Academic literature on the topic 'Running analyses'
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Journal articles on the topic "Running analyses"
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Tan, Kenneth, Ximena B. Arriaga, and Christopher R. Agnew. "Running on empty." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 7 (2017): 977–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517702010.
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Commitment has often been used to examine why individuals unjustifiably persist in relationships that are lacking in or devoid of satisfaction. However, the practicality of using commitment to examine these situations has been questioned because of its substantial association with satisfaction. Across three studies, we created a measure of nonvoluntary dependence and investigated the validity and reliability of the Nonvoluntary Dependence Scale from an investment model perspective. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed evidence of a single factor and reliability analyses revealed good internal reliability for the measure. The new measure also evidenced desirable convergent and discriminant validity with respect to a number of existing individual- and relationship-level constructs. Consistent with hypotheses, nonvoluntary dependence was significantly associated with commitment level, investments, and alternatives but not with relationship satisfaction. Differences in nonvoluntary dependence were also found between individuals in aggressive versus nonaggressive relationships, with no differences found in commitment level. Implications regarding this new measure, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
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Pańtak, Marek. "Ground Reaction Forces Generated by Runners—Harmonic Analyses and Modelling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051575.
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Building structures carrying pedestrian traffic, e.g., footbridges, long-span floors and long cantilevered platforms projecting outwards from the walls (long balconies), can be susceptible to the dynamic influence of its users. One type of dynamic action that can occur on these structures is the dynamic action of people running. The main aim of this paper is to present the results of the harmonic analyses and mathematical models of two types of ground reaction forces (GRFs) generated by people applying different running techniques, i.e., forefoot- and heel-strike (rearfoot) running technique. The analyses of the GRFs were performed on the basis of the results of laboratory tests of running people and concern the vertical component of the ground reaction forces (VGRFs) generated by runners. The harmonic analyses were performed using Fourier transform. The results of the study show the main features and differences between forces generated by forefoot- and heel-strike runners. Data obtained for various running styles allowed the development of a load model proposal for the VGRFs generated by heel-strike runners. The results of the VGRF parameterization and the proposed new VGRF model allow the VGRFs generated by forefoot and heel-strike runners to be accurately estimated in the case of normal running pace (recreational running). The application of the presented results allows improvements to the accuracy of determining the dynamic response of structures induced by runners.
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Man, A. F. de. "PREDICTORS OF ADOLESCENT RUNNING AWAY BEHAVIOR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 28, no. 3 (2000): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.3.261.
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Adolescent boys and girls (N = 246) took part in a study of societal, personal, and interpersonal correlates of running away behavior. Correlational analyses showed the behavior to be related to low self-esteem, depression, suicidal ideation, negative stress, alcohol and drug use, truancy, and dissatisfaction with received social support. Multiple regression analysis identified suicidal ideation, alcohol use, dissatisfaction with social support, and truancy as salient predictors.
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Xiang, Ping, April Bruene, and Ang Chen. "Research." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 24, no. 2 (2005): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.24.2.179.
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In this study we examined the interrelationship among extrinsic rewards and achievement goals (including a work-avoidance goal), competence beliefs, and task values associated with health-enhancing running tasks over a school year. A group of elementary school students (n = 119) from a program that promoted running for running’s sake and another (n = 88) from a program that promoted running through games provided pre- and post-year data on students’ achievement goals, competence beliefs, task values, achievement in running tests, and future intention to continue running as a health-enhancing activity. Results showed that students in the running-for-games program demonstrated significant growth in task-involved achievement goals. The regression analyses showed that extrinsic-reward and selected intrinsic-motivation constructs played a small role in predicting running-test scores. Interest, however, emerged as the most important intrinsic-motivation construct for predicting future motivation for running. Interest seemed to override the effects not only of extrinsic reward but also of other intrinsic motivation sources. This finding suggests that interest-based motivation sources might have a strong and prolonged effect on learner motivation.
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Murray, Lauralee, C. Beaven, and Kim Hébert-Losier. "Reliability of Overground Running Measures from 2D Video Analyses in a Field Environment." Sports 7, no. 1 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010008.
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Two-dimensional running analyses are common in research and practice, and have been shown to be reliable when conducted on a treadmill. However, running is typically performed outdoors. Our aim was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of two-dimensional analyses of overground running in an outdoor environment. Two raters independently evaluated 155 high-speed videos (240 Hz) of overground running from recreationally competitive runners on two occasions, seven days apart (test-retest study design). The reliability of foot-strike pattern (rear-foot, mid-foot, and fore-foot), foot-strike angle (°), and running speed (m/s) was assessed using weighted kappa (κ), percentage agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. Foot-strike pattern (agreement = 99.4%, κ = 0.96) and running speed (ICC = 0.98, TE = 0.09 m/s, CV = 2.1%) demonstrated excellent relative and absolute reliability. Foot-strike angle exhibited high relative reliability (ICC = 0.88), but suboptimal absolute reliability (TE = 2.5°, CV = 17.6%). Two-dimensional analyses of overground running outdoors were reliable for quantifying foot-strike pattern, foot-strike angle, and running speed, although foot-strike angle errors of 2.5° were typical. Foot-strike angle changes of less than 2.5° should be interpreted with caution in clinical settings, as they might simply reflect measurement errors.
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Dunn, Marcus, Chuang-Yuan Chiu, John Kelley, and Steve Haake. "Technologies to Aid Public Understanding in Running Performance." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049026.
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Measurement technologies and visualisation techniques are changing the way public audiences engage with televised coverage of sport. However, the adoption of measurement technologies for broadcast coverage of running—to engage audiences and improve public understanding of performance—has been limited. This might reflect measurement challenges of athletic competition environments; athlete-worn measurement devices can be impractical, and video-based analyses typically require well-defined input videos for analysis (e.g., calibration, etc.). Recently, single-camera and calibration-independent video processing has advanced practical analyses of running performance in sports environments. This paper presents (1) the application of a method to quantify temporal running parameters using broadcast footage of 100 m sprint and 1-mile endurance running, (2) the application of human posture detection to quantify spatial running parameters using hand-held action camera footage and (3) examples of co-developed data visualisations, aimed at improving public engagement and understanding of running performance.
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Kim, Jeong Guk, Seung Koo Baek, Chang Young Lee, and Sung Cheol Yoon. "Deterioration and Thermographic Analyses of Electrical Units in Diesel Locomotive." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.729.
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The electrical units of diesel electric locomotives, which were used for over 30 years, were characterized for deterioration evaluation through insulation resistance measurement, degradation testing, and infrared thermography method. Especially, an infrared camera and thermocouples were employed for the evaluation. The thermocouples were attached on high-voltage cables connected to traction motors, for in-situ measurement of abnormal heating during test running. After test running, the thermographic images were obtained for the inspection of high-voltage cables using the infrared camera. The thermographic results were quantitatively analyzed, and compared with temperature changes during running. In this investigation, various analysis techniques for the safety characterization of diesel electric locomotives have been introduced, and the analysis results have been used to provide the deterioration or wear information in current locomotive systems.
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Sinclair, J., D. Brooks, CJ Edmundson, and SJ Hobbs. "THE EFFICACY OF EMG MVC NORMALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR RUNNING ANALYSES." Journal of Biomechanics 45 (July 2012): S623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(12)70624-3.
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INOMATA, Takashi, Kenta MORIYASU, and Kenichi HARANO. "B-13 Grip Designing based on Hill Running Motion Analyses." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2015 (2015): _B—13–1_—_B—13–8_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2015._b-13-1_.
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Exell, T. A., M. J. R. Gittoes, G. Irwin, and D. G. Kerwin. "Gait asymmetry: Composite scores for mechanical analyses of sprint running." Journal of Biomechanics 45, no. 6 (2012): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.01.007.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Running analyses"
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Sjöholm, Therese. "Changes in Running Technique At Shod and Barefoot Running Condition : - An analysis of Muay Thai Fighters." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40561.
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Background: everal studies mean that individuals accustomed to running barefoot and habitually barefoot individuals choose a fore foot or mid foot strike rather than a rear foot strike when running. This is partly to do with the proprioceptive feedback given from the soles of the feet. The common denominator of the barefoot runner and the Muay Thai fighter would be this proprioceptive feedback due to general bare foot training. A contributing factor to a non heal strike pattern could perhaps also be found in the sport specific movement pattern of Muay Thai where the athlete is trained to execute several actions from the fore foot. Aim: The first aim was to analyse differences in angles of the knee, ankle and foot at initial contact while running shod compared to barefoot in Muay Thai fighters accustomed to training barefoot. A second aim was to investigate if there was a difference in running technique regarding foot strike pattern when running shod compared to bare foot. The foot strike pattern is defined as heal strike, mid foot strike or forefoot strike. Method: Seventeen Muay Thai fighters (13 male 4 female) volunteered to participate in the test of the cross- sectional experimental study. The study took place at PT-Studion Halmstad. The participants performed 2x3minutes of running shod and barefoot respectively at a subjective speed equal to a 12 on the Borg scale. Both conditions were video recorded from a sagittal plane using an iPhone 6. The dominant leg defined as the non-weight bearing leg at the preferred boxing stance was analysed. Data was collected two-dimensionally of the angels of the knee, ankle and foot position to horizontal. Foot strike pattern was also determined. Landmarks were marked to ease the analysis. T-tests of paired samples were used to examine whether there were any differences between the angle of the knee, ankle and foot at barefoot and shod conditions. The significance level for this study was set to be statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Foot strike frequency distributions were compared between shod and barefoot runners using chi-square (X2) analysis. Result: A significant difference at the angle of the foot (p=0,034) at initial contact with the ground while running between shod (12 ± 9) and barefoot (17 ± 9) was found. No significant difference in the angle of the knee (p=0,076) or ankle (p=0,081) was found. Changes in foot strike pattern were observed. At shod condition 88% used a rear foot strike, 6% used a mid foot strike and 6% used a forefoot strike. At barefoot condition 41% used a rear foot strike, 0% used a mid foot strike and 59% a fore foot strike. Conclusion: This study shows that the there is a significant difference in foot strike pattern when running shod and barefoot which confirms previous studies. The test group have in common that they train Muay Thai although; their sport specific training doesn’t appear to in this case have any impact on the foot strike pattern.<br>Bakgrund: Flera studier menar att individer vana att springa barfota samt individer som lever barfota väljer en framfota insättning vid löpning snarare än en hälisättning. Detta har delvis att göra med den proprioceptiva återkopplingen från fotsulan. Den gemensamma nämnaren mellan barfotalöparen och Muay Thai atleten skulle kunna vara denna feedback beroende av barfotaträning. En bidragande faktor till en icke hälisättning skulle kunna förklaras av det idrottsspecifika rörelsemönstret i Muay Thai där flera moment utförs stående på den främre delen av foten. Syfte: Ett syfte var att analysera skillnader i knä, ankel och fotvinklar vid initial kontakt i löpsteget vid skodd och barfota löpning av i Muay Thai-fighters vana vid träning barfota. Ett andra syfte var att undersöka eventuella skillnader i fotisättning vid barfotalöpning samt löpning med skor. Fotisättning definieras som framfot, mellan fot eller bakre/häl-isättning. Metod: Sjutton (17) Muay Thai atleter (13manliga 4kvinnliga) ställde frivilligt upp att delta i tvärsnittsstudien. Studien ägde rum på PT-Studion Halmstad. Testpersoner utförde 2x3minuter av löpning med och utan skor vid en subjektiv hastighet lika med en 12 på Borg skalan. Båda förhållandena filmades i sagitalplan med iPhone 6. Det dominanta benet definierat som det icke viktbärande benet vid den föredragna boxningspositionen analyserades. Tvådimensionell analys av förändringar i fotisättning, vinklar i knäled, ankelled och fotens position till det horisontella samt fotisättning dokumenterades. Landmärken markerades för att underlätta analysen. T-test användes för att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader i vinkeln av knäled, fotled och ankel vid löpning med skor och barfota. Signifikansnivån för denna studie bestämdes vara statistiskt signifikant om p <0,05. Frekvensen av fotisättningen fördelning jämfördes via chi-square (X2) analys. Resultat: En signifikant skillnad (p=0,034) i fotvinkeln vid initial kontakt med marken under löpning med skor (12 ± 9) och barfota (17 ± 9) hittades, men inga signifikanta skillnader i knäets vinkel ((p=0,076) eller ankel (p=0,081) hittades. Med skor vald 88 % en hälisättning, 6 % en mittfotsisättning och 6 % en främre fotisättning. Vid löpning barfota valde 41 % en hälisättning, 0 % en mittfotsisättning och 59 % en främre fotisättning. Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns en signifikant skillnad i fotisättningen mellan löpning barfota och med skor vilket bekräftar tidigare studier. Testgruppen har gemensamt att de tränar thaiboxning, dock kan inte den sportspecifika träningen förklara det valda fotisättningsmönstret.
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Flores, Nicolas. "Influence des propriétés mécaniques des chaussures sur la performance en course à pied d'endurance : analyses à court terme et lors d'une course à pied de durée prolongée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0222.
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Tandis que les bénéfices physiologiques de chaussures de référence dans le milieu de la course à pied d’endurance sont montrés dans la littérature scientifique, les effets spécifiques et contrôlés de certaines propriétés mécaniques des chaussures demeurent peu connus. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier les effets du retour d’énergie des semelles intermédiaire des chaussures et de la raideur en flexion des chaussures sur la performance physiologique et biomécanique en course à pied d'endurance. Que ce soit à court-terme ou lors d’une course à pied prolongée, le coût énergétique métabolique (critère utilisé pour évaluer la performance en course à pied) n’était pas significativement modifié par les propriétés mécaniques testées en moyenne parmi le groupe complet de participants. En revanche, les réponses spécifiques aux participants, à la fois à court-terme et lors d’une course à pied prolongée, ont permis de mettre en évidence des combinaisons de réponses biomécaniques et de caractéristiques intrinsèques aux participants expliquant les variations du coût énergétique métabolique en fonction des propriétés mécaniques chaussantes. Une nouvelle stratégie a notamment été mise en évidence chez les participants bénéficiant de la raideur en flexion des chaussures qui se traduisait par une redistribution descendante des activations musculaires des articulations de la hanche et du genou vers l’articulation de la cheville avec la durée de course. Ce travail de thèse soulignait l’importance de considérer une offre de conception de chaussures adaptées à des groupes de coureurs aux réponses biomécaniques et/ou aux caractéristiques intrinsèques similaires<br>While physiological benefits of baseline running racing shoes are shown in the scientific literature, the specific and controlled effects of some shoe mechanical features remain not well known. The main purpose of this work was to study the effects of the midsole energy return and the shoe longitudinal bending stiffness on the physiological and biomechanical performance during endurance running. In both short-term and prolonged running duration, the metabolic energetic cost (criteria used to evaluate the endurance running performance) was not significantly altered by the tested mechanical features in average over the group of participants. The main finding was that the shoe mechanical features induced different effects on the metabolic energetic cost depending on the participants. Taking into account the participant-specific responses (in both short-term and during a prolonged running duration) enabled to highlight combinations of biomechanical responses and intrinsic participant characteristics explaining the variations of the metabolic energetic cost as a function of shoe mechanical features. A novel strategy has been highlighted in participants benefiting from the shoe longitudinal bending stiffness resulting in descendant redistribution of the muscular coordination from the hip and knee joints to the ankle joint with the running duration. This work showed the importance of considering a footwear design offer suitable to groups of runners with similar biomechanical responses and/or intrinsic characteristics
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Andersson, Matilda. "Analysis of Changes in Running Technique Between a Shod and Barefoot Running Condition." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31064.
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Background: Lately, barefoot running has become popular and there is a debate on the pros and cons of barefoot running with regards to running injuries. Many factors are causing injuries and one of the factors discussed is the fact that we run in shoes. When we run in shoes the biomechanics of the running technique may and therefore be a possible cause to injury. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess how the foot strike pattern, angle of the knee and ankle joint at time of initial contact, as well as the step length changes between a shod and barefoot running condition in habitually shod runners when running in a pace equivalent to their running pace over ten kilometers. Method: Twenty-seven healthy runners (18 male, 9 female) were included in the study. The study took place at the fitness center of Halmstad University. Subjects ran on a treadmill, in an individual pace equivalent to their running pace over ten km, both in a shod and barefoot running condition. Two-dimensional analysis of the sagittal plane kinematics of the knee joint, ankle joint and foot position to horizontal, foot strike pattern and step length was done. Participants ran for ten minutes with shoes and for five minutes barefoot. Running technique was videotaped using an Iphone 6 camera and landmarks were marked with white tape to ease the analysis. Results: Changes in foot strike pattern was observed. When running barefoot 63% of the subjects adopted a non-heel strike pattern compared to 18.5% when shod (p=0.001). Knee flexion was increased at IC for the barefoot condition, with 164°±6 relative knee angle compared to 167°±6 when shod (p=0.001). Ankle angle at IC did not show a statistical significant difference between conditions (p=0.657). When barefoot the angle was 117°±8 compared to 115°±8 when shod. Foot angle to horizontal showed a flatter foot placement at IC with a less dorsiflexed foot for the barefoot condition (-4°±8) compared to shod (-12°±8), (p=0.001). Step length was decreased for the barefoot condition (0.82m ±0.15) compared to shod (0.85m ±0.13), (p=0.008). Conclusion: Results are consistent with previous findings that barefoot running in some cases change the running technique with a flatter foot placement, an increased knee flexion at IC and a decreased step length. However, caution must be taken when habitually shod runners transition to barefoot running in regards to the biomechanical changes that may occur. To benefit from barefoot running a non-heel strike pattern is required. Further, the running technique may be the more important factor, regardless of wearing shoes or not.
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Jensen, Carl Edward. "A longitudinal study of hormonal and semen profiles in a marathon runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27133.
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Over the past decade long distance marathon running has become an important recreational activity. There is evidence that males with high levels of physical activity have some impairment of fertility. In order to investigate this further, 24 male marathon runners were studied over a period of a year. Each runner was assessed at regular intervals using hormonal profiles, anthropomorphic indices and semen evaluation. The training time and distance run increased progressively over the first five months of the study as the runners prepared for the Two Oceans marathon. Analysis of the serum hormonal profiles in this longitudinal study showed that the prolactin level increased when comparing the initial study month with the rest of the year and the progesterone level decreased. However the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and estradiol (E2) levels remained unchanged. When the runners were divided into a high and low training group according to the distance run in the preceding week, the only significant difference was the lower mean serum FSH level in the high training group. A decrease in semen volume was demonstrated as the training time increased. This trend was reversed as the runners' training decreased after the Two Oceans marathon. The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa showed an initial significant decrease in the first month of training. However, no significant difference was observed throughout the rest of year. An overall downward trend in semen motility in the first 5 months of the study was shown but this was only significant if the first and fifth study months were compared. The decrease in semen motility coincided with the period of maximum training. Since patients with an adequate sperm count but decreased motility have impaired fertility this finding is of considerable importance. In addition to the decrease in motility, there was a decrease in the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa when the initial month of low physical activity (December) was compared to all of the subsequent months analysed. This, too, is an important finding as the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa correlates directly with fertilisation and pregnancy rates. When the results were analysed in the high and low training months there was a significant difference in mean semen count and semen morphology. The mean count was higher in the high training group and this group also had a significantly higher normal morphology. However, there was no significant difference in semen volume and motility in the high and low training groups.
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Ho, Andy C. T. "Imaginary charge quantum electrodynamics : a running coupling analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/NQ34551.pdf.
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Evert, Ashley. "A scientific analysis of running lines in rugby." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02132004-140425.
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Jaiswal, Nitin. "Stability Analysis Of Leg Configurations For Bipedal Running." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1566828354395399.
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Bushnell, Tyler Dwight. "A biomechanical analysis of sprinters vs. distance runners at equal and maximal speeds /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd634.pdf.
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Arendse, Regan Emile. "The application of clinical gait analysis to running injuries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8643.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Clinical evaluation of the injured runner requires identification and correction of the multiple factors commonly implicated in running injury. Effective management of running injuries requires that the concerned health professional identify all implicated factors. In this regard it is essential that the relationship between running style and injury he determined, because if there is an association between the gait analysis variables descriptive of running style and injury, these would be important in the management of the injured runner. The Gait Analysis Laboratory at the Sports Science institute of South Africa and the University of Cape Town with its three-dimensional Vicon 370 motion analysis system and Advanced Medical Technology industry® strain gauge force platform is appropriate for collecting data to study running style. These data include the movement patterns and estimated mechanical power and work required to effect the observed movement of the ankle and knee. The forces applied by the supporting surfaces on the runners were collected. The data captured with the Workstation® programme (Oxford Metric, Oxford, England), was processed with GaitLab® (Kiboho Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa), collated in Excel ® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA) and statistically analysed (StatSoft, Inc. (2000). STATISTICA for Windows [Computer program manual]. Tulsa, OK, USA). In this thesis a series of studies are presented with the aim of determining the relevance of running style to the assessment of the injured runner and the conventional treatment methods used to treat common running injuries.
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Boljunčić, Jadranka. "Quadratic programming : quantitative analysis and polynomial running time algorithms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27532.
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Many problems in economics, statistics and numerical analysis can be formulated as the optimization of a convex quadratic function over a polyhedral set. A polynomial algorithm for solving convex quadratic programming problems was first developed by Kozlov at al. (1979). Tardos (1986) was the first to present a polynomial
algorithm for solving linear programming problems in which the number of arithmetic steps depends only on the size of the numbers in the constraint matrix and is independent of the size of the numbers in the right hand side and the cost coefficients. In the first part of the thesis we extended Tardos' results to strictly convex quadratic programming of the form max {cTx-½xTDx : Ax ≤ b, x ≥0} with D being symmetric positive definite matrix. In our algorithm the number of arithmetic steps is independent of c and b but depends on the size of the entries of the matrices A and D.
Another part of the thesis is concerned with proximity and sensitivity of integer and mixed-integer quadratic programs. We have shown that for any optimal solution z̅ for a given separable quadratic integer programming problem there exist an optimal solution x̅ for its continuous relaxation such that<br>z̅ - x̅<br>∞≤n∆(A) where n is the number of variables and ∆(A) is the largest absolute sub-determinant of the integer constraint matrix A . We have further shown that for any feasible solution z, which is not optimal for the separable quadratic integer programming problem, there exists a feasible solution z̅ having greater objective function value and with<br>z - z̅<br>∞≤n∆(A). Under some additional assumptions the distance between a pair of optimal solutions to the integer quadratic programming
problem with right hand side vectors b and b', respectively, depends linearly on<br>b — b'<br>₁. The extension to the mixed-integer nonseparable quadratic case is also given.
Some sensitivity analysis results for nonlinear integer programming problems are given. We assume that the nonlinear 0 — 1 problem was solved by implicit enumeration and that some small changes have been made in the right hand side or objective function coefficients. We then established what additional information to keep in the implicit enumeration tree, when solving the original problem, in order to provide us with bounds on the optimal value of a perturbed problem. Also, suppose that after solving the original problem to optimality the problem was enlarged by introducing a new 0 — 1 variable, say xn+1. We determined a lower bound on the added objective function coefficients for which the new integer variable xn+1 remains at zero level in the optimal solution for the modified integer nonlinear program. We discuss the extensions to the mixed-integer case as well as to the case when integer variables are not restricted to be 0 or 1. The computational results for an example with quadratic objective function, linear constraints and 0—1 variables are provided.
Finally, we have shown how to replace the objective function of a quadratic program
with 0—1 variables ( by an integer objective function whose size is polynomially bounded by the number of variables) without changing the set of optimal solutions. This was done by making use of the algorithm given by Frank and Tardos (1985) which in turn uses the simultaneous approximation algorithm of Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász (1982).<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Graduate
Books on the topic "Running analyses"
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Wang, Lihui. Dynamic Thermal Analysis of Machines in Running State. Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5273-6.
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McClure, Keith. An analysis of male middle/distance running in Northern Ireland. The Author], 1997.
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Bolton, Anthony. Investing against the tide: Lessons from a life running money. FT Prentice Hall, 2009.
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Baddeley, Michelle. Running regressions: A practical introduction to OLS in economics, finance and development studies. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Corsetti, Giancarlo. Correlation analysis of financial contagion: What one should know before running a test. Banca d'Italia, 2001.
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Goodwin, Phil. Running to stand still?: An analysis of the Ten Year Plan for Transport. CPRE, 2001.
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Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Art.10.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0206.
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This commentary analyses Article 10.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the suspension of the running of the limitation period by arbitral proceedings. If arbitral proceedings are recognised by a legal system, the institution of such proceedings must logically have a similar effect on the running of limitation periods as the institution of judicial proceedings. Under Art 10.6, the running of the limitation period is suspended when the obligee performs any act, by commencing arbitral proceedings or in arbitral proceedings already instituted, that is recognised by the law of the arbitral tribunal as asserting the obligee's right against the obligor. This commentary considers the beginning of suspension of the running of the limitation period under Art 10.6(1) and the end of suspension under Art 10.6(2).
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Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Art.10.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0205.
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This commentary analyses Article 10.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the suspension of the running of the limitation period by judicial proceedings. Under Art 10.5, the running of the limitation period is suspended when the obligee performs any act, by commencing judicial proceedings or in judicial proceedings already instituted, that is recognised by the law of the court as asserting the obligee's right against the obligor; in the case of the obligor's insolvency when the obligee has asserted its rights in the insolvency proceedings; or in the case of proceedings for dissolution of the entity which is the obligor when the obligee has asserted its rights in the dissolution proceedings. This commentary explains how the commencement of judicial proceedings can affect the running of limitation periods.
Book chapters on the topic "Running analyses"
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Green, Rita. "Creating and Running a Specifications File." In Statistical Analyses for Language Testers. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137018298_14.
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Sato, Y., S. Okamoto, C. Tamura, M. Hakuno, and S. Morichi. "Analyses on accumulation of propagating ground surface wave under running train." In Wave propagation Moving load – Vibration Reduction. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211372-5.
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Szabados, György, Justas Žaglinskis, Kristóf Lukács, and Ákos Bereczky. "Combustion and Emission Analyses of a Diesel Engine Running on Blends with Methanol." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1280-0_6.
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Palmskog, Karl, Ahmet Celik, and Milos Gligoric. "Practical Machine-Checked Formalization of Change Impact Analysis." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45237-7_9.
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Abstract Change impact analysis techniques determine the components affected by a change to a software system, and are used as part of many program analysis techniques and tools, e.g., in regression test selection, build systems, and compilers. The correctness of such analyses usually depends both on domain-specific properties and change impact analysis, and is rarely established formally, which is detrimental to trustworthiness. We present a formalization of change impact analysis with machine-checked proofs of correctness in the Coq proof assistant. Our formal model factors out domain-specific concerns and captures system components and their interrelations in terms of dependency graphs. Using compositionality, we also capture hierarchical impact analysis formally for the first time, which, e.g., can capture when impacted files are used to locate impacted tests inside those files. We refined our verified impact analysis for performance, extracted it to efficient executable OCaml code, and integrated it with a regression test selection tool, one regression proof selection tool, and one build system, replacing their existing impact analyses. We then evaluated the resulting toolchains on several open source projects, and our results show that the toolchains run with only small differences compared to the original running time. We believe our formalization can provide a basis for formally proving domain-specific techniques using change impact analysis correct, and our verified code can be integrated with additional tools to increase their reliability.
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Giarlelis, Christos, Evlalia Lamprinou, and Constantinos Repapis. "Seismic Rehabilitation of a School Building in Cephalonia, Greece." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.001.
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<p>The 2014 earthquake sequence in Cephalonia, Greece, resulted in a number of structural failures. In Argostoli, the capital of the island, a school building suffered light damage; however, the structural assessment following the analysis procedures of the recently published Greek Code for Structural Interventions, showed that seismic strengthening is required. The structure was built on the aftermath of the catastrophic 1953 Ionian earthquake sequence based on older code requirements, which are much outdated, as indicated from the results of both modal response spectrum analyses and non-linear static analyses. The retrofit aims to increase the very low structural capacity of the building and as a means for that the use of concrete jackets is selected. Based on the results of the assessment, it was decided that concrete jackets should be applied to all columns, while large structural walls running along the transversal direction were strengthened with single-sided reinforced concrete jacketing. The interventions are limited by architectural demands and cost considerations. However, analyses of the strengthened structure show that the interventions improve its seismic behaviour adequately. The detailing of interventions is thoroughly presented. What makes this case study interesting is the unusual structural system of the building, which is an ingenious combination of frame elements and lightly reinforced concrete walls and its behaviour to one of the strongest recent Greek earthquakes. The rehabilitation study had to model correctly the structure and propose interventions that were in agreement with the architectural demands and the cost consideration.</p>
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Zhou, Zhi-Hua, Yang Yu, and Chao Qian. "Running Time Analysis: Switch Analysis." In Evolutionary Learning: Advances in Theories and Algorithms. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5956-9_4.
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Wolf, Fabian. "Software Running Time Analysis." In Behavioral Intervals in Embedded Software. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3649-6_2.
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Frønes, Tove Stjern, Andreas Pettersen, Jelena Radišić, and Nils Buchholtz. "Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Countries—Final Thoughts and Looking Ahead." In Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_16.
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AbstractIn the process of preparing this volume, especially in our review of previous scientific work on the Nordic model of education, it appeared that different researchers approached the topic primarily in the form of historical–political policy analyses (Telhaug, Mediås, & Aasen, 2006) and through the qualitative description of individual country portraits or the differences between these (e.g., Antikainen, 2006; Blossing, Imsen, & Moos, 2014; Lundahl, 2016). In these previous analyses, the question was raised whether a common Nordic model of education can be identified at all and to what extent neoliberal policies and broader globalisation trends affect the further development of education systems in the Nordic countries. The latter has especially been discussed in light of the increased competition between these systems emerging currently, here running against the common thread that was adopted shortly after World War II. In contrast to the works mentioned above, this book explicitly chose a quantitative empirical approach to the topic, linked with the attempt to indicate, measure and evaluate educational equity across the Nordic countries using data from large-scale assessment studies. Thus, the approach of this book was more data driven and descriptive than oriented on the political question of whether a common model exists.
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Zhou, Zhi-Hua, Yang Yu, and Chao Qian. "Running Time Analysis: Convergence-based Analysis." In Evolutionary Learning: Advances in Theories and Algorithms. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5956-9_3.
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Hanji, Mallikarjun B. "Running Meta-Analysis Using STATA." In Meta-Analysis in Psychiatry Research. Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315366234-18.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Running analyses"
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Unser, Michael A., and Akram Aldroubi. "Fast algorithms for running wavelet analyses." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Andrew F. Laine and Michael A. Unser. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.188780.
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Laudensack, C., Y. Polonskiy, and D. Gerling. "Measurement and performance analyses of dry-running and canned switched reluctance machines." In 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2015.7409087.
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Gnagne, Raoul, Fred Barez, James Kao, and Amer El-Hage. "Load Distribution in Barefoot Running Shoes." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53018.
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Running is one of the most practiced sports around the world and it dates back to Ancient Greece. Running became an Olympic sport in 1896 and today is mostly performed for fun and to stay in shape. Nowadays, athletic shoe companies make claims on the performance of the type of shoes they manufacture. Some of their claims include shoes that allow free movements, fit like a glove, and are in complete harmony with human mechanics. The preceding characteristics are those of so-called barefoot running shoes. Robillard [1] explains that minimalist running shoes could be defined as those that provide limited or no support and only minimal protection, with the heel at the same level as the forefoot. Even though running may have been investigated, however, there is not enough analyses on barefoot running shoes. The objective of this study was to investigate the load distribution on the feet of a healthy running adult wearing barefoot shoes through experimental work and finite element analysis (FEA). The methodology used in this study included experimental as well FEA. Tests were conducted with a 175-lb adult subject wearing a pair of minimalist shoes. Experimental data were collected and used to perform Finite Element Analysis. The barefoot shoes were modeled with an equivalent thickness of 0.453 inch, and the following parameters were experimentally determined such as the Young’s modulus of 467 psi, a density of 0.0025 lb/in3, and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.08. The simulation results yielded a maximum compressive stress of 38.71 psi in the toe region. This stress level was approximately one-half of the stresses generated in the heel region of conventional sport shoes. This study, further, revealed the reduction of stresses at the heel region with barefoot shoes resulting in lower risk of pain and injury to the foot in the absence of impact transients ordinarily experienced with conventional shoes.
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Gong, Jing, and Qiang Zhang. "Analyses of the Process Control and Technical Scheme of Urumchi—Lanzhou Multi-Products Pipeline." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64174.
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The Urumchi—Lanzhou multi-product Pipeline (China western multi-product pipeline, CWPP) is characterized by long distance, multi-delivery points, severe undulating terrain and high-required running conditions. According to technical characteristics and automation level of the stations, the various running states are analyzed, and the process control principles and accident handling methods are also identified. Based on the terrain and sequencing of the transportation process, the pipeline shutdown principles and methods are determined. Calculation methods of the shutdown pressure are proposed considering the temperature drop caused by shutdown. The dynamic optimal control methods of control valves at pressure-reducing stations are also presented considering that multi-product pipeline through the different points with a large drop height can be analyzed by lots of different control modes. Based on the analyses of operating parameters, it indicates that the application of control principles and methods offers guarantee for the pipeline safety and economic operation.
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Authén, Kristian. "Learning From Riser Analyses and Predicting Results With Artificial Neural Networks." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61775.
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Subsea wellheads are subjected to fatigue loading from semi-submersible drilling vessels in harsh and relatively shallow waters like in the North Sea. Dynamic finite element riser simulations are run to ensure safe operations. These simulations calculate loads and fatigue damage on the subsea wellheads, and are run in large numbers, often with only small alterations in input. Building and running all these models for each new well are both time consuming and costly. By storing and structuring the results from such analyses, machine learning algorithms can be trained, and used to predict new results, without the need of running simulations for every new well. If there are insufficient simulation data available, data with inconsistent modeling, or little variety in the input of the data, it is also possible to use model builders to generate a sparse but sufficient set of simulation data to train the model. A trained model can predict simulation results instantly, and gains accuracy as more analysis data becomes available for training. The trained model is efficient for estimating fatigue status on oil fields with large numbers of subsea wells, since it is unnecessary with separate simulations for each well. It can also be used for early phase concept studies and as a QA tool for verifying results of other simulations.
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De Rose, Vincenzo, Francesca Martelli, Massimo Milani, and Luca Montorsi. "Numerical Analysis of Centrifugal Pumps Running in Turbine Mode Under Dynamic Operating Conditions." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3372.
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The use of pumps as turbines (PAT) has gained importance in the recent years as a possible alternative to specifically developed turbine for mini/micro hydropower plants. The use of production pump for hydropower generation reduces the capital cost of the plant but the energy conversion efficiency can be remarkably lower. The paper analyses the performance of a production centrifugal pump running both in direct and reverse mode. The analysis calculates theoretically the behavior of the PAT under the best efficiency point and extends the investigation to other operating points using both a combined theoretical approach and CFD simulation under dynamic conditions. The effects of possible modifications to the initial design of the pump are investigated when running in turbine mode and their influence on the standard pump operation is also determined. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the impeller trimming leads to improvement in the PAT efficiency in some operating conditions. Conversely, the rotational speeds close to the values typical for the electric generator reduce the PAT performance. Finally, the modification of the impeller geometry at the turbine inlet increases the PAT efficiency but lowers the performance of the machine when running in pump mode.
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Kim, Changhee, Jangsik Yang, Changmin Son, Horim Lee, Yoonjei Hwang, and Jinhee Jeong. "Analytical Study on the Performance of Centrifugal Compressor Considering Running Tip Clearance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42348.
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In this study, a series of aero-thermo-mechanical analyses were carried out to predict the running tip clearance and the effects of impeller deformation on the performance using two different centrifugal compressors (blade type A and B). In operation, impeller deformation due to the combination of centrifugal force, aerodynamic pressure and thermal load results in non-uniform tip clearance profile. The predicted running tip clearance leads to further findings of its impact on compressor performance. The prediction employs one-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method using CFX 14.5 and ANSYS. The results show that the maximum displacement occurs at the leading edge tip of the impeller blade but maximum stress takes place at the blade root of the impeller for these particular designs. The analysis also confirms the centrifugal force has dominant effect on impeller deformation at its operating condition. The predicted running tip clearance shows non-uniform profile over the entire flow passage. In particular, a significant reduction of the tip clearance height has occurred at the leading edge and the trailing edge of the impeller. Due to the reduction of the tip clearance, the tip leakage flow has decreased by 19.4% and 16.2% in the blade type A and B, respectively. Also, the polytropic efficiency of the blade type A and B at operating condition has increased by 0.72% and 1.81%, respectively. These findings confirm that the prediction of running tip clearance and its impact on compressor performance is important area for further investigation.
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Peng, Caetano. "Tip Running Clearances Effects on Tip Vortices Induced Axial Compressor Rotor Flutter." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45504.
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The present study aimed at investigating numerically the effects of large blade tip running clearances on flutter stability of axial core multi-stage compressor rotor. During this study, the influences of aerodynamic boundary conditions, variable stator vane incidence and tip running clearances of upstream and downstream rotors on aerodynamic compressor flow and rotor flutter stability are thoroughly investigated. The simulations were carried out using an in-house 3-D aeroelasticity code. The steady-state-solution computations are performed on single-blade-passage-one-bladerow, stage-blocks and whole compressor models. These analyses included rotor blade models with nominal tip running clearances and artificially large tip clearances. Moreover, the effects of the variable stator vane incidences are assessed by performing steady-state-solution computations for nominal vane schedules and extreme vane malschedule. The first four flap and torsion vibration modes from finite element analyses are included in the unsteady flow computations and assessed for flutter stability. The results from the numerical investigations showed that the compressors with large rotor tip running clearances are susceptible to rotor tip flow induced flutter instability. The aerodynamic losses on the rotor with large tip clearances increase with other rotors having also large tip gaps. For the aerodynamic boundary conditions considered here, the simulations predicted flutter instability for the first flap vibration mode. The flutter instability predicted on the rotors with large tip clearances is driven by oscillating tip vortices on blade suction surface close to the blade tip leading edge. The flow in the rotor tip gap is mostly stalled and tip vortices oscillations are close to blade tip leading edge. The strength of these oscillating vortices appears to increase with increase in variable stator vane malschedule or negative incidence. Small changes in aerodynamic conditions can offset these instabilities. These studies indicate that the main ingredients for the occurrence of these phenomena are likely to be excessively large rotor tip running clearances combined with significant changes in flow incidence.
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Tahilramani, Dhaneesh R., and Juliet Hitchins. "Application of Model Reduction Techniques Within Cummins Inc." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5512.
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For the past decade Cummins Inc. have increased the use of standard Finite Element Analysis (FEA) techniques to drive the design of its products. However, as FEA models are not scalable to the limits of hardware, running traditional FEA, especially on large High Horse Power (HHP) engine structures’ assemblies, both reliably and within a reasonable time frame was found to be not possible. This led to carrying out numerous analyses with fewer parts and assumed boundary conditions. This strategy ignores effects due to system vibration of the assembly. To reduce the risk of failures on complex assemblies, high speed engines required a more accurate analytical prediction of modal stresses on a system level. To increase the capacity of running system level analyses, a structured approach was followed and the Model Reduction Techniques Functional Excellence mini team was set up to develop methods and train analysts. The team have been using Six Sigma tools [1] to carry out voice of the customer interviews in order to define the analytical requirements for running models for large complex structures (>20 million degree of freedom). This consists of brainstorming concepts to select solutions based on advanced analytical Substructuring techniques to best fit requirements. The benefits of the new process include a significant reduction in solve time, the ability to carry out system analysis, to follow an efficient working practice using a modular approach, to allow parallel processing globally and secure intellectual property rights when working with suppliers and customers of the Cummins Inc. products. This paper shares experience on applying model reduction techniques following a structured approach and highlights computing and training resources for an analysis team.
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Kanno, Atsushi, Toshiaki Kuri, Iwao Hosako, et al. "Analyses of carrier frequency fluctuation of W-band RoF signals using two free-running lasers for high-speed RoF transmission." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2012.jth2a.116.
Full textReports on the topic "Running analyses"
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Min, Misun, Ananias Tomboulides, Paul Fischer, et al. Nek5000 Enhancements for Faster Running Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670708.
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Zurn, R. M. An analysis of the costs of running a station car fleet. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10117688.
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Chen, Yizhuo, and Yingjiao Xu. A Social Network Analysis of Consumers’ Perceived Brand Positions in the Running Shoes Market. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-636.
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Shim, Jae K., Adam Hsieh, Alison Linberg, and Erik Wolf. Determining the Marker Configuration and Modeling Technique to Optimize the Biomechanical Analysis of Running-Specific Prostheses. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540957.
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Shim, Jae K., Adam Hsieh, Alison Linberg, and Erik Wolf. Determining the Marker Configuration and Modeling Technique to Optimize the Biomechanical Analysis of Running-Specific Prostheses. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626511.
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Shim, Jae K., Adam Hsieh, Alison Linberg, and Erik Wolf. Determining the Marker Configuration and Modeling Technique to Optimize the Biomechanical Analysis of Running-Specific Prostheses. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602331.
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Cary, Dakota. Academics, AI, and APTs. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2020ca010.
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Six Chinese universities have relationships with Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) hacking teams. Their activities range from recruitment to running cyber operations. These partnerships, themselves a case study in military-civil fusion, allow state-sponsored hackers to quickly move research from the lab to the field. This report examines these universities’ relationships with known APTs and analyzes the schools’ AI/ML research that may translate to future operational capabilities.
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Wissink, Andrew, Jude Dylan, Buvana Jayaraman, et al. New capabilities in CREATE™-AV Helios Version 11. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40883.
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CREATE™-AV Helios is a high-fidelity coupled CFD/CSD infrastructure developed by the U.S. Dept. of Defense for aeromechanics predictions of rotorcraft. This paper discusses new capabilities added to Helios version 11.0. A new fast-running reduced order aerodynamics option called ROAM has been added to enable faster-turnaround analysis. ROAM is Cartesian-based, employing an actuator line model for the rotor and an immersed boundary model for the fuselage. No near-body grid generation is required and simulations are significantly faster through a combination of larger timesteps and reduced cost per step. ROAM calculations of the JVX tiltrotor configuration give a comparably accurate download prediction to traditional body-fitted calculations with Helios, at 50X less computational cost. The unsteady wake in ROAM is not as well resolved, but wake interactions may be a less critical issue for many design considerations. The second capability discussed is the addition of six-degree-of-freedom capability to model store separation. Helios calculations of a generic wing/store/pylon case with the new 6-DOF capability are found to match identically to calculations with CREATE™-AV Kestrel, a code which has been extensively validated for store separation calculations over the past decade.
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Ribeiro, João A., Paulo J. Pereira, and Elísio M. Brandão. A real options model to determine the optimal contractual penalty for a BOT project. CICEE. Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26619/ual-cicee/wp06.2021.
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Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) became one of the most common types of public procurement arrangements and Build-Own-Transfer (BOT) projects, awarded through adequate bidding competitions, have been increasingly promoted by governments. The theoretical model herein proposed is based on a contractual framework where the government grants leeway to the private entity regarding the timing for project implementation. However, the government is aware that delaying the beginning of operations will lead to the emergence of social costs, i.e., the costs that result from the corresponding loss of social welfare. This fact should motivate the government to include a contractual penalty in case the private firm does not implement the project immediately. The government also recognizes that the private entity is more efficient in constructing the project facility and also in running the subsequent operations. The model’s outcome is the optimal value for the legal penalty the government should include in the contract form. Sensitivity analysis reveals that there is a level for each of the comparative efficiency factors above which there is no need to impose a contractual penalty, for a given level of social costs. Finally, the effects of including a non-optimal penalty value in the contract form, which derives from overestimating or underestimating the selected bidder’s real comparative efficiency are examined, using a numerical example. Results demonstrate that overestimating (underestimating) the selected bidder’s real comparative efficiency leads to the inclusion of a below-optimal (above-optimal) value for the legal penalty in the contract and produces effects the government should prevent by estimating the comparative efficiency factors with full accurac.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world