degradability of groundnut cake, soybean extraction, cottonseed cake, maize gluten meal, wheat bran, rice bran, maize, 0.3, 0.6 and 0. 9% (ofCP) formaldehyde treated soybean extraction was 86, 74, 66, 21, 73, 65, 63, 66, 48 and 26%, respectively. The effective fat degradability of bypass fat was 86%. The results indicated that maize gluten meal is a good source of bypass protein. Soybean extraction although extensively degraded in the rumen, contribute fairly more amount of undegradable protein than rumen degradable protein at an outflow rate of 5%/h, when it is treated with 0.6 and 0.9% (of CP) formaldehyde. The bypass fat supplement prepared from rice bran acid oil is a good source of energy in which about 86% of fat would be available at the lower tract of ruminants. Therefore, maize gluten meal, 0.9% formaldehyde treated soybean extraction and protected fat can be included in the rations of dairy animals forimproved productive performance
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Santana, M. C. A., G. Fiorentini, J. D. Messana, P. H. M. Dian, R. C. Canesin, R. A. Reis, and T. T. Berchielli. "Different forms and frequencies of soybean oil supplementation do not alter rumen fermentation in grazing heifers." Animal Production Science 57, no. 3 (2017): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14608.
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Over the productive cycle, the performance of cattle in grazing systems may be compromised, and feed supplementation is a strategy to establish nutritional balance and maximise the performance of grazing animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different supplementation frequencies (i.e. daily supplementation (DS) versus Monday, Wednesday and Friday (MWF)) with different forms of soybean oil (i.e. soybean grain (SG), soybean oil (SO) and rumen-protected fat (RPF)) on the nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation of heifers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. Twelve crossbred heifers (1/4 Nellore × 1/4 Santa Gertrudis × 1/2 Braunvieh) with an initial bodyweight of 236.3 ± 27.6 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with a factorial arrangement 3 × 2 (three diets and two supplementation frequencies). There was no interaction among the SO form or supplementation frequency on dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility (P > 0.05). The animals supplemented with SG exhibited lower nitrogen intake and absorption compared with animals that were fed SO (P < 0.05). The efficiency of microbial synthesis was not influenced by the diet or supplementation frequency (P > 0.05). Forms of SO affected the rumen pH; animals fed SO showed pH values similar to those of animals receiving SG but lower values than animals fed RPF (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented with DS exhibited higher levels of rumen ammonia nitrogen relative to those supplemented MWF. The reduction of supplementation frequency (from DS to MWF k) in our experimental conditions can be used to increase the efficiency of pasture utilisation without effects in fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Supplementation with SO is a strategy to increase propionic acid concentration and reduce A : P ratio, which is an indicator of improvement of the efficiency of the ruminal energy utilisation.