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Journal articles on the topic 'Runic inscriptions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Badam, Azzaya, Gerelmaa Namsrai, and Bayartuul Batjav. "Runic Inscriptions and Tamgas in Govi-Altai Province, MONGOLIA." Ази судлал 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/asinmongolia.v1i1.967.

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The great significance of ancient inscription is that it becomes evidence of that historical period. Approximately 170 runic inscriptions, date back to Old Turkic, Uighur period, had been registered in the territory of Mongolia so far. Govi-Altai runic inscriptions are located along the central road headed from Beshbalik to west southern until silk road in the period of Ancient Turkic, Uighur and they play important role in the studies of philology and history since they have many state and military ranking words and personal names. In this article, reading-lexical features and relevant Tamgas of 18 inscriptions discovered in Govi-Altai province have been studied. As of today, a total of 18 Runic inscriptions were discovered in 7 places from this province. The Biger’s 4 inscriptions had been discovered in 1969 for the first time by team “Inscription studies” of the Mongol-Soviet’s history and culture’s joint expedition, whereas our team discovered Davirt II inscription in 2020, and also research team from Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences discovered Khushuut Tolgoi’s inscription. The research team completed a hand painting of 95 Tamgas related to these inscriptions.

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2

Bekjan, O. "Runic Written Monuments in Kazakhstan." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 4, no. 118 (December 15, 2020): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.050.

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Since the middle of the XIX century, ancient inscriptions written on silver bowls, bracelets, and bronze mirrors have been found in large numbers on the territory of Kazakhstan from the surface of the earth and archaeological excavations. Currently, the number of such Turkic runic inscriptions is increasing every year. The first Kazakh scientist who found and tried to reveal their meanings was A. Amanzholov. He named such inscriptions found from Kazakhstan, summarizing them by local values as Irtysh, ili, Syrdarya and Ural. The most valuable was the inscription on the silver bowl, found as a result of archaeological excavations from the Issyk mound. Linguists who came from the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union made a categorical conclusion, without presenting any arguments, that the Issyk inscription is in the Iranian language, and cannot be read in the Turkic languages. But Kazakh researchers, not agreeing with this conclusion, began to read this inscription in the ancient Turkic language. Comparing and analyzing these studies, we published our reading in 1993. After that, until 2009, we updated and supplemented our readings three times. One of the Irtysh inscriptions tells about the danger of vodka and wine for human life. And the second tells about the coolness inside the mountain gorge. In the inscriptions found in the Zhetysu area, special attention was paid to hunting. They describe the sensitivity and extreme caution of the mountain goat. The Talgar inscription speaks of yarn and the spinning profession. In one of the aulieatinsky inscriptions, on the seal is written the phrase «my word», and on a large stone about the immensity of the country of the Karakhanids. And the Syrdarya inscription mentions the greatness of the Syrdarya river.

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3

Bekjan, O. "Runic Written Monuments in Kazakhstan." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 4, no. 118 (December 15, 2020): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.050.

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Since the middle of the XIX century, ancient inscriptions written on silver bowls, bracelets, and bronze mirrors have been found in large numbers on the territory of Kazakhstan from the surface of the earth and archaeological excavations. Currently, the number of such Turkic runic inscriptions is increasing every year. The first Kazakh scientist who found and tried to reveal their meanings was A. Amanzholov. He named such inscriptions found from Kazakhstan, summarizing them by local values as Irtysh, ili, Syrdarya and Ural. The most valuable was the inscription on the silver bowl, found as a result of archaeological excavations from the Issyk mound. Linguists who came from the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union made a categorical conclusion, without presenting any arguments, that the Issyk inscription is in the Iranian language, and cannot be read in the Turkic languages. But Kazakh researchers, not agreeing with this conclusion, began to read this inscription in the ancient Turkic language. Comparing and analyzing these studies, we published our reading in 1993. After that, until 2009, we updated and supplemented our readings three times. One of the Irtysh inscriptions tells about the danger of vodka and wine for human life. And the second tells about the coolness inside the mountain gorge. In the inscriptions found in the Zhetysu area, special attention was paid to hunting. They describe the sensitivity and extreme caution of the mountain goat. The Talgar inscription speaks of yarn and the spinning profession. In one of the aulieatinsky inscriptions, on the seal is written the phrase «my word», and on a large stone about the immensity of the country of the Karakhanids. And the Syrdarya inscription mentions the greatness of the Syrdarya river.

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4

Баттулга, Цэнд. "Арвасын уулын Харанхуйн хөндийн руни бичээс." Mongolian Journal Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.2023120109.

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The runic inscriptions found on Arvas mountain in the Urandösh town of Üzüür city, Otog county, Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, were the subject of the research we conducted and readings in this article. In the Kharankhui Valley of Arvas Mountain, there are three pieces of runic inscriptions. The earliest, and most obvious, inscription was recorded in 2012, although researchers have just recently become aware of it. Content-wise, the first inscription is the note of travel, and the second and third are dedicated to his father. But it falls under the category of carved inscriptions in terms of writing technique.

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5

Саранболор, Эрдэмбилэг, and Гончиг Батболд. "Өвөрхангай аймгийн нутгаас шинээр илэрсэн хоёр бичээс, тамга." Mongolian Journal of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 13, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.20241301010.

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In this article, we present the first reading of two newly discovered small runic inscriptions and the study of related stamps found in Kharkhorin soum, Tsagaan Goliin Baga Khürkhree and Bat-Ölzii soum, KhÜrmen Mukhar located in ÖvÖrkhangaii province. The main source material for our study was found in a place with numerous other rock paintings and stamps. These two inscriptions and stamps were discovered during the process of recording and documenting the rock paintings in KhÜrmen Mukhar and Baga Khürkhree in ÖvÖrkhangai Province. However, the researchers referred to the runic inscriptions as stamps and included them in the stamp register. The runes were the state script of the ancient Turkic and Uyghur states. Sometimes a single letter of the runic alphabet can have its own meaning. In addition to being an expressive word, it also sometimes serves as a tribal seal. We present our suggestions and predictions based on the photos we received. It is not certain that the inscriptions and engraved stamps belong to the same year, but judging from the distribution of the stamps, they usually occur with runic inscriptions. The fact that they belong to the same era as the inscriptions and stamps we are referring to shows the possibility. It is important to determine the scope of the related seal by reading the inscription. It is believed that this will be helpful for future research related to the topic

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6

Bondar, Igor. "The runic inscription of the new zoomorphic amulet of Scandinavian jewelry traditions of the early Middle Ages, originating from the Middle Dniester of Republic of Moldova." Scandinavian Philology 20, no. 1 (2022): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.110.

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The present study focuses on the decipherment and interpretation of the unique runic inscription carved on the zoomorphic pendant of Scandinavian jewelry traditions. The new Scandinavian zoomorphic pendant of 10th century, originating from the region of Middle Dniester, Republic of Moldova. The graffito and amulet have no direct analogies. In the research paper the runic inscription is interpreted as the protection magical spell. The runic inscription is based on the ideographic runes of the Elder and the Younger Futhark. The runic inscription of a similar nature with this combination of graphemes has not yet been known in runology, and is first encountered. The inscription made in Scandinavian runes is the first discovery of a runic inscription in Republic of Moldova and the same time is the first written evidence of the presence of the Vikings in the Dniester-Prut Region. The research methodology is based on a comparison of the runic formula of the zoomorphic amulet inscription with the known analogies of the runic formulas inscribed on various artifacts of ancient German material culture. As much as the inscription contains archaic runes of the Elder Futhark and runes of the Younger Futhark, the study used the approach of identifying the semantic load of the runes used as ideograms with the meaning of their own names. In the present research paper, the retrospective method is used in the most famous examples of Scandinavian runes of the Elder and Younger Futhark as ideograms in the described runic inscriptions of the amulet and incantation character. The comparative method is also applied between compare runes as ideograms of the present inscription and the same runes as ideograms in the other cases of use in the similar or analogical context. Comparative and retrospective methods are also applied in the search for analogies of the use of runes in the meaning of own names in mixed inscriptions made by means of a combinations of older and younger runes. The study widely involved a significant amount of scientific work in the field of methodology of reading and interpreting runic inscriptions of famous runologists of 20th and 21st centuries. In scientific work were used ancient German literary sources, such as: Old Norse, Old Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon runic poems, Old Icelandic sagas about the gods and heroes of the Elder Edda and materials from written sources of the 11th–13th centuries were examined in detail and compared in the context of “magic runes” and mythopoeic concepts in mithological considerations. The archaeological context of this research includes both a comprehensive description of the most unique amulet, and the general layer of the most significant finds of the Viking Age and traces of the Scandinavian cultural presence in the Slavic and Old Russian world of the early Middle Ages in the area of the Dniester-Prut interfluve of present-day territory of Moldova.

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7

Imer, Lisbeth M., and Søren M. Sindbæk. "Nye fund af runer i Ribe." Danske Studier, no. 2021 (November 8, 2022): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/danskestudier.vi2021.134530.

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The article deals with the excavated finds of runic inscriptions in Ribe, during the campaigns in 2017–18. The fragment of a supposed bone plate is carved with runes on one side, whereas a fragmented antler comb is carved with runes on both sides. The bone plate dates to the mid- or late nineth century, whereas the comb has a slightly earlier date to the first half of the nineth century. Suggestions for readings and interpretations of the inscriptions are put forward as well as discussions of the linguistic stage of the texts. Of special interest is the word kąbaʀ, Old Danish kambr, which includes either an epenthetic vowel or a preserved stem vowel. On the basis of linguistic analyses and contemporary Danish finds, it is argued that the inscription contains an epenthetic vowel. Finally, the inscriptions are discussed in relation to the distribution of runic inscriptions in early town environments.

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8

Looijenga, Tineke. "CHECKLIST FRISIAN RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS." AMSTERDAMER BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄLTEREN GERMANISTIK 45, no. 1 (November 17, 1996): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000011.

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9

Fairfax, Edmund. "The Runic Inscription from the Nydam Axehandle." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 68, no. 2 (July 21, 2015): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.68.2.02fai.

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This article offers a critical overview of earlier readings and interpretations of the elder-futhark inscription from the Nydam axehandle, which are found wanting, and proposes instead a new reading and interpretation. The inscriptions from the Køge/Sjælland bracteate, Gallehus horn, Kårstad stone, and Istaby stone, as well as the patronymic use of the suffix -ijaz, are also discussed.

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10

Schulte, Michael. "Stationen der frühen nordgermanischen Sprachgeschichte." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 77, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 49–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00084.sch.

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Abstract The article presents a new periodization of the language of the older runic inscriptions (until 750 AD) by dividing the whole period into four subperiods instead of two (i.e. in contrast to Krause’s dichotomy of Frühurnordisch and Späturnordisch). The study focuses on the earliest layers of runic inscriptions in older fuþark, namely the pre-classical and classical group prior to 400/450 AD. The new runic finds from Svingerud in Norway reinforce the notion of an archaic, pre-classical runic layer, starting already c. 1/50 AD. In order to distinguish a pre-classical Nordic period, the nominative singular masculine of the weak n-stems is viewed as a decisive criterion, in particular the masculine nouns in -o. In addition, the article presents a valid diagnostic criterion to distinguish between ‘post-classical’ and ‘transitional’ inscriptions, viz. the phoneme-grapheme-correspondences of the starlike rune . The result of this approach is a quadripartite division of the older-fuþark inscriptions that bridges that span between late North-West Germanic and early Old Norse.

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11

Birkett, Tom. "The page as monument: epigraphical transposition in the runica manuscripta tradition of early Medieval England." Manuscript and Text Cultures (MTC) 1 (May 1, 2022): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56004/v1b205.

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Most surviving runic inscriptions from early medieval England were produced in an ecclesiastical context, and the influence of manuscript writing practices on the runic tradition can clearly be discerned. The manuscript record of runes or runica manuscripta that flourished particularly in the context of Anglo-Saxon missionary activity to the Continent has, however, usually been regarded as a late antiquarian development, largely detached from the epigraphical tradition. In this paper, I argue that not only did manuscript practice clearly influence epigraphy, but also that several uses of runes in manuscripts can be considered as extensions of the epigraphical tradition. Some runica manuscripta also seem to evoke pointedly the monumental tradition, including associations with permanence, public display, and memorialisation. Through the case studies of decorative uses of runes, scribal signatures, and textual interventions in runes, I argue that there is a relatively consistent association between the runic script and monumental epigraphy that can be transposed onto the manuscript page for particular effects, which rely on received knowledge of the epigraphical tradition long after the use of runes in monumental contexts had ended.

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12

Trygstad, Anne. "The Järsta Stone." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 100, no. 1 (January 1985): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/462197.

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One of the most puzzling of eleventh-century runic inscriptions appears on the Järsta stone, a commemorative monument from Sweden. Its major features—the text band, zoomorphic ornamentation, and shape—unite to form a balanced and harmonious whole. Past interpretations of the Järsta inscription accord neither with the general grammatical, orthographic and formulaic conventions of Uppland commemorative stones nor with the particular variations typical of the carver, Asmund Karasun. A careful consideration of the artistic design suggests that Asmund intended this inscription to be read in a sequence quite different from that proposed by past scholars. This new reading conforms to Asmund's characteristic orthography and phraseology, as we know them from his many other stones, and follows the patterns of formulation traditional to runic carving.

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13

Okasha, Elisabeth. "A third supplement to Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions." Anglo-Saxon England 33 (December 2004): 225–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675104000080.

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This supplement brings up to date my Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971), and the two supplements which appeared in Anglo-Saxon England 11 (1983) and 21 (1992). It contains twenty-nine entries and includes all the Anglo-Saxon non-runic inscriptions that have come to my notice since the publication of the second supplement. I have personally examined all the existing inscriptions included in this third supplement, with the exception of 233 Sleaford and 240 ‘in deo’ ring, both of which are in private possession.

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14

Okasha, Elisabeth. "A fourth supplement to Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions." Anglo-Saxon England 47 (December 2018): 365–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675119000115.

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AbstractThis fourth supplement brings up to date my Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971), and the three supplements which appeared in Anglo-Saxon England 11 (1983), 21 (1992) and 33 (2004). This fourth supplement contains twenty-two entries and includes all the Anglo-Saxon non-runic inscriptions that have come to my notice between 2004 and 2017. Wherever possible I have personally examined all the existing inscriptions contained in this supplement. For ease of reference, this supplement follows the same pattern as before: the Entries appear first, with the same layout as before, followed by the Bibliography and Addenda.

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15

Okasha, Elisabeth. "A second supplement to Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions." Anglo-Saxon England 21 (December 1992): 37–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004178.

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This supplement brings up to date my Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runif Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971). It contains twenty-eight entries, including all the Anglo-Saxon non-runic inscriptions which have come to my notice since the publication of the first supplement. The entries are followed by the Bibliography. This gives in full the references quoted in abbreviated form throughout this second supplement unless they have already appeared in the General Bibliography of the Hand-List or of the first supplement. This is followed by Addenda to the Hand-List and to the first supplement, where additional information about several inscriptions is given. Then follows a list of Corrigenda to the Hand-List and to the first supplement and, finally, a list of Addenda to the bibliographies of the entries in the Hand-List and the first supplement, to bring them up to date.

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16

Meijer, Jan. "Metathesis in Viking Age Runic Inscriptions." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 41, no. 1 (April 18, 1994): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-04101006.

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17

Cole, Richard. "Hebrew in Runic Inscriptions and Elsewhere." Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 11 (January 2015): 33–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.vms.5.109599.

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18

Antonsen, Elmer H. "The Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions of Britain." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20722595.

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19

Knirk, James E. "Corpus Editions of Norwegian Runic Inscriptions." Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 12 (2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-491877.

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20

Källström, Magnus. "Corpus Editions of Swedish Runic Inscriptions." Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 12 (2022): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-491876.

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21

Dandeyevich Bekzhan, Orynbay. "Written monuments from Irtysh and Zhetysu from Kazakhstan." SCIENTIFIC WORK 60, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/60/65-68.

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From the middle of the XIX century, on the territory of Kazakhstan, from the surface of the earth and archaeological excavations, ancient inscriptions written in silver bowls, bracelets, bronze mirrors in large numbers began to be found. Currently, the number of such Turkic runic inscriptions is increasing every year. The first of Kazakhstan scientists who found and tried to reveal their meanings was A.Amanzholov. He named such inscriptions found from Kazakhstan, summarizing them according to local values, such as the Irtysh, Ili, Syrdarya and Ural. One of the Irtysh inscriptions tells about the dangers of vodka and wine for human life. And the second tells about the coolness inside the mountain gorge. In the inscriptions found from the Zhetysu region, attention was paid to hunting. They describe the sensitivity and highest caution of a mountain goat. On the Talgar inscription the words are written about yarn and spinning profession. In one of the Aulie-Ata inscriptions, the phrase “my word” is written on the seal, and on a large stone about the enormity of the country of Karakhanids. And in the Syrdarya inscription the greatness of the Syr Darya river is mentioned. Key words: Issyk letter, Irtysh, ancient inscriptions, seal, jug cover

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22

Аззаяа, Бадам, Төмөр-Очир Идэрхангай, and Батдэлгэр Амгаланбат. "Ногоон уулын бичээс." Mongolian Journal Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.2023120110.

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Every year, in Mongolia, new runic inscriptions are discovered, and according to the latest data, a total of 193 monuments from 108 places have been documented. Only in 2023 were five new inscriptions found, which is a significant accomplishment for epigraphic research. This article will provide information on the II and III inscriptions found in 2023 as well as the first reading interpretations of the Nogoon Uul I inscription found in 2022. Located on the borders of Bor-Öndör and Darkhan soum in Khentii province, Nogoon Uul is site to a monument written in the old Turkic alphabet that was discovered in 2022 by a research team led by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Iderkhangai Tömör- Ochir. Based on the information provided by this team, during the examination of the inscription in 2023, two new inscriptions that had not been previously reported from this area were discovered by our project team. Acknowledgement: The research has received funding from the National University of Mongolia under grant agreement P2022-4373 and PROF. 2023-2737.

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23

Page, R. I. "Two runic notes." Anglo-Saxon England 27 (December 1998): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004890.

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A runic text that has, as far as I know, attracted little attention lurks at the bottom right-hand corner of Tabella III of part 3 of Hickes's Thesaurus. It has thirteen graphs, labelled ' e Cod. Cottoniano, Otho C. 5.p. 41‘. The graphs are the Anglo-Saxon runes:Transliterated: ‗conslruieius‘, followed by what appears to be the bindrune ‘, that is, the late additional rune calc bound with ur. The sigel-Tune ‘s’ is a comparatively rare form found occasionally in manuscripts, on coins and in inscriptions. The other runes are common English types.

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24

Баттулга, Цэнд, and Уламбаяр Эрдэнэбат. "Хар балгасаас илэрсэн хүрэл ялтас дээрх руни бичээс." Mongolian Journal Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.2023120111.

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In 2019, the Mongolian-German Orkhon Expedition (MONDOrEx) discovered a bronze plate with runic inscriptions written in the ancient turkish language in the Karabalgasun of the Uyghur Empire (744/745-840) in Khotont Sum, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia. The inscription consists of two lines and a total of 9 letters, meaning “Qitan man’s [soldier] belt”. This find sample is an interesting new document in the study of the ancient Uyghur history and culture.

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25

Kyzlasov, I. L. "Fundamentals of studying rock runic inscriptions of Altai." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 17 (2022): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2022-17-124-131.

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The Turkic runology still does not attach importance to the conditions of application of the studied inscriptions. The reason for arbitrary readings is a misunder-standing of the meaning of creating graffiti. Without due attention, their creation remains not in the cell-cabinet, but in the natural environment. Anyone could not come up to the rock to write anything. These inscriptions were left in place and a sign of prayer. The low height of the inscriptions indicates that kneeling people wrote on the mountain outcrops of Altai. This is evidenced by the poses of modern copyists in field photographs.

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26

Johnsen, Ben. "CRYPTOGRAPHY IN RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS: A REMARK ON THE ARTICLE, “CRYPTOGRAPHY IN RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS,” BY O. G. LANDSVERK." Cryptologia 25, no. 2 (April 2001): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0161-110191889833.

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27

Looijenga, Tineke. "Germanic: Runes." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 20 (May 4, 2020): 819–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.371.

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This paper offers a survey of the oldest runic inscriptions of the northern parts of Europe. Runic writing is attested from the second century onwards to the Middle Ages, and was in use in several parts of northern Europe during different periods. The language used is formulaic, making the impression that inscriptions in runes were for special occasions and not for daily use. Germanic society was a non-literate society until Christendom arrived and with it a literate culture. Runes are applied epigraphically; only in ecclesiastical contexts they are used in manuscripts, thus offering very useful secondary information about rune-names, for instance. Runes had names for mnemonical and symbolical purposes.

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28

Tarsi, Matteo. "Towards a Phonology of Scandinavian Latin Runic Inscriptions: A Corpus-Based Analysis." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.10.

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Summary:The present paper is a study of the rendering of Latin in Scandinavian runic inscriptions. The analysis focuses on a small corpus of thirteen inscriptions from the whole of Scandinavia and its periph- eral settlements. The investigated phenomena are: 1) Lat. /e/ in stressed and unstressed position; 2) Lat. /d/ and /t/ in initial, intervocalic and final position; 3) Lat. /t/ + /j/ /_V; 4) Lat. /b/, /p/ and /v/ in initial and intervocalic position. From the analysis of the data it can be observed that the runic rendering of Latin can either adhere to its written model or mirror the actual pronunciation of Medieval Latin in Scandinavia.

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29

Grønvik, Ottar. "Der Runenstein von Tanum - ein religionsgeschichtliches Denkmal aus urnordischer Zeit." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 13 (January 1, 1990): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67180.

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The article offers a critical analysis of the inscriptions on three runic stones: the Rök stone from the early Viking Era (800-820), the stone from Stentoften (550-580/699) and the stone from Tanum (200-500). According to the author, all three runic stones seem to have filled a cultic function and can thus shed light on the Old Norse religion.

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30

ŞIRIN, HATICE. "Bombogor Inscription: Tombstone of a Turkic Qunčuy (“Princess”)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26, no. 3 (November 6, 2015): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000558.

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AbstractTurkic Runic inscriptions, discovered in Mongolia during the second half of the 20th century and especially in the last decade, are remarkable. The Bombogor, consisting of five-lines, is one of them. This article is an attempt to re-read the mentioned inscription which was first published by Ts. Battulga. According to my proposed reading, the text was written on a tombstone which was erected in honour of a Turkish qunčuy (“princess”) who might have been married into the Karluk tribe.

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Nedoma, Robert. "The personal names on the Loveden Hill urn and the Watchfield case fitting." Grammarians, Skalds and Rune Carvers I 69, no. 1 (March 3, 2016): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.69.1.01ned.

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This paper deals with graphophonematic and onomastic problems arising from two early English runic inscriptions. Since Pre-OE /ā̆/ and /ɔ̄̆/ were apparently graphemicized as ᚪ a2 and ᚩ a3 at (about) the same time during the late fifth century, it is possible to identify rune no. 6  on the Loveden Hill urn as a variant of the āc-rune ᚪ,  (~ ). Thus, the initial runic sequence there, sïþa1ba2d, renders a correctly shaped male name Pre-OE Sīþæbad (= WFranc./Hispano-Goth. Sendebadus). The Watchfield case fitting is at least 50 years younger, and the first part of its inscription, ha1riboki, may have undergone sub-phonemic umlaut (/hæribōki/ phonetically [ˈhærɪˌboːcɪ] or [ˈhεrɪˌbøːcɪ]?). The second sequence, wusa1, represents a female nickname Pre-OE Wusæ ‘that one who bustles about’, a name which has an exact male counterpart in Langob. Vuso.

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Daly, James. "Orality, Germanic Literacy and Runic Inscriptions in Anglo-Saxon England." Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_5-1_3.

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The presence of runic writing before the influx of Latinate literacy in Anglo-Saxon England is often neglected when investigating the transitional nature of orality and literacy in vernacular Anglo-Saxon writing. The presence of runes in Anglo-Saxon society and Old English manuscripts supports the theory that Old English poetry operated within a transitional period between orality and literacy (as argued by O'Keeffe (1990), Pasternack (1995), Amodio (2005)). However runic symbols problematize the definition of orality within Old English oral-formulaic studies because runic writing practices predate Latinate literacy in England. This article explores the possibility that the orality contained within Old English poetry is a form of secondary orality due to the pre-existence of runic writing in Anglo-Saxon England. This form of secondary orality occurs within the wider social cultural shift between primary orality and modern hyper-literate states as runes act as a literary representation of change within the construction of thought and literature in the English language. This article suggests that runes can be understood as a type of ‘transitional literacy’ between primary orality and Latinate derived literary practices. They act as a way of composing and recording thought as text while still maintaining elements strongly associated with the construction of a primary oral culture in how the texts are interpreted by a culture familiar with writing. Therefore clarification must be made when understanding Old English as a transitional poetic form, namely that the nature and degree of transition contained within Old English poetry builds upon runic inscriptions as it represents a transition between a Germanic and Latinate forms of textuality and literacy.

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Tüngüç, Kader. "Eski Türk Runik Yazılı ile Uygur Yazılı Sosyokültürel Metin Örnekleri Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma." Journal of Old Turkic Studies 8, no. 2 (July 21, 2024): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35236/jots.1516433.

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In this article, a Turkic runiform inscription and a Uyghur written letter will be examined comparatively from a linguistic perspective. The research question is to what extent are the Yenisey inscriptions and the letters from the Old Uyghurs similar? Hemçik-Çırgakı (E 41) from the Yenisei Inscriptions was chosen as the sample text for the Turkish Runic written document, and letter numbered Or. 8212 (180) was chosen as the sample text for the Uyghur written text. Care has been taken to ensure that both texts bear the general characteristics of their genres. These texts, which reflect the sociocultural life of their period, were examined in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics. An evaluation was made on some common features identified as a result of comparing the texts.

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Chruszczewski, Piotr P. "Runic inscriptions as instances of proto-books." Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 126, no. -1 (January 1, 2009): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10148-010-0002-0.

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McLeod, Shane. "The Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions of Britain (review)." Parergon 24, no. 1 (2007): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2007.0049.

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AYDIN, Erhan. "Türk Runik Bibliyografyası’na Ek IV." Journal of Old Turkic Studies 8, no. 1 (February 23, 2024): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35236/jots.1439337.

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Since their initial discovery, the Old Turk inscriptions in the Turkish Runic script, which represent the earliest known written texts of the Turks, have been the subject of extensive scholarly investigation, encompassing thousands of studies. The aim of the study is to contribute to the existing bibliography, as outlined in the 2017 publication entitled “Turkic Runic Bibliography” by Bilge Kültür Sanat Publications. In doing so, this research endeavour aims to expand the existing body of knowledge in two key areas: the “Additions” section will include previously overlooked publications, while the “New Publications” section will include works published in 2023. By expanding and refining the existing literature, this study aims to deepen our understanding of the rich cultural and historical heritage contained within these ancient inscriptions.

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Krüger, Jana. "Kenningar in den metrischen Runeninschriften der Wikingerzeit und des Mittelalters." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 51, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2020-2023.

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Abstract There are several reasons why it is of great importance to include the kennings of the metrical runic inscriptions in thorough investigations of kennings, albeit their number is not particularly high. One reason for this is that there are Viking-Age metrical inscriptions with kennings attested from Eastern Scandinavia, and mostly in eddic metres. Further, some of these kennings belong to the oldest kennings we know at all from Scandinavia, e. g. the kennings of the Theoderic-stanza on the Swedish Rök stone are older than the work of Bragi Boddason. To make it easier for further research to include these kennings, this article gives a short overview of this material. It is worth considering the kennings of the metrical runic inscriptions, for they show a great variety and they are highly developed. Beside the use of tvíkennt and rekit kennings, they testify the knowledge of half-kennings and the poetic device of ofljóst in medieval Norway.

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Mees, Bernard. "Sievers’ Law and the Skåäng Stone." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 32, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542720000045.

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Early runic inscriptions are the best evidence for the oldest historical development of North Germanic. Yet among the many unexpected features of the inscriptions as they are usually presented is the apparent presence of vowels before glides that seem to occur contrary to Sievers’ Law. These include perhaps most prominently the sequence usually read as <harija> on the Skåäng stone where the Vimose comb preserves the expected form <harja>. Rather than assume that a Neogrammarian sound law is violated in a runic text, a more profitable approach is usually to assume that it is the interpretation that is at fault. Many of the instances where Sievers’ Law vocalizations seem to occur in an aberrant manner are texts that are better explained in manners other than have traditionally been accepted.

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Meijer, Jan. "The Runic Inscriptions of Maeshowe, Orkney (Runrön 8)." AMSTERDAMER BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄLTEREN GERMANISTIK 45, no. 1 (November 17, 1996): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000024.

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Findell, Martin. "Corpus Editions of English and Frisian Runic Inscriptions." Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 12 (2022): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-491879.

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Williams, Henrik, Marco Bianchi, and Christiane Zimmermann. "Corpus Editions of Runic Inscriptions in Supranational Databases." Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 12 (2022): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-491882.

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Баттулга, Цэнд. "Тэвш (Тэгш) -ийн уулаас илрүүлсэн руни бичгийн хоёр шинэ дурсгал." Mongolian Journal of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 13, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.2024130109.

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In the article, the author published the results of reading and studying two newly discovered runic monuments in October 2023 in Mongolia. The Ikh Duut Inscription. It was discovered in a location named Ikh Duut in Tevsh (Tegshiin Ulaan) mountain, Bogd soum region of Övörkhangai province. The initial line of the inscription consists of eight letters, with the letter height ranging from 8 to 12 centimeters. The second line consists of 13 characters, with each letter having a height ranging from 6 to 10 centimeters. The third line consists of 14 characters, with each letter having a height ranging from 5 to 10 centimeters.

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Nedoma, Robert. "Südgermanische Runeninschriften." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00035.ned.

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Abstract This paper deals with three South Germanic runic inscriptions that are highly relevant to language history. 1. The Frienstedt comb, which dates to the second half of the 3rd century A.D., bears four runes kaba = WGmc. ka(m)ba m. ‘comb’. The nominative sg. marker -a < PGmc. *-az represents the oldest attested West Germanic dialect feature (opposite PNorse -az, EGmc. -s). 2. noru on a neckring found near or in Aalen (ca. 500) renders a woman’s byname Nōru ‘the little one’. Final -u is best interpreted as nominative sg. of an ō-stem; it thus reflects the intermediate stage between PGmc. *-ō and Pre-OHG -Ø in later 6th century inscriptions. 3. The inscription on the Wurmlingen spearhead (presumably early 7th century) reads dorih, representing a dithematic name Dōr(r)īχ(χ) m. (< PGmc. *-rīkaz). This is the first example of Second Consonant Shift /k/ > /x(x)/.

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Fischer, Svante, Martin Hannes Graf, Carole Fossurier, Madeleine Châtelet, and Jean Soulat. "An Inscribed Silver Spoon from Ichtratzheim (Bas-Rhin)." Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History, no. 11 (February 13, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/jaah.vi11.134.

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This article presents a Merovingian Period silver spoon that was recently discovered in an opulent female chamber grave in the “Niederfeld” row grave cemetery of Ichtratzheim (Bas-Rhin). The spoon has no less than three different inscriptions, one in seriffed Latin capitals and two in runes. The first contains a Latin male personal name, Matteus, the second a previously unattested runic lapela ‘spoon’, and the third a sequence abuda, presumably a female personal name. This makes it the second known example of an inscribed object with both runes and Latin from Merovingian Period Gaul. From a runological perspective, this is one of the most important discoveries in recent times because it contains the oldest known case of a linguistically meaningful runic inscription using the rare p-rune and some very archaic linguistic forms. From an archaeological perspective, this is one of the richest known Merovingian Period female burials in Alsace, and it is very likely that the buried woman may have been a leading member of the local elite.

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Bai, Yudong, and Juanjuan Che. "Sogdian Elements in Yenisei Inscriptions." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 75, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2022.00234.

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In several Runic Yenisei inscriptions dating from the 8th and 9th centuries, there are words related to Sogdian, such as Arγu in monument E42, Čač (Tashkent) in E52, Čaγar (柘羯, ‘warrior’) in E55, Pülüs (Paulus / Paul, personal name) in E69, etc. Among them, Pülüs (Paul), the tomb owner of E69, comes from the Shi 石 Kingdom (Tashkent) in Sogdiana. This provides key historical data for understanding the relationship between the Sogdians and Kirghizs,and indicates that there was a material and cultural exchange between them in the Yenisei basin at that time.

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Hines, John. "New insights into Early Old English from recent Anglo-Saxon runic finds." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00034.hin.

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Abstract The standard methods of philological reconstruction usually enable us to work back from the earliest recorded examples of a particular language and to reconstruct earlier stages – especially when the language in question has known close relatives. The Early Old English of the 7th to 9th centuries AD is far from unrecorded. In light of both of those facts, it is remarkable how far newly found specimens of the language, in runic inscriptions, are revealing quite new aspects of Old English. This paper considers three such examples in detail, all of them containing grammatically complete sentences. The evidence includes not only a previously unidentified runic graph, with its own implications for phonological awareness in the users of the runic script in Anglo-Saxon England, but also a range of morphological and lexical phenomena that altogether shed considerable light on varieties of Old English as early as the 8th century and on the value of this material for understanding the developing role of literacy across the period too.

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Schulte, Michael. "Bauprinzipen runischer Formeln." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 145, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2023-0001.

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Abstract This study offers a new typology of runic formulas in the corpus of the older runic inscriptions (up to AD 700). Its basis as defined in this paper is the minimal ›one-word formula‹ along with its diverse morpho-syntactical extensions. The approach taken in this study identifies ›one-word-formulas‹ such as alu or laukaR as the basic building blocks of runic formulaicity which can be extended in various ways. The typology thus established comprises 1. monolexemes consisting of isolated charm words, e. g., alu, 2. reduplication formulas, e. g., salu-salu, 3. twin formulas, e. g., līna laukaR, 4. alliterative non-twin formulas, e. g., rūnō raginakundō, 5. tandem formulas and further combinations of formulas, e. g., laukaR alu, and 6. disguised and distorted formulas, e. g., tua , which probably can stand for alu. The methodological foundation of this overall classification lies in the linguistic and rhythmic-metrical principles that these formulas obey, not least Behaghel’s Fourth Law.

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Mees, Bernard. "Two difficult forms on the Tune memorial." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 52, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2022-2011.

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Abstract The Tune runestone preserves one of the most important older runic inscriptions. Yet two main interpretations have been proposed for the text on side B of the early Norwegian memorial. The more recent interpretation relies on the existence of a Proto-Germanic fabricatory verb *dālijaną that is not attested otherwise. Side B also features a superlative adjective featuring the ending -jōstēz whose root has equally been the subject of a range of unlikely proposals. The early runic verb dalidun is most plausibly taken as reflecting a loan of *dāl-, the Celtic reflection of the Indo-European verbal root *deh 1 (i̯)- ‘to divide’, while the superlative appears to be most obviously comparable to Gothic sinistans ‘elders’.

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Hines, John. "Two Personal Names in Recently Found Anglo-Saxon Runic Inscriptions: Sedgeford (Norfolk) and Elsted (West Sussex)." Anglia 137, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 278–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0025.

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Abstract In 2017 two objects carrying runic inscriptions that are identifiable as personal names were found. Both date to the ninth century; both are dithematic (compound) names. The object identified as a spoon or fork handle from Sedgeford in Norfolk bears a familiar male name, Biarnferð. This contains a runic graph hitherto unseen, which may, despite the provenance of the find, be interpreted as a representation of the diphthong ia that developed in the Kentish dialect by the middle of the ninth century. There is in fact a historically known individual of this name who witnessed a series of Canterbury charters in the mid-ninth century. The other object, a strap-end from Elsted in West Sussex, carries what can be identified from its final element, ‑flǣd, as a female name, although the whole name cannot be read. What is legible cannot be identified with any previously recorded personal name. Evaluation of these finds emphasizes how Anglo-Saxon runic writing practice continued to adapt to changes in the language and the regularization of roman-script literacy in the ninth century. Finally, the role of literacy within a nexus of cultural relationship involving individuals and artefacts is also highlighted.

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Vavulin, M. V. "DOCUMENTATION OF OLD TURKIC RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS OF THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNOLOGY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W8 (November 14, 2017): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w8-257-2017.

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Old Turkic runic inscriptions of the Altai Mountains (8th–9th centuries AD) were digitized in the course of this project to be preserved in the current state on the Web and deciphered by linguistic experts. The ways the inscriptions were made as well as their location in hardly accessible areas required finding an inexpensive solution that would provide detailed 3D documentation of rock faces, while at the same time mobility and autonomy. Digital photogrammetry came as a quite affordable and optimal choice for getting high-quality outcomes using inexpensive software and further data processing using free software.

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