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Journal articles on the topic 'Running races in art'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Thokair, Mosaad Al, Minjian Zhang, Umang Mathur, and Mahesh Viswanathan. "Dynamic Race Detection with O(1) Samples." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (2023): 1308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571238.

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Happens before-based dynamic analysis is the go-to technique for detecting data races in large scale software projects due to the absence of false positive reports. However, such analyses are expensive since they employ expensive vector clock updates at each event, rendering them usable only for in-house testing. In this paper, we present a sampling-based, randomized race detector that processes only constantly many events of the input trace even in the worst case. This is the first sub-linear time (i.e., running in o ( n ) time where n is the length of the trace) dynamic race detection algori

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Grivas, Gerasimos V. "Beyond the Finish Line: Examining the Role of Children in Marathon Races—A Narrative Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 1 (2024): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9010047.

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Compared with other sports, running is popular sport for children throughout the world. Over the last few decades, marathon running has become increasingly popular even in the age group below 18 years. While the majority of youth athletes fall within the 16–18 age range, it is noteworthy that there are also participants younger than 12 years engaging in marathon races. Advice on the safety of youth athletes participating in these events is frequently sought by parents, coaches, sport scientists, and medical professionals, particularly concerning potential short- and long-term health consequenc

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Corbí-Santamaría, Pedro, Marina Gil-Calvo, Alba Herrero-Molleda, Juan García-López, Daniel Boullosa, and José Vicente García-Tormo. "The Impact of Advanced Footwear Technology on the Performance and Running Biomechanics of Mountain Runners." Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020531.

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In recent years, advanced footwear technology (AFT) has been shown to improve performance in long-distance road running by altering biomechanics and perceived comfort. This type of footwear is now being marketed for mountain running, although its effects in such races remain unevaluated. This study aimed to examine the impact of AFT on performance, biomechanics, and perceived comfort during a simulated mountain running event. Twelve trained mountain runners participated in a 3-day experiment, with a 7-day recovery between sessions. On the first day, a maximal aerobic speed test assessed the ru

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Carmona, Gerard, Emma Roca, Mario Guerrero, et al. "Fibre-type-specific and Mitochondrial Biomarkers of Muscle Damage after Mountain Races." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 04 (2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0808-4692.

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AbstractConsequences of running mountain races on muscle damage were investigated by analysing serum muscle enzymes and fibre-type-specific sarcomere proteins. We studied 10 trained amateur and 6 highly trained runners who ran a 35 km and 55 km mountain trail race (MTR), respectively. Levels of creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoform (CK-MB), sarcomeric mitochondrial CK (sMtCK), transaminases (AST and ALT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and fast (FM) and slow myosin (SM) isoforms, were assessed before, 1 h, 24 h and 48 h after the beginning of MTR. Significant SM increases were found at 24 h in the 55

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Simpson, Richard J., Martin R. Wilson, James R. Black, et al. "Immune Alterations, Lipid Peroxidation, and Muscle Damage Following a Hill Race." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 2 (2005): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-115.

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Hill races usually include large downhill running sections, which can induce significant degrees of muscle damage in a field setting. This study examined the link between muscle damage, oxidative stress, and immune perturbations following a 7-km mountainous hill race with 457 m of ascent and 457 m of descent. Venous blood samples were taken from 7 club level runners before, immediately after, and 48 hrs postrace. Samples were analysed for total and differential leukocyte counts, markers of muscle damage (CK), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and acute phase proteins (CRP; fibrinogen; α-1-ACT). The to

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Rauh, Mitchell J., Micah C. Garcia, David M. Bazett-Jones, et al. "Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00084.

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Background: Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs. Purpose: To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance

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Robinson, Sarah L., Clara Kulich, Cristina Aelenei, and Vincenzo Iacoviello. "Political Ideology Modifies the Effect of Glass Cliff Candidacies on Election Outcomes for Women in American State Legislative Races (2011–2016)." Psychology of Women Quarterly 45, no. 2 (2021): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684321992046.

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Research on glass cliff political candidacies shows that compared to men, women are more likely to run for office in districts where they are likely to lose. We examined if party differences in whether female candidates face these worse conditions in the United States could account for persistent and growing party and state variation in women’s representation. Using election data from 2011 to 2016, we compared Republican versus Democratic candidacies at the state legislative level. We found that women in both parties faced glass cliffs in House races, but not in the Senate. For Republican wome

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Loland, Sigmund. "Caster Semenya, athlete classification, and fair equality of opportunity in sport." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 9 (2020): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105937.

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According to the Differences of Sex Development (DSD) Regulations of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Caster Semenya and other athletes with heightened testosterone levels are considered non-eligible for middle distance running races in the women’s class. Based on an analysis of fair equality of opportunity in sport, I take a critical look at the Semenya case and at IAAF’s DSD Regulations. I distinguish between what I call stable and dynamic inequalities between athletes. Stable inequalities are those that athletes cannot impact or control in any significant way s

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Bozianu, Dominic, and Leighton Jones. "Exploring the use of music during ultramarathons using a think-aloud procedure." Graduate Journal of Sports Science, Coaching, Management, & Rehabilitation 1, no. 3 (2024): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/gjsscmr.v1i3.1551.

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Introduction: ultrarunning is a rapidly growing sport and is receiving increased attention in scientific literature. Ultrarunning is the act of running ultramarathons, defined as any distance over a marathon (42.2 km). Some ultramarathons are run over a set time e.g., 12 hours. Ultrarunners face many different challenges throughout their races, including injuries and pain, thoughts of quitting, and boredom (Holt et al., 2014, Sport Psych, 28, 22-35). The application of music during sports and exercise has been shown to be a powerful psychological and ergogenic aid, however, there is a dearth o

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Rodríguez-Marroyo, Jose A., Javier González-Lázaro, Higinio F. Arribas-Cubero, and José G. Villa. "Physiological demands of mountain running races." Kinesiology 50, no. 2 (2018): 60–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10969238.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the exercise intensity and competition load (PL) based on heart rate (HR) during different mountain running races. Seven mountain runners participated in this study. They competed in vertical (VR), 10-25 km, 25-45 km and >45 km races. The HR response was measured during the races to calculate the exercise intensity and PL according to the HR at which both the ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) occurred. The exercise intensity below VT and between VT and RCT increased with mountain running race distance. Likewise, the percentage

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Scott, Johan. "Regspraak: ’n Tydige waarskuwing dat waaksaamheid van sowel deelnemers as omstanders by padwedlope – ’n oënskynlik nie-riskante sportsoort – verwag kan word." Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2023, no. 2 (2023): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2023/i2a9.

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In South Africa road-running has developed into a very popular sport over the last few years. Those participating in it range from novices to professionals, the homeless to billionaires. Notwithstanding the vast numbers of participants, spectators and other bystanders present at road-running events, very few injuries and fatalities have thus far been recorded, and then exclusively in respect of participants. Cases of injuries or fatalities to spectators and bystanders can rather be expected in other forms of sport and recreation such as cricket, rugby, golf and car races, although our jurispru

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González-Lázaro, Javier, Higinio F. Arribas-Cubero, and Jose A. Rodríguez-Marroyo. "Muskuloskeletal injuries in mountain running races: A 5 seasons study." Muskuloskeletal injuries in mountain running races: A 5 seasons study 52, no. 4 (2021): 747–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.10.045.

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Introduction: Mountain running races have grown in popularity in the recent years. Nonetheless, there are few studies on injuries and injury rates. Moreover, these studies have focused on long-distance events such as ultramarathons (>42 km). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the severity, type, and body location of musculoskeletal injuries during 20–42 km mountain running races. In addition, the injury rates in this type of races were examined. Methods: Data on injuries were collected during 36 mountain running races over 5 consecutive seasons from 2015 to 2019. T

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Diez, Y., M. Fort, M. Korman, and J. A. Sellarès. "Group evolution patterns in running races." Information Sciences 479 (April 2019): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2018.11.044.

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Corbí-Santamaría, Pedro, Alba Herrero-Molleda, Juan García-López, Daniel Boullosa, and Vicente García-Tormo. "Variable Pacing Is Associated with Performance during the OCC® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc® (2017–2021)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (2023): 3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043297.

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The current evidence suggests that pacing may not be affected by performance level or sex in trail-running races as may occur in road running races. However, the previous studies included races of >100 km. Therefore, we aimed to verify the influence of performance level and sex on pacing in the last four (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021) editions of a shorter (56.3 km) ultra-trail running race (i.e., Orsières–Champex–Chamonix; OCC®) that maintained the same race profile. The mean finishing time for the 5656 participants was 10 h 20 min 33 s ± 2 h 01 min 19 s. Pacing variability (CV%) was higher

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Lambert, Mike I., Lise Bryer, David B. Hampson, et al. "Accelerated Decline in Running Performance in a Master Runner with a History of a Large Volume of Training and Racing." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 10, no. 3 (2002): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.3.314.

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The aim of this study was to measure the change in running performance in a runner from age 27–64 years. During this time the runner had a history of high-volume training and racing. The change in his average running speed over 10-, 21.1-, 42.2-, and 90-km races was compared with the changes in the age-group records for each distance. He trained an average of 4,051 ± 1,762 km/year and ran 16,604 km during races. His training load reached a peak of 7,596 km/year at the age of 33. His rate of decline in running performance was higher than the expected age decline at 47 years for 10-km, 47 years

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Urbaneja, Jordi Segui, and Estela Inés Farias. "El trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España. Inicios, evolución y (actual) estado de la situación (Trail running in Spain. Origin, evolution and current situation; natural áreas)." Retos, no. 33 (September 15, 2017): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.56462.

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Es objeto de este artículo explicar, desde un punto de vista descriptivo, los inicios y evolución del trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España con el objetivo de determinar la existencia (o no) del boom del trail running. Se realiza el análisis cuantitativo de las carreras de trail running organizadas en el año 2015 (n=1901) a partir del cual se identifica que: a) la carrera a pie es la tipología de actividad deportiva más utilizada; b) las épocas en que más eventos se organizan son los periodos de primavera y otoño; c) Cataluña es la comunidad autónoma que más carreras organiza; d)

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Hill, D. W. "ENERGY COST OF MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNING RACES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (1995): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00045.

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Kim, Jonathan H., Rajeev Malhotra, George Chiampas, et al. "Cardiac Arrest during Long-Distance Running Races." New England Journal of Medicine 366, no. 2 (2012): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1106468.

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Cidell, Julie. "Running road races as transgressive event mobilities." Social & Cultural Geography 15, no. 5 (2014): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.908236.

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Shephard, R. J. "Cardiac Arrest during Long-Distance Running Races." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2012 (January 2012): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yspm.2012.01.018.

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Waldvogel, Karin J., Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Stefania Di Gangi, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Women Reduce the Performance Difference to Men with Increasing Age in Ultra-Marathon Running." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (2019): 2377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132377.

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Age and sex are well-known factors influencing ultra-marathon race performance. The fact that women in older age groups are able to achieve a similar performance as men has been documented in swimming. In ultra-marathon running, knowledge is still limited. The aim of this study was to analyze sex-specific performance in ultra-marathon running according to age and distance. All ultra-marathon races documented in the online database of the German Society for Ultra-Marathon from 1964 to 2017 for 50-mile races (i.e., 231,980 records from 91,665 finishers) and from 1953 to 2017 for 100-mile races (

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Edmonds. "Running as Art." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 29, no. 2 (2015): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.29.2.0165.

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Thuany, Mabliny, Anja Witthöft, David Valero, et al. "Road and trail running from 5 km to an ultra-marathon – trends in Switzerland from 1999 to 2019." Human Movement 25, no. 3 (2024): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/hm/193799.

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PurposeThis study aimed to verify participation and performance in all road and trail-based races in Switzerland over two decades (1999–2019).MethodsThis is a secondary data-based study. We used 1,149,182 race records (788,818 from men and 360,364 from women) from 407,944 unique finishers of the 5 km, 10 km, half-marathon, marathon, and ultra-marathon races in Switzerland, between 1999 and 2019. Data included the athletes’ genders, ages, race distances, and types of races (road or trail). The mento- women ratio was calculated and box plots were used to present differences according to gender,

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Zhou, Hui, Jun Zheng, Ji Xing Hu, Rui Peng Sang, and Zhi Hua Wan. "Study of MoS₂-Ti Composite Coatings Applied in Precision Ball Bearings." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.281.

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708C Ball bearings were made of 9Cr18 steel which had precision of class 4, MoS2-Ti composite coatings were deposited on inner and outer races of ball bearings by unbalanced magnetron sputtering system, and bearing cages were made of PTFE-based self-lubricating polymers. Bearing’s tribological torques as a function of storage time in high humidity environment were studied by using LHU-2 thermal & humidity test chamber and Bearing 2000 torque measurement device. Developing bearing vacuum performance test rig to research bearing’s torque as a function of running time, bearings were dismantle

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Giovanelli, Nicola, Amanda Louise Ryan Ortiz, Keely Henninger, and Rodger Kram. "Energetics of vertical kilometer foot races; is steeper cheaper?" Journal of Applied Physiology 120, no. 3 (2016): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00546.2015.

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Vertical kilometer foot races consist of a 1,000-m elevation gain in <5,000 m of overall distance, and the inclines of the fastest courses are ∼30°. Previous uphill locomotion studies have focused on much shallower angles. We aimed to quantify the metabolic costs of walking and running on very steep angles and to biomechanically distinguish walking from running. Fifteen runners (10 male, 5 female, 32.9 ± 7.5 yr, 1.75 ± 0.09 m, 64.3 ± 9.1 kg) walked and ran for 5 min at seven different angles (9.4, 15.8, 20.4, 24.8, 30.0, 35.0, and 39.2°) all at a fixed vertical velocity (0.35 m/s). We measu

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Skinner, Samantha. "Mothering, Running, and the Renegotiation of Running Identity." Qualitative Sociology Review 11, no. 3 (2015): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.3.03.

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Qualitative interviews with six female runners shed light on the gender gap in women’s participation in shorter versus longer road races. The interviews reveal that “mother guilt” and “time constraints” play a significant role in the development of a running identity among women. While the running community promotes a discourse centered around a “disembodied” runner — someone totally and unconstrainedly dedicated to running — the participants in this study experienced conflicts between their roles as mothers and their identity as runners. The conflicts led them to engage in challenging the dom

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Innis, Jack. "Vertical Challenge Restoration Keeps Flour Mill Running." CoatingsPro 6, no. 4 (2006): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.5006/cp2006_6_4-36.

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Espeit, Loic, Callum G. Brownstein, Nicolas Royer, et al. "Central fatigue aetiology in prolonged trail running races." Experimental Physiology 106, no. 3 (2021): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep089177.

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Frere, Jennifer A., Lewis G. Maharam, and Steven P. Van Camp. "The Risk of Death in Running Road Races." Physician and Sportsmedicine 32, no. 4 (2004): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2004.04.204.

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Camm, Jeffrey D., and Thomas J. Grogan. "An Application of Frontier Analysis: Handicapping Running Races." Interfaces 18, no. 6 (1988): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.18.6.52.

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Ranum, Madeline, Carl Foster, Clayton Camic, et al. "Effect of Running Velocity Variation on the Aerobic Cost of Running." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042025.

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The aerobic cost of running (CR), an important determinant of running performance, is usually measured during constant speed running. However, constant speed does not adequately reflect the nature of human locomotion, particularly competitive races, which include stochastic variations in pace. Studies in non-athletic individuals suggest that stochastic variations in running velocity produce little change in CR. This study was designed to evaluate whether variations in running speed influence CR in trained runners. Twenty competitive runners (12 m, VO2max = 73 ± 7 mL/kg; 8f, VO2max = 57 ± 6 mL/

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Peckover, Sean, Aldo Raineri, and Aaron T. Scanlan. "Implementation of Congestion-Related Controls Improves Runner Density, Flow Rate, Perceived Safety, and Satisfaction during an Australian Running Event." Sports 10, no. 9 (2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10090132.

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This study examined the impact of congestion-related controls on runner density, flow rate, perceived safety, and satisfaction during an Australian running event. Runner congestion was compared between races organized at the Sunshine Coast Marathon and Running Festival in 2019 without controls and in 2021 with added controls, including modifications to the start corral design and use of wave starts. Following a mixed-method design, runner congestion was quantitatively measured via determining runner density and flow rate in the start corrals with video analyses, while post-event surveys were u

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Knechtle, Beat, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "The Role of Nationality in Ultra-Endurance Sports: The Paradigm of Cross-Country Skiing and Long-Distance Running." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (2020): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072543.

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Although the variation of performance by nationality in endurance sports such as marathon has been well studied, little information exists so far on the role of nationality on performance in ultra-endurance sports. The aim of the present study was to review the role of nationality on cross-country skiing and ultra-endurance running. Scopus and PubMed were searched using the syntax “nationality AND (ultra-endurance OR ultra-marathon OR cross-country skiing) in 1/4/2020. This search identified 17 articles, whose references were further examined for relevant literature. It was observed that Russi

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Karla, Camila Lima de Souza, Carliane de Abreu Mesquita Yara, Cunha Lopes Pedro, et al. "Orthopedic orthesis alters the bone mineral density of rats submitted to race training." Ciência Animal 28, no. 2 (2018): 03–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14555239.

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Orthopedic orthesis act as therapeutic resources supporting a stricken limb to complement and allow adequate rehabilitation, with the purpose of immobilizing, correcting deviations, protecting or blocking certain structures that have non-physiological movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of orthopedic orthosis on the bone mineral density of rats submitted to running training. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol no 6923877 of 10/28/2016. Twenty-two female Wistar rats, with

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Alexandris, Kostas. "Testing the role of sport event personality on the development of event involvement and loyalty." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 7, no. 1 (2016): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-10-2015-0041.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test: the applicability of Aaker’s (1997) brand personality model in the context of mountain running races; and the influence of event personality on event involvement and loyalty. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 177 runners (n=177) at two mountain running races participated in the study and filled the brand personality (Aaker, 1997) and leisure involvement (Kyle et al., 2004a, b) questionnaires. Findings – The confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the brand personality and event involvement models. The ana

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McGehee, Nancy Gard, Yooshik Yoon, and David Cárdenas. "Involvement and Travel for Recreational Runners in North Carolina." Journal of Sport Management 17, no. 3 (2003): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.305.

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This study utilized an adaptation of the uni-dimensional involvement scale developed by Josiam, Smeaton, and Clements (1999) to test Havitz and Dimanche's Proposition XI, which states that “an individual's involvement profile with a recreational activity, tourist destination, or related equipment is positively related to frequency of participation, travel, or purchase” (1990, p. 189). Relationships between recreational runners' involvement in travel to road races and behavioral characteristics, including preparation for and participation in road races, travel behavior and running-related expen

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Armstrong, John, Alice Sullivan, and George M. Perry. "Performance of non-binary athletes in mass-participation running events." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 4 (2023): e001662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001662.

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ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that, controlling for age, natal-sex differences in running performance are lower among non-binary athletes than in the rest of the population. To test the hypothesis that natal-male non-binary athletes outperform natal-female non-binary athletes.MethodsA secondary analysis of 166 race times achieved by non-binary athletes within a data set of 85 173 race times derived from races with a non-binary category in the New York Road Runners database. The natal sex of non-binary athletes was modelled probabilistically using US Social Security Administration data when

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Yoshimoto, Takaya, Yoshihiro Chiba, Kentaro Sato, and Yohei Takai. "Race development in men’s 400 m track and field events." Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 4, no. 3 (2025): 391–400. https://doi.org/10.55860/udqx4879.

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This study aimed to clarify race development in men’s 400 m track and field events. We analyzed 457 races involving 155 male long sprinters, including 400 m race records and each 50 m split time. The races were categorized into seven groups based on 400 m race times: 43.0-second (n = 6), 44.0-second (n = 21), 44.5-second (n = 25), 45.0-second (n = 21), 45.5-second (n = 26), 46.0-second (n = 33), and 47.0-second (n = 23). The percentage of each 50 m split time relative to the 400 m race time (%ST) was calculated. Running speeds in all sections were higher in races with faster 400 m times. The %

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Coelho, Clarisse S., Ticiane R. P. Sodré, Lara N. Sousa, et al. "Analysis of Stress Predictors in Vaquejada Horses Running with Different Interval Rest Periods." Stresses 3, no. 4 (2023): 858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040058.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the stress responses associated with vaquejada simulating tests (VSTs). Ten clinically healthy 8.9 ± 4.3-year-old Quarter horses, weighing 441.3 ± 25.0 kg, performed two VSTs five days apart. In the first VST (M1), animals ran three times with a 5-min rest between races; and in the second (M2), they ran with a 15-min rest between races. Horses were examined before (T0) and immediately after the third run (T1) and at 4 h (T2) of recovery. Stress biomarkers included heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol, and white blood cell count. All va

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Kretz, Tobias. "What Can Be Learned From (Public) Running Result Data?" Collective Dynamics 9 (June 19, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/cd.2024.173.

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Results from running races is available in abundance. In this contribution it is shown, how this data might help to understand pedestrian dynamics in general, as well as the situation at the start and experience for runners.

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Entin, Pauline. "Do racehorses and Greyhound dogs exhibit a gender difference in running speed?" Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 4, no. 3-4 (2007): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478061507851036.

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AbstractAt any level of competition, men run faster than women. Consequently, a male speed advantage is often presumed for other species. This assumption was tested in two animals bred for speed: horses and dogs. Results from Thoroughbred (TB), Standardbred (STB) and Greyhound (GH) races were analysed by ANOVA to compare the speeds of victorious males, neutered males (TB and STB only) and females. Separate analyses were run for shorter (TB: ≤ 1609 m, GH: 503 m) and longer (TB: >1609 m, GH: 603.5 m) TB and GH races. All STB races (trotters and pacers) were 1609 m. In TB races, intact males w

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Robinson, James N., Mark Alan Fontana, Jordan D. Metzl, et al. "Running races during the COVID-19 pandemic: a 2020 survey of the running community." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 4 (2021): e001192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001192.

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ObjectivesTo survey runners and triathletes about their willingness to resume in-person racing during the COVID-19 pandemic, health concerns related to mass races and changes in running patterns since the start of the pandemic.DesignAn electronic survey was distributed from 15 July to 1 September 2020 to runners and triathletes by New York Road Runners, ASICS North America, and race medical directors, and through social media.ParticipantsRunners and triathletes 18 years of age or older who participated in at least one race in 2019.ResultsA total of 2278 surveys were received. Not all participa

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Haney, Tom, and John Mercer. "A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running." International Journal of Exercise Science 4, no. 2 (2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.70252/rhgb2099.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to describe variability of pacing during a marathon and 2) to determine if there is a relationship between variability of pacing and marathon performance. Publically available personal global positioning system profiles from two marathons (Race 1 n = 116, Race 2 n = 169) were downloaded (http://connect.garmin.com) for analysis. The coefficient of variation of velocity (Velcov) was calculated for each profile. Each profile was categorized as finishing in under 3.9 hours, between 3.9 and 4.6 hours, or longer than 4.6 hours. Linear and quadratic lines of

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Tang, Wing Yee. "Running Head: Childrens In-group Out-group Effect Children Predict Trustworthy based on In-group Out-group Effect." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 6, no. 1 (2023): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220156.

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Does a new person's ethnic facial resemblance influence snap judgments? If so, when did people start to have an in-group and out-group concept? We are using a within-subject design in the experiment. The participant was separated into different rooms and did 20 tryouts to choose one of the two pictures (different races) based on our questions. As a result, we predict that the participant will choose their races more than other races, proving that children around age 3-4 had already developed the in-group out-group concept. This research could help educators know when children start to develop

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Bieuzen, François, Jeanick Brisswalter, Christopher Easthope, Fabrice Vercruyssen, Thierry Bernard, and Christophe Hausswirth. "Effect of Wearing Compression Stockings on Recovery After Mild Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (2014): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0126.

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Background:Compression garments are increasingly popular in long-distance running events where they are used to limit cumulative fatigue and symptoms associated with mild exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, the effective benefits remain unclear.Objective:This study examined the effect of wearing compression stockings (CS) on EIMD indicators. Compression was applied during or after simulated trail races performed at competition pace in experienced off-road runners.Methods:Eleven highly trained male runners participated in 3 simulated trail races (15.6 km: uphill section 6.6 km, aver

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Knechtle, Beat, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Nikolaidis. "Pacing and Changes in Body Composition in 48 h Ultra-Endurance Running—A Case Study." Sports 6, no. 4 (2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040136.

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Pacing has been investigated in elite and master runners competing in marathon and ultra-marathon races up to 100 km and 100 miles, but not in longer ultra-marathons. In this case study, a 54-year-old master ultra-marathoner—intending to achieve as many kilometers as possible in a 48 h run—was examined. The changes in running speed during the race and selected anthropometric characteristics using bioelectrical impedance analysis (i.e., body mass and body water), during and after the race, were analyzed. The runner achieved a total distance of 230 km and running speed decreased non-linearly dur

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Skinner, Sarah, Elie Nader, Emeric Stauffer, et al. "Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 78, no. 3 (2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-211121.

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BACKGROUND: Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. METHODS: The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood

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DeJong, Alexandra F., and Jay Hertel. "Outdoor Running Activities Captured Using Wearable Sensors in Adult Competitive Runners." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, no. 2 (2020): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2019-0051.

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Treadmill running analyses cannot adequately replicate outdoor running demands, and wearable sensors offer a means to overcome this clinical limitation. The purpose of this report is to describe five individual runners’ biomechanical outcomes during hill and track intervals, stroller running, and 5- and 21-K races using wearable sensors. Step rates and lengths increased while foot contact time decreased during sprints and 5-K race portions. Stroller running increased step rate, length, and pronation. Step length decreased and pronation and foot contact time increased over the 21-K race. Wearab

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Nilson, Finn, and Mats Börjesson. "Mortality in long-distance running races in Sweden - 2007–2016." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (2018): e0195626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195626.

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Morton, R. Hugh. "Statistical effects of lane allocation on times in running races." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician) 46, no. 1 (1997): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9884.00063.

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