Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ruminantia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ruminantia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ruminantia"

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Chen, Lei, Qiang Qiu, Yu Jiang, Kun Wang, Zeshan Lin, Zhipeng Li, Faysal Bibi, et al. "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits." Science 364, no. 6446 (June 20, 2019): eaav6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6202.

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The ruminants are one of the most successful mammalian lineages, exhibiting morphological and habitat diversity and containing several key livestock species. To better understand their evolution, we generated and analyzed de novo assembled genomes of 44 ruminant species, representing all six Ruminantia families. We used these genomes to create a time-calibrated phylogeny to resolve topological controversies, overcoming the challenges of incomplete lineage sorting. Population dynamic analyses show that population declines commenced between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, which is concomitant with expansion in human populations. We also reveal genes and regulatory elements that possibly contribute to the evolution of the digestive system, cranial appendages, immune system, metabolism, body size, cursorial locomotion, and dentition of the ruminants.
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Postevoy and Andreyanov. "THE HELMINTH FAUNA OF MOOSE." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.324-327.

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According to the authors, 15 to 20 species of helminths have been recorded in moose of the Russian forest zone. The purpose of our work was to study the trematode fauna of helminths in moose at the Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm. The study objects were wild ruminants, the moose (Alces alces). The only elk farm in Russia is located in the Sumarokovsky Nature State Reserve, in a few dozen kilometers from the city of Kostroma, near Sumarokovo Village, the Krasnoselsky District of the Kostroma Region. The Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm belongs to the nature conservation areas of Russia. Helminthological material for the study (animal excrement) was collected in early 2020. 25 ruminant animals (Ruminantia) were studied, including 15 moose aged 1 year and 10 adult artiodactyles older than 5 years. Fecal samples were collected from wild ruminants near feeders in constrains, as well as the grazing lands. 25 fecal samples were examined using helminthovoscopic methods. Average helminth infestation of moose was 53.8%. The prevalence of infestation with helminth pathogens in adult artiodactyles was 69.4%, and young animals 38.2%.
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Zhu, Zifu, Zhu Ying, Zixuan Feng, Qun Liu, and Jing Liu. "The Occurrence and Meta-Analysis of Investigations on Sarcocystis Infection among Ruminants (Ruminantia) in Mainland China." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010149.

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Sarcocystis is a zoonotic pathogen that threatens public health and the quality of food safety. To determine the Sarcocystis spp. prevalence in ruminants (Ruminantia) in China, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data were collected from English databases (PubMed and Web of Science) and Chinese databases (Chinese Web of knowledge (CNKI), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) and Wan Fang databases). A total of 20,301 ruminants from 54 publications were evaluated. The pooled prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. among ruminants in mainland China was 65% (95% CI: 57–72%). Our results indicate that sarcocystosis is prevalent in ruminants, which show significant geographical differences. Therefore, it there is a need for continuous monitoring of infections of Sarcocystis spp. in ruminants to reduce the threat to human health and economic losses to the animal industry.
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Robson, Selina, Joshua A. Ludtke, and Jessica M. Theodor. "Petrosal and Basicranial Morphology of Leptoreodon major (Protoceratidae, Artiodactyla)." Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18435/vamp29378.

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Leptoreodon is a basal member of the Protoceratidae, an extinct group of artiodactyls variably allied with the Camelidae and the Ruminantia. The basicranial morphology of other protoceratids (Leptotragulus, Protoceras, Syndyoceras) is similar to that of ruminants, supporting the hypothesis that the two clades are closely related. However, study of the basicranium of Leptoreodon major has revealed that protoceratid basicranial morphology is more variable than previously thought. Leptoreodon does share morphological features with some, if not all, other protoceratids, but the taxon also has some features not previously documented in the family. These previously undocumented features resemble the basicranial morphology of camelids rather than ruminants, suggesting that previous hypotheses of protoceratid relationships need to be reexamined.
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Kozubska-Sobocińska, Anna, Barbara Rejduch, Barbara Danielak-Czech, Marek Babicz, and Agnieszka Bąk. "Comparative sex chromosome hybridizations in Ruminantia." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0041-3.

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AbstractThe syntenic conservation nature of some chromosomes enables the use of several molecular probes obtained from one species of animals to detect homologous DNA segments in other species. The aim of this study was to analyse homology between sex chromosomes in several species belonging to the suborder Ruminantia (sheep - Ovis aries, fallow deer - Dama dama, aoudad - Ammotragus lervia, red deer - Cervus elaphus) using bovine heterosome painting probes in FISH technique. The results obtained showed strong red fluorescence signals in small metacentric heterosomes Y and distinct yellow-green signals in large acrocentric chromosomes X of all compared species.
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Li, Jun, Songyang Shang, Na Fang, Yubo Zhu, Junpeng Zhang, David M. Irwin, Shuyi Zhang, and Zhe Wang. "Accelerated Evolution of Limb-Related Gene Hoxd11 in the Common Ancestor of Cetaceans and Ruminants (Cetruminantia)." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400512.

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Reduced numbers of carpal and tarsal bones (wrist and ankle joints) are extensively observed in the clade of Cetacea and Ruminantia (Cetruminantia). Homebox D11 (Hoxd11) is one of the important genes required for limb development in mammals. Mutations in Hoxd11 can lead to defects in particular bones of limbs, including carpus and tarsus. To test whether evolutionary changes in Hoxd11 underlie the loss of these bones in Cetruminantia, we sequenced and analyzed Hoxd11 coding sequences and compared them with other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes in a taxonomic coverage of Cetacea, Ruminantia and other mammalian relatives. Statistical tests on the Hoxd11 sequences found an accelerated evolution in the common ancestor of cetaceans and ruminants, which coincided with the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in this clade. Five amino acid substitutions (G222S, G227A, G229S, A240T and G261V) and one amino acid deletion (G254Del) occurred in this lineage. In contrast, other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes do not show this same evolutionary pattern, but instead display a highly conserved pattern of evolution in this lineage. Accelerated evolution of Hoxd11, but not other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes, is probably related to the reduction of the carpal and tarsal bones in Cetruminantia. Moreover, we found two amino acid substitutions (G110S and D223N) in Hoxd11 that are unique to the lineage of Cetacea, which coincided with hindlimb loss in the common ancestor of cetaceans. Our results give molecular evidence of Hoxd11 adaptive evolution in cetaceans and ruminants, which could be correlated with limb morphological adaptation.
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Sudre, Jean, and Cécile Blondel. "Le tarse des amphimerycidaed'Europe — Paraphylie des Ruminantia?" Geobios 30 (January 1997): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(97)80068-x.

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Sánchez, Israel M., Daniel Demiguel, Victoria Quiralte, and Jorge Morales. "The first known AsianHispanomeryx(Mammalia, Ruminantia, Moschidae)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, no. 6 (November 2011): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.618155.

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Mazza, Paul Peter Anthony. "The systematic position of Hoplitomerycidae (Ruminantia) revisited." Geobios 46, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.009.

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Cap, H., S. Aulagnier, and P. Deleporte. "The phylogeny and behaviour of Cervidae (Ruminantia Pecora)." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 14, no. 3 (July 2002): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2002.9522740.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ruminantia"

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Bärmann, Eva Verena. "Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of bovidae (Ruminantia, Artiodactyla, Mammalia)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607982.

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Cap, Henri. "Comportement et systématique : le cas des Cervidae (Ruminantia, Pecora)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30189.

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La position phylogénétique des Cervidae dans l'infra-ordre des Pecora a longtemps fait l'objet de nombreuses controverses, dont la plus récente est la confrontation des données morphologiques aux données moléculaires. Dans le but d'élargir le débat, notre étude propose d'étudier le répertoire comportemental de douze espèces de Pecora dont neuf Cervidae, afin de préciser leurs relations de parentés. Les résultats de nos observations éthologiques ont ainsi permis d'identifier des « éthotypes hypothétiques ancestraux », qui montrent que les Cervidae forment un groupe monophylétique constitué par deux lignées : la sous-famille des Cervinae ou plésiométacarpaliens qui apparaît comme un groupe naturel et les Cervidae télémétacarpaliens, Hydropotinae et Capreolinae. Ces derniers présentent deux groupes, avec un clade qui correspond aux Odocoileini et aux Rangiferi, et un groupe paraphylétique, constitué par les Hydropotini, les Capreolini et les Alceini. Une origine eurasiatique pour l'ensemble des Cervidae a été avancé, ainsi que la perte secondaire des bois chez Hydropotes. D'autre part, les Moschidae apparaissent comme le groupe frère des Cervidae, et les Bovidae semblent plus apparentés aux Cervoidea que ne le sont les Giraffidae. Une analyse impliquant d'avantage de taxons serait nécessaire, non seulement pour affiner nos résultats et notre méthode d'utilisation des données éthologiques, mais aussi pour discuter des perspectives théoriques qu'engendre l'apport du comportement en systématique phylogénétique
The phylogenetic position of Cervidae in the Pecoran infraorder caused many controversies, of which the most recent is the confrontation of the morphological data to the molecular data. With an aim to enlarge the debate, our research proposes to study the behavioral repertory of twelve species of Pecora including nine Cervidae, in order to specify their interrelationships. The results of our ethologic observations thus allowed to identify "ancestral hypothetical éthotypes", which show that Cervidae form a monophyletic group made up by two lineages : plesiometacarpals Cervids or Cervinae which appear as a natural group and telemetacarpals Cervids, Hydropotinae and Capreolinae. The last one presents two groups, with a clade which corresponds to Odocoileini and Rangiferi, and a paraphyletic group, consisted by Hydropotini, Capreolini and Alceini. A eurasiatic origin for Cervidae was advanced, as well as Hydropotes is secondarily antlerless. On the other hand, Moschidae appear as the sister group of Cervidae, and Bovidae seem more related in Cervoidea than are to it Giraffidae. An analysis implying more taxa would be necessary, not only to refine our results and our method of using ethological data, but also to discuss of the theorical prospects generated by the behaviour content in phylogenetic systematics
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Guzmán, Sandoval Jonathan [Verfasser], and Gertrud [Akademischer Betreuer] Rößner. "Palaeobiology of tragulids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Ruminantia) / Jonathan Guzmán Sandoval ; Betreuer: Gertrud Rößner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1202011837/34.

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Guzmán, Sandoval Jonathan [Verfasser], and Gertrud [Akademischer Betreuer] Rößner. "Palaeobiology of tragulids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Ruminantia) / Jonathan Guzmán Sandoval ; Betreuer: Gertrud Rößner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1210424533/34.

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Métais, Grégoire. "Evolution des artiodactyles proto-sélénodontes du paléogène d'Asie : nouvelles données sur l'origine du clade ruminantia." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20192.

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Nguyen, Trung Thanh. "Etude cytogénétique et moléculaire de Bos frontalis, Muntiacus vuquangendis et Pseudoryx nghetinhensis (Mammalia, Ruminantia) de la Cordillère Annamitique : implications pour leur conservation." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0008.

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Nous avons choisi d’étudier trois espèces de ruminants fortement menacées: le saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), le muntjac géant (Muntiacus vuquangensis) et le gaur (Bos frontalis). L’utilisation des approches cytogénétiques et moléculaires nous ont permis de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de leurs affinités phylogénétiques, de leurs profils d'évolution chromosomique, et de diversité génétique de la population dans le cas du gaur B. Frontalis. Nos résultats suggèrent que le Saola appartient à la sous-tribu des Bubalina, qui contient aussi les genres Bubalus et Syncerus. Le caryotype du muntjac géant M. Vuquangensis a été caractérisé et comparé à 6 autres espèces de la tribu des Muntiacini. L’analyse phylogénétique des données cytogénétiques, en accord avec l’analyse des séquences du génome mitochondrial complet, nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’étroite parenté entre M. Vuquangensis et M. Reevesi. Une analyse utilisant 130 marqueurs microsatellites a été réalisée sur le gaur sauvage afin d’évaluer la diversité génétique de la population présente au Vietnam. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent un besoin urgent pour une analyse plus détaillée de la diversité génétique des populations de gaurs ainsi que pour l’élaboration d’une stratégie de gestion de ces populations. En conclusion, les résultats cytogénétiques et moléculaires obtenus au cours de ce travail nous ont permis de dégager des grandes lignes directrices pour les politiques de conservation, non seulement pour les trois espèces étudiées mais également pour la conservation ex situ des autres espèces menacées ou en voie d’extinction de la cordillère Annamitique
The main purpose of the present thesis was to study three highly threatened ruminant species from the Annamites: the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), the large-antlered muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) and the gaur (Bos frontalis). By using both cytogenetic and molecular approaches, we attempted to gain a deeper understanding of their phylogenetic affinities, patterns of chromosomal evolution and, in the case of the gaur, population genetic diversity. Our phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal data suggests the placement of the saola within the subtribe Bubalina, which contains the species of the genera Bubalus and Syncerus. Second, we studied the karyotype of M. Vuquangensis and compared its banding patterns to those available for six other species of the tribe. Phylogenetic analysis of the chromosome data resulted in the tree fully congruent with that obtained after analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Thus both data sets strongly support a close relationship between M. Vuquangensis and M. Reevesi. Third, an analysis of 130 microsatellite markers was undertaken to assess genetic diversity of the wild gaur population in Vietnam. Outcomes of this study suggest an urgent need for further detailed analysis of genetic diversity in gaur populations, and its incorporation in population management strategies. In conclusion, our cytogenetic and molecular information reported herein provide guidelines for further conservation policies not only of species investigated, but also for the ex situ conservation of other threatened and endangered species in the Annamite range
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Santos, Isabella Barbosa dos. "Viabilidade do parasitismo por Haemonchus placei em caprinos (Capra hircus) experimentalmente infectados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153384.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A caprinocultura é considerada um segmento de grande importância em agronegócios no país, gerando importante fonte de carne e leite, principalmente na região Nordeste. Entretanto, este criatório sofre grandes perdas econômicas devido às parasitoses que acometem o trato digestório. Dentre estas, destaca-se, o gênero Haemonchus, cujas espécies H. contortus e H. placei parasitam abomaso de caprinos e bovinos, respectivamente, havendo possibilidade de infecção cruzada dessas duas espécies helmínticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do parasitismo por H. placei em caprinos e compará-la à patogenicidade por H. contortus. Foram utilizados 14 caprinos, recém-nascidos, mantidos em gaiolas metálicas de piso suspenso, assim distribuídos: GI - quatro cabritos inoculados com 5000 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. placei, GII – quatro infectados com 5000 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. contortus, GIII – quatro animais inoculados com 2500 larvas L3 de H. contortus + 2500 H. placei e GIV – dois cabritos que receberam apenas água (controle). Exames de contagem de ovos de estrongilídeos por grama de fezes (OPG) foram realizados diariamente, após o 7º dia da inoculação. Os períodos pré-patentes foram de 24 dias para H contortus e de 31 dias para H. placei. O grupo inoculado apenas com H. placei apresentou médias de OPG inferiores quando comparado aos demais grupos. Decorridos 42 dias pós-infecção, os 14 caprinos foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, sendo coletados “in totum” os exemplares de Haemonchus. O grupo I apresentou média de 25,5 espécimes H. placei, o grupo II média de 619,5 de exemplares de H. contortus, o grupo III média de 120 exemplares de H. placei e 604,75 de H. contortus e no grupo IV nenhum helminto foi diagnosticado. Não foram constatadas quaisquer outras espécies e nem formas imaturas de Haemonchus no trato gastrintestinais dos caprinos. Fragmentos do abomaso foram coletados e armazenados em formol tamponado para análise histopatológica. Foram observados no grupo I lesões microscópicas leves apenas com poucos focos inflamatórios. Nos grupos II e III foram diagnosticadas lesões extensas, como edemas, focos inflamatórios difusos, infiltrado de eosinófilos, diminuição das células parietais. No grupo IV nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi diagnosticada. Nas condições desse estudo, a espécie caprina foi razoavelmente susceptível ao parasitismo por Haemonchus placei, sendo esse parasitismo mais proeminente nos animais que receberam infecção mista (H. placei + H. contortus).
Goat breeding is considered a very important segment in Brazilian agribusiness, generating a significant source of meat and milk. However, this industry suffers great economic losses due to parasitic diseases that affect the digestive tract, compromising their development. Among these, the Haemonchus genus stands out, with H. contortus and H. placei parasitizing goats and cattle, respectively, with the possiblity of cross infection between these helminth species in abomasu of hosts. The objective of the present study was to estimate the viability of H. placei parasitism in goats, and compare it with H. contortus pathogenicity. Fourteen newborn goats were used, distributed in the following way: GI - four goats inoculated with infective larvae (L3) of H. placei; GII – four animals infected with infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus; GIII - four caprines inoculated with larvae L3 of H. contortus + H. placei; and GIV - two goats that received only water (control). Each animal received 5000 L3 of Haemonchus species, in a single dose, orally. Egg per Gram of Feces (EPG) exams were performed daily after the 7th day of inoculation, establishing that the pre-patent period of H. contortus was 24 days and H. placei was 31 days. The group inoculated only with H. placei presented lower EPG means when compared to the other groups. After 42 days post-infection, all 14 goats were euthanized and necropsied, and Haemonchus specimens were collected “in totum". Group I presented an average of 25.5 specimens, while the mean of group II was 619.5, group III obtained an average of 120 specimens of H. placei and 604.75 of H. contortus and group IV did not present any specimens. No other species and no immature forms of Haemonchus were found in gastrintestinal tracts of experimental animals. Fragments of abomasum were collected and stored in buffered formalin for histopathological analysis, in which GI group showed mild microscopic lesions with only a few inflammatory foci, while groups II and III had extensive lesions, such as edema, diffuse inflammatory foci, eosinophilic infiltrate and hyperplasia of parietal cells. Group IV showed no changes. Under conditions of this study, the caprine species did not present itself as susceptible to parasitism by Haemonchus placei, with such parasitism being more prominent when in consortium with Haemonchus contortus.
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Narciso, Luis Gustavo. "Impacto de diferentes protocolos de corticoterapia antenatal para obtenção de cabritos prematuros viáveis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152986.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Determinaram-se a vitalidade e os perfis hematológicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos de 37 cabritos prematuros com, aproximadamente, 141 dias de vida intrauterina, oriundos de cabras submetidas a diferentes protocolos de corticoterapia, a saber: Grupo I -Constituído por dez cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam, por via intramuscular (IM) em dose única, 20 mg de dexametasona, dois dias antes da cirurgia eletiva (139 dias); Grupo II - Composto por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de mães que receberam, por via IM/SID, a saber : 2 mg de dexametasona, dos 133 aos 136 dias de gestação; 4 mg dos 137 aos 139; e 20 mg aos 140 dias de prenhez; Grupo III - constituído por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam, por via IM/BID, 16 mg de dexametasona aos 139, com doses repetidas a cada 12 horas até a cirurgia eletiva; e Grupo IV - composto por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam 4, 8, 16 e 20 mg de dexametasona, por via IM/SID, aos 137, 138, 139 e 140 dias de gestação, respectivamente. Os mesmos foram avaliados no que tange à vitalidade, pelo escore APGAR. Obtiveram-se amostras sanguíneas de cabritos ao nascimento, aos 60 minutos, às 12, 24 e às 48 horas, visando à determinação do hemograma, como também das variáveis hemogasométricas, insulina, cortisol, ureia, creatinina, glicose e lactato séricos, bem como da atividade sérica de gamaglutamiltransferase e da concentração de proteína total. Para determinação e avaliação das taxas e das possíveis causas de morbimortalidade, os recém-nascidos foram observados até os 30 dias de vida
Was determined the vitality and hematological profiles, hemogasometrics and biochemists of 37 kids approximately premature 141 days of intrauterine life, from goats subjected to different treatment protocols, namely: Group I- Consisting of ten goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats that will receive, intramuscularly (IM) and once, 20 mg of dexamethasone, two days prior to elective surgery (139 days); Group II-composed of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of mothers who receive, via IM/SID: 2 mg of dexamethasone, 133 to 136 days of gestation; 4 mg of 137 to 139; and 20 mg to 140 days of pregnancy; Group III-consisting of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats that will receive, via IM/IDB, 16 mg of dexamethasone to 139, with repeated doses every 12 hours before elective surgery; and Group IV-composed of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats will receive 4, 8, 16 and 20 mg of dexamethasone, via IM/SID, to 137, 138, 139 and 140 days of gestation, respectively. The same will be evaluated with respect to vitality, APGAR score. This will give blood samples from goats at birth, to 60 minutes, at 12, 24 and 48 hours, aiming at determining the CBC, as well as the variables hemogasometrics, insulin, cortisol, urea, creatinine, serum lactate and glucose, as well as the Serum activity of associated disease and the concentration of total protein.For determination and assessment fees and the possible causes of morbidity and mortality, the newborns will be observed until the 30 days of life. Keywords: ruminants, dexamethasone, induced childbirth
FAPESP: 16/00808-6
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Morello, Amábile França. "Influência das lactonas macrocíclicas utilizadas em bovinos no desenvolvimento de microrganismos e decomposição das fezes." Dracena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180726.

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Orientador: Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello Soutello
Resumo: Os parasitos influenciam de maneira significativa a bovinocultura no Brasil, sendo a aplicação de endectocidas da família das lactonas macrocíclicas umas das formas mais utilizadas para o controle, porém podem proporcionar contaminação ao ambiente, visto que sua eliminação é principalmente via fezes e urina. Com isto, este trabalho objetivou verificar o desenvolvimento de microrganismos edáficos e a decomposição das fezes de bovinos ao longo do tempo após o tratamento com diferentes lactonas macrocíclicas. Foram avaliadas as fezes de doze animais, divididos em quatro grupos homogêneos, sendo o G1- controle (sem a administração de endectocida), G2-Ivermectina 1%, G3-Ivermectina 3,15% e G4- Moxidectina 1%. As colheitas das fezes dos animais foram realizadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21, 28,42 e 56 pós tratamento, e submetidas a três ambientes de decomposição, sendo ambiente controlado (BOD), Natural (NAT): exposto as condições climáticas naturais e enterradas no solo (Solo). Nos dias das cada colheitas e 112 dias após cada colheita, foi realizada a avaliação matéria orgânica. As avaliações da microbiota das fezes foram realizadas nos dias das colheitas e 7 após cada colheita. Observou-se que as ivermectinas em suas duas concentrações (1 e 3,15%) interferiram no desenvolvimento da população microbiana, já a moxidectina 1% não alterou a dinâmica populacional das bactérias, que também não foi influenciada pelo ambiente exposto em nenhum dos tratamento. A decomposição não foi afetada pela... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Pretorius, Alri. "Aspects of the immune response in ruminants to four protective Ehrlichia ruminantium gene products." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26758.

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In the search for a better vaccine against Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in ruminants, four E. ruminantium open reading frames (ORFs) derived from the Welgevonden isolate were tested using either DNA vaccination or DNA primemodified viral or DNA prime-recombinant protein boost strategies. Both the DNA vaccination and the DNA prime.recombinant protein boost strategy provided complete protection against E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge, while the DNA prime.modified viral boost strategy only provided 90 % protection. The DNA prime.recombinant protein boost strategy also coincided with elevated cellular immunology as was evident from increased IFN-ã production. Furthermore, we could show that the 1H12 DNA vaccine could induce protection against heterologous needle challenge when animals were immunised with the Welgevonden-derived 1H12 ORFs and challenged with selected E. ruminantium stocks. Unfortunately the DNA only and the DNA prime.recombinant protein boost strategy were not protective in the field. Therefore, our results suggest that there is a vast difference between needle challenge and natural tick infestation and that E. ruminantium organisms transmitted by ticks have the ability to evade the protective immunity induced by immunization with the four 1H12 ORFs.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Books on the topic "Ruminantia"

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Leng, R. A. Improving ruminant production and reducing methane emissions from ruminants by strategic supplementation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation, 1991.

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US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Heartwater: A tick-borne disease of ruminants. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1993.

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Forage-Ruminant Workshop (2000 Winnipeg, Man.). Forage-Ruminant Workshop: Proceedings of the Symposium = Atelier fourrages-ruminants : compte rendu des conférences. Edited by Bélanger Gilles, Charmley Edward, Savoie Philippe H, Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Eastern Forage Ruminant Network., and Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Western Region Forage/Beef Network. Ottawa, Ont: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000.

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H, Done Stanley, ed. The ruminants. London: Mosby-Wolfe, 1996.

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H, Done Stanley, ed. The ruminants. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2010.

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International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (7th 1989 Sendai, Japan). Physiological aspects of digestion and metabolism in ruminants: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.

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Sejrsen, K., T. Hvelplund, and M. O. Nielsen, eds. Ruminant physiology. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-566-6.

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Chilliard, Y., F. Glasser, Y. Faulconnier, F. Bocquier, I. Veissier, and M. Doreau, eds. Ruminant physiology. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-683-0.

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Yasin, Suhubdy. Produksi ternak ruminansia (kerbau dan sapi). Bandung, Jawa Barat: Pustaka Reka Cipta, 2013.

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Liess, B., V. Moennig, J. Pohlenz, and G. Trautwein, eds. Ruminant Pestivirus Infections. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9153-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ruminantia"

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Plummer, Caryn E., and Eric C. Ledbetter. "Ophthalmology of Ruminantia: Giraffe, Deer, Wildebeests, Gazelles, and Relatives." In Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81273-7_7.

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Scott, Kathleen M., and Christine M. Janis. "Relationships of the Ruminantia (Artiodactyla) and an Analysis of the Characters Used in Ruminant Taxonomy." In Mammal Phylogeny, 282–302. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9246-0_20.

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Kostopoulos, Dimitris S. "The Fossil Record of Bovids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Ruminantia: Pecora: Bovidae) in Greece." In Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2, 113–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_5.

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Riebold, Thomas W. "Ruminants." In Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 912–27. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421375.ch49.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Methane Production in Ruminant Animals." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 177–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_6.

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AbstractAgriculture is a significant source of GHGsglobally and ruminant livestock animals are one of the largest contributors to these emissions, responsible for an estimated 14% of GHGs (CH4and N2O combined) worldwide. A large portion of GHG fluxes from agricultural activities is related to CH4 emissions from ruminants. Both direct and indirect methods are available. Direct methods include enclosure techniques, artificial (e.g. SF6) or natural (e.g. CO2) tracer techniques, and micrometeorological methods using open-path lasers. Under the indirect methods, emission mechanisms are understood, where the CH4 emission potential is estimated based on the substrate characteristics and the digestibility (i.e. from volatile fatty acids). These approximate methods are useful if no direct measurement is possible. The different systems used to quantify these emission potentials are presented in this chapter. Also, CH4 from animal waste (slurry, urine, dung) is an important source: methods pertaining to measuring GHG potential from these sources are included.
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Rittenhouse, Larry R. "The Relative Efficency of Rangeland Use by Ruminants and Non-Ruminant Herbivores." In Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes, 179–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5338-7_18.

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Ishaq, Suzanne L., and André-Denis G. Wright. "Wild Ruminants." In Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution, 37–45. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2401-3_4.

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Chesworth, J. M., T. Stuchbury, and J. R. Scaife. "Digestion and Absorption in Ruminants and Non-Ruminants." In An Introduction to Agricultural Biochemistry, 395–411. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1441-4_28.

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Wallace, R. John, and C. James Newbold. "Probiotics for ruminants." In Probiotics, 317–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2364-8_12.

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Varshney, J. P. "Electrocardiography in Ruminants." In Electrocardiography in Veterinary Medicine, 245–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3699-1_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ruminantia"

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"Chromosome evolution in Ruminantia." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/Systems Biology (BGRS/SB-2022) :. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2022-087.

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Kapo, Naida, Jasmin Omeragić, Faruk Tandir, Indira Mujezinović, Ahmed Smajlović, and Ermin Šaljić. "Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ru-minants." In Socratic Lectures 7. University of Lubljana Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2022.d9.

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Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections remain one of the most prevalent and important issue affecting ruminants worldwide. Until date, the majority of GIN control has relied on the administra-tion of chemical anthelmintic medications on a regular basis, in recent years, the problem of anthel-mintic resistance has reached new heights where it can no longer be ignored as a major issue in the control of parasites of livestock. Anthelmintics are generally used at farmers' discretion, with no restrictions to access to commercially available drugs and without any assistance from veterinarians. Thus, inadequate use of anthelmintics is not rare, animals are often treated excessively, interfering with production, accelerating selection of resistant parasites, and posing significant problems for the ruminant industry. The unusually high frequency of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in sheep and goat nematodes threatens the sustainability of small-ruminant enterprises in several parts of the world. Although resistance in horses and cattle nematodes has not yet reached the levels reported in small ruminants, data shows that resistance issues, particularly MDR worms, are rising in these hosts. Both innovative non-chemical parasite control methods and molecular tests capable of detecting resistant worms are urgently needed. Keywords: Anthelmintics; Multidrug resistance; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Ruminants; Preva-lence
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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.

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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.
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Widianingrum, Desy Cahya, and Himmatul Khasanah. "Tren perkembangan, kondisi, permasalahan, strategi, dan prediksi komoditas peternakan Indonesia (2010-2030)." In The 2nd National Conference of Applied Animal Science (CAAS) 2021. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/animpro.2021.1.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tren perkembangan populasi dan produksi berbagai komoditas ternak di Indonesia sehingga dapat menggambarkan peluang dan tantangan serta strategi efisiensi produksi nasional. Metode penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan peramalan menggunakan time series expert modeler data tahun 2010-2020. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa produtivitas selama 10 tahun terakhir masih tergolong rendah dan belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan nasional. Prediksi populasi ternak cenderung meningkat kecuali sapi perah dan kerbau. Produksi daging total (ruminansia dan unggas) dan telur selama 10 tahun kedepan diperkirakan meningkat, namun produksi susu cenderung stagnan. Sistem usaha peternakan secara umum masih perlu ditingkatkan. Strategi peningkatan melalui optimalisasi integrasi pakan lokal, penyediaan bibit unggul, aplikasi teknologi adaptif, implementasi pola kemitraan dan optimalisasi wilayah strategis sesuai komoditas ternak. Perbaikan tersebut diharapkan dapat menyumbang peningkatan populasi ternak ruminansia dan ungags serta produksi nasional.
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SARI, ENDAH PERMATA. "Pemanfaatan limbah bulu ayam sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia." In Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010123.

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Leman, A. M., Syafiq Muzarpar, I. Baba, N. M. Sunar, and R. Abdul Wahab. "Feedstock for ruminant, non-ruminant and aquatic fish in Malaysia-A review." In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002349.

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Rohma, Mila Riskiatul, Irfan Zubairi, Aldian Dwi Aryono, Lanang Nasrullah, and Desy Cahya Widianingrum. "Nitrat: karakteristik antinutrisi, dampak negatif, potensi aditif, dan efektivitas agen defaunasi." In The 2nd National Conference of Applied Animal Science (CAAS) 2021. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/animpro.2021.3.

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Kajian pustaka ini memberikan informasi karakteristik, dampak negatif, dan potensi aditif, dan efek positif dari penggunaan antinutrisi nitrat. Antinutrisi merupakan komponen senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung di dalam tanaman dan dapat membahayakan ternak. Dampak negatif dari nitrat diantaranya keracunan pada ternak akibat reduksi nitrat dalam darah membentuk methamoglobin (MetHb) dan berpotensi menyebabkan keguguran pada ternak bunting akibat hypoxia. Meskipun demikian, nitrat dalam konsentrasi rendah dapat digunakan sebagai aditif pakan dan berdampak positif bagi produktifitas ternak. Pemanfaatan nitrat dalam bahan pakan hijauan bermanfaat sebagai agen defaunasi pada rumen ternak ruminansia. Penurunan populasi protozoa dalam rumen dapat meningkatkan kecernaan serat kasar sehingga bersifat menguntungkan karena terjadinya efisiensi produksi dan meningkatnya pertumbuhan ternak. Efek positif bagi lingkungan dengan adanya defaunasi adalah menurunkan emisi gas metan sebagai hasil dari proses metabolisme ternak ruminansia. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini adalah senyawa antinutrisi pada pakan disamping memiliki dampak negatif, juga besar kemungkinan memiliki potensi yang dapat dimanfaatkan baik bagi ternak maupun lingkungan.
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BRAGA, Luiza Kopchinski. "A Mandioca na Alimentação de Ruminantes." In Congresso Online de Zootecnia. CONGRESSE.ME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54265/shgk1198.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a utilização da mandioca na alimentação de ruminantes, sua viabilidade e seus efeitos sobre a saúde e sobre a carne desses animais. A metodologia utilizada envolveu experimentos e estudos de caso para identificar o porquê dos fenômenos. Os experimentos de maior relevância foram realizados por Silva et al. (2003) em campo e avaliaram a substituição do milho pelos componentes extraídos da mandioca em diferentes proporções na dieta de diversos ruminantes, com os quais foram utilizadas quatro variáveis fontes de energia: 1) milho; 2) raiz de mandioca; 3) casca de mandioca; e, 4) farelo de mandioca. Novilhas Aberdeen Angus x Nelore, alimentadas com casca de mandioca, apresentaram maior teor de umidade e menor de proteína em determinado músculo quando comparadas àquelas alimentadas por milho. Nesse mesmo grupo de animais, os analistas observaram que dietas compostas por casca e farelo de mandioca proporcionaram menor deposição de lipídeos totais em relação às dietas de milho. Cabe mencionar que, conquanto seja fonte de energia de elevada produtividade portadora de nutrientes indispensáveis para melhorar o desempenho animal, a mandioca contém fatores antinutricionais que podem comprometer a produtividade de um rebanho e, portanto, para seu uso adequado requer conhecimento acerca da biossíntese e do mecanismo de ação de seus compostos, bem como de técnicas de destoxificação. Uma das grandes limitações nutricionais quanto ao uso da mandioca e de seus subprodutos na alimentação animal é a presença de glicosídeos cianogênicos, compostos do metabolismo secundário da planta que funcionam como mecanismos de defesa contra determinadas doenças, pois, sendo potencialmente tóxicos, podem ser convertidos em ácido cianídrico (HCN). Considerando o potencial valor nutritivo da mandioca, algumas opções são propostas e avaliadas para permitir a utilização segura do alimento, tais como o melhoramento e uso de variedades com menor teor de cianoglicosídeos, conforme Santos et al. (2001), e o processamento, método destoxificante proposto por Corrêa et al. (2002). A consideração final deste estudo foi no sentido de que as experiências na utilização de coprodutos da mandioca, como aditivos de uma dieta alimentar, em substituição aos alimentos tradicionais revelaram resultados satisfatórios. Embora a mandioca contenha fatores antinutricionais, os métodos de conservação do produto são eficientes a reduzi-los a níveis inócuos; e, por se tratar de uma forrageira completa, com alto valor alimentar, de grande disponibilidade, com elevado teor proteico e baixo custo de produção, vêm destacando-se cada vez mais na alimentação de ruminantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nutrição Animal, Ruminantes, Mandioca
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Morrison, Andrew. "Reflections of a Wireless Ruminant." In Nordes 2011: Making Design Matter. Nordes, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/nordes.2011.022.

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Altan, Nagehan Nur, and Muazzez Cömert Acar. "Ruminant Beslemede Enterik Metan Salınımını Azaltmaya Yönelik Stratejiler." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.004.

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Küresel ısınma, atmosferdeki sera gazlarının konsantrasyonunun artması sonucunda yeryüzü sıcaklığının yükselmesi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Küresel ısınmanın ve iklim değişikliğinin ana nedenleri olarak üç gaz gösterilmektedir. Bunlar metan (CH4), karbondioksit (CO2) ve diazot oksit (N2O)’tir. Hayvan türleri içerisinde en fazla metan üreticiler ruminantlardır. Metan, rumende metanojen bakteriler tarafından CO2 ve H2 kullanılması sonucu oluşmaktadır ve laktasyondaki bir süt ineği, aldığı brüt enerjinin %6,5’ini metanojenezis sonucu kaybeder. Bu nedenle enterik metan salınımının azaltılmasıyla günümüzde yem enerjisinden yararlanma etkinliğinin iyileştirilerek sürdürebilir bir ruminant besleme için önemli bir adım atılmış olacaktır. Bu nedenle yapılan çalışmalarda ruminant hayvanlar üzerine yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Metan salınımını azaltmak amacıyla sürü yönetimi (süt ve et verimi, hayvan sağlığı ve refahı) ve ruminant beslemeye yönelik stratejiler geliştirilmiştir. Rumen metabolizması üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda genellikle metan üretimini azaltmaya odaklanılmıştır. Rumende metan oluşumunu engelleyen ya da azaltan bazı uygulamalar rasyona müsin, yağ ve amino asit ilavesiyle metanojen bakterilerin çoğalmasını engelleyen şartların sağlanması şeklinde sıralanabilmektedir. Ayrıca, yemin enerjisinden daha iyi yararlanmanın sağlanması amacıyla alternatif bazı kaynakların (mayalar, organik asitler, bitki ekstrakları ve probiyotikler) metan salınımını azaltıcı etkileri üzerine de bildirişler mevcuttur. Bu bildiride, ruminant kaynaklı oluşan metan gazını azaltmaya yönelik çiftlik düzeyinde uygulanabilecek sürü yönetimi ve hayvan besleme stratejileri ile ilişkisi irdelenmiş ve çözüm önerileri verilmiştir.
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Reports on the topic "Ruminantia"

1

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Ruminant livestock. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_12.

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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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3

Ellis, William, and Daniel Ben Ghedalia. Dynamics of Digestion in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1988.7695598.bard.

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4

Forte, Vincent A., Devine Jr., Cymerman James A., and Allen. Research Stanchion and Transporter for Small Ruminants. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195103.

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5

Lynch, John, Tara Garnett, Martin Persson, Elin Röös, and Andy Reisinger. Methane and the sustainability of ruminant livestock. Food Climate Research Network, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/25320192.

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The environmental sustainability of our food production methods, and what kinds of agricultural systems might be compatible with keeping global warming below internationally agreed upon limits, are key topics for sustainable food systems research and policy. Since the food system is an important emitter of three different greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; greater clarity as to their warming impacts and their consequent contribution to climate change is needed.
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6

Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Gershon, Eran, and Alan Ealy. Fibroblast growth factor signaling requirements for embryonic and placental development in ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600044.bard.

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9

Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.

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The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.
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