Relevant bibliographies by topics / Running related injury

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Running related injury'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Running related injury"

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ROBBINS, STEVEN E., and ADEL M. HANNA. "Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 19, no. 2 (April 1987): 148???156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198704000-00014.

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Benca, Emir, Stephan Listabarth, Florian K. J. Flock, Eleonore Pablik, Claudia Fischer, Sonja M. Walzer, Ronald Dorotka, Reinhard Windhager, and Pejman Ziai. "Analysis of Running-Related Injuries: The Vienna Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020438.

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Background: This study aimed to provide an extensive and up-to-date analysis of running-related injuries (RRI) and analyze a broad range of contributing factors for a large heterogeneous and non-selected running population from Central Europe. Methods: Anthropometric, training, footwear, anatomic malalignment, and injury data from 196 injured runners were assessed case-controlled and retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate regression models were developed to identify associated factors for specific injury locations and diagnoses. Results: The majority of patients were female (56%). Three most frequently observed malalignments included varus knee alignment, pelvic obliquity, and patellar squinting. The most common injuries were the patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), the iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS), patellar tendinopathy, spinal overload, and ankle instability. A number of contributing factors were identified. Previous injury history was a contributing factor for knee injuries and ITBFS. Lower training load was reported with a higher incidence of PFPS, while a higher training load was positively associated with injuries of the lower leg. Runners with a higher body mass index (BMI) were at a significantly higher risk for lower back injuries. Conclusions: Running-related injuries are multifactorial associated with a combination of variables including personal data, training load, anatomic malalignments, and injury history. They can furthermore result from a lack of experience/training as well as from overuse. Suffering a specific RRI of high risk could be defined based on individual predispositions and help to induce appropriate training balance.
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Winter, Sara C., Susan Gordon, Sara M. Brice, Daniel Lindsay, and Sue Barrs. "A Multifactorial Approach to Overuse Running Injuries: A 1-Year Prospective Study." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119888504.

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Background: Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of running injuries, a multifactorial approach when investigating running injuries is required. Hypothesis: Compared with uninjured runners, injured runners would exhibit different running biomechanics, display more fatigue changes, and would run a greater weekly running volume; more injured runners would also report having a previous injury. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: At commencement of the study, data were collected on demographics, anthropometrics, training history, previous injury history, and center-of-mass accelerations during a long-distance overground run. Participants completed weekly training diaries and were monitored for 1 year for an injury. Results: A total of 76 runners completed the study, with 39 (22 male; 17 female) reporting an injury. Compared with male uninjured runners, male injured runners were heavier and ran a greater weekly distance. Male runners (injured and uninjured) exhibited increases in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations during the run. Compared with female uninjured runners, female injured runners were heavier, ran with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and more of them had reported an injury in the previous year and had increased speed training in the weeks prior to injury. Over 60% of male injured runners and over 50% of female injured runners had increased their weekly running distance by >30% between consecutive weeks at least once in the 4 weeks prior to injury. Conclusion: Factors that may be related to injury for male runners include being heavier, running a greater weekly distance, and exhibiting fatigue changes in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations. Factors that may be related to injury for female runners include being heavier, having an injury in the previous year, running with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and increasing speed training prior to injury. Increases in weekly running distance in 1 consecutive week (particularly >30%) needs to be monitored in training, and this along with the other factors found may have contributed to injury development. Clinical Relevance: This study found that multiple factors are related to running injuries and that some factors are sex specific. The findings can aid in injury prevention and management.
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Olympia, Robert P., Abigail Nelson, Kelly Patterson, Andrew Groff, and Jodi Brady. "Injury and Illness Depicted in Running-Related Films." Clinical Pediatrics 58, no. 7 (March 6, 2019): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819834281.

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The perception that children and adolescents have of injury and illness may be influenced by their depiction in sport-related films. The objective of this study was to determine the depiction of injury and illness in a select number of running-related films. A sample of 31 running-related films were analyzed, with a total of 77 injuries/illnesses depicted. The most common injuries/illnesses depicted were categorized as exertional heat exhaustion/stroke (26%), lower leg muscle cramps/not heat related (12%), ankle sprain (9%), knee ligamentous/meniscus injury (6%), exercise-associated collapse/not heat related (6%), and blister of the toe/foot (6%). Overall, 48/67 (64%) of the injuries/illnesses were considered severe emergencies (injury/illness requiring prompt intervention and immediate discontinuation of sport participation). The disposition of 46% of severe emergencies was the immediate continuation of training/competition. Pediatric health care providers, coaching staff, and parents should stress the importance of injury/illness recognition/disclosure and realistic expectations for rehabilitation to pediatric runners.
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Davis IV, John J., and Allison H. Gruber. "Quantifying exposure to running for meaningful insights into running-related injuries." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5, no. 1 (October 2019): e000613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000613.

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The very term ‘running-related overuse injury’ implies the importance of ‘use’, or exposure, to running. Risk factors for running-related injury can be better understood when exposure to running is quantified using either external or internal training loads. The advent of objective methods for quantifying exposure to running, such as global positioning system watches, smartphones, commercial activity monitors and research-grade wearable sensors, make it possible for researchers, coaches and clinicians to track exposure to running with unprecedented detail. This viewpoint discusses practical issues surrounding the use and analysis of data from such devices, including how wearable devices can be used to assess both internal and external training loads. We advocate for an integrative approach where data from multiple sources are used in combination to directly measure exposure to running in diverse settings.
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Gallant, Jodi Lynn, and Michael Raymond Pierrynowski. "A Theoretical Perspective on Running-Related Injuries." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.2.211.

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The etiology of running-related injuries remains unknown; however, an implicit theory underlies much of the conventional research and practice in the prevention of these injuries. This theory posits that the cause of running-related injuries lies in the high-impact forces experienced when the foot contacts the ground and the subsequent abnormal movement of the subtalar joint. The application of this theory is seen in the design of the modern running shoe, with cushioning, support, and motion control. However, a new theory is emerging that suggests that it is the use of these modern running shoes that has caused a maladaptive running style, which contributes to a high incidence of injury among runners. The suggested application of this theory is to cease use of the modern running shoe and transition to barefoot or minimalist running. This new running paradigm, which is at present inadequately defined, is proposed to avoid the adverse biomechanical effects of the modern running shoe. Future research should rigorously define and then test both theories regarding their ability to discover the etiology of running-related injury. Once discovered, the putative cause of running-related injury will then provide an evidence-based rationale for clinical prevention and treatment.
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Gaudette, Logan W., Molly M. Bradach, José Roberto de Souza de Souza Junior, Bryan Heiderscheit, Caleb D. Johnson, Joshua Posilkin, Mitchell J. Rauh, et al. "Clinical Application of Gait Retraining in the Injured Runner." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 6497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216497.

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Despite its positive influence on physical and mental wellbeing, running is associated with a high incidence of musculoskeletal injury. Potential modifiable risk factors for running-related injury have been identified, including running biomechanics. Gait retraining is used to address these biomechanical risk factors in injured runners. While recent systematic reviews of biomechanical risk factors for running-related injury and gait retraining have been conducted, there is a lack of information surrounding the translation of gait retraining for injured runners into clinical settings. Gait retraining studies in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome have shown a decrease in pain and increase in functionality through increasing cadence, decreasing hip adduction, transitioning to a non-rearfoot strike pattern, increasing forward trunk lean, or a combination of some of these techniques. This literature suggests that gait retraining could be applied to the treatment of other injuries in runners, although there is limited evidence to support this specific to other running-related injuries. Components of successful gait retraining to treat injured runners with running-related injuries are presented.
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Malisoux, L., J. Ramesh, R. Mann, R. Seil, A. Urhausen, and D. Theisen. "Can parallel use of different running shoes decrease running-related injury risk?" Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25, no. 1 (November 28, 2013): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12154.

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Napier, Christopher, Lauren Fridman, Tom Michie, and Nicholas Tran. "Association Between Impact Asymmetry And Running-related Injury." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000875116.90923.c7.

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Hamill, Joseph. "Have modern footwear reduced running-related injury risk?" Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19 (December 2015): e70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.171.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Running related injury"

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Hulme, Adam. "Theoretical perspectives on using epidemiology and systems thinking to better understand the aetiology and prevention of distance running-related injury." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2017. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/158357.

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On a global scale, the sporting activity of distance running has increased in popularity. This is likely attributable to a growing societal concern for the documented rise in several lifestyle-related chronic diseases. As a form of exercise, running provides significant beneficial effects on a range of biomedical health indices, and is the preferred physical activity of choice for many people given its high accessibility and relatively low financial cost. Notwithstanding the many health-related benefits associated with running, the risk of sustaining a distance running-related injury (RRI) can be high. Therefore, from an injury prevention perspective, understanding why runners sustain RRI is of primary scientific importance. Over the last fifty years, the science behind RRI causation and prevention has attracted considerable interest amongst sports injury prevention researchers. During that time, there has been a concerted scholarly effort to understand the aetiology of RRI from an epidemiological and clinical research-based standpoint. Traditional scientific approaches have attempted to identify the effect of discrete trainingrelated, behavioural, and/or biomechanical exposures on the risk of developing either general or specific RRI. Despite what is now a considerable body of work, several descriptive and systematic reviews have found a history of previous injury to be the only definitive risk factor for subsequent RRI development. Alongside the continuing application of traditional scientific approaches, this PhD thesis promotes the use of a complementary ‘systems thinking’ theoretical perspective for better understanding the development and prevention of RRI. There are several contained chapters, the first of which is a systematic review of the RRI aetiological literature. After examining in closer detail the causal mechanism underpinning RRI development, a series of papers urge injury prevention scientists to consider drawing on alternative philosophical perspectives when planning and designing research. In building on the preceding arguments, the final chapters involve the construction of a systems ergonomics control structure model of the Australian distance running system, including the way RRI is managed and controlled.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Harrison, Kathryn. "THE INFLUENCE OF TRAINING ON KINEMATICS RELATED TO KNEE INJURY IN NOVICE RUNNERS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6076.

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Running is known to provide important health benefits. However, the incidence of injury among runners is high, particularly among novice runners, which discourages long term participation in the sport. The knee is the most commonly injured joint in novice runners. In general, aberrant frontal and transverse plane kinematics are associated with the development of knee injuries in runners. It was unknown whether the high rate of knee injury in novice runners was due to abnormal kinematics. Further, it was unclear whether these risk factors for injury could be improved. This dissertation includes four studies investigating kinematics in novice runners, how they change with training and evaluation of a running assessment. The first study compared frontal and transverse plane kinematics of female novice and experienced runners. Novice runners displayed more knee kinematics associated with injury than experienced runners, which may contribute to their higher risk of injury. The second study investigated the effects of two different training programs on kinematics of novice runners: one program consisted of 8 weeks of walking followed by 8 weeks of running, the other consisted of 8 weeks of strength/plyometric training followed by 8 weeks of running. Results demonstrated that training produced small changes in kinematics, however all types of training produced a mix of beneficial and detrimental effects. Participants who completed the study displayed better knee kinematics 8 than those who dropped out, which may have influenced their ability to complete the program. The third study sought to investigate changes in coordination of the hip and ankle joints, and their contributions to knee joint angles thought to contribute to injury. Results demonstrated that both the hip and the ankle may influence changes in knee kinematics, however the relative motion of the hip and the ankle appears to remain stable with training. In the final study, we investigated the reliability and validity of the Running Readiness Scale (RRS), as a low cost assessment of kinematics related to injury in runners. The RRS demonstrated good inter and intra rater reliability. Further, the RRS appeared to effectively discriminate between runners according to knee abduction, but not knee internal rotation.
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Reynolds, Abby Mae. "The Relationship of Static and Dynamic Hip Muscle Activation on Running Related Injury Rates in Recreational Runners." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28015.

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Running has become an increasingly popular sport and research is necessary to examine the variables associated with running related injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the overall relationship between static and dynamic hip strength and the rate of running related lower limb injuries in recreational runners. In addition, gender differences in hip muscle activation were analyzed. Surface electromyography was used to quantify static and dynamic hip muscle activation. Statistically significant decreases in muscle activation were observed in the one-mile testing period in both genders. Significant differences in muscle activation were present between genders. Although there was no statistically significant differences in muscle activation between injured and uninjured runners, the trends reported can help guide future researchers. As the running population continues to increase, number of running related injuries will follow. This research has provided evidence for allied health care providers to base future running related injury evaluations.
Mark Knutson with the Fargo Marathon and the Post-Professional Athletic Training program at North Dakota State University
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Book chapters on the topic "Running related injury"

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Welbury, R., and J. M. Whitworth. "Traumatic injuries to the teeth." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0021.

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Dental trauma in childhood and adolescence is common. At 5 years of age 31–40% of boys and 16–30% of girls, and at 12 years of age 12–33% of boys and 4–19% of girls, will have suffered some dental trauma. Boys are affected almost twice as often as girls in both the primary and the permanent dentitions. The majority of dental injuries in the primary and permanent dentitions involve the anterior teeth, especially the maxillary central incisors. Concussion, subluxation, and luxation are the most common injuries in the primary dentition, while uncomplicated crown fractures are most common in the permanent dentition. Prognosis of traumatic injuries has improved significantly in the last 20 years. This has been largely due to a greater understanding of dental pulp reaction patterns and vital pulp therapies. Children are most accident prone between 2 and 4 years for the primary dentition and between 7 and 10 years for the permanent dentition. Coordination and judgement are incompletely developed in children during the primary dentition years, and the majority of injuries are due to falls in and around the home as the child becomes more adventurous and explores his/her surroundings. Most injuries in the permanent dentition are caused by falls and collisions while playing and running, although bicycles are a common accessory. The place of injury varies in different countries according to local customs, but accidents in the school playground remain common. Sports injuries usually occur in the teenage years and are commonly associated with contact sports. Injuries due to road traffic accidents and assaults are most commonly associated with the late teenage years and adulthood, and are often closely related to alcohol abuse. One form of injury in childhood that must never be forgotten is child physical abuse or non-accidental injury (NAI). More than 50% of these children will have orofacial injuries (see also Chapter 4, Safeguarding Children). Accidental dental injuries can result from direct or indirect trauma. Direct trauma occurs when a tooth receives a direct blow, making this sort of injury more common at the front of the mouth.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Paul G. Heisey, Dilip Mathur, Joanne L. Fulmer, and Enn Kotkas. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch9.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The results of our study contradict the current view that postspawned or late running adult American shad <em>Alosa sapidissima </em>suffer higher turbine-related mortality, particularly at water temperatures ≥ 20.0°C, than prespawned upstream migrants. The reported difficulty in successfully tagging postspawned American shad led us to fabricate a specialized stress reduction device to minimize handling and tagging related mortality; such losses were essentially zero in our turbine passage survival experiment. Our methodology may be broadly applicable to other large-sized fish (>350 mm) or fragile species for estimating postpassage in-river survival. We successfully noted the postpassage condition and injury type of virtually all recaptured fish, removed balloon tags, and released shad with radio tags attached to estimate postpassage in-river survival. The estimated 24–48 h, post-passage, inriver survival through Kaplan and mixed-flow turbines was 88.2% (90% confidence interval [CI] = 82.5–94.0%) and 84.3% (90% CI = 77.9–90.6%), respectively. These estimates are higher than the only two literature citations (53% and 75.8%) found for healthy prespawned shad passed through similar type turbines. Mathematical projections of potential American shad population responses show that a reduction in repeat spawners of the magnitude estimated herein has a minor effect on the time to achieve a self-sustaining population in the upper Susquehanna River relative to the effects of reductions in fishway passage efficiency (<80%) at each dam and low reproductive rates (indexed by returning adults after accounting for mortality from all sources). However, it appears that the American shad population can increase downstream of the first dam on the river.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Paul G. Heisey, Dilip Mathur, Joanne L. Fulmer, and Enn Kotkas. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch9.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The results of our study contradict the current view that postspawned or late running adult American shad <em>Alosa sapidissima </em>suffer higher turbine-related mortality, particularly at water temperatures ≥ 20.0°C, than prespawned upstream migrants. The reported difficulty in successfully tagging postspawned American shad led us to fabricate a specialized stress reduction device to minimize handling and tagging related mortality; such losses were essentially zero in our turbine passage survival experiment. Our methodology may be broadly applicable to other large-sized fish (>350 mm) or fragile species for estimating postpassage in-river survival. We successfully noted the postpassage condition and injury type of virtually all recaptured fish, removed balloon tags, and released shad with radio tags attached to estimate postpassage in-river survival. The estimated 24–48 h, post-passage, inriver survival through Kaplan and mixed-flow turbines was 88.2% (90% confidence interval [CI] = 82.5–94.0%) and 84.3% (90% CI = 77.9–90.6%), respectively. These estimates are higher than the only two literature citations (53% and 75.8%) found for healthy prespawned shad passed through similar type turbines. Mathematical projections of potential American shad population responses show that a reduction in repeat spawners of the magnitude estimated herein has a minor effect on the time to achieve a self-sustaining population in the upper Susquehanna River relative to the effects of reductions in fishway passage efficiency (<80%) at each dam and low reproductive rates (indexed by returning adults after accounting for mortality from all sources). However, it appears that the American shad population can increase downstream of the first dam on the river.
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Conference papers on the topic "Running related injury"

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Dingenen, Bart, Peter Malliaras, Tessa Janssen, Linde Ceyssens, Romy Vanelderen, and Christian Barton. "18 Two-dimensional video analysis during running in recreational runners with and without running-related knee injury." In Scandinavian Sports Medicine Congress. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-scandinavianabs.18.

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Mann, Robert, Carly McKay, Alan Barker, Craig Williams, and Bryan Clift. "469 Running-related injury in competitive adolescent distance runners: a qualitative study of psychosocial responses." In IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.430.

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Dingenen, Bart, Filip Staes, Romy Vanelderen, Linde Ceyssens, Peter Malliaras, Christian Barton, and Kevin Deschamps. "17 Subclassification of recreational runners with a running-related injury based on running kinematics measured with two-dimensional video analysis." In Scandinavian Sports Medicine Congress. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-scandinavianabs.17.

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Leporace, Gustavo, Gustavo Nakaoka, Leonardo Metsavaht, and Luiz Hespanhol. "067 The use of artificial intelligence tools to estimate running-related injury risk profiles in recreational runners." In IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.63.

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Does, Henrike van der, Vincent Gouttebarge, and Ellen Kemler. "212 Is it possible to prevent running related injuries in adult novice runners with an online behavioral intervention?" In IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.195.

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Sanfilippo, Damien, Charlotte Beaudart, Olivier Bruyère, Jean-François Kaux, and Géraldine Martens. "335 What are the main risk factors for lower-extremity running-related injuries? A retrospective survey-based on 3669 respondents." In IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.303.

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Walker, Kathleen, Sheeran Liba, and Phillips Nicola. "466 Recreational runners’ attitudes towards running-related injury prevention, self-management and the use of digital technology to prevent and self-manage injury." In IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.427.

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Tan, X. Gary, and Amit Bagchi. "Modeling and Reconstruction of Multi-Fidelity Traumatic Head Injury due to Blunt Impact." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70610.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to service members in recent conflicts. Computational models can offer insights in understanding the underlying mechanism of brain injury, which lead to the crucial development of effective personal protective equipment designed to prevent or mitigate the TBI. Historically many computational models were developed for the brain injury study. However, these models use relatively coarse mesh with a less detailed head anatomy. Many models consider the head only and thus cannot properly model the real scenario, i.e., accidental fall, blunt impact or blast loading. A whole-body finite element model can represent the real scenario but is very expensive to use. By combining the high-fidelity human head model with an articulated human body model, we developed the computational multi-fidelity human models to investigate the blunt- and blast-related TBI efficiently. A high-fidelity computational head model was generated from the high resolution image data to accurately reproduce the complex musculoskeletal and tissue structure of the head. The fast-running articulated human body model is based on the multi-body dynamics and was used to reconstruct the accidental falls. By utilizing the kinematics and force and moment at the joint of the articulated human body model, we can realistically simulate the blunt impact and assess the brain injury using the high-fidelity head model.
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Tan, X. Gary, and Amit Bagchi. "Computational Analysis of Combat Helmet Protection Against Blunt Impact to Head." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10903.

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Abstract Computational modeling provides significant benefits in assessing the helmet performance and identifying promising helmet designs. We develop multi-fidelity computational tools, representative virtual human head and helmet system models to help the design of next generation combat helmet with improved protection against blunt impact. By integrating the fast-running articulated human with personal protective equipment (PPE) biodynamics model with the high-fidelity human head with combat helmet finite element (FE) model, the multi-fidelity approach can be used to efficiently investigate impact-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the real-world scenario. The FE model is used to capture the dynamics of the composite helmet shell, foam pad suspension, retention strap and head while the biodynamics model provides the proper kinematics and boundary conditions for the FE model. An orthotropic elasto-plastic material with damage model is employed for the helmet shell. Enhanced tetrahedral elements are used to model the nearly-incompressible tissues. The head with helmet and without helmet under a severe impact due to a fall caused by blast loading are simulated and compared. The resulting biomechanical responses of head acceleration, shear stresses and strains in brain and mechanical injury criterion as well as helmet energy absorption are used to characterize the performance of helmet system.
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Howard, I. C., and A. C. Pugh. "The Development of Structural Integrity Procedures for the Safe Working of Ceramics Industry Ball Mills with Cast Iron Ends." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1173.

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A ball mill at a ceramics materials company in North Staffordshire exploded in the spring of 2000. Luckily, nobody was injured as a result. Even so, the damage was so extensive that many in and around the ceramics industry rapidly concluded that the industry must introduce suitable operating practices so that the risk of a similar explosion was made acceptably small. As a result, a group of engineers, industry representatives and safety professionals has developed a set of Structural Integrity procedures for adoption in this industry. These mills and their operation are very different from the structures in those industries that normally draw upon Fracture Mechanics-based Structural Integrity principles. Hence, the development of these SI procedures for the ceramics industry is a good example of how their rapid acceptance could benefit traditional industries. Ceramics materials are ground wet, and so the mill must be sealed when running, to keep the resultant slurry inside. Since grinding produces a large amount of heat, the pressure in the mill rises as the water vapor and air inside attempt to expand. The mill therefore becomes a pressure vessel if it is left running long enough for the internal pressure to reach significant values. There are more than 250 ball mills in the UK industry. At least one half of those in the ceramics industry have cast iron ends, as did the mill that exploded. They are cylindrical, and rotate around a horizontal axis. Their construction typically involves a steel cylindrical wrapper, fastened, in different ways, to the two end plates. The end plates are therefore the critically sensitive components. The paper describes the work to assess the sensitivity of the cast iron end plates to the presence of cracks, and how this can be related to regular operating practice in the industry. The structure of the industry makes it heavily constrained against large capital expenditure, so effective SI procedures must be affordable by each company. The practicality of the procedures depends crucially upon non-critical flaws being observable by eye for a long period of mill running. As a result, the planned SI procedures can be implemented through a programme of education and training of all plant personnel and their supervisors and managers. This is an excellent example of how SI practice depends upon effective working of all relevant staff in an industry.
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