Academic literature on the topic 'Ruminant Meat'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
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KUSAMA, T., T. NOMURA, and K. KADOWAKI. "Development of Primers for Detection of Meat and Bone Meal in Ruminant Feed and Identification of the Animal of Origin." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 6 (2004): 1289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1289.
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The safe use of cattle feed free from meat and bone meal is an important prerequisite to prevent further spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We designed primers to detect very small amounts of meat and bone meal in ruminant feed. Mitochondrial subunit 8 of the ATP synthase gene was used as a target sequence. PCR-based assays revealed amplification of DNA from mammals, ruminants, and individual species using these primers. The method allowed detection of the presence of meat and bone meal in ruminant feed from 0.1 to 0.01%. Sensitivity and effectiveness of the method for detecting prohibited animal proteins in ruminant feed was evaluated.
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Ashok, K., M. Babu, V. Jula, and Nila K. Mullai. "Digestive impact of cow when ingest plastic waste." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S1 (2021): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1597.
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Plastic ruminal impaction is a disorder that allows the ruminant ruminants to aggregate in indigestible plastic foreign bodies contributing to impacted ruminations, indigestibility, chronic tympani, and many others. The ruminants are fed indigestible plastic waste products without discrimination. In the urban regions of the developed world, the disease is mostly found in stray animals. The chemicals in the rumen, which are absorbed in the food chain by milk or meat products, are steadily discharged in the rumen. The harm to human wellbeing is done by these substances. Currently, the only alternative is to detect and treat ruminal impaction due to plastic materials in ruminants for exploratory rumenotomy. Good animal husbandry methods and proper handling of waste plastic are included in the control mechanisms. The present study examines in detail and illustrates its effect on public health on epidemiology, pathophysiology; detection, care, prevention, and regulation of ruminal impaction caused by ruminant plastics.
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Govari, M., and P. Vareltzis. "Conjugated linoleic acid in meat." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 75, no. 2 (2024): 7513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.35159.
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consists of a group of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid. According to various studies, CLA has beneficial health effects against cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular malfunction, or enhance immune function. The most important isomers of CLA found in meat are cis-9, trans-11 CLA and the trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Naturally occurring CLA originates mainly from bacterial isomerisation as well as biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the rumen in ruminant animals and endogenous formation from desaturation of trans-fatty acids in the tissues of monogastric as well as ruminant animals. Several factors such as seasonal variations, animal breeds, management or diet are influencing the CLA content in meat. In ruminants, the CLA content in meat is usually higher than this of monogatric animals or chicken. The CLA content in beef and lamb is usually found above 1 mg/g fat, while in pork, horse and chicken meat is usually found lower than 1 mg/g fat. The storage (refrigeration or freezing) as well thermal processing such as cooking seems to have no effect on CLA content of meat.
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Muhammad, Umair Asharf, and Iqbal Mustafa Muhammad. "Factors effecting growth, properties and quality of beef meat." Pacific International Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6065102.
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Nowadays consumers are highly interested in the quality of the products they eat, especially when this refers to meat. Consumption of meat from ruminant animals and its derivatives is on the increase, particularly in Pakistan. Current analysis is a review of the different factors that affect meat quality in ruminants. Some factors throughout the entire meat chain are analyzed, or rather, from those producers underscore to improve the quality of their products to those related with consumers ́ habits and beliefs. Most of the papers reviewed have been developed by researchers involved in the meat quality in collaboration with Pakistani or international groups
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Umair, Ashraf, and Iqbal Mustafa Muhammad. "Factors effecting growth, properties and quality of beef meat." Pacific International Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4426323.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays consumers are highly interested in the quality of the products they eat, especially when this refers to meat. Consumption of meat from ruminant animals and its derivatives is on the increase, particularly in Pakistan. Current analysis is a review of the different factors that affect meat quality in ruminants. Some factors throughout the entire meat chain are analyzed, or rather, from those that producers underscore to improve the quality of their products to those related with consumers ́ habits and beliefs. Most of the papers reviewed have been developed byresearchers involved in the meat quality in collaboration with Pakistani or international groups.
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MN, Uddin SA Toma MN Hossain Islam O. Khatun S. Begum M. Ahmed SU and Akanda MR. "Utilization of spices and herbs in ruminant and non-ruminant diet and its effects on meat quality." International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (2021): 01–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5470745.
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The purpose of this review is to provide detailed information about the use of herbs and spices in ruminant and non-ruminant animal and its effect on meat quality. Herbs are dried leaves of any aromatic plants used to impart flavor and odour of food and spices are dried parts of any aromatic plants without leaves. Herbs and spices produced different natural and non-antibiotic phytogenic feed additives. Most usual and repeatedly used herbs and spices for phytogenic feed additives in swine, cattle and poultry production are garlic, chili, cayenne, pepper, peppermint, cinnamon, horseradish thyme, anise, rosemary sage, and oregano. Numerous useful properties of herbs and spices compounds derive from their bioactive molecules are piperine, linalool, carvacrol, capsaicin, cineole, allicin, thymol, allyl isothiocyanate and anethole. Herbs and spices have antimi­crobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal, insecticidal and antitoxigenic properties. The prospective benefits of using herbs and spices in ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition are stimulate nutrient digestion and absorption, improved health status declined incidence of diseases, increased feed intake and average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, increased carcass yield, improved meat quality and shelf life of meat. The aim of the review is to summarize on the current knowledge on the use of herbs and spices as a feed additive in ruminant and non-ruminant animals.
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Yusoff, Hebat Hisham Mohd, Normaz Wana Ismail, Shaufique Fahmi Ahmad Sidique, and Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman. "Competitive Advantage between Malaysia and World Halal Producers of Ruminant Meat." AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research 8, no. 2 (2022): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v8i2.11364.
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The gap created by the mismatch between high domestic demand and low domestic supply of halal meat has been filled by ruminant meat sourced from the international markets. However, the exporting countries are still limited due to stringent halal requirements. This study examined the competitive advantage of trading partners in the exportation of ruminant meat. Moreover, this study also identified factors underlying the import of ruminant meat and determined the comparative advantage of local production of ruminant meat. This study employed Vollrath indices through the utilization of relative export advantage, relative import advantage, and overall relative trade advantage. Analysis was conducted on 26 countries and 15 product codes of ruminant meat. The findings disclosed that the possession of competitive advantage did not exclusively belong to traditional sources but to other countries, particularly Pakistan and the Netherlands.
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Caroprese, Mariangela, Maria Giovanna Ciliberti, Rosaria Marino, Antonella Santillo, Agostino Sevi, and Marzia Albenzio. "Essential Oil Supplementation in Small Ruminants: A Review on Their Possible Role in Rumen Fermentation, Microbiota, and Animal Production." Dairy 4, no. 3 (2023): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy4030033.
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Essential oils are bioactive compounds, originating from the secondary metabolism of plants, recognized for their ability to modify rumen fermentation, gut health, and to function as antioxidant molecules in small ruminants. Indeed, small ruminant-derived products, such as milk, dairy, and meat can benefit from the utilization of essential oils, that have demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory affects, in the animals’ diet. This review reports on the findings that demonstrates the possible role of essential oils in controlling greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants through the modulation of ruminal microbial populations, in sustaining animal health and welfare by affecting the gut microbiota, and in ameliorating animals’ products through enhancement of their nutritional composition from a human diet perspective. However, the current review highlighting the inconclusive findings related to the use of essential oils in small ruminant nutrition, supports the need of further studies to better understand the administration of how essential oils and to explore their specific actions at the molecular level.
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Asharf, Muhammad Umair, and Muhammad Iqbal Mustafa. "Factors effecting growth, properties and quality of beef meat." Pacific International Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v1i1.36.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays consumers are highly interested in the quality of the products they eat, especially when this refers to meat. Consumption of meat from ruminant animals and its derivatives is on the increase, particularly in Pakistan. Current analysis is a review of the different factors that affect meat quality in ruminants. Some factors throughout the entire meat chain are analyzed, or rather, from those that producers underscore to improve the quality of their products to those related with consumers´ habits and beliefs. Most of the papers reviewed have been developed by researchers involved in the meat quality in collaboration with Pakistani or international groups.
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Ponnampalam, Eric N., Hasitha Priyashantha, Janak K. Vidanarachchi, Ali Kiani, and Benjamin W. B. Holman. "Effects of Nutritional Factors on Fat Content, Fatty Acid Composition, and Sensorial Properties of Meat and Milk from Domesticated Ruminants: An Overview." Animals 14, no. 6 (2024): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14060840.
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The meat and milk products from domesticated ruminants are important foods within a balanced diet, offering a rich source of energy, protein, fats, minerals, and vitamins. The sensorial properties of meat and milk are mainly linked to their fat content and fatty acid composition, which are influenced by the feeding background or nutrient composition of diets. While several studies have investigated the nutritional effects on the fat content and fatty acid profile of ruminant meat and milk, as well as their relationship with sensorial properties, a comprehensive overview of these effects is lacking. This paper summarises current literature and discusses changes to fatty acid composition (including ω-3 concentrations), fattiness, and associated quality traits of sheep, goat, beef cattle, alpaca, and llama meat that can be achieved by using different forages or feeds in a total mixed ration. Additionally, it presents the shelf life and nutritional value of meat, milk, and cheeses from the milk of dairy cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep as influenced by a ruminant diet. Further advancement in these areas will promote the sustainability of ruminant production and its associated feeding systems in achieving premium quality animal-derived foods.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
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Campidonico, Luca. "Plant secondary compounds in ruminant feeding: implication and effect on meat fatty acid." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3776.
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According to FAO, about 9 billion of people will ask for food by 2050. The agriculture challenge is to increase food production by preserving food quality and natural resources.
According to WHO, red meat can favor the onset of cardiovascular disease and colon-rectal cancer; however, they are also an important source of vitamin, protein and functional fatty acids (CLA, EPA, DHA).
Future animal breeding techniques aims will be improving food nutritional profile and reducing environmental impact at the same time.
Rumen lipolysis and bio-hydrogenation allow the synthesis of a pool of fatty acids; this process is affected by animal diet. Pasture feeding increase omega-3 and CLA content in food; however, the problems related to pasture availability ask for innovative techniques that promote their synthesis even if green herbage is not present. The use of plants, or plant-extracts, containing bioactive compounds represents an achievable prospect.
The aim of this PhD was to deepen how different plants bioactive compounds affect fatty acid composition in lamb meat.
In the first experiment, the use of Trifolium pratensis (containing polyphenol oxidase enzyme, PPO) and Onobrychis viciifolia (containing condensed tannins, CT) silages were tested. The effect of PPO and CT on rumen lipid profile was comparable and even additive when silages were supplied as a mixture. In this case, meat fatty acid profile was similar to pasture-fed animals.
In the second experiment, three plants extract were added to lambs diet: hydrolizable tannins from chestnut (Castanea sativa), CT from mimosa (Acacia dealbata) and from gambier (Uncaria gambir). The effect of the different source of tannins on meat fatty acid composition was not very strong; however, multivariate analysis allowed discriminating the different groups.
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Campos, Linander de Lima. "Efeitos da suplementação com caroço de algodão sobre desempenho, metabolismo de nutrientes e qualidade da carne de ovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-30112017-110215/.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dieta de ovinos a base de caroço de algodão sobre parâmetros de desempenho, metabolismo de nutrientes, emissão de metano e qualidade da carne, bem como o efeito acumulativo e sinais de toxicidade causados pela ingesta?o de concentraco?es elevadas de gossipol livre presente na dieta dos animais, garantindo a segurança alimentar. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias, com 16 animais machos deslanados, castrados, da raça Santa Inês, com massa corporal inicial de 44 ± 4,7 kg e idade me?dia de 18 ± 2 meses, divididos em Tratamento Controle (TC) e Tratamento com Caroço de Algodão (TCA). As dietas foram oferecidas diariamente em dois períodos, constituida por 40% de feno de Tifton (Cynodon spp) e 60% de concentrado (50 % milho moido e 50% de soja em grão, e 100% de caroço de algiodão integral, respectivamente para TC e TCA), além da oferta de água e mistura mineral ad libitum. O exprerimento in vivo foi dividido em três períodos, ensaio de desempenho (10 dias de adaptação aos tratamentos e 45 de acompanhamento), ensaio de digestibilidade aparente (5 dias de adapatação e 5 dias de coletas) e ensaio de produção de metano entérico (2 dias de adaptação e 3 dias de coletas). Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas para caracterização dos componentes das dietas, sobras e excrementos, para inferir o consumo e ganho de peso dos animais; avaliação dos parâmetros ruminais de AGGC, ph, N-NH3 e Gossipol livre; e estimativa da produção microbiana, através dos derivados de purinas. Decorridos os 70 dias, os animais permaneceram em jejum de sólidos (16h), em seguida foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas. Foram determinados os parâmetros fisíco-químico, de rendimento da carcaça, avalição centesimal, qualidade da carne e gossipol livre. A inclusão de 60% do caroço de algodão no concentrado proporcionou aumento na ingestão, na digestibilidade média de nutrientes e no metabolismo de nitrogênio; permitindo um ambiente propício às atividades dos microrganismos ruminais, evidenciado pelos parâmetros ruminais AGCC, ph e N-NH3 e produção CH4. No entanto, os animais apresentaram menor ganho de peso e rendimento em relação a dieta controle. Os critérios de qualidade da carcaça e na composic?a?o centesimal, não houve diferença. Tendo em conta a qualidade da carne de ovinos Santa Inês, sugere-se que a inclusão de até 60% da alimentação dos animais com caroço de algodão na substituição de milho e soja, no período de terminação, estaria seguro sem causar intoxicação ou alterações na carcaça e, portanto, sem riscos para a saúde humana; contribuindo assim para a produção de alimentos de forma sustentável e segura<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate sheep fed with whole cottonseed on performance parameters, nutrient metabolism, methane emission and meat quality, either the toxixity effect caused by the ingestion of high amount of free gossypol present in animals feed, ensuring food security. The experiment lasted 70 days, using 16 Santa Inês\' sheep, with initial body mass of 44 ± 4,7 kg and mean age of 18 ± 2 months, distributed in Control Treatment (TC) and whole cottonseed Treatment (TCA). The feed were offered daily in two periods, consisting of 40% of Tifton hay (Cynodon spp) and 60% of concentrate (50% corn grains and 50% soybean meal, and 100% whole cottonseed, respectively for TC and TCA), also water and minerals were supplied ad libitum. The in vivo study was divided into three periods, performance assay (10 days of adaptation to treatments and 45 days of assay), apparent digestibility assay (5 days of adaptation and 5 days of assay) and enteric methane emissions (2 days of adaptation and 3 days of assay). Bromatological analyzes of feeds, leftovers and excrements were realized to characterize the components, and to determine consumption and weight gain of the animals; Evaluation of ruminal parameters of short chain faty acids (SCFA), pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and free gossypol; also estimation of microbial production through the purine derivatives content in urine. After 70 days, the animals remained fasted (16h), then slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Physicochemical parameters, carcass yield, centesimal evaluation, meat quality and free gossypol were determined. The inclusion of 60% of whole cottonseed in the concentrate provided an increase in the intake, average digestibility of nutrients, also the nitrogen metabolism; allowing an environment conducive to the activities of ruminal microorganisms, evidenced by ruminal parameters SCFA, pH, NH3-N and CH4 production. However, the animals had lower weight gain in relation to the control diet. The criteria of carcass quality and centesimal composition did not differ between diets. The presence of free gossypol was not detected neither in meat nor in liver samples. Taking into account the quality of Santa Inês\' meat, it is suggested that the inclusion up to 60% of whole cottonseed animals\' feed, in the confinement termination period would be safe when in substitution of corn and soybeans, without causing intoxication or changes in the carcass, and therefore without risks to human health; contribuiting for the production of food in a secure, safety and sustainable way
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Gravador, Rufielyn. "Plant secondary compounds in small ruminant feeding: an alternative to synthetic compounds for improving meat quality in low-input farming systems." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1643.
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Sheep meat is a source of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids that confer beneficial effects to human health, but it also contains high concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) that are associated with the development of certain diseases. To attain a healthier intramuscular fatty acid composition, that is, meat with high PUFA to SFA ratio, and low in fatty acids n-6 to n-3 ratio, several strategies focused on animal feeding have been tested. However, a sufficient amount of antioxidants must be present in meat to counterbalance the increase in the content of readily oxidizable unsaturated fatty acids, which is vulnerable to oxidation, and from the associated deterioration of meat colour and proteins, thus antioxidants are crucial in preserving the nutritive value and extending the shelf life of the meat.
The increasing costs of feedstuffs for livestock led to the utilization of cheaper resources as alternatives to reduce the production cost. Here, locally available materials and agro-industrial by-products commonly found in the Mediterranean countries (citrus pulp, carob pulp, and olive cake) were used in feeding trials with lambs and the effects on meat quality were evaluated. These plant-derived materials contain considerable amounts of secondary bioactive metabolites, which affect the fatty acid composition and/or act as antioxidants. Hence, it was hypothesized that at appropriate levels of inclusion in to the lamb diets, these feedstuffs would not negatively affect animal health and productivity, and would represent a strategy to naturally produce a healthy and oxidatively stable meat.
In the first study (Experiment 1), Comisana male lambs were fed for 60 days:a conventional cereal-based concentrate diet, or concentrates in which 24% or 35% dried citrus pulp was included in partial replacement of barley. Following slaughter, the slices of longissimus thoracis et lomborum muscle were packed aerobically and stored for up to 6 days. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diet effectively inhibited protein oxidation in meat by reducing protein radicals, carbonyl formation, and thiol loss in comparison to the Control. The results showed the ability of citrus pulp to be conveniently included among the ingredients of a concentrate-based diet and to result in an improved oxidative stability of meat proteins.In the second study (Experiment 2), Comisana lambs were fed for 60 days: conventional concentrates or a diet in which cereal concentrates were partially replaced by 24% or 35% carob pulp. The results demonstrated that feeding carob pulp did not affect animal productivity and improved the muscle content of PUFA, among which is rumenic acid, and reduced the SFA concentration and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio as compared to the control diet. Moreover, no extensive colour, lipid and protein oxidation in meat were observed over 6 days of aerobic storage. Therefore, dietary carob in lamb diet could be an effective strategy to improve the PUFA content in the meat without compromising animal growth performance and meat oxidative stability. In the third study (Experiment 3), the effect of feeding lambs with diets including linseed and olive cake on the evolution of volatile compounds (VOCs) in meat was assessed. Specifically, Appenninica lambs fed commercial concentrates or diets containing linseed, or olive cake, or combination of both. The VOC profile was determined through SPME-GC-MS analysis of raw and cooked meat The cooked meat showed higher concentrations of VOCs than raw meat and most of these were derived from fatty acid oxidation.Nevertheless, in both raw and cooked meat, none of the lipid oxidation-derived volatiles was significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Therefore, the results suggest that the replacement of cereal concentrates with linseed and/or olive cake in diets for lambs did not cause appreciable changes in VOC profile of meat.
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Freitas, Leandro da Silva. "Fontes de carboidratos para terminação de bovinos de corte: desempenho e características da carcaça e da carne." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4328.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three carbohydrate sources
(corn, soybean hulls or wheat bran) in the diet on performance, carcass characteristics and
meat and the components are not part of the carcass of steers finished on confinement. We
used 24 steers, crossbred Charolais x Nellore, with initial age of 22 months of initial body
weight 353.2 ± 10.6 kg. The animals were fed a diet with roughage: concentrate 40,2:59,8,
and the volume consisting of sorghum silage. The daily intakes of DM and CP were not
influenced by sources of carbohydrates. Animals fed soybean hulls had higher intake of NDF
and ADF, whereas calves receiving corn consumed higher levels of NFC, and TDN ED.
Animals fed corn or soybean hulls had greater weight gain and better feed conversion than
steers receiving wheat bran. The slaughter weight was similar between the sources of
carbohydrates, averaging 429.81; 433.18 and 430.46 kg for maize, soybean hulls and wheat
bran, respectively. The weight cut sidecut was greater for steers fed corn diet compared with
soybean hulls or wheat bran. The meat from the diet with soybean hulls had better flavor
compared to the wheat bran. The loss of the cooking liquid and cholesterol content were
higher in animals treated with maize as compared to those receiving soybean hulls or wheat
bran. There was no effect of carbohydrate sources on the weights of vital organs and blood.
The absolute and relative weights to the weight of empty body fat of the intestines and rumen
were higher in animals fed with corn. The weight of the omasum was greater for the diet with
wheat bran, while animals fed soybean hulls had higher absolute weight of kidney fat.<br>Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito de três fontes de carboidratos (milho, casca de
soja ou farelo de trigo) na dieta sobre o desempenho, as características da carcaça e da carne e
dos componentes não integrantes da carcaça de novilhos de corte terminados em
confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos castrados, mestiços Charolês x Nelore, com
idade inicial de 22 meses e peso inicial de 353,2±10,6 kg. Os animais foram alimentados com
dieta com relação volumoso:concentrado de 40,2:59,8, sendo o volumoso constituído de
silagem de sorgo. Os consumos diários de MS e PB não foram influenciados pelas fontes de
carboidratos. Animais alimentados com casca de soja apresentaram maiores ingestão de FDN
e FDA, enquanto que os novilhos que receberam milho consumiram maiores teores de CNF,
NDT e ED. Animais alimentados com milho ou casca de soja apresentaram maior ganho de
peso e melhor conversão alimentar em relação aos novilhos que receberam farelo de trigo. O
peso de abate foi similar entre as fontes de carboidratos, com médias de 429,81; 433,18 e
430,46 kg, para o milho, casca de soja e farelo de trigo, respectivamente. O peso do corte
costilhar foi maior para os novilhos alimentados com milho em comparação a dieta com casca
de soja ou farelo de trigo. A carne proveniente da dieta com casca de soja apresentou melhor
palatabilidade em relação à do farelo de trigo. As perdas de líquidos à cocção e o conteúdo de
colesterol foram maiores na carne dos animais tratados com milho em relação aos que
receberam casca de soja ou farelo de trigo. Não houve efeito das fontes de carboidratos sobre
os pesos dos órgãos vitais e de sangue. Os pesos absolutos e relativos ao peso de corpo vazio
dos intestinos e da gordura ruminal foram maiores nos animais alimentados com milho. O
peso de omaso foi maior para a dieta com farelo de trigo, enquanto que os animais
alimentados com casca de soja apresentaram maior peso absoluto de gordura renal.
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Oliveira, Maria Alexandra Sobral Pessoa de. "Estratégias nutricionais na modulação da bioidrogenação ruminal com vista à melhoria do perfil de ácidos gordos da carne de ruminantes." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14241.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias, Especialidade de Produção Animal<br>Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de duas estratégias
nutricionais no perfil lipídico da carne de borregos alimentados com dietas à base de
alimento concentrado suplementadas com óleo (60 g/kg de uma mistura de óleo de girassol
e de linhaça, 1:2 v/v) i) diferindo no nível de amido e na degradabilidade ruminal do amido
ou ii) incluindo argilas como adsorventes do suplemento lipídico.No primeiro ensaio, as
diferenças no nível de amido foram conseguidas substituindo parcialmente os cereais por
polpa de citrinos desidratada e as diferenças na degradabilidade ruminal do amido foram
alcançadas alterando a proporção de milho e trigo nas dietas. As quatro dietas foram:
MSMD (35% amido; 70% degradabilidade), MSHD (35% amido; 80% degradabilidade),
HSMD (50% amido; 70% degradabilidade) e HSHD (50% amido; 80% degradabilidade). No
segundo ensaio foram utilizadas quatro dietas: C (sem argilas), B (30 g/kg de Bentonite), V
(30 g/kg de Vermiculite) e BV (15 g/kg de Bentonite + 15 g/kg de Vermiculite).
As estratégias nutricionais utilizadas em ambos os ensaios não tiveram efeito sobre o
desempenho produtivo dos animais. No primeiro ensaio o aumento da degradabilidade
ruminal do amidodiminuiu(-10,3 N ou 1,05 kg) a FC da carne. No segundo ensaio a dieta BV
resultou em carcaças com uma maior proporção de HPJ e músculo e com menos GPR e
gordura dissecável total.
No primeiro ensaio, o teor em lípidos da carne não foi alterado pelas dietas. A redução do
nível de amido diminuiu os t-MUFA na carne, em particular o t10-18:1. Os níveis de t11-18:1
e c9,t11-18:2 na carne permaneceram baixos e os de 18:3n-3 permaneceram altos(0,7,
<0,3 e 1,74% do total de AG, respetivamente) e inalterados pelas dietas. Os parâmetros
fermentativos do rúmen e o perfil de i-BCFAsugerem que a redução do nível de amido terá
resultado num aumento do número ou da atividade das bactérias fibrolíticas. Apesar disso,
não foi observado qualquer efeito das dietas sobre a extensão ou a completude da BH.
No segundo ensaio, não foram observadas diferenças entre dietas nos AGV e nas
contagens de protozoários do rúmen. Aextensão da BH do 18:2n-6 ou 18:3n-3 permaneceu
inalterada e o teor e o perfil em AG dos lípidos da carne foram bastante semelhantes entre
tratamentos. A carne apresentou teores elevados em t10-18:1 e t10,c15-18:2 (≈11 e ≈2,0
g/100 g do total de AG, respetivamente), enquanto o t11-18:1 e o c9,t11-18:2 (≈0,9 e ≈0,2
g/100 g do total de AG, respetivamente) foram bastante baixos. Não foi observado qualquer
efeito sobre o teor de 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 e LC-PUFA da carne.
O enriquecimento da carne de borregos produzidos de forma intensiva com AG benéficos
para a saúde suplementando as suas dietas com PUFA é limitado pelo shift trans-10 das
vias de BH ruminal. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que as estratégias para
mitigar o shift trans-10 em borregos engordados intensivamente com dietas suplementadas
com PUFA devem ser dirigidas para a redução da ingestão de amido e não tanto para a
utilização de fontes de amido de baixa degradabilidade ruminal. A inclusão de argilas como
adsorventes de óleos vegetais em dietas à base de alimentos concentrados foi ineficaz na
proteção dos PUFA em relação à BH ruminal e na prevenção do shifttrans-10.<br>ABSTRACT - Nutritional strategies in the modulation of ruminal biohydrogenation to improve the
fatty acid profile of ruminant’s meat - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of two nutritional strategies on meat
FA profile in lambs fed intensively with high concentrate diets supplemented with oil (60 g/kg
of added sunflower and linseed oil blend, 1:2 v/v) and i) differing in starch level and starch
rumen degradability or ii) including clays as vegetable oil adsorbent.In the first trial, the
dietary differences in starch level were achieved mainly by replacing cereals with dried citrus
pulp and differences in rumen starch degradability were achieved by changing the
proportions of corn and wheat. The four diets were MSMD (35% starch; 70% degradability),
MSHD (35% starch; 80% degradability), HSMD (50% starch; 70% degradability) and HSHD
(50% starch; 80% degradability). In the second trial, we used four diets: C (no clay), B (30
g/kg of Bentonite), V (30 g/kg of Vermiculite) and BV (15 g/kg of Bentonite plus 15 g/kg of
Vermiculite).
The nutritional strategies used had no effect on animal performance. In the first trial, the high
degradability diets decreased (-10,3 N or 1,05 kg) meat SF. In the second trial BV diet
resulted in higher proportions of HPJ and muscle and lower KKCF and total dissectible
carcass fat.
In the first trial, lipid content of meat was unaffected by diets. The reduction of starch level
decreased t-MUFA, particularly t10-18:1. The t11-18:1 andc9,t11-18:2 remained low and the
18:3n-3 remained high (0,7, <0,3 and 1,74% of total FA, respectively) and unaffected by
diets. Rumen fermentation parameters and i-BCFA suggest that starch reduction resulted in
an increase in fibrolytic bacteria number or activity. Yet, no significant effect was observed in
BH extent or completeness.
In the second trial, no differences among diets were observed on rumen VFA and protozoa
counts. No effect was observed on 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 BH extentand meat total lipids and
meat FA profile were very similar among treatments. Meat samples from animals from all
diets presented high contents of t10-18:1 and t10,c15-18:2 (≈11 and ≈2.0 g/100 g of total FA,
respectively), whereas t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 (≈0.9 and ≈0.2 g/100 g of total FA,
respectively) were quite low. No effect was observed in 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and LC-PUFA
contents in meat.
Enrichment of intensively finished lamb with healthy FA using dietary PUFA supplementation
is hampered by the trans-10 shifted BH pathways. The results from the present work suggest
that strategies to mitigate the trans-10 shift in intensively finishing lambs supplemented with
oils rich in PUFA should be directed to reducing dietary starch intake rather than to the use of
starch sources with lower rumen degradability.The inclusion of clays as vegetable oil
adsorbents in high concentrate based diets were ineffective to protect PUFA from rumen BH
as well as to prevent the trans-10 shift.<br>N/A
6
Francisco, Alexandra Eduarda Amador de Oliveira. "Enhancing bioactive fatty acids of the meat from lambs reared in intensive systems through nutritional modulation." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11705.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias, especialidade de Produção Animal<br>alexandrafrancisco@sapo.pt<br>Ruminant meats are characterized by being rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), particularly, and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which is regarded as disadvantageous for humans. However, ruminant meats are also the dietary source of some bioactive health benefit fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from the n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA). In the present thesis we have explored three nutritional strategies to improve the fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb meat, in order to maximize CLA and n-3 LC-PUFA content. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects on lipid metabolism and fatty composition of meat from lambs intensively fattened of the i) dietary inclusion of Cistus ladanifer L. (C. ladanifer); ii) dietary supplementation with vegetable oils and iii) replacement of cereal grains by dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) in diets. A global evaluation of the effects of the dietary treatments on production, meat quality and meat lipid composition, was achieved by recording the productive performance of lambs, carcasses composition, and determining analytically the fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and organoleptic quality of meat. Moreover, the expression of genes encoding Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturases (FADS1, FADS2 and SCD) in longissimus muscle was also assessed. The first experiment, involved 54 Merino Branco lambs, and evaluated the effects of the dietary inclusion of C. ladanifer (rockrose) (Cistus) and of the lipid supplementation with a blend of linseed and soybean oil (2:1 vol/vol). Nine diets were formulated resulting from the combination between 3 levels of C. ladanifer inclusion (50, 100 and 200g/kg of dry matter (DM)) and 3 levels of oil supplementation ((0, 40 e 80g/kg DM)). On second experiment, 32 Merino Branco lambs were fed using diets containing 60g/kg DM of soybean oil and 50% of dehydrated lucerne, and there were evaluated the effects of C. ladanifer inclusion (0 vs 150g/kg) DM) and the replacement of cereal grains by DCP in the diets. On the first experiment, the diets did not affect animal´s growth. Lipid suplementation reduced DM intake, muscle proportion in the carcass and increased kidney knobb channel fat. Meat chemical and physical parameters were not influenced by the diets. The level of 100g/kg of C. ladanifer inclusion improved meat oxidative stability during 7 days of storage. The perception of off-flavours was higher and meat overall acceptability by the sensory panel was reduced with suplementation 8% oil blend. The increasing inclusion of C. ladanifer and oil in the diet act sinergetically on the 10t-18:1 in meat. C. ladanifer increased total amount and proportion of trans monoinsaturated FA (trans MUFA) and reduced the proportions of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids. The dietary suplementation with vegetable oil blend was a good strategy to improve nutritional value of meat, enhancing total amount of linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) and of n-3 PUFA, and reducing the proportion of SFA, which it was followed by an increment of the proportion of PUFA on lipid profile of intramuscular fat (IMF). The expression of the SCD mRNA increased with C. ladanifer but it was not correlated with the concentration of the Δ9-desaturase FA products. On the second experiment, DM intake increased with C. ladanifer, althought growth was not influenced by diets. Carcass composition was not affected by the dietary treatments, but an interaction between C. ladanifer and DCP was observed for dressing percentage. Dietary factors did not influence muscular pH, cooking losses, meat color and oxidative stability during storage. However, meat shear force increased with the adition of C. ladanifer to diets. Meat tenderness and juiciness were both reduced by C. ladanifer and DCP, but only C. ladanifer reduced meat overall acceptability assessed by the sensory panel. The inclusion of C. ladanifer to 1:1 forage to concentrate ratio diets enriched with soybean oil, reduced the occurrence of trans-10 shift, but did not increase 11t-18:1 and 9c,11t-18:2 concentrations on meat lipids. Trans fatty acids (TFA) were reduced by C. ladanifer inclusion in diets. Dehydrated citrus pulp improved meat nutritional value by increasing 18:3 n-3.<br>RESUMO - Enriquecimento em ácidos gordos bioactivos da carne de borrego de sistema intensivo através da modulação nutricional do metabolismo lipídico - A carne de ruminantes caracteriza-se por ser particularmente rica em ácidos gordos saturados (AGS) e pobre em ácidos gordos poliinsaturados (AGPI), o que é considerado como negativo para a dieta humana. Contudo, é também uma importante fonte de alguns ácidos gordos bioactivos benéficos para a saúde, como os isómeros conjugados do ácido linoleico (CLA) e ácidos gordos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa da família n-3 (n-3 CL-AGPI). Na presente tese explorámos três estratégias nutricionais de modo a melhorar o perfil lipídico da carne de borrego através do aumento do seu conteúdo em CLA e em n-3 n-3 CL-AGPI. Foram realizadas duas experiências nas quais os efeitos i) da inclusão de Cistus ladanifer L. (esteva); ii) da suplementação lipídica com óleos vegetais e iii) da substituição dos grãos de cereais por polpa de citrínos desidratada (PCD) no metabolismo lipídico e na composição em ácidos gordos da carne de borrego de sistema intensivo de engorda foram avaliados. A avaliação integrada dos efeitos dos tratamentos no desempenho produtivo, foi efectuada registando-se a ingestão de matéria seca (MS), ganho médio diário e composição das carcaças dos borregos, assim como a qualidade física e sensorial da carne e a sua composição em ácidos gordos e níveis de expressão dos genes que codificam para as Δ5, Δ6 e Δ9-desaturases (FADS1, FADS2 e SCD mRNAs). No primeiro ensaio, que envolveu 54 borregos Merino Branco avaliámos a inclusão, na dieta, de Cistus ladanifer (esteva), e da suplementação lipídica constituída por uma mistura de óleo de linho e de soja (2:1 vol/vol). Para tal foram formuladas 9 dietas que resultaram da combinação entre 3 níveis de inclusão de C. ladanifer (50, 100 e 200g/kg de matéria seca (MS)) e 3 níveis de suplementação lipídica (0, 40 e 80g/kg de MS). No segundo ensaio, utilizaram-se 32 borregos alimentados com dietas contendo 50% de luzerna desidratada e 60g/kg MS de óleo de soja, e avaliaram-se os efeitos da inclusão de C. ladanifer (0 vs 150g/kg) de MS) e da substituição dos grãos de cereais por polpa de citrínos desidratada (PCD) nas dietas. No primeiro ensaio, os tratamentos não afectaram o crescimento dos animais. O óleo reduziu a ingestão de MS, a proporção de músculo da carcaça e aumentou a quantidade de gordura pélvica e renal. As caraterísticas físicas e químicas da carne não foram afectadas pelas dietas. O nível de 100g/kg de esteva melhorou a estabilidade oxidativa da carne durante o armazenamento de 7 dias. A percepção de off-flavours foi superior e a aceitação global por parte do painel de provadores foi inferior para a suplementação com 8% de óleo. A inclusão de C. ladanifer potenciou o aumento de 10t-18:1 na carne induzido pelo óleo. Com a inclusão de C. ladanifer nas dietas aumentou a quantidade total e proporção de ácidos gordos monoinsaturados trans (TransAGMI) e diminuiram as proporções dos ácidos eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e docosapentaenoico (DPA). A suplementação das dietas com a mistura de óleos vegetais foi uma boa estratégia para melhorar o valor nutricional da carne, permitindo um aumento da quantidade total de ácido linolénico (18:3 n-3) e n-3 AGPI, e a redução da proporção de AGS acompanhada de um aumento da proporção de AGPI no perfil lipídico da gordura intramuscular. A expressão do mRNA do gene SCD aumentou com a inclusão de C. ladanifer nas dietas. No segundo ensaio, a ingestão de MS aumentou com a inclusão de C. ladanifer, embora o crescimento não tenha sido influenciado pelas dietas. A composição da carcaça não foi afectada pelos tratamentos, mas verificou-se uma interacção entre a inclusão de esteva e a de PCD que afectou o rendimento da carcaça. Os factores em estudo não influenciaram o pH muscular, as perdas por cozedura, a cor da carne e a sua estabilidade oxidativa. No entanto, ocorreu um aumento da força de corte da carne com a adição de C. ladanifer às dietas. A tenrura e a suculência da carne sofreram uma diminuição com a inclusão de C. ladanifer e de PCD nas dietas, no entanto a aceitação global da carne pelo painel de provadores apenas foi diminuída com C. ladanifer. A inclusão de C. ladanifer a dietas com uma relação de forragem: concentrado de 1:1 e enriquecidas com óleo de soja, reduziu a ocorrência do trans-10 shift, embora não tenha aumentado os teores de 11t-18:1 e de 9c,11t-18:2 na fracção lipídica da carne. O total de ácidos gordos trans (AGT) na carne foi reduzido pela inclusão de esteva nas dietas. A PCD melhorou o valor nutricional da gordura da carne de borrego, aumentando a concentração em 18:3 n-3.
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Kurt, Esra. "Associations between lipid composition, shelf life and sensory quality in ruminant meats." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/a77d9a0c-f888-4650-b6b8-7c1b8f5cee45.
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Cuthbertson, Abla Zehour. "Effect of animal type or treatment on the efficiency of lean meat production and the fatty acid composition of meat : thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science." Title page, summary and contents only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ac988.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-220) Studies the growth, body composition, feed intake of grazing animals, the use of anabolic agents, fatty acid composition of ruminants fats; and, the effect of saturated fat on human health.
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Mustafa, Arif F. "The nutritive value of high fiber canola meal for ruminants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23907.pdf.
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Baldi, G. "NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND MEAT QUALITY OF INTENSIVELY REARED RUMINANTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/339494.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays meat quality perception is multifactorial and, especially for red meat, consumers are becoming more and more critics about sensory traits and concerned about psychological and ethical aspects, such as sustainability, animal welfare, antibiotics utilization, safety and healthiness. Address to these topics is fundamental for red meat industry, in order to counteract the decreasing consumption in western countries and to improve production efficiency to fulfill the growing demand from developing countries.
Improving all the aspects related to perceived quality will lead to meet consumer satisfaction, with positive impact on demand, and to increase production efficiency and profitability. The following trials aimed to evaluate specific dietary supplements and on farm and post farm strategies to improve animal health, strictly connected with sustainability, animal welfare and production efficiency, and meat appearance and eating quality.
8.1. Trial 1
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) represents a concern for veal industry, as it causes economic losses, reduces animal welfare and increases antibiotics utilization. A field study to evaluate the effects of multivalent vaccination on veal calves’ health and performance was carried out. 944 healthy calves were randomly allotted into two separate barns. One group was vaccinated 7 days after arrival with quadrivalent vaccine against IBR, PI3, BRSV and BVDV Type 1 viruses plus booster administration 21 days apart (VAC; 675 calves), while the second group was not treated (CON; 269 calves). Vaccination did not affect overall mortality (P=0.75) and mortality due to BRD (P=0.28), while it reduced BRD morbidity (P=0.009). VAC group showed better average daily gain (ADG; P=0.03) and carcass weight (P<0.001). Vaccination delayed the peak of BRD by nearly two weeks (P<0.001) and represented a protective factor against BRD (OR 0.55; P=0.001). BRD increased mortality (P=0.01), lowered ADG (P<0.001) and carcass weight (P<0.001), increased the amount of discounted carcasses (P<0.001). Lung lesions and pleuritis and/or consolidations increased with BRD (P=<0.001) but were unaffected by vaccination (P=0.40 and P=0.43 respectively). In conclusion, BRD impaired veal calves’ health, growth and carcass value and vaccination reduced BRD morbidity, thus improving carcass value.
8.2. Trial 2
Selenium (Se) is involved in several biological functions and its supplementation is necessary for farm animals. Se can be provided in organic or inorganic forms, the former characterized by a higher bioavailability. Despite organic supplementation generally increased the meat Se, inconsistencies in the effects on meat quality have been reported and only one short–term supplementation study has been performed. The study aimed to compare the effects of switching the Se source in the last 60 days of fattening on growth performance, beef quality and Se content. Charolaise beef heifers supplemented since the beginning of the fattening period with sodium selenite (162 heads; 517±61 days of age) were divided into two groups, fed the same diet, in which Se (0.2 mg Se/kg DM of feed) was provided as sodium selenite (SS; 82 heads, 450.36±33.69 kg BW) or selenium-enriched yeast (Se-Y; 80 heads, 454.60±41.70 kg BW). Live weight was measured at the beginning and at the end of the trial and meat samples were collected from 30 homogeneous carcasses/group 48 hours post mortem to evaluate centesimal composition, Se content, shear force and cooking loss. Colour, pH, water holding capacity and appearance were evaluated daily for 8 consecutive days of aerobic storage. The Se source did not affect growth performance, meat centesimal composition, thawing loss, cooking and drip loss and pH during 8 days of aerobic storage. Se-Y supplementation improved the meat Se content (P<0.001) and tended to reduce shear force (P=0.076). Lightness (P<0.01) and yellowness (P<0.01) decreased with the duration of storage and were higher in the Se-Y group compared with the SS group. Meat from group Se-Y also showed a better visual score for color (P<0.01), odor (P<0.05), surface wetness (P<0.05), and overall appearance (P<0.01). Under the presented experimental conditions, switching selenium supplementation from sodium selenite to selenium-enriched yeast during the last two months of fattening did not affect heifer performance or meat water holding capacity, but improved meat tenderness and color stability during storage, with a positive impact on meat shelf life. The present study also confirmed that short-term supplementation represents a valid strategy for increasing meat Se content.
8.3. Trial 3
Inadequate concentration of vitamin E affect retail color and oxidative stability. Vitamin E (VitE) can be supplemented as synthetic all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate or through antioxidant-rich feed as lucerne. The study compared the effects of feeding lambs with a grain based diet at moderate (MOD 42 mg∙kg-1 VitE E as all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate) or supranutritional (SUP 285 mg∙kg-1 of vitamin E all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate) levels of vitamin E and organic selenium or a lucerne based diet (LUC; 37 mg∙kg-1 VitE) for 8 weeks before slaughter. Forty-eight lambs blocked by sex (wethers or females) and feed intake in the last three days of adaptation were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (16 lambs/treatment). Treatment did not affect DMI (P=0.46) and ADG (P=0.76). LUC group showed lower n-6 and PUFA compared to both MOD (P<0.01) and SUP (P<0.01). Despite a similar VitE intake, muscle vitamin E was higher for LUC compared to MOD (P<0.05), while SUP fed animals showed the highest content (P<0.01). Although that, fresh muscle from LUC showed a better a* stability during 4 days display time compared to MOD and SUP, while no differences were evident considering 6-weeks aged muscles. Oxidative stability measured with T-bars method, did not differ between groups at the beginning and at the end of display life for both fresh and aged muscles. Increasing dietary vitamin E in finishing lambs increased muscle vitamin E content. However, finishing lambs on Lucerne improved color stability of fresh lamb meat, compared to the artificial form.
8.4. Trial 4
Tenderness is one of the main factors affecting consumer preferences and consumers expect veal to be tender. Post mortem ageing improves meat tenderness but, since veal is not commonly aged in commercial practices, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of long-term chilling storage not only on meat tenderness, but also on the physical and sensory properties. The study evaluated the effects of vacuum ageing (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 days) on veal loin (longissimus dorsi; LD) and silverside (biceps femoris; BF) physical and sensory characteristics. Entire cuts were collected from 8 homogeneous carcasses and each divided into eight subsamples, vacuum packed and assigned to one of the seven different ageing treatments and the remaining one was used for chemical composition. Distribution has been done ensuring that each portion of the muscle was equally represented in each ageing time. LD was selected due to its economic significance, while BF is recognized as a less tender hindquarter beef cut when dry-heat cooked. Ageing did not affect cooking loss, increased LD pH and L*, a* and b* in both muscles. shear force (SF) decreased until day 6 in LD and day 10 in BF. Aroma, flavour and taste were not affected, while texture traits were improved. SF was negative correlated with tenderness and juiciness and positive correlated with BF fibrousness and stringy sensation. Postmortem ageing under vacuum conditions improved the instrumental and sensory tenderness without alteration of aroma, flavour, taste and juiciness measured after frozen storage and thawing. Ageing, coupled with freezing and thawing, did, however, reduce the oxidative stability in both muscles, without altering cooking loss and pH. The improvements in LD tenderness and related sensory traits occurred mainly during the first week of postmortem ageing, while in BF, effects were also evident until day 10. Under these experimental conditions, a minimum period of 4 days for LD muscle, and 8 days for BF muscle was necessary to obtain a clear tenderizing effect.
Books on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
1
Hart, R. J. Audit of bovine and ovine slaughter and by-products sector (ruminant products audit): R.J. Hart...[et al.]. Leatherhead Food Research Association, 1997.
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2
I, Kyriazakis, Zervas G, Hellenic Society of Animal Production., and British Society of Animal Science., eds. Organic meat and milk from ruminants: Proceedings of a joint international conference organised by the Hellenic Society of Animal Production and the British Society of Animal Science, Athens, Greece, 4-6 October 2001. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2002.
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3
Martin, Bent, ed. Livestock productivity enhancers: An economic assessment. CAB International, 1993.
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4
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development., Advisory Group Meeting on Improving the Productivity of Indigenous Animals in Harsh Environments with the Aid of Nuclear Techniques (1985 : Ankara, Turkey), and Seminar for Developing Countries in Africa and the Middle East on Research Using Techniques Aimed at Improving Meat, Milk, and Wool Production from Ruminant Animals (1985 : Ankara, Turkey), eds. Nuclear and related techniques for improving productivity of indigenous animals in harsh environments: Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting on Improving the Productivity of Indigenous Animals in Harsh Environments with the Aid of Nuclear Techniques, held in Ankara from 3 to 8 June 1985, and, selected contributions to the Seminar for Developing Countries in Africa and the Middle East on Research Using Techniques Aimed at Improving Meat, Milk, and Wool Production from Ruminant Animals, held in Ankara from 3 to 7 June 1985. International Atomic Energy Agency, 1986.
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5
Delgado-Pertíñez, Manuel, and Alberto Horcada, eds. Better Animal Feeding for Improving the Quality of Ruminant Meat and Dairy. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-4318-5.
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Nozière, Pierre. INRA feeding system for ruminants. Edited by Daniel Sauvant and Luc Delaby. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-872-8.
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The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
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Ripoll, Guillermo, and Begoña Panea, eds. Carcass and Meat Quality in Ruminants. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-5981-0.
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Ripoll, Guillermo, and Begoña Panea. Carcass and Meat Quality in Ruminants. Mdpi AG, 2022.
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Simitzis, Panagiotis, and Athanasios I. Gelasakis, eds. Novel Feed Ingredients: Improving Health Status, Milk and Meat Quality in Small Ruminants. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-7155-3.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
1
Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Red (Ruminant Livestock Meat Production) Revolution." In Smart Farming Technologies to Attain Food and Nutrition Security. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032691039-15.
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Szumacher-Strabel, Malgorzata, Mohamed El-Sherbiny, Adam Cieslak, Joanna Szczechowiak, and Hanna Winiarska. "Bioactive lipid components from ruminant milk and meat." In Biotechnology of Bioactive Compounds. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118733103.ch25.
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Steinbach, J. "Sheep and Goats: Their Relative Potential for Milk and Meat Production in Semi-Arid Environments." In Increasing Small Ruminant Productivity in Semi-arid Areas. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1317-2_9.
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He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.
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AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Bartels, Andrea C., and Michael Bülte. "Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in wild ruminants in Germany." In Game meat hygiene in focus. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-723-3_6.
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Grandin, Temple. "A practical approach on sustainability for supply chain managers of meat, dairy, and other animal proteins." In Improving animal welfare: a practical approach, 3rd ed. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245219.0284.
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Abstract This chapter discusses how grazing ruminants can be used to improve the environment, the principles of sustainability, animal welfare as a part of a sustainable system; development of supply chains where the origin of a meat product can be tracked and some programmes for renewable fuels that are not sustainable.
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Zinchuk, Tetyana, Andriy Kalinka, and Oksana Lesyk. "CHAPTER 6.1. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF DECREASING THE COST OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN MEAT CATTLE BREEDING IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION OF BUKOVYNA." In International Partnership and Cooperation of Ukraine in Wartime: Collective monograph / edited by D. Nascimento, G. Starchenko. NGO «Research and Educational Innovation Center of Social Transformations», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54929/monograph-02-2022-06-01.
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The scientific work is devoted to the justification of the reduction of the cost of production of high-quality beef with the introduction of a new progressive technology of meat cattle breeding in the Carpathian region of Ukraine. The work revealed that among the factors that determine the productivity of beef cattle, the level and volume of livestock production, the full and uninterrupted supply of ruminants with diverse, complete and cheap own feed is of decisive importance. It is noted that in this region there is a need to provide ruminant animals with fodder that would positively affect their productivity, provide proteins and vitamins necessary for normal life. As a result of the conducted research, recommendations were proposed for the meat cattle industry aimed at improving the natural state and breeding qualities of beef cattle, deepening specialization, achieving the optimal concentration of livestock and mastering intensive technologies of selection, breeding, feeding and maintenance of ruminants in the Bukovyna region.
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Mohamed Khattab, Ibrahim, and Mohamed Fathy Elgandy. "Essential Oils in Animal Diets to Improve the Fatty Acids Composition of Meat and Milk Quality in Ruminant." In Biochemistry. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114045.
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Adding essential oils to the diet of ruminants is a novel strategy that improves milk and meat quality by enhancing production and fatty acid content. Including essential oils has various effects, such as modifying the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. As a result, the fatty acid profile leaving the rumen can be affected, which in turn can affect the levels of important fatty acids in the milk and meat produced by ruminants. In the rumen, microorganisms convert unsaturated fatty acids to mostly saturated fatty acids and some unsaturated fatty acids through biohydrogenation. Added essential oils can shift the rumen microbiota, followed by changes in the fatty acid profile. The impact of essential oils on the biohydrogenation of fatty acids depends on various factors such as the type of essential oil used, its chemical composition, interactions with nutrients present in the feed, the ability of ruminal microbes to adapt to essential oils, and type of animal. Studies have indicated that various essential oils can influence ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of dietary fatty acids, and thus, affect the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk and meat, which is associated with positive effects on human health.
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Athanasiadou, S., G. Arsenos, and I. Kyriazakis. "Animal health and welfare issues arising in organic ruminant production systems." In Organic meat and milk from ruminants. Brill | Wageningen Academic, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/9789086865062_006.
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Dimitriou, Pavlos. "Application of regulation 1804/99 - problems faced by small ruminant producers in Greece." In Organic meat and milk from ruminants. Brill | Wageningen Academic, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/9789086865062_035.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.
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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.
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Ghorbel, Roukaya, and Nedim Koşum. "Hydroponic Fodder Production: An Alternative Solution for Feed Scarcity." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.005.
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Feeds and animal nutrition presents a major sector in providing food security. However, there is a large gap between fodder supply and demand [1]. This gap can be attributed basically to climatic changes, urbanization and increase in meat demand. Nowadays, especially after the covid-19 pandemic, there is a crucial problem in supplying fresh green feed to remote and urban regions. Hydroponic fodder is an alternative solution to provide the sustainability of quality forage for ruminant. Hydroponics can include several crops such as maize, wheat and barley, the fodder can be produced in a short duration (6-10 days) and all year around. The hydroponics fodder present various benefits for animal health. Feeding hydroponically produced fodder increases the digestibility of the nutrients in the ration, which could increase milk production [2]. Hydroponic fodder production is an economic solution particularly where the conventional production of green fodder is limited or unavailable. This technology put forward a solution to address the shortage of forage production caused by the scarcity of green feed in dry seasons and urban areas [3]. That´s why, further studies and academic efforts are needed to expand hydroponic fodder production. The purpose of this study is to review the actual literature on hydroponic fodder production process, nutritious value and effects on livestock production and productivity.
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Ünlü, Elif Işılay, and Ahmet Çınar. "Lesion Detection on Skin Images Using Improved U-Net." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.022.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein of feeds from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been an important topic since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated about risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and proteins to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, however, the reported data is at times controversial. Earlier reports showed that tDNA fragments or protein derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products of farm animals. Other researchers have come out to demonstrate that there is the possibility of small fragments leaking out into the animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed at assessing the likely transfer and accumulation of tDNA/ proteins from transgenic feeds to animal (ruminants and non-ruminants) samples through evaluating the available experimental scientific published studies. This study has found out that the tDNA or protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (Cattle), tDNA fragments/protein have been detected in the GIT digesta, ruminal fluid and feces. In small ruminants (Goats), traces of tDNA/proteins have been detected in the GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they have been detected in blood, spleen, liver kidney and in the GIT digesta. In poultry, traces have been seen in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and Eggs. Regardless of some studies that have shown the transfer of tDNA/protein fragments to animal samples, we cannot base on these few studies to give a piece of general evidence about their transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of livestock animals. However, this study clearly shows possible transfer, hence intensive and authentic research on GM crops should be done before they are allowed for commercial use, studying issues like the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effect of feeding GM feeds to livestock.
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Muromtsev, A. B., A. Yu Efremov, S. V. Engashev, and E. S. Engasheva. "TREMATODOSIS OF CATTLE AND SMALL CATTLE IN THE KALININGRAD REGION." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-49-54.
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This article provides information on the distribution of trematodosis in cattle and small cattle, as well as the European red deer in the Kaliningrad region. A complex of therapeutic and prophylactic veterinary anthelmintic measures is described. The characteristics of domestic anthelmintics used to combat faststoliasis, dicroceliasis and paramphistomatosis are given. Their shortcomings and effectiveness are noted, modern approaches are proposed in the fight against trematodosis in ruminants through the use of new drugs: Fascocid, Iversan, Monizen, Helmicid, which allows for effective therapy and prevention of invasive diseases, avoiding losses of livestock products and increasing milk, meat and antler productivity of ruminants.
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Loncke, C., D. Sauvant, I. Ortigues-Marty, P. Nozière, J. Vernet, and L. Bahloul. "Net hepatic fluxes of urea and ammoniac in ruminants: a meta-analyses approach." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_153.
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Maharani, Sinta, and Rusli Fidriyanto. "Substitution effects of chili leaves powder for copra meal in ruminant feed on In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING TECHNOLOGY (ICONSATIN 2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118525.
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Graverand, Q. Le, C. Marie-Etancelin, J. L. Weisbecker, A. Meynadier, D. Marcon, and F. Tortereau. "142. Using machine learning to predict feed intakes of meat sheep from animal traits and ruminal microbiota." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_142.
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Fitri, Ainissya, Roni Ridwan, Wulansih Dwi Astuti, et al. "Effect of rumen-protected methionine on rumen fermentation and plasma amino acid concentration on ruminants: A meta-analysis." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INNOVATIVE BIOPRODUCTION INDONESIA ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING 2022: Strengthening Bioeconomy through Applied Biotechnology, Bioengineering, and Biodiversity. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0183631.
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ISMAILOV, Ismail Sagidovich, Nina Vladimirovna TREGUBOVA, Rashid Hasanbievich KOCHKAROV, Anna Victorovna MORGUNOVA, and Natalija Alecseevna DRIZHD. "THE RELATIONSHEEP OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM WITH PRODUCTIVITY OF GROWING YOUNG SHEEP." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.125.
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A number of studies on digestion of the ruminants have shown the process of synthesis of all the essential amino acids in the rumen (Abu Fadel, 2004; Trukhachev, V., Zlidnev, N. 2008). However, according to some researches, microbial protein is deficient in methionine and lysine. This assumption also proves the need for further study of the influence of balanced amino acids to these diets on the growth, development and productive performance of the ruminants. Scientific approbation of the issues related to establishing the requirements of young sheep in lysine and methionine with cystine and development of recommendations for their proper balance in animal rations have been conducted along with a series of physiological, scientific and practical experiments. For this purpose, we used the following research methods: preparative, analytical, measuring and calculating. Zootechnical evaluation of young sheep’s diet with different levels of lysine and methionine with cysteine has been conducted, and influence of these components on growth, development, metabolism, the use of amino acids and wool productivity have been studied. The importance of studying the content of amino acids in plasma is evident because they are the indicators of protein metabolism in the animals’ organism and represent themselves the exchange fund when used in the biochemical transformations in the process of updating the protein of the body tissues and the synthesis of animal products. Increase in young sheep’s diet of lysine and methionine can improve their productivity, reduce the cost of feed energy and improve biochemical indexes of meat, taking into account the optimization of its amino acid composition. Efficiency increase of young sheep during the process of the individual development is linked to conditions of feeding and in particular the usefulness of a protein food, which is primarily determined by sufficient intake of essential amino acids - lysine and methionine with cystine. Thus, the inclusion in the diet of growing young sheep some amount of synthetic amino acids – 6–8 grams of lysine and 3–4 g of methionine per 1 fodder unit, enhances oxidation-reduction processes, increase productivity, i.e. wool yield and other indicators. The content of free amino acids in plasma directly depends on their availability in feed. The use of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine and cystine) contributed to the increase of their content in a free state in the blood serum, indicating their increased demand in sheep. With the use of different doses of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine) in the diets of young sheep it has been found that the organization of optimum conditions of feeding, care and management of sheep in winter season help to avoid abrupt changes in the structure of the skin, to ensure the normal development of the histological structure and morphogenetic processes.)
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Ježek, Jožica, Jože Starič, Geč Veren, Rok Marzel, and Janko Mrkun. "A relationship between serum copper concentrations and haematological and biochemical parameters in sheep." In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24016j.
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Copper is an essential trace element for animals, required for body, bone and wool growth, pigmentation, nervous system, haemoglobin formation and white blood cell function. The animal's nutrient supply can be assessed with the help of haematological and biochemical blood tests. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between copper serum concentration and haematological and biochemical parameters in sheep. Sheep from two farms were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from the sheep (40 per flock) twice a year, in the fall after the end of the grazing period and in the spring before the beginning of the grazing period. We carried out 6 consecutive samplings, a total of 480 samples were taken. Haematological (complete blood count) and biochemical analyses of blood samples were performed. The concentrations of copper (Cu), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea (Urea), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (iP), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) were measured in the blood serum. The statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the SPSS programme (IBM SPSS Statistics, Ver 29). The comparison (t-test for independent samples) of the investigated parameters for two groups was calculated depending on the Cu concentration in the blood (too low/within the reference values) and the correlation (Pearson) between the Cu concentration and the other investigated parameters. oo low concentration (< 10 µmol/L) of copper was found in 22.3 % of the samples. he mean serum Cu concentration in the low copper group was 7.01 ± 1.84 µmol/L and in the normal copper group 13.73 ± 2.99 µmol/L. Statistically significant lower concentrations of BHB, Ca, urea, Alb, Na, CV, CH and WBC were found in the low copper group. We found a statistically significant positive correlation between the concentration of Cu and BHB, urea, TP, Alb, Na, Cl, MCV, WBC, PLT and MCH, and a statistically significant negative correlation between the Cu concentration and RBC. Lower values of the mentioned parameters could be partly related to copper deficiency in sheep. The results show that copper and mineral deficiency could be a problem in sheep grazing on extensive pastures in hilly mountainous regions. In our experience, farmers of small ruminants are often insufficiently aware of the fact that sheep and goats also need mineral and vitamin supplements always available to meet their needs. It would therefore be advisable to pay more attention to educating farmers on this issue. Owners should take care to provide their animals with appropriate mineral mixtures.
Reports on the topic "Ruminant Meat"
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, et al. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, et al. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.
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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.
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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.