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Škof, Branko, and Nada Rotovnik Kozjek. "A Comparison of Dietary Habits Between Recreational Runners and a Randomly Selected Adult Population in Slovenia / Primerjava Prehranskih Navad Rekreativnih Tekačev In Naključno Izbranih Odraslih Ljudi V Sloveniji." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0030.
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Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to compare the dietary habits of recreational runners with those of a random sample of the general population. We also wanted to determine the influence of gender, age and sports performance of recreational runners on their basic diet and compliance with recommendations in sports nutrition. Methods. The study population consisted of 1,212 adult Slovenian recreational runners and 774 randomly selected residents of Slovenia between the ages of 18 and 65 years. The data on the dietary habits of our subjects was gathered by means of two questionnaires. The following parameters were evaluated: the type of diet, a food pattern, and the frequency of consumption of individual food groups, the use of dietary supplements, fluid intake, and alcohol consumption. Results. Recreational runners had better compliance with recommendations for healthy nutrition than the general population. This pattern increased with the runner’s age and performance level. Compared to male runners, female runners ate more regularly and had a more frequent consumption of food groups associated with a healthy diet (fruit, vegetables, whole grain foods, and low-fat dairy products). The consumption of simple sugars and use of nutritional supplements by well-trained runners was inadequate with values recommended for physically active individuals. Conclusion. Recreational runners are an exemplary population group that actively seeks to adopt a healthier lifestyle.
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Stickler, Laurie, Hayley Hall, and Barb Hoogenboom. "Runner’s Health Choices Questionnaire: Male College Cross-Country Runners’ Perspectives on Health and Eating." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0082.
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Context: Competitive cross-country runners train at much higher loads and with greater demands than recreational runners, posing a unique set of physiological and psychological challenges. Thus, identification of factors influencing health and nutritional choices in male cross-country runners is needed to help combat energy-related health issues. Purpose: To assess male college cross-country runners’ perspectives regarding sport-related health and the factors impacting their eating behaviors. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Participants/Methods: The Runner’s Health Choices Questionnaire was distributed to male college cross-country runners. Responses were analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics. Results: One hundred nineteen runners completed the survey. Runners reported a diverse range of factors impacting eating and health behaviors from athletic performance enhancement to enjoyment of food. Less than 6% of athletes ranked athletic trainer, registered dietitian, or physician as often consulted for nutrition/health information. However, 75% of runners said they would be somewhat likely or very likely to make dietary or health changes if given new or additional information by a health care provider. Conclusion: Male cross-country runners appear to try to balance a global desire to be healthy with individual preferences. Athletes may be receptive to nutritional education that utilizes a biopsychosocial model with mental and psychological health support, and intentional effort is needed to support runners’ overall health.
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Felesky-Hunt, Samara. "Nutrition for Runners." Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 18, no. 2 (April 2001): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-8422(23)01190-4.
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Blennerhassett, Claire, Lars R. McNaughton, Lorcan Cronin, and S. Andy Sparks. "Development and Implementation of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Ultraendurance Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0322.
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The nutritional intake of ultraendurance athletes is often poorly matched with the requirements of the sport. Nutrition knowledge is a mediating factor to food choice that could correct such imbalances. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess the nutrition knowledge of ultraendurance athletes. Nutritional knowledge was assessed using a modified sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (ULTRA-Q). Four independent assessors with specialization in sports nutrition confirmed the content validity of the ULTRA-Q. Registered sports nutritionists, registered dietitians, and those without nutrition training completed the ULTRA-Q on two separate occasions. After the first completion, a significant difference in nutrition scores between groups (p ≤ .001) provided evidence of construct validity. After the second completion, intraclass correlation coefficients comparing nutrition scores between time points (.75–.95) provided evidence of test–retest reliability. Subsequently, experienced ultraendurance athletes (male: n = 74 and female: n = 27) completed the ULTRA-Q. Athletes also documented their sources of nutrition knowledge for ultraendurance events. The total nutrition knowledge score for ultraendurance athletes was 68.3% ± 9.5%, and there were no significant differences in knowledge scores between males and females (67.4% ± 9.6% and 70.7% ± 9.3%, respectively) or between runners and triathletes (69.1% ± 9.7% and 65.1% ± 9.4%, respectively). In general, it appeared that ultraendurance athletes favored other athletes (73%) over nutrition experts (8%) as a source of nutritional information. The findings of this study indicate that ultraendurance athletes had a reasonable level of nutrition knowledge, but interathlete variability suggests a need for targeted nutrition education.
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Weight, Lindsay M., Peter Jacobs, and Timothy D. Noakes. "Dietary iron deficiency and sports anaemia." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 1 (July 1992): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920082.
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In order to determine whether dietary inadequacies can explain the sub-optimal iron status widely documented in endurance-trained athletes, the food intake records of Fe-deficient and Fe-replete distance runners and non-exercising controls of both sexes were analysed. In all the male study groups the mean dietary Fe intake met the recommended dietary allowances (RDA; > 10 mg/d (US) Food and Nutrition Board, 1989). However, both female athletes and controls failed to meet the RDA with regard to Fe (< 15 mg/d) and folate (< 200 μg/d). There was no difference in the total Fe intakes of Fe-deficient and Fe-replete athletes and the controls of each sex. However, Fe-deficient male runners, but not female runners, consumed significantly less haem-Fe (P= 0.048) than their comparative groups. This suggests that the habitual consumption of Fe-poor diets is a factor in the aetiology of athletes' Fe deficiency.
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Bernaciková, Martina, Marta Gimunová, Michal Kumstát, Ana Carolina Paludo, and Radka Škovranová. "Negative Training Responses During The Runners’ Career Could Cooperate in an Early Career Termination: A Case Study in Top-Level Female Runners From the Slovakian National Team." Studia sportiva 16, no. 2 (February 24, 2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2022-2-7.
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Purpose: The early drop-out in professional youth athletes is a complex and multi factors process and seems to be more common in individual sports with higher physical demands, such as the running disciplines. Also, it has previously been reported that youth female athletes presented a higher drop-out rate compared with males. The present study, therefore, investigated the causes of early-career termination and possible association with wellness and low energy availability in youth female runners.
Methods: Data from four female runners (aged from 22 to 24 years) from the Slovakian national team in running disciplines who have ended their careers early were collected. A semi-structured interview was performed to explore multiple factors (advent athletics, training, regeneration, sleep, diet, health, emotions, motivation, communication, environmental pressure, coach, habits, reasons for ending an athletic career and a better relationship with the sport) and the questionnaire about wellness and low energy availability in females (LEAF-Q).
Results: The interview shows that the most common factors of early-career termination of a former runner were: an early specialization in the discipline, inadequate training dose-response (e.g., high intensity and insufficient recovery), pathological nutritional behaviour, health problems, psychological factors, and loss of motivation. The factors reported during the interview were associated with negative results of the wellness questionnaire (score 10±1.9) and with LEAF-Q (score 12±2.9).
Conclusion: The study highlights the multi factors involved in early career termination. Based on the athletes’ reports, was possible to notice that the early sports specialization in running disciplines affected negatively their health, nutrition and psychological aspects, and could be triggered by higher training loads and insufficient recovery. Caution should be taken by coaches and professionals involved during the sports specialization, in order to minimize the negative impact of training routine on youth athletes and consequently avoid an early drop-out.
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Vinci, Debra M., Margaret Downs, Charles L. Dumke, and David C. Nieman. "Nutrition Supplementation Practices and Nutrition Knowledge of Ultramarathon Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S349—S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01675.
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Vinci, Debra M., Margaret Downs, Charles L. Dumke, and David C. Nieman. "Nutrition Supplementation Practices and Nutrition Knowledge of Ultramarathon Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S349???S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01675.
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Clark, Nancy, Miriam Nelson, and William Evans. "Nutrition Education for Elite Female Runners." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 2 (February 1988): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709434.
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Schröder, Sandra, Alexandra Fischer, Christina Vock, Mike Böhme, Constance Schmelzer, Myriam Döpner, Olaf Hülsmann, and Frank Döring. "Nutrition Concepts for Elite Distance Runners Based on Macronutrient and Energy Expenditure." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.489.
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Abstract Context: Elite distance runners (EDR) must optimize their nutrition to maintain their demanding training schedules. Objective: To develop a nutrition concept for EDR based on energy and macronutrient expenditures. Design: This theoretical study provides calculations for macronutrient and energy expenditures of EDR. Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of EDR were assumed based on average real EDR. Setting: University of Kiel. Patients Or Other Participants: Three prototypic types of male EDR described in the literature as type I (TI; body mass = 72 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.9 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 60% to 70%), type II (TII; body mass = 67 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.82 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 50%), and type III (TIII; body mass = 60 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.75 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 30% to 40%). Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the macronutrient and energy expenditures of the 3 types of EDR according to body mass, respiratory quotient, and percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Results: We found that the average energy expenditure was 3750 kcal · d−1 for TI runners, 3463 kcal · d−1 for TII runners, and 3079 kcal · d−1 for TIII runners. The carbohydrate (CHO) expenditure reached an average value of 10.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TI runners, 8.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TII runners, and 4.7 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TIII runners. When the EDR accomplished running sessions at a pace ≥100% of maximum oxygen consumption, all types of runners had a CHO demand of about 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. The TI and TII runners need a CHO intake of 8 to 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. For the TIII runners, a CHO intake >6 g · kg−1 · d−1 is necessary during anaerobic training sessions. Conclusions: Nutrition concepts must be differentiated for EDR according to metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of the runners and their special training emphases.
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Baart, A. Mireille, Rieneke Terink, Johannes Zwerver, Ben J. M. Witteman, and Marco Mensink. "Exercise-related abdominal complaints in a large cohort of runners: a survey with a particular focus on nutrition." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 2 (June 2023): e001571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001571.
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ObjectivesAbdominal complaints (AC) during exercise are a common problem in runners. Nutrition is known to play a role in exercise-related AC, but information on the role of habitual dietary intake is limited. We assessed the prevalence of AC in a large cohort of runners, and investigated its association with potential risk factors, with a particular focus on nutritional factors in the habitual diet.MethodsA total of 1993 runners completed two online questionnaires: a general questionnaire on, among others, running habits and exercise-related AC and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Runners with and without either upper AC (UAC) or lower AC (LAC) were compared regarding personal characteristics, running characteristics and habitual dietary intake.Results1139 runners (57%) reported AC during and/or up to 3 hours after running: 302 runners (15%) reported UAC, 1115 (56%) LAC and 278 (14%) both. In about one-third of runners with AC, these complaints negatively affected their running. Exercise-related AC were positively associated with female gender, younger age and more intense running. Most associations with nutritional factors were observed only for LAC in men, with a higher intake of energy, all macronutrients and grain products in men with LAC. In both men and women, a higher intake of tea and unhealthy choices were associated with AC.ConclusionExercise-related AC were quite prevalent, and in about one-third of the cases, AC impacted their running. Being female, having a younger age and running at higher intensity were positively associated with AC. Some aspects of the habitual diet were associated with AC. Most notable were positive associations for intake of fat, tea and unhealthy choices.
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Jiménez-Alfageme, Rubén, Noelia Rubio-Quintanilla, David Romero-García, Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver, Isabel Sospedra, and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz. "Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners?" Nutrients 15, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020262.
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Background: The use of sports supplements (SS) to improve sports performance is widespread in all types of athletes, however, the specific characteristics of mountain races may require the use of certain SS. Despite being a sport where the consumption of SS seems widespread, few studies have been conducted in this regard. The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of SS consumption of mountain runners in relation to the degree of scientific evidence, sex, and level of competition. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and habitual use of SS of 357 federated mountain runners in Spain. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: From the total sample, 93.84% of the athletes stated that they consumed SS, with no differences observed based on the competitive level or in terms of sex; however, there were significant differences according to the competitive level in terms of the number of SS consumed, with consumption being greater at a higher competitive level (p = 0.009). The most consumed SS were sports bars (66.1%), sports drinks (60.5%), sports gels (52.9%), and caffeine (46.2%). Conclusions: The consumption of SS in mountain races is high, and the number of SS consumed is higher as the competition level increases. The four SS most consumed by the participants in this study were all included in category A in the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), this category is the one with the greatest scientific evidence.
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Fredericson, Michael, Megan Roche, Michelle T. Barrack, Adam Tenforde, Kristin Sainani, Emily Kraus, Andrea Kussman, et al. "Healthy Runner Project: a 7-year, multisite nutrition education intervention to reduce bone stress injury incidence in collegiate distance runners." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 2 (May 2023): e001545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001545.
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ObjectivesWe evaluated the effect of a nutrition education intervention on bone stress injury (BSI) incidence among female distance runners at two NCAA Division I institutions.MethodsHistorical BSI rates were measured retrospectively (2010–2013); runners were then followed prospectively in pilot (2013–2016) and intervention (2016–2020) phases. The primary aim was to compare BSI rates in the historical and intervention phases. Pilot phase data are included only for descriptive purposes. The intervention comprised team nutrition presentations focused on optimising energy availability plus individualised nutrition sessions for runners with elevated Female Athlete Triad risk. Annual BSI rates were calculated using a generalised estimating equation Poisson regression model adjusted for age and institution. Post hoc analyses were stratified by institution and BSI type (trabecular-rich or cortical-rich).ResultsThe historical phase included 56 runners and 90.2 person-years; the intervention phase included 78 runners and 137.3 person-years. Overall BSI rates were not reduced from the historical (0.52 events per person-year) to the intervention (0.43 events per person-year) phase. Post hoc analyses demonstrated trabecular-rich BSI rates dropped significantly from 0.18 to 0.10 events per person-year from the historical to intervention phase (p=0.047). There was a significant interaction between phase and institution (p=0.009). At Institution 1, the overall BSI rate dropped from 0.63 to 0.27 events per person-year from the historical to intervention phase (p=0.041), whereas no decline was observed at Institution 2.ConclusionOur findings suggest that a nutrition intervention emphasising energy availability may preferentially impact trabecular-rich BSI and depend on team environment, culture and resources.
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Risser, William L. "Sports Medicine." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.11.424.
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This article discusses several topics that are rather loosely related, including prevention of injury, disqualifying conditions, heat illness, proper nutrition in sports that have weight categories, anabolic steroids, and treatment of contusions. All but the last fit the theme of injury prevention. Injury Prevention CONDITIONING Proper physical conditioning can prevent injury. The principles of preventing overuse injuries in distance runners discussed herein can be generalized to other sports. At the beginning of the season, the coach must control the duration, intensity, and frequency of training carefully. Atheletes often develop overuse injuries when they do too much too soon. In addition, runners should warm up and stretch before exercise and cool down and stretch afterwards. If they are using strength training as part of their conditioning program, they should begin this slowly and carefully. In warm or humid climates, they need proper hydration and gradual acclimatization to avoid heat illness, particularly during the first 2 weeks of training. Proper conditioning includes instruction in the correct biomechanics of running; errors can lead to injury. Malalignment in the lower extremities, such as leg length discrepancies or excessive pronation, may disturb normal biomechanics. Affected athletes may avoid overuse injuries by using heel pads or arch supports. Clinicians should identify malalignment during preparticipation sports examinations, before injury occurs.
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Skurvydas, Albertas, Marius Brazaitis, Tomas Venckūnas, Sigitas Kamandulis, Aleksas Stanislovaitis, and Aurelijus Zuoza. "The effect of sports specialization on musculus quadriceps function after exercise-induced muscle damage." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36, no. 6 (December 2011): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h11-112.
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The primary aim of the present study was to examine the effect of eccentric exercise-induced (100 submaximal eccentric contractions at an angular velocity of 60° s–1, with 20-s rest intervals) muscle damage on peripheral and central fatigue of quadriceps muscle in well-trained long-distance runners, sprint runners, volleyball players, and untrained subjects. We found that (i) indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (prolonged decrease in maximal voluntary contraction, isokinetic concentric torque, and electrically induced (20 Hz) torque) were most evident in untrained subjects, while there were no significant differences in changes of muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase 48 h after eccentric exercise between athletes and untrained subjects; (ii) low-frequency fatigue was greater in untrained subjects and volleyball players than in sprint runners and long-distance runners; (iii) in all subjects, electrically induced (100 Hz) torque decreased significantly by about 20%, while central activation ratio decreased significantly by about 8% in untrained subjects and sprint runners, and by about 3%–5% in long-distance runners and volleyball players. Thus, trained subjects showed greater resistance to exercise-induced muscle damage for most markers, and long-distance runners had no advantage over sprint runners or volleyball players.
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Costa, Ricardo J. S., Beat Knechtle, Mark Tarnopolsky, and Martin D. Hoffman. "Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0255.
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Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.
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Baart, A. Mireille, Rieneke Terink, Mannes Naeff, Eelke Naeff, Marco Mensink, Jelmer Alsma, Ben J. M. Witteman, and Johannes Zwerver. "Factors associated with lower limb tendinopathy in a large cohort of runners: a survey with a particular focus on nutrition." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 2 (May 2023): e001570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001570.
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ObjectivesLower limb tendinopathy (LLT) is highly prevalent in runners. Treatment can be challenging, and knowledge of risk factors may be valuable to develop preventive or treatment interventions for LLT. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of three common LLTs (Achilles tendinopathy (AT), patellar tendinopathy and plantar fasciopathy) in a large cohort of Dutch and Belgian runners and (2) to investigate its association with potential risk factors, with a particular focus on nutritional factors in the habitual diet.MethodsA total of 1993 runners were included in the study. They completed two online questionnaires: a general questionnaire on running habits and injuries and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Runners with and without LLT were compared regarding personal characteristics, running characteristics and nutritional factors.ResultsThe point prevalence for the three LLTs was 6%; 33% of the runners reported LLT in the past and 35% had either a current or past LLT. AT was the most prevalent type of LLT, and prevalence rates for all types of LLT were higher in men than women. Positive associations with LLT were observed for age and running years (men and women), running level and running distance (men). No associations between LLT and nutritional factors were observed.ConclusionOne-third of this population of runners had ever experienced an LLT. These tendinopathies were associated with gender, age and running load, but not with nutritional factors.
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Barrack, Michelle, Michael Fredericson, Tenforde S. Adam, Emily Kraus, Brian Kim, Sonal Singh, Andrea Kussman, et al. "Nutrition Goals Prioritized By Elite Endurance Runners Undergoing A Nutrition Education Intervention." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519298.55627.5d.
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Alves Vas, Francisco Javier, Fco Javier Grijota Pérez, Víctor Toro-Román, Ignacio Bartolomé Sánchez, Marcos Maynar Mariño, and Gema Barrientos Vicho. "Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile in Erythrocytes in High-Level Endurance Runners during a Sports Season." Nutrients 16, no. 12 (June 16, 2024): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16121895.
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Fatty acids (FAs) are an essential component of the erythrocyte membrane, and nutrition and physical exercise are two variables that affect their structure and function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erythrocyte profile in a group of high-level endurance runners, as well as the changes in different FAs, throughout a sports season in relation to the training performed. A total of 21 high-level male endurance runners (23 ± 4 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.05) were evaluated at four different times throughout a sports season. The athletes had at least 5 years of previous experience and participated in national and international competitions. The determination of the different FAs was carried out by gas chromatography. The runners exhibited low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-3 index (IND ω-3), as well as high values of stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and arachidonic acid (AA), compared to the values of reference throughout the study. In conclusion, training modifies the erythrocyte FA profile in high-level endurance runners, reducing the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as DHA and AA and increasing the concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as SA and the PA. High-level endurance runners should pay special attention to the intake of PUFAs ω-3 in their diet or consider supplementation during training periods to avoid deficiency.
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Wardenaar, Floris C., Rianne Dijkhuizen, Ingrid J. M. Ceelen, Emma Jonk, Jeanne H. M. De Vries, Renger F. Witkamp, and Marco Mensink. "Nutrient Intake by Ultramarathon Runners: Can They Meet Recommendations?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0199.
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Purpose:The objective of this study was to investigate whether ultramarathon runners were able to meet nutrition recommendations during a training period and on a competition day.Methods:In preparation for a 60 or 120 km ultramarathon covering a varied terrain, male and female ultramarathon runners (n = 68, age 46.5 ± 7.1 y) reported habitual dietary intake during three independent days using a web-based 24-hr recall and questionnaires. The diet was assessed using probability of inadequacy or by qualitative evaluation using reference dietary intakes or sports nutrition recommendations. A small group of 120 km runners (n = 4) was observed continuously during the race. After the race, 60 km runners (n = 41) received a questionnaire to assess dietary intake and gastrointestinal (GI) distress on the race day. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r) were applied to investigate the association between intake and general GI distress symptoms.Results:In men and women, habitual mean carbohydrate (CHO) intake was lower than recommended, as was mean protein intake by women. CHO intake during the race was <60 g/h in 75% of the athletes. A large variation of nutrient and fluid intake was seen. GI distress during the race was reported in 82% of the runners; severe GI distress was low. In general, moderate, mostly negative, correlations with nutrient intake were seen for GI distress.Conclusions:Sports nutrition recommendations for the habitual diet were not achieved. During a competition day, a large variation was found in nutrient intake; this may be related to a high incidence of GI distress.
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Lindeman, A. K., and C. A. Grove. "40 EATING HABITS OF EUTE COLLEGE DISTANCE RUNNERS AND NUTRITION CONCERNS OF RUNNERS AND COACHES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00041.
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Bongers, Marissa, Bryce M. Abbey, Kate A. Heelan, Janet E. Steele, and Gregory A. Brown. "Nutrition Education Improves Nutrition Knowledge, Not Dietary Habits In Female Collegiate Distance Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517099.53724.2f.
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Mahoney, Sara E., Thomas R. Wójcicki, Andrew J. Carnes, and Nigel Ouslan. "Sources Of Nutrition Information And Knowledge For Ultra-runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (June 2019): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000563170.36506.24.
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McCubbin, Alan J., Gregory R. Cox, and Elizabeth M. Broad. "Case Study: Nutrition Planning and Intake for Marathon des Sables—A Series of Five Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 6 (December 2016): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0016.
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This case study describes the nutrition plans, intakes and experiences of five ultra-marathon runners who completed the Marathon des Sables in 2011 and 2013; age 37 (28–43) y, height 184 (180–190) cm, body mass 77.5 (71–85.5) kg, marathon personal best 3:08 (2:40–3:32). MdS is a 7-day, six-stage ultra-running stage race held in the Sahara Desert (total distance of timed stages 1–5 was 233.2 km in 2011, 223.4 km in 2013). Competitors are required to carry all equipment and food (except water) for the race duration, a minimum of 8,360 kJ/day and total pack weight of 6.5–15 kg. Total food mass carried was 4.2 (3.8–4.7) kg or 0.7 (0.5–1.1) kg/day. Planned energy (13,550 (10,323–18,142) kJ/day), protein (1.3 (0.8–1.8) g/kg/day), and carbohydrate (6.2 (4.3–9.2) g/kg/day) intakes on the fully self-sufficient days were slightly below guideline recommendations, due to the need to balance nutritional needs with food mass to be carried. Energy density was 1,636 (1,475–1,814) kJ/100g. 98.5% of the planned food was consumed. Fluid consumption was ad libitum with no symptoms or medical treatment required for dehydration or hyponatremia. During-stage carbohydrate intake was 42 (20–64) g/hour. Key issues encountered by runners included difficulty consuming foods due to dry mouth, and unpalatability of sweet foods (energy gels, sports drinks) when heated in the sun. Final classification of the runners ranged from 11th to 175th of 970 finishers in 2013, and 132nd of 805 in 2011. The described pattern of intake and macronutrient quantities were positively appraised by the five runners.
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Johnston, Therese E., Colleen Dempsey, Frances Gilman, Ryan Tomlinson, Ann-Katrin Jacketti, and Jeremy Close. "Physiological Factors of Female Runners With and Without Stress Fracture Histories: A Pilot Study." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120919331.
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Background: Female runners are at increased risk of stress fractures (SFs) compared with men. Literature is lacking with regard to best practice for preventing and treating SFs in women. The purpose of the study was to compare physiological measures and running-related factors between women of various ages and running abilities with and without a history of running-related SFs. Hypothesis: Women with and without SF histories will differ with regard to medical and menstrual history, bone health, body composition, nutrition, and running history. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 20 female runners with SF histories were matched based on age and running distance with 20 women without SF histories. Data included medical, menstrual, running, injury, and nutritional histories; blood histology related to nutritional, hormonal, and bone-related risk factors; and bone density, fat, and lean tissue using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Paired t tests were used to examine differences between women with and without SF histories, and Spearmen correlations were conducted to examine relationships between physiological factors. Results: Women with SF histories had lower hip bone mineral density compared with women without SF histories ( P < 0.05). SF history was moderately correlated with menstrual changes during increased training times ( r = 0.580; P < 0.0001) but was not correlated with any other physiological factor. There was a moderate correlation within the SF group ( r = 0.65; P = 0.004) for bone markers for resorption and formation both increasing, indicating increased bone turnover. Conclusion: Female runners with low hip bone mineral density, menstrual changes during peak training, and elevated bone turnover markers may be at increased risk of SF. Clinical Relevance: Female runners need routine screening for risks associated with SF occurrence. As bone mineral density and bone turnover markers are not routinely assessed in this population, important risk factors may be missed.
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Stellingwerff, Trent, Ingvill Måkestad Bovim, and Jamie Whitfield. "Contemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0241.
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Middle-distance runners utilize the full continuum of energy systems throughout training, and given the infinite competition tactical scenarios, this event group is highly complex from a performance intervention point of view. However, this complexity results in numerous potential periodized nutrition interventions to optimize middle-distance training adaptation and competition performance. Middle-distance race intensity is extreme, with 800- to 5,000-m races being at ∼95% to 130% of VO2max. Accordingly, elite middle-distance runners have primarily Type IIa/IIx fiber morphology and rely almost exclusively on carbohydrate (primarily muscle glycogen) metabolic pathways for producing adenosine triphosphate. Consequently, the principle nutritional interventions that should be emphasized are those that optimize muscle glycogen contents to support high glycolytic flux (resulting in very high lactate values, of >20 mmol/L in some athletes) with appropriate buffering capabilities, while optimizing power to weight ratios, all in a macro- and microperiodized manner. From youth to elite level, middle-distance athletes have arduous racing schedules (10–25 races/year), coupled with excessive global travel, which can take a physical and emotional toll. Accordingly, proactive and integrated nutrition planning can have a profound recovery effect over a long race season, as well as optimizing recovery during rounds of championship racing. Finally, with evidence-based implementation and an appropriate risk/reward assessment, several ergogenic aids may have an adaptive and/or performance-enhancing effect in the middle-distance athlete. Given that elite middle-distance athletes undertake ∼400 to 800 training sessions with 10–25 races/year, there are countless opportunities to implement various periodized acute and chronic nutrition-based interventions to optimize performance.
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Hansen, Ernst Albin, Anders Emanuelsen, Robert Mørkegaard Gertsen, and Simon Schøler Raadahl Sørensen. "Improved Marathon Performance by In-Race Nutritional Strategy Intervention." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0130.
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It was tested whether a marathon was completed faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated. Nonelite runners performed a 10 km time trial 7 weeks before Copenhagen Marathon 2013 for estimation of running ability. Based on the time, runners were divided into two similar groups that eventually should perform the marathon by applying the two nutritional strategies. Matched pairs design was applied. Before the marathon, runners were paired based on their prerace running ability. Runners applying the freely chosen nutritional strategy (n = 14; 33.6 ± 9.6 years; 1.83 ± 0.09 m; 77.4 ± 10.6 kg; 45:40 ± 4:32 min for 10 km) could freely choose their in-race intake. Runners applying the scientifically based nutritional strategy (n = 14; 41.9 ± 7.6 years; 1.79 ± 0.11 m; 74.6 ± 14.5 kg; 45:44 ± 4:37 min) were targeting a combined in-race intake of energy gels and water, where the total intake amounted to approximately 0.750 L water, 60 g maltodextrin and glucose, 0.06 g sodium, and 0.09 g caffeine per hr. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a self-administered postrace questionnaire. Marathon time was 3:49:26 ± 0:25:05 and 3:38:31 ± 0:24:54 hr for runners applying the freely chosen and the scientifically based strategy, respectively (p = .010, effect size=-0.43). Certain runners experienced diverse serious gastrointestinal symptoms, but overall, symptoms were low and not different between groups (p > .05). In conclusion, nonelite runners completed a marathon on average 10:55 min, corresponding to 4.7%, faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, average values of gastrointestinal symptoms were low and not different between groups.
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Kazami, Kimiko, Kinya Ashida, Yuko Sato, Toshihiro Arai, Masatoshi Kazami, Sakae Ohsaki, and Shuhei Kobayashi. "Nutrition interventions improve anemic status in male college long-distance runners." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 63, no. 3 (2014): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.63.313.
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Mahoney, Sara E., Thomas R. Wojcicki, Kathleen Fitzgerald, and Julia Zalmanoff. "Sources Of Nutrition Information And Knowledge In Ultra-runners (the SNIKR Study)." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517109.24866.3c.
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Clark, N., A. Snyder, and M. Nelson. "ASSOCIATIONS AMONG TRAINING, NUTRITION, AMENORRHEA & STRESS FRACTURES IN ELITE WOMEN RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00865.
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Burke, Louise M., Asker E. Jeukendrup, Andrew M. Jones, and Martin Mooses. "Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0004.
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Distance events in Athletics include cross country, 10,000-m track race, half-marathon and marathon road races, and 20- and 50-km race walking events over different terrain and environmental conditions. Race times for elite performers span ∼26 min to >4 hr, with key factors for success being a high aerobic power, the ability to exercise at a large fraction of this power, and high running/walking economy. Nutrition-related contributors include body mass and anthropometry, capacity to use fuels, particularly carbohydrate (CHO) to produce adenosine triphosphate economically over the duration of the event, and maintenance of reasonable hydration status in the face of sweat losses induced by exercise intensity and the environment. Race nutrition strategies include CHO-rich eating in the hours per days prior to the event to store glycogen in amounts sufficient for event fuel needs, and in some cases, in-race consumption of CHO and fluid to offset event losses. Beneficial CHO intakes range from small amounts, including mouth rinsing, in the case of shorter events to high rates of intake (75–90 g/hr) in the longest races. A personalized and practiced race nutrition plan should balance the benefits of fluid and CHO consumed within practical opportunities, against the time, cost, and risk of gut discomfort. In hot environments, prerace hyperhydration or cooling strategies may provide a small but useful offset to the accrued thermal challenge and fluid deficit. Sports foods (drinks, gels, etc.) may assist in meeting training/race nutrition plans, with caffeine, and, perhaps nitrate being used as evidence-based performance supplements.
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Barrack, Michelle T., Marta D. Van Loan, Mitchell Rauh, and Jeanne F. Nichols. "Disordered Eating, Development of Menstrual Irregularity, and Reduced Bone Mass Change After a 3-Year Follow-Up In Female Adolescent Endurance Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 31, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0011.
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This prospective study evaluated the 3-year change in menstrual function and bone mass among 40 female adolescent endurance runners (age 15.9 ± 1.0 years) according to baseline disordered eating status. Three years after initial data collection, runners underwent follow-up measures including the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and a survey evaluating menstrual function, running training, injury history, and prior sports participation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density and body composition. Runners with a weight concern, shape concern, or global score ≥4.0 or reporting >1 pathologic behavior in the past 28 days were classified with disordered eating. Compared with runners with normal Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire scores at baseline, runners with disordered eating at baseline reported fewer menstrual cycles/year (6.4 ± 4.5 vs. 10.5 ± 2.8, p = .005), more years of amenorrhea (1.6 ± 1.4 vs. 0.3 ± 0.5, p = .03), and a higher proportion of menstrual irregularity (75.0% vs. 31.3%, p = .02) and failed to increase lumbar spine or total hip bone mineral density at the 3-year follow-up. In a multivariate model including body mass index and menstrual cycles in the past year at baseline, baseline shape concern score (B = −0.57, p value = .001) was inversely related to the annual number of menstrual cycles between assessments. Weight concern score (B = −0.40, p value = .005) was inversely associated with lumbar spine bone mineral density Z-score change between assessments according to a multivariate model adjusting for age and body mass index. These finding support associations between disordered eating at baseline and future menstrual irregularities or reduced accrual of lumbar spine bone mass in female adolescent endurance runners.
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Dickason, Celeste Quitiquit, Whitney Marois, Hannah Santos, Sadie Grace, Brian Krabak, Viviana Bompadre, and Gregory A. Schmale. "EARLY RESULTS OF AN INJURY-PREVENTION PROGRAM IN HIGH SCHOOL TRACK ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00141.
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Background Injury prevention programs have been shown to be effective for adolescent soccer, basketball, and handball athletes. Though injuries are common in high school runners, injury prevention programs have not been described for this population. Our objective was to trial an injury-prevention program styled after those found to be successful in other running and jumping sports to see if a group of running athletes sustained fewer and or less serious injuries during the course of a single high school track season. Methods Two suburban high school track coaches volunteered to participate in a program consisting of either injury-prevention exercises or no additional exercises as a part of pre-and in-season practice programs. All runners at each school were invited to participate, with informed consent obtained. The injury prevention program consisted of five jumping and plyometric exercises taught by a physical therapist, with a video of the exercises made available to the coach and team members throughout the season. Surveys pre- and post-season were collected which included demographic information, running history, diet, and injuries. Injuries were reported to coach and trainer at each school. Days of missed practice constituted an injured day, tallied for each runner and each team. A Chi-square analysis compared injury rates by team, and hence by intervention; injury rates by years of experience running; and injury rates by dietary preference. Results 24 runners, 13 from the intervention school and 11 from the control school participated. There was no significant difference in the number of running injuries reported when comparing the intervention group (4/13 runners) to the control group (3/11 runners, Chi-square = 0.035, p = 0.9). Runners with a greater number of years of competitive running experience trended towards having fewer injuries (p = 0.06). Those describing their diet as vegetarian (3/24) were significantly more likely to sustain an injury (p = 0.002). Conclusions / Significance With this limited comparison study examining the impact of an injury-prevention pre-season and in-season training program for running athletes participating on their high school track team, there was no evidence that the addition of a program of jumping and plyometric exercises had an impact on injury rates. However, combining the data from the two schools, we found a trend towards decreased injury likelihood in those with more years of experience running, and a significantly greater incidence of injuries in those who described their diet as vegetarian. These results suggest that novice runners should perhaps have a different set of expectations regarding the pre- and in-season training regimen, and that those whose diet is vegetarian consider review of their nutrition to optimize their energy level and reparative capacity with the increased activity of a high school track running program.
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Jiménez-Alfageme, Rubén, Javier Álvarez, Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde, David Romero-García, Daniel Giménez-Monzó, Isabel Sospedra, Eva Ausó, and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz. "Are the Dietary–Nutritional Recommendations Met? Analysis of Intake in Endurance Competitions." Nutrients 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2024): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16020189.
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Background: In recent decades the number of endurance events has increased, as well as the number of athletes participating in them. Adequate nutritional and water planning is essential to maintain optimal sports performance and to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal problems. The main objective of this study is to determine the dietary intake and compliance with nutritional recommendations of athletes in two endurance competitions, as well as to assess the incidence of gastrointestinal complaints. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out on the consumption of liquids, food, and supplements in 42 triathletes and mountain runners (MRs) participating in a Vi-Half-Gasteiz triathlon and the Ultra Sierra de Cazorla trail run. At the completion of the trials, participants completed a validated questionnaire (NIQEC). Results: The mean caloric intake during the test of the participants in this study was 192.17 kcal/h, while the mean carbohydrate intake was 43.67 g/h, the mean sodium intake was 267.43 mg/h, and the mean caffeine intake was 15.53 mg/h, with no significant differences between the two sports. The amount of liquids consumed by the participants was 421.21 mL/h, with no significant differences between the triathletes and MRs. As for gastrointestinal problems, it was observed that the participants presented gastrointestinal discomfort in 61.9% of the cases. Conclusions: The intakes of energy, carbohydrates, water, sodium, and caffeine were lower than the current recommendations. There were no differences in the energy, carbohydrate, water, sodium, and caffeine intakes between the triathletes and mountain runners. Gastrointestinal problems showed a high prevalence in these athletes.
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Mieszkowski, Jan, Andżelika Borkowska, Błażej Stankiewicz, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Marcin Surmiak, Tomasz Waldziński, Rafał Rola, Miroslav Petr, and Jędrzej Antosiewicz. "Single High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation as an Approach for Reducing Ultramarathon-Induced Inflammation: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041280.
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Purpose: A growing number of studies indicate the importance of vitamin D supplementation for sports performance. However, the effects of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on ultramarathon-induced inflammation have not been investigated. We here analyzed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the inflammatory marker levels in ultramarathon runners after an ultramarathon run (maximal run 240 km). Methods: In the study, 35 runners (amateurs) were assigned into two groups: single high-dose vitamin D supplementation group, administered vitamin D (150,000 IU) in vegetable oil 24 h before the start of the run (n = 16); and placebo group (n = 19). Blood was collected for analysis 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly increased after the ultramarathon in both groups. The increase was greater in the vitamin D group than in the control group. Based on post-hoc and other analyses, the increase in interleukin 6 and 10, and resistin levels immediately after the run was significantly higher in runners in the control group than that in those in the supplementation group. Leptin, oncostatin M, and metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor levels were significantly decreased in both groups after the run, regardless of the supplementation. Conclusions: Ultramarathon significantly increases the serum 25(OH)D levels. Attenuation of changes in interleukin levels upon vitamin D supplementation confirmed that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effect on exercise-induced inflammation.
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Heikura, Ida A., Louise M. Burke, Antti A. Mero, Arja Leena Tuulia Uusitalo, and Trent Stellingwerff. "Dietary Microperiodization in Elite Female and Male Runners and Race Walkers During a Block of High Intensity Precompetition Training." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 4 (August 2017): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0317.
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We investigated one week of dietary microperiodization in elite female (n = 23) and male (n = 15) runners and race-walkers by examining the frequency of training sessions and recovery periods conducted with recommended carbohydrate (CHO) and protein availability. Food and training diaries were recorded in relation to HARD (intense or >90min sessions; KEY) versus RECOVERY days (other-than KEY sessions; EASY). The targets for amount and timing of CHO and protein around KEY sessions were based on current nutrition recommendations. Relative daily energy and CHO intake was significantly (p < .05) higher in males (224 ± 26 kJ/kg/d, 7.3 ± 1.4 g/kg/d CHO) than females (204 ± 29 kJ/kg/d, 6.2 ± 1.1 g/kg/d CHO) on HARD days. However, when adjusted for training volume (km), there was no sex-based difference in CHO intake daily (HARD: 0.42 ± 0.14 vs 0.39 ± 0.15 g/kg/km). Females appeared to periodize energy and protein intake with greater intakes on HARD training days (204 ± 29 vs 187 ± 35 kJ/kg/d, p = .004; 2.0 ± 0.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.3 g/kg/d protein, p = .013), while males did not periodize intakes. Females showed a pattern of periodization of postexercise CHO for KEY vs EASY (0.9 ± 0.4 vs 0.5 ± 0.3 g/kg; p < .05) while males had higher intakes but only modest periodization (1.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.0 ± 0.4; p = .32). There was only modest evidence from female athletes of systematic microperiodization of eating patterns to meet contemporary sports nutrition guidelines. While this pattern of periodization was absent in males, in general they consumed more energy and CHO daily and around training sessions compared with females. Elite endurance athletes do not seem to systematically follow the most recent sports nutrition guidelines of periodized nutrition.
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Valenzuela-Jurado, Felipe, Perla Zukey Hernández-Gutiérrez, and Gabriel Gastélum-Cuadras. "Corredores Rarámuri ultramaratonistas: una revisión sistemática (Rarámuri ultra-marathon runners: a systematic review)." Retos 48 (March 13, 2023): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.94802.
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Los corredores ultramaratonistas en especial los originarios de la Sierra Madre Occidental conocidos como Rarámuri o Tarahumaras, han sido objeto de interés para la comunidad científica. ¿Cómo alguien que no cuenta con ropa y calzado adecuados, nutrición y un entrenamiento formal, no solo recorre distancias de más de 100 km, sino que logran ser de los mejores? Imponiéndose a corredores que cuentan con más y mejores recursos que ellos. Objetivo: Se pretende identificar estudios realizados por la comunidad científica en estos ultramaratonistas en torno a su desempeño, sus capacidades físicas, su tipo de entrenamiento, su cultura entre otras, que pudieran identificar su capacidad como corredores. Método: Para lo que se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistémica en las bases de datos Pubmed, Dialnet, Science Research y Scopus. Inicialmente se identificaron 445 documentos, de los cuales 7 cumplieron con los indicadores CASPE para revisiones sistemáticas. Resultados. Existen dos grupos de investigadores que abordan los estudios, por un lado, están los interesados en el terreno de la fisiología y por el otro, se encuentran aquellos en el campo en la antropología, que hacen énfasis en la cultura, costumbres y tradiciones de los Rarámuri, con el fin de relacionar su capacidad de resistencia para correr en ambos casos. Conclusiones: Se considera necesario llevar a cabo estudios de tipo mixto en los que se evalúen tanto la fisiología como su manera de vivir, investigación que no se encuentra ahora abordado en la literatura científica. Palabras clave: corredores Rarámuri, corredores de ultradistancia, corredores Tarahumaras. Abstract. Ultramarathon runners, especially those from the Sierra Madre known as Rarámuri had been in the interest of the scientific community. How does someone who does not have the right clothing and shoes, nutrition, and formal training, could travel distances of more than 100 km, but manage to be one of the best? Competing against runners who have more and better resources. Objective: to identify studies carried out with ultramarathon runners regarding their performance, their physical abilities, type of training, their culture, among others, that could identify their capacity as runners. Method: A search was carried out in the Pubmed, Dialnet, Science Research and Scopus databases. Initially, 445 documents were identified, of which 7 fulfilled whit the CASPE indicators for systematic reviews. Results: There are two groups of researchers which approach in research is on one hand, interested in the physiology. On the other, there are others which approach is anthropology, who emphasize the culture, customs, and traditions of the Rarámuri, to relate their endurance capacity to run. Conclusions: It is considered necessary to carry out more mixed-type studies in which both physiology and their way of life are evaluated that add to the current published literature. Keywords: Rarámuri runners, ultra-distance runners, Tarahumara runners.
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Oberle, Lauren, Aurelia Nattiv, Michael Fredericson, Kristin Sainani, Megan Roche, Ellie Diamond, Taylor Lewis, et al. "Perceptions Of Weight And Nutrition On Performance Among Division 1 Distance Runners, A Pilot Study." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000879108.14363.44.
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Passos, Bharbara N., Mirthes C. Lima, Ana P. R. Sierra, Rodrigo A. Oliveira, Jaqueline F. S. Maciel, Richelieau Manoel, Julliane I. Rogante, João B. Pesquero, and Maria F. Cury-Boaventura. "Association of Daily Dietary Intake and Inflammation Induced by Marathon Race." Mediators of Inflammation 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1537274.
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Daily food intake is crucial to maintain health and determine endogenous fuel to practice endurance exercise. We investigated the association between quantity of macronutrient and micronutrient daily intake and inflammation induced by long-distance exercise. Methods. Forty-four Brazilian male amateurs’ marathon finishers from 30 to 55 years old participated in this study. Blood samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, and 1 day and 3 days after São Paulo International Marathon. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-12p70, and TNF-α were measured to evaluate inflammation. Dietary intake was determined using a prospective method of three food records in the week before marathon race. Results. Marathon race promoted an elevation on IL-6, IL-8, IL-1-β, and IL-10 immediately after the race. The energy intake (EI), carbohydrate, fiber, folic acid, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and potassium intakes was below recommended. Immediately after the marathon race, we observed a negative correlation between IL-8 and daily EI, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, iron, calcium, potassium, and sodium intakes, and higher levels of IL-8 on runners with <3 g/kg/day of carbohydrate intake compared to runners with >5 g/kg/day. We demonstrated a positive correlation between daily carbohydrate intake and IL-10 and a negative correlation between TNF-α and % of energy intake recommended, carbohydrate and fiber intakes. Finally, runners with adequate EI had lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α compared with low EI immediately after the race. Conclusion. Nutrition strategies to promote balanced diet in amateur runners seem to be as important as immunonutrition sports market. Daily food intake, mainly EI, electrolyte and carbohydrate intakes, may modulate exacerbated inflammation after endurance exercise.
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O’Neal, Eric K., Brett A. Davis, Lauren K. Thigpen, Christina R. Caufield, Anthony D. Horton, and Joyce R. McIntosh. "Runners Greatly Underestimate Sweat Losses Before and After a 1-hr Summer Run." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 5 (October 2012): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.5.353.
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The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately runners estimate their sweat losses. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 20) runners (41 ± 10 yr, VO2max 57 ± 9 ml · kg−1 · min−1) from the southeastern U.S. completed an ~1-hr run during late summer on a challenging outdoor road course (wet bulb globe temperature 24.1 ± 1.5 °C). Runs began at ~6:45 a.m. or p.m. Before and after running, participants filled race-aid-station paper cups with a volume of fluid they felt would be equivalent to their sweat losses. Total sweat losses and losses by percent body weight differed (p < .01) between men (1,797 ± 449 ml, 2.3% ± 0.6%) and women (1,155 ± 258 ml, 1.9% ± 0.4%). Postrun estimates (738 ± 470 ml) were lower (p < .001) than sweat losses (1,468 ± 484 ml), equaling underestimations of 50% ± 23%, with no differences in estimation accuracy by percentage between genders. Runners who reported measuring changes in pre- and postrun weight to assess sweat losses within the previous month (n = 9, –54% ± 18%) were no more accurate (p = .55) than runners who had not (n = 30, –48% ± 24%). These results suggest that inadequate fluid intake during runs or between runs may stem from underestimations of sweat losses and that runners who do assess sweat-loss changes may be making sweat-loss calculation errors or do not accurately translate changes in body weight to physical volumes of water.
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Tran, A., W. N. Bazilian, J. Sabaté, S. Rajaram, E. H. Haddad, and J. Tanzman. "Effect of an almond-raisin versus a commercial sports beverage on antioxidant activity in male endurance runners." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104 (August 2004): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.170.
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Olcott, A., and C. Anstrom. "The Impact of Sports Nutrition Knowledge on the Physical Effects of Low Energy Availability in Female Cross Country Runners." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 120, no. 9 (September 2020): A87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.099.
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Böning, D., and A. Riveros-Rivera. "Why are the tarahumara amerindians in mexico such powerful mountain runners?" Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2020.466.
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The Tarahumara Amerindians in Mexico are extremely potent runners on long mountain trails. We have analyzed publications to find causes. Traditionally the Tarahumara live alternating at altitudes between 2400 m and 800 m. Distances from homes to fields and village centers are large and covered on foot since childhood. Men and women take part in running competitions often with kickballs. Investigated runs lasted on average 8:42 h (78 km without ascent) and 6:58 h (63km), respectively. The intensity during the short race amounted to 70% of estimated V˙O2max (ranging between 41 and 70 ml/(kg*min)), energy expenditure reached 21000 kJ. People run barefoot or with thin sandals resulting in increased forefoot impact and storage of elastic energy. This and the slim frame with little subcutaneous fat reduce energy consumption. The vegetarian nutrition contains many carbohydrates and plant proteins, little fat and cholesterol. Hemoglobin concentration tends to increased values. Noncoding beta-chain variants possess no importance for oxygen affinity. The hearts are not enlarged like in endurance athletes. Genes show little European admixture. Gene enrichment in musclerelated pathways suggests a contribution to physical resistance. Conclusions: Explanations for the extreme endurance are favorable biomechanical conditions and physical training beginning during childhood. Running on slopes and changing living sites between 800 and 2400 m play an additional role. Standard exercise tests and genetic investigations are necessary in future. Key Words: Altitude, Hypoxia, Long Distance Running, Genetics
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Toscano, Lydiane Tavares, Renata Leite Tavares, Luciana Tavares Toscano, Cássia Surama Oliveira da Silva, Antônio Eduardo Monteiro de Almeida, Aline Camarão Telles Biasoto, Maria da Conceição Rodrigues Gonçalves, and Alexandre Sérgio Silva. "Potential ergogenic activity of grape juice in runners." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 9 (September 2015): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0152.
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Recent studies have indicated that certain food products have ergogenic potential similar to that of sports supplements. The present study aimed to investigate the potential ergogenic effect of integral purple grape juice on the performance of recreational runners. Twenty-eight volunteers of both sexes (age, 39.8 ± 8.5 years; peak oxygen consumption, 43.2 ± 8.5 mL/(kg·min)) were randomized into either a group that received grape juice (grape juice group (GJG), n = 15; 10 mL/(kg·min) for 28 days) or a group that received an isocaloric, isoglycemic, and isovolumetric control beverage (control group (CG), n = 13). A time-to-exhaustion exercise test, anaerobic threshold test, and aerobic capacity test were performed, together with assessments of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, immune response, and muscle injury, performed at baseline and 48 h after the supplementation protocol. The GJG showed a significant increase (15.3%) in running time-to-exhaustion (p = 0.002) without significant improvements in either anaerobic threshold (3.6%; p = 0.511) or aerobic capacity (2.2%; p = 0.605). In addition, GJG exhibited significant increases in total antioxidant capacity (38.7%; p = 0.009), vitamin A (11.8%; p = 0.016), and uric acid (28.2%; p = 0.005), whereas α-1-acid glycoprotein significantly decreased (20.2%; p = 0.006) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels remained unchanged. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in any of these variables in the CG. In conclusion, supplementation with purple grape juice shows an ergogenic effect in recreational runners by promoting increased time-to-exhaustion, accompanied by increased antioxidant activity and a possible reduction in inflammatory markers.
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Yusni, Yusni, and Amiruddin Amiruddin. "Perubahan antropometri, kalsium darah, tekanan darah, dan kebugaran fisik akibat asupan susu kambing pada olahragawan." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 17, no. 3 (January 7, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.53967.
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Changes in anthropometry, blood calcium, blood pressure, and physical fitness due to goat's milk intake in athletesBackground: The intake of healthy-balanced nutrition is needed by athletes. The complex nutritional content of goat milk such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral acts as sports nutrition during and after training. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of goat milk on physical fitness, anthropometrics, blood calcium, and blood pressure in athletes. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted using healthy human subjects. Subjects were runners (n=10 people) as the control group and gymnasts (n=19 people) as the treatment group, male, age 21-27 years, and healthy. Bodyweight (BW), Height, and Body Mass Index (BMI), blood calcium, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), and physical fitness were examined two times, before and after consuming goat milk. Intervention: fresh goat milk, 250 mg/day (after dinner), and given for 90 days. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Results: There was no difference between BW (p=0.07), BMI (p=0.08), and DBP (p=0.24), but instead there was a significant difference in SBP (p=0.00) before and after goat milk intervention in the experimental group. Blood calcium was significantly increased (p=0.00) in the intervention group, whereas reverse decreased significantly (p=0.02) in controls. A significant difference before and after therapy was found in speed (p=0.00), arm muscle endurance (p=0.01), an-aerobic endurance (p=0.00), agility (p=0.02), however, there was no significant difference between leg muscle power (p=0.13), flexibility (p=0.23), an endurance of abdominal muscles (p=0.26), VO2 max (p=1.15) in the intervention group. Conclusions: Regular consumption of goat milk can reduce SBP, increase blood calcium levels, and improve physical fitness (speed, arm muscle endurance, anaerobic endurance, and agility) in athletes. Goat milk is an essential role in sports nutrition for physical fitness and athlete's health.
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Etxebarria, Naroa, Nicole A. Beard, Maree Gleeson, Alice Wallett, Warren A. McDonald, Kate L. Pumpa, and David B. Pyne. "Dietary Intake and Gastrointestinal Integrity in Runners Undertaking High-Intensity Exercise in the Heat." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 31, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0367.
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Gastrointestinal disturbances are one of the most common issues for endurance athletes during training and competition in the heat. The relationship between typical dietary intake or nutritional interventions and perturbations in or maintenance of gut integrity is unclear. Twelve well-trained male endurance athletes (peak oxygen consumption = 61.4 ± 7.0 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed two trials in a randomized order in 35 °C (heat) and 21 °C (thermoneutral) conditions and kept a detailed nutritional diary for eight consecutive days between the two trials. The treadmill running trials consisted of 15 min at 60% peak oxygen consumption, 15 min at 75% peak oxygen consumption, followed by 8 × 1-min high-intensity efforts. Venous blood samples were taken at the baseline, at the end of each of the three exercise stages, and 1 hr postexercise to measure gut integrity and the permeability biomarker concentration for intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein, lipopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. The runners self-reported gut symptoms 1 hr postexercise and 3 days postexercise. The heat condition induced large (45–370%) increases in intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and lipopolysaccharide concentrations compared with the baseline, but induced mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat intake 24 hr preexercise were associated with less lipopolysaccharide translocation. Protein, carbohydrate, total fat, and polyunsaturated fat intake (8 days) were positively associated with the percentage increase of intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein in both conditions (range of correlations, 95% confidence interval = .62–.93 [.02, .98]). Typical nutrition intake partly explained increases in biomarkers and the attenuation of symptoms induced by moderate- and high-intensity exercise under both heat and thermoneutral conditions.
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Heikura, Ida A., Trent Stellingwerff, Antti A. Mero, Arja Leena Tuulia Uusitalo, and Louise M. Burke. "A Mismatch Between Athlete Practice and Current Sports Nutrition Guidelines Among Elite Female and Male Middle- and Long-Distance Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 4 (August 2017): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0316.
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Contemporary nutrition guidelines promote a variety of periodized and time-sensitive recommendations, but current information regarding the knowledge and practice of these strategies among world-class athletes is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate this theme by implementing a questionnaire on dietary periodization practices in national/international level female (n = 27) and male (n = 21) middle- and long-distance runners/race-walkers. The questionnaire aimed to gain information on between and within-day dietary choices, as well as timing of pre- and posttraining meals and practices of training with low or high carbohydrate (CHO) availability. Data are shown as percentage (%) of all athletes, with differences in responses between subgroups (sex or event) shown as Chi-square x2 when p < .05. Nearly two-thirds of all athletes reported that they aim to eat more food on, or after, hard training days. Most athletes said they focus on adequate fueling (96%) and adequate CHO and protein (PRO) recovery (87%) around key sessions. Twenty-six percent of athletes (11% of middle vs 42% of long-distance athletes [x2 (1, n = 46) = 4.308, p = .038, phi = 0.3])) reported to undertake training in the fasted state, while 11% said they periodically restrict CHO intake, with 30% ingesting CHO during training sessions. Our findings show that elite endurance athletes appear to execute pre- and post-key session nutrition recovery recommendations. However, very few athletes deliberately undertake some contemporary dietary periodization approaches, such as training in the fasted state or periodically restricting CHO intake. This study suggests mismatches between athlete practice and current and developing sports nutrition guidelines.
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Wiącek, Jakub, and Joanna Karolkiewicz. "Different Approaches to Ergogenic, Pre-, and Probiotic Supplementation in Sports with Different Metabolism Characteristics: A Mini Review." Nutrients 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061541.
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Sport disciplines with different metabolic characteristics require different dietary approaches. Bodybuilders or sprinters (“anaerobic” athletes) need a high-protein diet (HPD) in order to activate muscle protein synthesis after exercise-induced muscle damage and use nitric oxide enhancers (such as citrulline and nitrates) to increase vasodilatation, whereas endurance athletes, such as runners or cyclists (“aerobic” athletes), prefer a high-carbohydrate diet (HCHD), which aims to restore the intramuscular glycogen, and supplements containing buffering agents (such as sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine). In both cases, nutrient absorption, neurotransmitter and immune cell production and muscle recovery depend on gut bacteria and their metabolites. However, there is still insufficient data on the impact of an HPD or HCHD in addition to supplements on “anaerobic” and “aerobic” athletes’ gut microbiota and how this impact could be affected by nutritional interventions such as pre- and probiotic therapy. Additionally, little is known about the role of probiotics in the ergogenic effects of supplements. Based on the results of our previous research on an HPD in amateur bodybuilders and an HCHD in amateur cyclists, we reviewed human and animal studies on the effects of popular supplements on gut homeostasis and sport performance.
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Wang, Ziyu, Bopeng Qiu, Jie Gao, and Juan Del Coso. "Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010148.
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Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most widely consumed performance-enhancing substances in sport due to its well-established ergogenic effects. The use of caffeine is more common in aerobic-based sports due to the ample evidence endorsing the benefits of caffeine supplementation on endurance exercise. However, most of this evidence was established with cycling trials in the laboratory, while the effects of the acute intake of caffeine on endurance running performance have not been properly reviewed and meta-analyzed. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature on the effects of caffeine intake on endurance running performance. A systematic review of published studies was performed in four different scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) up until 5 October 2022 (with no year restriction applied to the search strategy). The selected studies were crossover experimental trials in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo situation in a single- or double-blind randomized manner. The effect of caffeine on endurance running was measured by time to exhaustion or time trials. We assessed the methodological quality of each study using Cochrane’s risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) estimated by Hedges’ g and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 21 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis, with caffeine doses ranging between 3 and 9 mg/kg. A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 254 participants (220 men, 19 women and 15 participants with no information about gender; 167 were categorized as recreational and 87 were categorized as trained runners.). The overall methodological quality of studies was rated as unclear-to-low risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the time to exhaustion in running tests was improved with caffeine (g = 0.392; 95% CI = 0.214 to 0.571; p < 0.001, magnitude = medium). Subgroup analysis revealed that caffeine was ergogenic for time to exhaustion trials in both recreational runners (g = 0.469; 95% CI = 0.185 to 0.754; p = 0.001, magnitude = medium) and trained runners (g = 0.344; 95% CI = 0.122 to 0.566; p = 0.002, magnitude = medium). The meta-analysis also showed that the time to complete endurance running time trials was reduced with caffeine in comparison to placebo (g = −0.101; 95% CI = −0.190 to −0.012, p = 0.026, magnitude = small). In summary, caffeine intake showed a meaningful ergogenic effect in increasing the time to exhaustion in running trials and improving performance in running time trials. Hence, caffeine may have utility as an ergogenic aid for endurance running events. More evidence is needed to establish the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance running in women or the best dose to maximize the ergogenic benefits of caffeine supplementation.
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Hurst, Philip, Samantha Saunders, and Damian Coleman. "No Differences Between Beetroot Juice and Placebo on Competitive 5-km Running Performance: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0034.
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The authors examine the effect of an acute dose of beetroot juice on endurance running performance in “real-world” competitive settings. In total, 70 recreational runners (mean ± SD: age = 33.3 ± 12.3 years, training history = 11.9 ± 8.1 years, and hours per week training = 5.9 ± 3.5) completed a quasi-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 5-km competitive time trials. Participants performed four trials separated by 1 week in the order of prebaseline, two experimental, and one postbaseline. Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 70-ml nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing ∼4.1 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) or nitrate-depleted placebo (containing ∼0.04 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) 2.5 hr prior to time trials. Time to complete 5 km was recorded for each trial. No differences were shown between pre- and postbaseline (p = .128, coefficient variation = 2.66%). The average of these two trials is therefore used as baseline. Compared with baseline, participants ran faster with beetroot juice (mean differences = 22.2 ± 5.0 s, p < .001, d = 0.08) and placebo (22.9 ± 4.5 s, p < .001, d = 0.09). No differences in times were shown between beetroot juice and placebo (0.8 ± 5.7 s, p < .875, d = 0.00). These results indicate that an acute dose of beetroot juice does not improve competitive 5-km time-trial performance in recreational runners compared with placebo.