Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rumination, emotion regulation'

This study was conducted in India, and the research plan was initially developed to provide further knowledge and perspective to the rapidly increased issues of psychological conditions in the country, regarding alternative treatments such as yoga and underlying mechanisms in the effects of yoga practice. The purpose of the study was to examine if emotion regulation and rumination may act as mediators between yoga experience and anxiety respectively depression. The study included 320 participants from eight different indian cities, four of the cities located in the north, three in the south and one city in the western part of India. This study had a quantitative design and had a questionnaire as a method for the data collecting. The results indicated that both emotion regulation and rumination at a significant level mediated the relationship between yoga experience and anxiety and depression respectively. These results can potentially bring further knowledge for countries (and individuals) that have higher levels of anxiety and depression in their populations, such as India, by providing a alternative perspective in the treatment and prevention of these conditions. In addition, the results can be beneficial for individuals that suffer from symptoms of anxiety, depression, difficulties with emotion regulation, and rumination.<br>Föreliggande studie utfördes i Indien. Forskningsplanen utvecklades för att ge ytterligare kunskap och perspektiv till den växande problematiken med psykiska ohälsa i landet, med fokus på alternativa behandlingar som yoga samt möjliga underliggande mekanismer i effekter av yoga utövande. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om emotionsreglering och ältande medierar relationen mellan yoga erfarenhet, och ångest respektive depression. Studien inkluderande 320 deltagare från åtta olika indiska städer, fyra av städerna ligger i norra, tre städer i södra och en stad i västra Indien. Föreliggande studie hade en kvantitativ design och hade enkäter som datainsamlingsmetod. Resultatet indikerade att både emotionsreglering och ältande signifikant medierade relationen mellan yoga erfarenhet och ångest respektive depression. Dessa resultat kan potentiellt utöka kunskapen för länder (och individer) som har högre nivåer av ångest och depression i sina populationer, som exempelvis Indien, genom att ge ett alternativt perspektiv i behandlingen och i det förebyggande arbetet av dessa tillstånd. Vidare kan resultatet av studien vara användbart för individer som har symptom av ångest, depression, svårigheter med emotionsreglering, och ältande.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between gender, self-control, emotion regulation, rumination and test anxiety. In other words, the study aimed at investigating how well each of the mentioned independent variables contributes to explain variance of test anxiety. The participants (N=188) were reached by convenient sampling procedure. The sample consisted of preparatory students studying in a private university in Ankara. Data were collected by a demographic form and four scales as Test Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1980), Self-Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister, &amp<br>Boone, 2004), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross &amp<br>John, 2003), and Ruminative Response Scale (Treynor, Gonzalez, &amp<br>Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). For this study, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was utilized to examine the data. The results revealed that gender, self-control, two emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and suppression) and also brooding as a ruminative response significantly correlated to test anxiety of university students. Furthermore, self-control and cognitive reappraisal were found to be correlated with test anxiety stronger than the other independent variables. Reflection as another ruminative response was not found to be correlating with test anxiety within the suggested model. The findings obtained from the present study are discussed with regards to the related literature, and conclusions were drawn accordingly.

Research suggests that older adults have enhanced emotional outcomes and use different emotion regulation strategies (e.g., more distraction and positive reappraisal) relative to young adults. The present study investigated the mood and memory-related effects of these strategies in young and older adults. Participants watched a sad film clip while being instructed to use specific emotion regulation strategies (i.e., avoiding negativity, focusing on positivity, focusing on negativity, or no instructions). Young adults who were instructed to avoid focusing on negativity showed better mood outcomes and more positive memory for the film compared to non-instructed young adults. Instructions to down-regulate emotions did not affect older adults, possibly because they used such strategies spontaneously. Older adults increased dispositional tendency to focus on positive stimuli in their everyday lives partially explained older adults greater mood improvement. The results have implications for the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies and for the generalizability of the positivity effect.

Ruminering är en maladaptiv emotionsregleringsstrategi som definieras av repetitiva, återkommande, okontrollerbara och påträngande tankar. Ruminering har visats vara starkt kopplat till depression. Självmedkänsla är en adaptiv emotionsregleringsstrategi som består av komponenterna mindfulness och motpolen överidentifiering, self- kindness och motpolen self-judgement och common humanity och motpolen isolering. Studiens syfte var att undersöka sambandet mellan de sex komponenterna av självmedkänsla och ruminering samt om komponenterna av självmedkänsla kunde predicera ruminering, kontrollerat för kön och ålder. Åttio deltagare varav 57 kvinnor, svarade på en online enkät som mätte självmedkänsla, ruminering samt demografiska variabler. Korrelationer visade, som förväntat att ruminering hade negativa samband med mindfulness, self-kindness och common humanity samt positiva samband med deras motpoler. En hierarkisk regression visade att överidentifiering kunde predicera 6.5% av ruminering kontrollerat för kön och ålder. Ju mer överidentifiering desto mer ruminering. Resultatet från studien kan vara viktigt i arbete med att förebygga ruminering då ruminering kan kopplas till depression.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T17:24:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_JULIA_LUIZA_SCHAFER_PARCIAL.pdf: 1950516 bytes, checksum: d087e3b380f5026a78af786f693a37b3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T17:24:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_JULIA_LUIZA_SCHAFER_PARCIAL.pdf: 1950516 bytes, checksum: d087e3b380f5026a78af786f693a37b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq<br>Introdu??o: A literatura sugere que respostas emocionais est?o associadas ao desenvolvimento e manuten??o de sintomas do Transtorno de Estresse P?s-Traum?tico (TEPT). A capacidade de influenciar a experi?ncia e express?o emocional, conhecida como regula??o emocional (RE), pode ser cr?tica ao lidar com n?veis significativos de estresse. Especificamente, a RE atrav?s de cogni??es, ou pensamentos (ou seja, Regula??o Emocional Cognitiva, REC), ajuda os indiv?duos a manter o controle sobre sua experi?ncia emocional durante, ou depois de serem expostos a eventos estressores, ou traum?ticos. O Question?rio de Regula??o Emocional Cognitiva (CERQ), foi desenvolvido para medir nove diferentes estrat?gias de REC que se referem ? maneira consciente e atencional de lidar com eventos de vida amea?adores, ou negativos. Objetivos: Os objetivos gerais desta disserta??o foram desenvolver e investigar as evid?ncias de validade da vers?o brasileira do CERQ (Estudo 1) e investigar a rela??o entre a exposi??o a traumas, estrat?gias cognitivas de RE, afeto e Sintomas de Estresse P?s-Traum?tico (SEPT) atrav?s de um modelo de media??o dupla (Estudo 2). M?todo: Uma amostra de 445 estudantes universit?rios completou um Question?rio S?cio-Demogr?fico, a Life of Events Checklist (LEC-5), a vers?o brasileira do CERQ, a Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) e a Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist (PCL-5) em uma plataforma de pesquisa on-line. Para o Estudo 1, o processo de adapta??o da vers?o brasileira do CERQ incluiu tradu??o, retro-tradu??o, avalia??o de ju?zes e teste em 30 participantes da popula??o-alvo. As evid?ncias de validade de construto foram avaliadas atrav?s de an?lise fatorial confirmat?ria, da consist?ncia interna atrav?s dos alfas de Cronbach e de correla??es com as vari?veis afetivas mensuradas pelo PANAS. Para o Estudo 2 foram realizadas an?lises preliminares de correla??o e de regress?o linear m?ltipla para investigar associa??es entre tipo de trauma, estrat?gias cognitivas de regula??o emocional, afeto e severidade de SEPT. Em seguida, um modelo com rumina??o e afeto negativo como mediadores do efeito da exposi??o ao trauma les?o moral causada por outros sobre os SEPT foi testado usando o macro PROCESS para o SPSS. Resultados: As an?lises de validade mostraram que a estrutura original do CERQ possui boa validade fatorial na amostra e alta confiabilidade, com ? de Cronbach variando entre .71 e .88. An?lises preliminares de associa??o entre tipo de trauma, estrat?gias de regula??o emocional cognitiva, afeto e SEPT mostraram que o tipo de trauma de les?o moral causada por outros, rumina??o e afeto negativo s?o preditores significativos da gravidade de SEPT. Ao testar o modelo de media??o dupla, os resultados sugerem que a rumina??o ? um mediador forte e independente entre o tipo de trauma de les?o moral causada por outros e SEPT, enquanto afeto negativo ? um mediador apenas quando a rumina??o est? presente no modelo. Discuss?o: Nossos resultados indicam que a vers?o brasileira do CERQ ? uma ferramenta v?lida e confi?vel para avaliar as estrat?gias cognitivas de regula??o emocional e que os indiv?duos expostos ao tipo de trauma de les?o moral causada pelos outros utilizam rumina??o como uma estrat?gia de regula??o emocional cognitiva com mais frequ?ncia. O uso aumentado dessa estrat?gia amplifica os n?veis de afeto negativo que acaba levando a n?veis mais elevados de SEPT. Em geral, esses resultados podem influenciar pesquisas e auxiliar no desenvolvimento e melhoria de interven??es cognitivas para indiv?duos expostos a eventos traum?ticos.<br>Background: Literature suggests that emotional responses are associated to the development and maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The ability to influence emotional experience and expression, known as emotion regulation (ER), can be critical when dealing with significant levels of stress. Specifically, ER through cognitions, or thoughts (i.e. Cognitive Emotion Regulation; CER), helps individuals to maintain control over their emotional experience during, or after being exposed to stressful, or traumatic events. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) was developed to measure nine different CER strategies that refer to the conscious and attentional way people deal with threatening, or negative life events. Objectives: Therefore, the general purposes of this thesis were to develop and evaluate validity evidences of the Brazilian version of the CERQ (Study 1) and to investigate the relationship between trauma exposure, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, affect and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) testing for a double mediation model (Study2). Method: A sample of 445 university students completed a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire, the Life of Events Checklist (LEC-5), the Brazilian version of the CERQ, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist (PCL-5) on an on-line research platform. For Study 1, adaptation process of the Brazilian version of the CERQ included translation, backtranslation, expert committee?s evaluation, and testing on 30 participants from the target population. Validity evidence was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency through the Cronbach?s alpha analysis, and correlations with the affective variables measured by the PANAS. For Study 2, preliminary correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations among trauma type exposure, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, affect and PTSS severity. Next, a model positing rumination and negative affect as double mediators of the effect of trauma type of moral injury by others on PTSS was tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: Validity analyses showed that the original structure of the CERQ has good factorial validity in the sample and high reliabilities, with Cronbach?s ? ranging between .71 and .88. Preliminary analyses of the association among trauma type, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, affect and PTSS showed that trauma type of moral injury, rumination and negative affect were significant predictors of PTSS severity. When testing for the double mediation model, results suggested that rumination is a strong and independent mediator between trauma type moral injury by others and PTSS, while negative affect is a mediator only when rumination is also included. Discussion: Our results indicate that the Brazilian version of the CERQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and that individuals who are exposed to trauma type of moral injury by others engage more frequently in rumination as a cognitive emotion regulation strategy, which in turn amplifies levels of negative effect that ends up leading to higher levels of PTSS. Overall, these results can influence further researches and aid the development and improvement of cognitive treatment interventions for individuals exposed to traumatic events.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att genom medieringsanalyser pröva delar av Birrer, Morgan och Röthlin’s (2012) modell, detta genom att vid tre mättillfällen undersöka samband mellan dispositionell mindfulness, emotionsreglering, ältande samt coping. Som underlag för studien användes en enkät som sammanlagt 168 deltagare, varav 107 män och 61 kvinnor besvarade. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 17,73 år (SD=2,16). Resultatet av medieringsanalyserna visade att dispositionell mindfulness hade en signifikant indirekt effekt på coping genom emotionsreglering. Däremot visade resultatet ingen signifikant indirekt effekt mellan dispositionell mindfulness och coping genom mindre ältande. Utifrån föreliggande studiens resultat kan det föreslås att Birrer et al.’s (2012) modell inte är fullständigt funktionell. Föreliggande studie föreslår att emotionsreglering är en medierande variabel i sambandet mellan dispositionell mindfulness och coping bland idrottare. Idrottare med en hög nivå av dispositionell mindfulness kan genom emotionsreglering ha en bättre copingförmåga. Dispositionell mindfulness skapar därmed goda förutsättningar för idrottaren att kunna hantera stress i en idrottskontext.<br>The purpose of this study was to test parts of the model by Birrer, Morgan and Röthlin (2012) at three separate occasions, and through mediation analyses examine the relationship between trait mindfulness, emotion regulation, rumination and coping. As the basis of the study a survey was used in which 168 participants, 107 men and 61 women, answered. The average age of the participants was 17,73 years (SD=2,16). The result of the mediation analyses showed that trait mindfulness had a significant indirect effect on coping via emotion regulation. However the result did not show a significant indirect effect between trait mindfulness and coping via less rumination. From the result of this study it is suggested that Birrer et al.‘s (2012) model is not entirely functional. This study suggests that emotion regulation is a mediating variable in the relationship between trait mindfulness and coping within athletes. Athletes that have a high level of trait mindfulness can through emotion regulation also have a better coping ability. Trait mindfulness therefore creates good opportunities for the athlete to be able to handle stress in a sport context.

Les pensées répétitives négatives (PRN) sont considérées comme un des processus transdiagnostiques impliqués dans le développement, le maintien et la récurrence de plusieurs troubles psychologiques tels que les troubles de l'humeur, les troubles anxieux ou les addictions. Une des priorités dans les recherches actuelles sur les PRN est de déterminer quel processus contribue au développement et au maintien des PRN inadaptés. La littérature suggère que les déficits d’inhibition et de désengagement attentionnel sont deux facteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la récurrence des PRN. L’objectif de la présente thèse de doctorat était, premièrement de systématiser les recherches antérieures sur le lien entre les PRN et l’inhibition. Deuxièmement nous avons testé dans des études expérimentales comment l’induction des PRN affectait l’inhibition et le désengagement attentionnel.Le premier article expérimental présente une série d’études testant l’impact des PRN sur l’efficacité de l’inhibition. Le second article expérimental montre comment l’induction des PRN affecte le désengagement attentionnel. Une plus-value des études présentées dans cette thèse est la différenciation faite entre les PRN constructives (concrètes expérientielles) et non constructives (abstraites analytiques) dans la procédure d’induction.Les résultats suggèrent que les pensées analytiques abstraites interfèrent avec la régulation émotionnelle dans une situation de problème non résolu. Contrairement aux prédictions, il semble que les pensées abstraites favorisent les processus inhibiteurs et attentionnels dans le traitement des stimuli verbaux.Les résultats sont discutés selon la perspective de la théorie du mode de traitement et de la théorie de dérégulation du niveau objectif/action. Une nouvelle approche des fonctions exécutives dans les PRN est également proposée : l’hypothèse de l’allocation des ressources cognitives dirigée par le mode de traitement<br>Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is one of the transdiagnostic processes involved in development, recurrence and relapse of various psychological disorders, i.e. mood disorders, or anxiety disorders. One of the priorities in the current RNT research is to identify the mechanisms responsible for RNT development and maintain. RNT theory and previous research identified inhibition and attentional disengagement impairment as two potential factors of RNT recurrence.The first aim of the dissertation was to systematize previous research exploring the relation between RNT and inhibition. The second aim was to experimentally test how RNT induction affects both, inhibition and attentional disengagement. The first two chapters present RNT concept itself and a systematic literature review on the links between RNT and inhibition. The following chapters are composed of two empirical articles. The first article presents three experimental studies exploring the impact of RNT induction on inhibition efficiency. The second article tests experimentally how RNT affects attentional disengagement. An important contribution of these experimental studies lays also in testing separately constructive (concrete experiential) and unconstructive (abstract analytic) RNT processing mode.The results suggest that abstract analytic thinking impairs emotional regulation in a non-resolved problem situation – a situation predicted to activate RNT. Contrarily to the predictions, it seems that abstract analytic processing enhances inhibition and attentional performance for verbal stimuli comparing to concrete processing.These results are discussed at the theoretical level in the processing mode theory and deregulation of goal/action level perspective. We provide also methodological recommendation for the further research on the link between RNT and executive functions. Finally, we propose a new framework for the hypothesis of processing mode driven resource allocation in RNT

Orientador: Sandro Caramaschi<br>Resumo: Aspectos influenciadores no desenvolvimento humano incluem a interação de fatores ambientais e inatos, como a constituição histórica e biológica do indivíduo, envolvendo compartilhamento de experiências e características individuais nas quais estabelecem e modificam pensamentos, emoções e comportamentos de pessoas e grupos de forma dinâmica. Nesse sentido, as emoções pertenceriam a condições biológicas inatas universais, equivalentes a uma comunicação passível de ser compreendida em qualquer cultura, tendo funções importantes no processo evolutivo. A tristeza, enquanto emoção básica, é uma das mais intensas da vida humana comparada às outras, a qual nem sempre possui aspectos negativos. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar e analisar os desencadeadores de tristeza, o interesse dos indivíduos por estímulos com conteúdo triste (música, filmes e notícias), além de testar o modelo preditivo tendo a autoestima, autorregulação emocional e ruminação como preditoras e a tristeza como variável dependente, comparando os resultados entre homens e mulheres. Para responder os objetivos, foram realizados dois estudos: o primeiro, de caráter descritivo e comparativo, e o segundo, de caráter exploratório e comparativo. Os resultados mostraram que a tristeza pode ser desencadeada por diversos fatores, como questões financeiras, trabalho, estudo, relações interpessoais e perdas, se assemelhando com dados de pesquisas realizadas em outras culturas. Ademais, muitos particip... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Influencing aspects of human development include the interaction of environmental and innate factors, such as the individual's historical and biological constitution, involving the sharing of experiences and individual characteristics in which they dynamically establish and modify the thoughts, emotions and behaviors of people and groups. In this way, emotions belong to universal innate biological conditions, equivalent to a communication that can be understood in any culture, having important functions in the evolutionary process. Sadness, as a basic emotion, is one of the most intense in human life compared to others, which does not always have negative aspects. Thus, the objectives of this work were to identify and analyze the triggers of sadness, the interest of individuals in stimuli with sad content (music, films and news), in addition to testing the predictive model with self-esteem, emotional self-regulation and rumination as predictors and sadness as a dependent variable, comparing the results between men and women. To answer the objectives, two studies were carried out: the first, descriptive and comparative, and the second, exploratory and comparative. The results showed that sadness can be triggered by several factors, such as financial issues, work, study, interpersonal relationships and losses, similar to data from research conducted in other cultures. In addition, many participants said they were interested in experiencing stimuli such as sad songs and movies, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Positive memories play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, there are potential clinical benefits of recalling positive memories on affect, cognitions, and behaviors. However, most research/clinical work has focused on the role of traumatic memories in PTSD's symptomatology and treatment. The current study examined positive memory recall difficulties and positive memory phenomenology among 185 trauma-exposed individuals with varying PTSD severity. Participants completed the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Autobiographical Memory Test, Memory Experiences Questionnaire – Short Form, Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Brief 16-Item Version, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Positive Emotions, the Positive Affect subscale of the Affective Control Scale, and two items from the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Results showed that (1) greater PTSD severity was a marginally significant predictor of fewer recalled positive memories; (2) greater positive emotional dysregulation predicted fewer recalled positive memories controlling for PTSD severity; and (3) increasing PTSD severity predicted more negative valence, less vividness, less coherence, less accessibility, less clear time perspective, fewer sensory details, and greater distancing ratings of the recalled positive memory, controlling for sleep quantity/quality. Such findings add to the PTSD-positive memory literature by informing PTSD theoretical perspectives; enhancing an understanding of if/how positive memories may be incorporated into PTSD treatments; and highlighting potential clinical targets, such as positive emotional regulation skills, when integrating a focus on positive memories into PTSD intervention.

This thesis reports five studies investigating cognitive processes in eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. Chapter 1 describes background information about EDs. Chapter 2 reviews cognitive theories of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and discusses how integration of a process-focused framework, originally applied to depression, may advance under-standing of maintaining mechanisms in AN. Chapter 3 reports a focus group with AN patients that explores features of the subjective experience of the disorder. Findings highlight ruminative, avoidant and discrepancy-based thinking: features that are suggested to be indicative of a ‘conceptualising’ mode of processing. Patients’ reports suggest positive effects of a body-mindfulness group, which encourages an alternative, ‘experiential’ mode of processing. Chapter 4 presents data on rumination, experiential avoidance, negative self-beliefs and underlying assumptions in an analogue population and shows elevated levels for ED-concerned individuals on all of these measures. Chapter 5 examines mode of processing effects (conceptual vs. experiential) in an analogue population. Findings show differential stress-induced emotional reactivity, particularly in the ED-concerned group. Chapter 6 investigates mode of processing effects in a sample of AN patients. Results confirm that modes of processing have differential effects on stress-induced emotional reactivity. Chapter 7 presents data from a 10-month follow-up of AN patients. This study shows that changes in ED-symptoms are associated with changes in rumination, avoidance and aspects of schematic thinking. Differential stress-induced reactivity is associated with outcome. Finally, chapter 8 discusses theoretical and clinical implications of this research and the mode of processing framework in EDs, particularly AN, as well describing how future investigations may continue integrating this framework to the study of ED psycho-pathology. The current findings suggest that both cognitive-affective content and the underlying mental processing activity need consideration in cognitive models of EDs.

Two experiments compared the effects of two cognitive responses (i.e., rumination and cognitive reappraisal) individuals may adopt when confronted with a threat to self-regard. In Study 1, participants received negative feedback about their social skills and then rated the credibility of the source of the criticism. In Study 2, participants received negative feedback and then were given the opportunity to enhance the self on an unrelated task. Compared to reappraising the negative feedback, ruminating about the feedback led to poorer evaluations of the source of negative feedback and increased self-enhancement, respectively. These findings suggest that, compared to rumination, cognitive reappraisal helps to minimize defensive responses to ego threat.

abstract: Emotion regulation repertoire, or the number of emotion regulation strategies one is able to employ when needed, is an important element of emotion regulation flexibility. Emotion regulation flexibility, the ability to regulate in accordance with changing situational contexts and demands, is predictive of emotion regulation success. Currently, little is known about emotion regulation repertoire and its association with emotional health and well-being. In particular, more can be learned about how the different strategies in one’s repertoire interact, and which strategies show stronger relationships with mental health. The current study aimed to assess the relationship of different emotion regulation strategies to mental health, including their individual and combined influence. In addition, the interaction between the use of specific emotion regulation strategies and emotion regulation flexibility with respect to mental health was examined. I hypothesized (1a) reappraisal and (1b) acceptance, two strategies previously associated with positive psychological outcomes, would be significant predictors of mental health, and (2) better flexibility would predict better mental health. In addition, I hypothesized that (3) strategies often found to be maladaptive (suppression, distraction, rumination, and experiential avoidance) would have an inverse relationship with mental health. Finally, (4) maladaptive strategies would be associated with worse mental health for those lower in flexibility. These hypotheses were tested through a questionnaire as part of a larger in-lab study. Results revealed that reappraisal and rumination were the strongest predictors of mental health. Emotion regulation flexibility did not predict mental health or moderate the relationship between individual emotion regulation strategies and mental health. Results from this study suggest some emotion regulation strategies are stronger predictors of mental health than others. This will guide future research on specific emotion regulation strategies in a repertoire as well as their combined effect on mental health. Creating a clearer picture of how different strategies interact and influence mental health will also be vital for clinical interventions.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Psychology 2018

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>心理學研究所<br>99<br>Since Teasdale ( 1988 ) proposed differential activation hypothesis, researchers began to focus on emotion regulation strategies used by depressive individuals. They found that depressive individual tended to ruminate about their depressed mood and symptoms. Depressive rumination will enhance depressed mood and negative cognition, and even maintain the depressive episode. Recently, research showed that compared to depressive rumination, experiential rumination could be a more adaptive emotional regulation strategy, but few studies discussed how experiential rumination influenced episodic future thinking. In this study, the authors investigated how dysphoria and modes of rumination influenced emotion regulation and episodic future thinking under negative mood induction. First, the authors induced negative mood on 103 subjects. After all subjects completed the negative mood induction and pre-tests, they were randomly assigned to analytic rumination or experiential rumination. Finally, all subjects completed post-tests and manipulation check. The authors chose BDI cut point scores > 10 to be dysphoric group and BDI &amp;lt; 6 to be nondysphoric group. Using these criteria, we finally screened 86 subjects to do data analysis. A 2(dysphoric/ nondysphoric group) x 2 (analytic/experiential rumination) two way ANCOVA was conducted with pre-test scores as covariate. The present study showed that under negative mood induction, nondysphoric group showed mood-incongruent effect. Compared to negative future events, nondysphoric group considered positive future events as being more likely to happen, but dyphoric group did not have such mood-incongruent effect. Compared to nondysphoric group, dysphoric group thought negative future events as more likely to happen. Compared to analytic rumination group, experiential rumination group tended to think negative future events as more likely to happen, showed better positive mood recovery, and enhanced the specificity of positive future events. We concluded that under negative mood context, experiential rumination would have more adaptive effect on positive mood recovery and positive future thinking specificity, indicating that the adaptive effects of experiential rumination was on the positive affect axon. Taken together, the present study supported that experiential rumination was more adaptive, and found that experiential rumination has different effects on positive and negative affect axon. Finally, since that the present study found experiential rumination could probably increase the negative future expectancy, it is suggested that individual’s characteristics and depressed symptoms should be taken into consideration carefully before using experiential rumination or mindfulness as a clinical intervention.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>心理學研究所<br>100<br>Research on depression has increasingly focused on the issue of emotional regulation. It has become clear that impairment in the regulation of emotions plays a significant role in the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder. Joormann and Siemer (2004) used negative mood induction paradigm and assessed the effect of rumination on the mood-congruent/incongruent memory in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals. Recently, research showed that compared to depressive rumination, experiential rumination could be a more adaptive emotional regulation strategy, but few studies examined how experiential rumination influenced mood-congruent/incongruent memory. In this study, the authors investigated how dysphoria and distinct modes of rumination influenced emotion regulation and mood-congruent/incongruent memory under negative mood induction. First, the authors induced negative mood on 176 subjects. After all subjects completed the negative mood induction and pre-tests, they were randomly assigned to analytic rumination or experiential rumination conditions. Finally, all subjects completed post-tests and manipulation check. The authors chose BDI cut point scores > 14 to be dysphoric group and BDI < 6 to be nondysphoric group. Using this criterion, we finally screened 95 subjects to do data analysis. A 2 (dysphoric/nondysphoric group) × 2 (analytic/experiential rumination × 2 (positive/negative cues) three way ANOVA was conducted. The results showed that under negative mood induction, nondysphoric group who ruminated analytically showed mood-incongruent recall of autobiographical memories, while the dysphoric group who ruminated analytically did not show any significant differences in recall latencies for positive and negative memories. Furthermore, compared to nondysphoric group who ruminated experientially, dysphoric group who ruminated experientially recalled significantly slowly to both positive and negative memories. Compared to nondysphoric group, dysphoric group reacted significantly slowly to recall positive memories. Compared to dysphoric group who ruminated analytically, dysphoric group who ruminated experientially showed significant slower reaction times to recall positive and negative memories. We concluded that under negative mood context, dysphoric group did not show a negative bias but instead showed a lack of positive bias. Besides, experiential rumination might have more adaptive effects on automatic information processing, indicating the adaptive effects of experiential rumination on long-term mood recovery. Taken together, the present study supported that experiential rumination was more adaptive. Given that the dysphoric group was more difficult to use experiential rumination compared to their nondysphoric counterparts, we suggest that psychotherapists should help the dysphoric patients know that it takes time and assist them to practice experiential rumination in daily life.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>心理學研究所<br>103<br>Emotion regulation has been widely studied with major depression disorder, and previous studies showed that depressive individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, especially rumination. Lyubomirsky, Caldwell, & Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) proposed that depressive rumination enhanced accessibility of negative cognition and increased mood congruent effect. Recently Watkins & Teasdale (2001) proposed distinct modes of rumination, namely, analytic rumination and experiential rumination, as maladaptive and adaptive effect regulation strategies. Compared to analytic rumination, experiential rumination would be a more adaptive emotion regulation strategy. However, there has been no study on how experiential and analytic rumination affected implicit future thinking. In this study, the authors investigated how dysphoric mood and modes of rumination affect emotion regulation and implicit future thinking under negative mood context. Firstly, 190 participants underwent negative mood induction and pre-tests, including implicit future thinking task. Then, they were randomly assigned to analytic rumination or experiential rumination. Finally, they completed post-tests and manipulation check. The authors chose BDI-II scores > 14 to be the dysphoric group and BDI-II < 5 to be the nondysphoric group. Using these criteria, we screened 69 participants for data analyses. A 2 (dysphoric/nondysphoric group) × 2 (analytic/experiential ) × 2 (pre-test/post-test) × 2 (I-expect/I-don’t-expect ) × 2 (positive/negative future) five way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted. The results showed that under negative mood induction, the dysphoric group confirmed “I-expect-negative (future)”, and the nondysphoric group denied “I-expect-negative (future)”. Compared to the pre-test, the analytic rumination group tended to be more confirming I-expect-negative (future)” and less denial of “I –don’t expect -positive (future)” in the post-test. However, there was no significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test for the experiential rumination group. Besides, both analytic rumination group and analytic rumination group showed no mood recovery after the rumination manipulation. We concluded that, compared to the nondysphoric group, the dysphoric group was more pessimistic to the future. We also concluded that under negative mood context, analytic rumination would have more maladaptive effect on implicit future thinking, indicating that analytic rumination enhanced negative-biased cognition. Taken together, the present study supported that analytic rumination was a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, indicating that keeping adopting maladaptive emotion regulation strategy might increased the possibility of developing depression. Finally, according to our finding, in the future, implicit thinking task may be a possible clinical intervention or an assessment tool for treatment effect.

abstract: Past research has focused on the important role humor plays in interpersonal relationships; however, researchers have also identified intrapersonal applications of humor, showing that people often use humor to alleviate negative affect, and that humor has generally been found to beneficially influence mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine whether humor-based coping can be utilized as an intrapersonal tool to aid or facilitate creative thinking and problem solving when faced with a distressing situation. The current study posits reduced rumination as the mechanism by which humor facilitates creativity. To measure creativity, a task was devised that had individuals brainstorm under some distress; participants were asked to recall and describe an ongoing, unresolved problem they were facing, followed by a rumination induction, as rumination is characterized by perseverative thoughts that hinder constructive action. After the rumination induction, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or either of two emotion regulation conditions: positive reappraisal or humor-based reappraisal. Following this, participants were asked to complete an “alternate solutions” task, based on Guilford’s Alternate Uses Task, generating solutions for their own unresolved problem. Results of the study showed that the use of humor was indeed related to a decrease in rumination, but that the humor condition did not outperform either control condition on any measure of creativity (performing worse in some cases). Limits of this study and future directions are discussed.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

Using action orientation after failure as a measure of individual differences in emotion regulation abilities (ERA), this thesis’ studies investigated the impact of ERA on cognition, behavior, and own versus imposed goals differentiation. The first study used cortisol as a physiological stress marker to replicate the link between ERA and the ability to make intuitive judgments under stress. High ERA were associated with increased performance in an intuition task under stress. In contrast, when feeling no stress, low ERA were associated with increased performance in an intuition task. The second study showed that ERA can compensate for depression-associated biased processing of negative stimuli. This effect was present even at mild to moderate depression levels. Replicating earlier findings, the third study showed that ERA are associated with an increased ability to distinguish self-chosen from imposed goals. Most importantly, the study identified activation in the right medial prefrontal cortex as a neural correlate of identifying self-chosen goals, and activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, as a correlate of falsely identifying imposed goals as self-chosen ones. Altogether, these studies show the necessity to consider individual differences in ERA in stress, clinical, and motivational research. The findings are discussed with respect to three theories that relate to motivation and personality from behavioral and neurobiological perspectives, namely, Personality Systems Interaction Theory, Predictive and Reactive Control Systems Theory, and Self-Determination Theory.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>心理學研究所<br>107<br>Background: Socially anxious individuals commonly engaged in post-event rumination to regulate emotions following anxiety-provoking social situations, but they ended up maintaining or increasing anxiety states. Studies showed that rumination was a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy that frequently used by people with depression or anxiety. Rumination can be differentiated from distraction which is another type of emotion regulation strategy according to the content of focus. Rumination involves high self-focused cognitions whereas distraction often leads to a reduction in self-focused cognitions. In addition, two forms of self-focused rumination have been distinguished according to the modes of processing. They are experiential rumination and analytical rumination. To date, there have been few studies comparing the effects of these three emotion regulations at the same time in individual with social anxiety. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of emotion regulation strategies including experiential self-focused rumination, analytical self-focused rumination and distraction on positive and negative emotions following the speech task in virtual reality (VR) scenarios in college students with high social anxiety. Method: After completing the speech task within a virtual reality environment, 70 non-clinical college students with high social anxiety were randomly assign to experiential rumination group (n=23), analytical rumination group (n=23) and distraction group (n=24) to perform the emotion regulation task. Also, participants completed the ratings of happy, relaxed, satisfied, anxious, sad and angry emotional states at five time points, including the baseline, receiving instructions about speech task, before speech task, after speech task, before emotion regulation and after emotion regulation. Results: The results showed that experiential rumination, analytical rumination and distraction all increased feelings of relaxation and decrease anxiety, anger and sadness. Only analytical rumination increased happiness. However, there were no differences between the three emotion regulation strategies in the effects of regulation of feelings of relaxation and satisfaction, and negative emotions. The reason why the present study failed to observe different effects of the three emotion regulation strategies may be due to the ineffectiveness of experimental manipulation for different emotion regulation strategies. Accordingly, the present study tried to regroup the participants based on the most frequently used strategy reported by the participant in the experiment. The distraction group was not included in the analysis because the group size was too small. It was found that both ruminations increased feelings of happiness and relaxation as well as reduced anxiety and anger. However, there were no differences between the two ruminations in the effects of regulation of positive and negative emotions. Conclusion: The present study suggests that experiential rumination, analytical rumination and distraction all have positive effects on emotion regulation. However, they are not significantly different from each other in the effects of emotion regulation. It is probably because of ineffectiveness of experimental manipulation for each emotion regulation strategy. The present study found that high socially anxious individuals assigned to analytical or experiential rumination group tended to use both rumination strategies at the same time. Moreover, high socially anxious individuals assigned to distraction group still unconsciously used rumination strategies in addition to distraction. We also found that whether participants could successfully use distraction strategy in the experiment was related to the tendency to use distraction strategy in their daily lives.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>臨床心理學系碩士班<br>100<br>Introduction: Depressive rumination, people repetitively and passively think about symptoms of depression and the possible causes and consequences, was regarded as the major cause of the occurrence and exacerbation of depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). The operational mechanism of depressive rumination was discussed in two fields. One was the metacognitive beliefs, which fosters an individual to adopt depressive rumination to cope with depressed mood (Papageorgiou & Wells, 1999). The other was an individual’s deficient in attentional control, which interrupts one’s cognitive flexibility, resulting in prolonged rumination (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). Nevertheless, the relationship between them was not clear yet. Gerin et al. (2006) emphasized the importance to discriminate the rumination is a trait or a temporary response. Hence, this study assessed the influences of trait rumination and ruminative response on attentional control at two stages－before and after administering depressed mood induction and randomly assigning emotion-regulation strategies to subjects. Purposes: (1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Positive and Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scale, and to verify the relationships between metacognitive beliefs, rumination, and depression. (2) To assess the depressive ruminators’ attentional control process by utilizing eye-tracking technology which is specifically adapted to allow continuous monitoring of attentional deployment. (3) To explore the relationships between depression, rumination, metacognitive beliefs, and attentional control. Method: The study contained two parts. The first was to examine the psychometric properties of Chinese version of Positive/Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scales by a sample of 171(63 males) undergraduate students in preliminary test, and 106(36 males) in formal study. The second part was twofold (1) verifying the relationships between metacognitive belief, depressive rumination, and depression by means of structural equation modeling, and (2) sorting 55 subjects into two groups (high or low level depressive ruminator) according to their scores of Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form-revised(CRSQ-SFR), then recording their performance of attentional control at two stages. The eye-tracking projects included: (1) The free-viewing task was programmed by 2(low/high ruminator)x3(experiential/ analytic/distraction emotion regulation)x4 (happy/sad/angry/neutral facial expression) factorial design, in which 7 types of point-of-gaze were measured as indices of attentional bias. (2) The saccade task, 2(low/high ruminator)x3(experiential/analytic/ distraction emotion regulation )x2 (single/mixed block type) x2(pro-/anti-saccade) x4(happy /sad /angry /neutral facial expression) factorial design, with correct saccade latency and error rate as the indicators of attentional inhibition. Results: High internal consistency and validity in Chinese version of Positive and Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scales were both found in preliminary and formal study. The metacognitive model of rumination on depression provided a good fit to the data, positive beliefs about rumination predicted reflective rumination and brooding rumination were directly linked to depression as well as indirectly via the negative beliefs about rumination. Only in the stage after depressive mood induction and emotion regulation, levels of trait disposition to ruminate would influence individuals’ attentional bias. There were some difference in the indicator of first- fixation-start-time on different facial expressions between the two groups. Further, high depressive ruminators went back to sad and angry faces more than others, and low ruminators had more fixation counts on happy face. With regard to attentional inhibition, high depressive ruminators at both stages had increasing error rates in mixed-type prosaccade task, which individuals had to switch mental sets, and the results were not affected by the factor of emotion regulation. In sum, we inferred that attentional bias would be an indicator belonging to rumination response, and insufficient attentional inhibition would be constantly affected by trait rumination. According to stepwise regression analysis, brooding rumination and the negative beliefs about rumination (concerning lost self-control) stably predicted depression, but not the indicators of attentional control. Finally, unverified hypotheses and suggestion of future research were discussed. As clinical implication, the present findings indicated the possibility of prevention or treatment of depression through attentional control training. Keywords: depressive rumination, metacognitive beliefs, attentional control, depression

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>心理學研究所<br>98<br>Nolen- Hoeksema (1993) proposed that ruminative response style is related to the occurrence and deterioration of depression, and distraction is an adaptive strategy to modify the pathology of repetitive self-focus. Recent studies suggested ruminations were associated with experiential avoidance, indicating difficulty in processing negative experiences, and experiential ruminative self-focus might be adaptive. Nonetheless, the differential effects of analytical-evaluative rumination, experiential rumination, and distraction on experiential avoidance, especially in light of ruminative response style and amount of negative mood change remains elusive. After mood induction, 143 participants were randomly assigned to analytical-evaluative rumination, experiential rumination or distraction manipulation, and undertook Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task- Computerized (PASAT-C) subsequently, which the participants were allowed to stop at any time. The latency in seconds to task termination was used as an index of experiential avoidance. 130 participants whose negative mood was induced successfully were divided to four groups according to their RRS scores and negative mood change amount. A 2 (ruminative response style: high vs. low) × 2 (negative mood change amount: low vs. high) × 3 (regulation strategy: analytical-evaluative rumination, experiential rumination, or distraction) ANCOVA was conducted on termination latency with PASAT-C score as a covariant. The results showed that with high negative mood change, the termination latency of high ruminators was longer than low ruminators when undertaking distraction; however the effect was reversed when doing analytical-evaluative rumination. Besides, when undertaking experiential rumination, the termination latency of high ruminators with low negative mood change was longer, compared to that with high negative mood change. Moreover, when low ruminators with high negative mood change undertook analytic-evaluative rumination, their latencies were longer than when undertaking distraction; however, there were no differences among the three emotional regulation strategies for the low ruminator with low negative mood change. Taken together, the study suggested that the efficacy of different emotional regulation strategies depended on one’s ruminative response style and her/his emotional state.

O presente estudo examinou o impacto do paradigma de escrita expressiva ao nível da regulação emocional numa amostra de adultos da população portuguesa. A escrita expressiva consiste numa tarefa narrativa em que durante um período delimitado se solicita ao participante a escrita sobre pensamentos e sentimentos relativos a experiências de vida difíceis, desafiantes ou traumáticas, de forma aberta e emocional. A investigação desenvolvida em torno deste paradigma tem demonstrado que esta intervenção narrativa, quando administrada durante 3 a 5 dias consecutivos, se encontra associada à melhoria da saúde física e psicológica dos participantes. Inúmeros autores sugerem que esta melhoria sintomatológica é resultado do impacto positivo desta intervenção na regulação emocional e na capacidade de construção de significado dos indivíduos. No entanto, esta ligação entre escrita expressiva e regulação emocional dos participantes não tem sido explorada empiricamente de forma sistemática. Assim, o presente estudo pretende contribuir para colmatar estas limitações da literatura, recorrendo a um design experimental para explorar o efeito da escrita expressiva na capacidade de regulação emocional, nomeadamente no processo de ruminação, numa amostra da população portuguesa.<br>The present study examined the impact of an expressive writing paradigm on the emotional regulation of an adult sample from the Portuguese population. Expressive writing is a narrative task in which, over a delimited period, the participant is asked to write in an open and emotional way about his/her thoughts and feelings associated with difficult, challenging or traumatic life experiences,. Research developed around this paradigm suggests that when administered throughout 3 to 5 consecutive days, this narrative intervention, is associated with the improvement of participants’ physical and psychological health. Several authors suggest that this symptomatic improvement is the result of the impact of the intervention on subjects’ emotional regulation and meaning construction skills. However, this connection between expressive writing and emotional regulation has not been systematically empirically explored. Thus, the present study aims to overcome this literature gap by implementing an experimental design to explore the effects of expressive writing on.emotional regulation skills, namely on rumination processes, in a sample of portuguese population.

Though a major illness in modern society, depression is still not completely understood. A number of empirical observations point to the importance of basic cognitive processes as well as personality variables as antecedents of a depressive disorder. In this work it is argued that “state orientation”, a personality style characterized by the inability to actively influence one’s focus of thought, plays an important role in the development of at least some forms of major depressive disorder. In the present work, it is suggested that (1) state-oriented cognitions are equivalent to sustained information processing, that (2) depressed individuals are characterized in particular by state-oriented cognitions related to prior failure experiences, that (3) sustained processing of affective information will interfere with normal executive cognitive functioning in depressed individuals resulting in impairments of normal behavior, and that (4) both sustained information processing and “affective interference” will be associated with specific dysfunctional patterns of brain activity in depressed individuals. In the first chapter of this thesis, theorizing pertaining to “action control” and the relationship between action control and state orientation are reviewed. After having established the potential functional significance of state-oriented cognitions, their possible link to depression is developed by introducing the “degenerated-intention hypothesis”. Afterwards, the role of state orientation in the advent of the depressive state is discussed against the background of the “functional helplessness” model of depression. Next, recent empirical findings related to executive dysfunction associated with state-oriented cognitions in major depressive disorder and related dysfunctional patterns of brain activity are reviewed. By considering evidence from studies on executive functioning, brain imaging, and neurophysiological studies, support is found for a possible frontocingulate dysfunction associated with a state-oriented cognitive style underlying a major depressive disorder. Consistent with the proposed link between depression and state orientation, in the second chapter of the thesis, Studies 1a – 1c demonstrate that subclinically and clinically depressed individuals are specifically characterized by failure-related state orientation. Moreover, the results of Study 2, described in Chapter 3, reveal that sustained processing of affectively valenced information may indeed interfere with subsequent executive cognitive functioning, especially in individuals demonstrating relatively high levels of depression. Finally, in line with the idea that sustained information processing and affective interference will be related to an individual’s level of state orientation and will be reflected in specific patterns of neural activity, Study 3, presented in Chapter 4, provides considerable evidence for disturbed brain function in clinically depressed individuals during processing of affective information as well as subsequent executive cognitive functioning and its relation to state-oriented thought. The current research supports the idea that state orientation, in particular its failure-focused form, is a crucial process involved in the development and maintenance of a depressive disorder. Specifically, the present findings suggest that certain forms of major depressive disorder are associated with sustained processing of affective information and with the resulting affective interference with executive cognitive functioning. Findings further suggest that sustained information processing is experienced by affected individuals as ruminative, state-oriented thought on past aversive experiences, and that both sustained information processing and affective interference are associated with distinct patterns of brain activity, which are related to early stimulus evaluation, conflict monitoring, and conflict resolution. The processes possibly underlying some forms of depression, as proposed in this thesis, comprise what may be called “the spinning mind”, whose important functional significance is to hinder an individual from adaptive behavior by impairing the ability to direct thought. Although state orientation may therefore appear to be maladaptive per se, it may be argued instead that this mode of action control is also an adaptive process as long as critical limits of certain parameters are met and the spinning mind is prevented. These and similar considerations are addressed in the concluding discussion in Chapter 5.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação<br>A ansiedade social é respetiva à dificuldade do indivíduo em estar em uma ou mais situações sociais. Por sua vez, a forma pela qual se regulam as emoções pode ser determinante no curso e manifestação da ansiedade social. Um dos processos que também contribui para a manutenção desta última é o processamento pós-sitiacional, entendido como um processo ruminativo em si mesmo. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a relação entre o processamento pós-situacional e a ansiedade social, mediada por estratégias de regulação emocional. A amostra foi constituída por estudantes universitários (n = 796) com uma média de idades de 20.48 anos (DP = 3.68). Os resultados mostraram que as estratégias maladaptativas ruminação, catastrofização e autoculpabilização foram as que se mostraram mais associadas com a ansiedade social e com o processamento pós-situacional. Observou-se que as estratégias de regulação emocional mediaram, cada uma delas individualmente, e de forma parcial, a relação entre processamento pós-situacional e ansiedade social. Na sequência de uma análise mais minuciosa sobressaiu, entre as estratégias de regulação emocional já mencionadas, a ruminação, mas aparentemente como intrínseca ao processamento pós-situacional. Conclui-se, deste modo, que para além do relevo do componente ruminativo do processamento pós-situacional na ansiedade social, um conteúdo cognitivo catastrofizante e autoculpabilizador relativo a situações sociais passadas tem também um papel preponderante na ansiedade social, devendo-se assim ter em conta tais aspetos na prática clínica.<br>Social anxiety refers to the individual's difficulty in being in one or more social situations. On the other hand, the way in which emotions are regulated can be determinant in the course and manifestation of social anxiety. One of the processes that also contributes to the maintenance of the latter is post-situational processing, understood as a ruminative process in itself. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the relationship between pos-situational processing and social anxiety, mediated by emotional regulation strategies. The sample consisted of university students (n = 796) with a men age of 20.48 years (SD = 3.68). The results showed that the maladaptative strategies of rumination, catastrophizing and self-blame were those that were shown to be more associated with social anxiety and post-situational processing. It was observed that those emotion regulation strategies mediated, individually, and partially, the relationship between post-situational procesing and social anxiety. In a more detailed analysis, rumination was highlighted among the emotional regulation strategies already mentionated, but apparently intrinsic to post-situational processing. We concluded that, in addition to the emphasis in the ruminative component of the post-situational processing in social anxiety, a catatrophizing and self-blaming cognitive content related to past social situations has also a preponderant role in social anxiety and that such aspects should be taken into account in clinical practice.