Academic literature on the topic 'Runoff regime'

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Journal articles on the topic "Runoff regime"

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LIU, Jianbo, Guangyao GAO, Shuai WANG, and Bojie FU. "Combined effects of rainfall regime and plot length on runoff and soil loss in the Loess Plateau of China." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109, no. 3-4 (2018): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000531.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper was to study the interaction effects of rainfall regime and slope length on runoff and soil loss under different land uses. Event runoff and soil loss in forest, shrub and grass were measured in plots with lengths of 5, 9 and 13m in the Loess Plateau from 2008 to 2016. A total of 59 erosive rainfall events were recorded and classified into three rainfall regimes. Firstly, the results showed that the runoff coefficient was grass>shrub>forest, and soil loss was grass>forest>shrub, but the differences between forest and shrub in runoff and between gra
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Wilson, Donna, David M. Hannah, and Glenn R. McGregor. "A large-scale hydroclimatological perspective on western European river flow regimes." Hydrology Research 44, no. 5 (2012): 809–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.201.

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A novel flow regime classification scheme was applied to 141 river basins across western Europe, providing more robust analysis of space–time variability in regimes and their driving hydroclimatological processes. Regime shape (timing) and magnitude (size) were classified to regionalise long-term average flow regimes and to quantify year-to-year variation in regimes for each basin. Six long-term regime shape regions identified differences in seasonality related to latitude and altitude. Five long-term magnitude regions were linked to location plus average annual rainfall. Spatial distribution
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Bažatová, T., and J. Šimková. "Changes in runoff regime. The Lomnice catchment case study." Soil and Water Research 10, No. 1 (2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2014-swr.

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Gokhman, V. V. "The runoff regime of rivers on Spitsbergen." Polar Geography and Geology 12, no. 4 (1988): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889378809377371.

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Sivokhip, Zh T., V. M. Pavleychik, and A. A. Chibilev. "Changes in water regime of the River Ural basin." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 5 (2019): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524885545-549.

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Based on the analysis of the annual and seasonal variability of river runoff, the specificity of the water regime of the Ural River basin has been determined. It has been established that in recent decades a trend of redistribution of seasonal runoff has been observed, expressed in an increase in the share of runoff during the winter. Based on the analysis of difference integral curves, phases of different water content were revealed; the prevalence of common-mode runoff fluctuations indicates the leading role of climatic factors of runoff formation. An important feature of the rivers regime o
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Fletcher, Tim D., Geoff Vietz, and Christopher J. Walsh. "Protection of stream ecosystems from urban stormwater runoff." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 38, no. 5 (2014): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133314537671.

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There is now widespread recognition of the degrading influence of urban stormwater runoff on stream ecosystems and of the need to mitigate these impacts using stormwater control measures. Unfortunately, however, understanding of the flow regime requirements to protect urban stream ecosystems remains poor, with a focus typically on only limited aspects of the flow regime. We review recent literature discussing ecohydrological approaches to managing urban stormwater and, building on the natural flow paradigm, identify ecologically relevant flow metrics that can be used to design stormwater contr
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Wijngaard, René R., Kay Helfricht, Klaus Schneeberger, Matthias Huttenlau, Katrin Schneider, and Marc F. P. Bierkens. "Hydrological response of the Ötztal glacierized catchments to climate change." Hydrology Research 47, no. 5 (2015): 979–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.093.

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This paper investigates the hydrological response of glacierized headwater catchments to future climate change in the Ötztal Alps, Austria. To this end, two conceptual hydrological models, HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) and HQsim, are applied for the simulation of future daily discharge in three (nested) catchments with varying degrees of glaciation. The models are forced with downscaled climate change projections, and outputs from an empirical glacier model, which is able to simulate future glacial evolution. Under the future conditions, the outcomes show initially that runof
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Fritze, Holger, Iris T. Stewart, and Edzer Pebesma. "Shifts in Western North American Snowmelt Runoff Regimes for the Recent Warm Decades." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 5 (2011): 989–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1360.1.

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Abstract Climate change–driven shifts in streamflow timing have been documented for western North America and are expected to continue with increased warming. These changes will likely have the greatest implications on already short and overcommitted water supplies in the region. This study investigated changes in western North American streamflow timing over the 1948–2008 period, including the very recent warm decade not previously considered, through (i) trends in streamflow timing measures, (ii) two second-order linear models applied simultaneously over the region to test for the accelerati
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Woo, Ming-Ko, and Peter Steer. "Runoff Regime of Slopes in Continuous Permafrost Areas." Canadian Water Resources Journal 11, no. 1 (1986): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj1101058.

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Qamar, Muhammad Uzair, Daniele Ganora, and Pierluigi Claps. "Monthly Runoff Regime Regionalization Through Dissimilarity-Based Methods." Water Resources Management 29, no. 13 (2015): 4735–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1087-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Runoff regime"

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Sørensen, Rasmus. "Influence of topography and forestry on catchments : soil properties, runoff regime, and mercury outputs /." Uppsala : Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200985.pdf.

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Beasley, Jeffrey S. "Nitrogen Regime Influence on Nutrient and Sediment Surface Runoff During Vegetative Establishment of Bermudagrass." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31900.

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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) is a popular turfgrass used throughout the Southeast. Bermudagrass is established primarily as sprigs on large acreage sites. Currently, the industry standard practice (ISP) of fertilization during bermudagrass sprig establishment is 48.8 kg N ha-1 wk-1. This fertilizer rate can be excessive on morphologically immature sprigs in the initial weeks of establishment, thus making the possibility of offsite surface runoff N events more likely. Two experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 where sprigs were established at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks pr
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Lusardi, Robert A., Michael T. Bogan, Peter B. Moyle, and Randy A. Dahlgren. "Environment shapes invertebrate assemblage structure differences between volcanic spring-fed and runoff rivers in northern California." UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621412.

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Flow variability plays an important role in structuring lotic communities, yet comparatively little is known about processes governing assemblage dynamics in stream ecosystems with stable environmental conditions, such as spring-fed rivers. Volcanic spring-fed rivers (hereafter spring-fed rivers) occur in geologically active landscapes of the western USA and around the globe. We sampled invertebrate assemblages and quantified primary productivity and habitat characteristics of spring-fed and runoff rivers in northern California over 4 seasons. We predicted that abiotic factors would be more st
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Beaulieu, Mathieu. "A shifting hydrological regime : a field investigation of snowmelt runoff processes and their connection to summer baseflow, Sunshine Coast, B.C." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31299.

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The annual hydrographs in British Columbia rivers are either characterized by glacial, nival, pluvial or “hybrid” (both pluvial and nival) sources of runoff. Climate change scenarios for the 2050s indicate that snow-water-equivalent (SWE) will diminish by 50 to 80% in lower snowfed-dominated basins in the South Coastal region compared to historical values. This could trigger a shift from a hybrid to a pluvial regime for many creeks, including streams used as primary water supply such as Chapman Creek on the Sunshine Coast. It has been suggested in previous studies that this change in runoff re
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Horn, João Francisco Carlexo. "REGIME HIDROLÓGICO DE DUAS MICROBACIAS CONTÍGUAS: UM COMPARATIVO ENTRE USO URBANO E RURAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7782.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>The human action induces changes in basins natural runoff. Flooding may become more intense, there may be more immediate and prolonged droughts, an accelerated erosion process and water quality tends to deteriorate. Thus, this work exposes the need to know the impact in the runoff caused by the use change and land use with emphasis on urban space. So, this study aims to evaluate the differences in the runoff between two contiguous watersheds and with the same area: one being use predominantly agricultural and the other with prim
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Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre. "Caracterisation hydrodynamique du sol in situ par infiltrometrie a disques. Analyse critique des regimes pseudo-permanents, methodes transitoires et cas des sols encroutes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10186.

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Le travail presente dans ce memoire est consacre a la caracterisation hydrodynamique in situ des sols, au voisinage de la saturation, par l'utilisation des infiltrometres a disques a succion controlee. L'etude s'articule autour de trois parties. La premiere partie fait l'inventaire des methodes existantes fondees sur l'analyse des regimes permanents d'infiltration axisymetrique appliquee a la solution de wooding. On montre que celle reposant sur l'application d'une serie de potentiels imposes est la plus stable et n'est pas limitee aux sols quasi-lineaires. La deuxieme partie montre comment ex
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Karnieli, Arnon 1952. "Storm runoff forecasting model incorporating spatial data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191138.

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This study is concerned with design forecasting of storm hydrographs with emphasis on runoff volume and peak discharge. The objective of the study was to develop, calibrate and test a method for forecasting storm runoff from small semi-arid watersheds using an available prediction model. In order to turn the selected prediction model into a forecasting model an objective procedure in terms of an API-type model was developed for evaluating the soil moisture deficit in the upper soil layer at the beginning of each storm. Distinction was made between the physically-based parameters and the other
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Sen, Sumit Srivastava Puneet Clement Prabhakar Thangadurai. "Runoff generation in pastures of the Appalachian plateau region of North Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1714.

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Bailey, Chrissy. "Low impact development barriers towards sustainable stormwater management practices in the Puget Sound region /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2003. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/2003Bailey_CMESThesis.pdf.

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French, Rachel. "Modelling urban runoff : volume and pollutant concentration of the Barker Inlet Wetland Catchment." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensf875.pdf.

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Bibliography :leaves 158-171. A monitoring program, funded by the South Australian government (through the former MFP Development Corporation), was established to monitor the quality and quantity of storm water entering and leaving the wetland. This study formed part of the funded program. Simple regression models were developed; and will assist in the monitoring of performance of the wetland to alleviate the pollutant load into the Barker Inlet.
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Books on the topic "Runoff regime"

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March, Rod. Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year. U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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March, Rod. Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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March, Rod. Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year. U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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March, Rod. Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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German, E. R. Quantity and quality of stormwater runoff recharged to the Floridan aquifer system through two drainage wells in the Orlando, Florida, area. U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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German, E. R. Quantity and quality of stormwater runoff recharged to the Floridan aquifer system through two drainage wells in the Orlando, Florida, area. Dept. of the Interior, 1989.

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Hinman, Curtis. Low impact development: Technical guidance manual for Puget Sound. Puget Sound Action Team, 2005.

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Turnbull, Bruce R. R. The effects of urbanization on the hydrological regime of the Mimico Creek in Etobicoke. 1989.

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McClintock, Cynthia. Electoral Rules and Democracy in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879754.001.0001.

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During Latin America’s third democratic wave, a majority of countries adopted a runoff rule for the election of the president. This book is the first rigorous assessment of the implications of runoff versus plurality for democracy in the region. Despite previous scholarly skepticism about runoff, it has been positive for Latin America, and could be for the United States also. Primarily through qualitative analysis for each Latin American country, I explore why runoff is superior to plurality. Runoff opens the political arena to new parties but at the same time ensures that the president does n
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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed.
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Book chapters on the topic "Runoff regime"

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Weber, Markus, and Monika Prasch. "Influence of the Glaciers on Runoff Regime and Its Change." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_56.

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Weber, Markus, and Monika Prasch. "The Influence of Snow Cover on Runoff Regime and Its Change." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_60.

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Kovács, Péter. "Characterization of the Runoff Regime and Its Stability in the Danube Catchment." In Hydrological Processes of the Danube River Basin. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3423-6_5.

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Khristoforov, A. V., G. V. Kruglova, and T. V. Samborski. "Stochastic Model of the Runoff Fluctuations for Rivers With a Flood Flow Regime." In Hydrological Models for Environmental Management. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0470-1_3.

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Ghose, Dillip K., and Sandeep Samantaray. "Estimating Runoff Using Feed-Forward Neural Networks in Scarce Rainfall Region." In Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1921-1_6.

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Marsh, Philip, John Pomeroy, Stefan Pohl, et al. "Snowmelt Processes and Runoff at the Arctic Treeline: Ten Years of MAGS Research." In Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75136-6_6.

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Quinton, William L., and Masaki Hayashi. "Recent Advances Toward Physically-based Runoff Modeling of the Wetland-dominated Central Mackenzie River Basin." In Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75136-6_14.

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Rizeei, Hossein Mojaddadi, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Maryam Adel Saharkhiz. "Surface Runoff Estimation and Prediction Regarding LULC and Climate Dynamics Using Coupled LTM, Optimized ARIMA and Distributed-GIS-Based SCS-CN Models at Tropical Region." In GCEC 2017. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_78.

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Shahgedanova, Maria, Wilfried Hagg, Martina Zacios, and Victor Popovnin. "An Assessment of the Recent Past and Future Climate Change, Glacier Retreat, and Runoff in the Caucasus Region Using Dynamical and Statistical Downscaling and HBV-ETH Hydrological Model." In Regional Aspects of Climate-Terrestrial-Hydrologic Interactions in Non-boreal Eastern Europe. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2283-7_8.

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"original-complex runoff regime." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_151060.

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Conference papers on the topic "Runoff regime"

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Litvinaitis, Andrius, Lina Bagdžiūnaitė-Litvinaitienė, and Laurynas Šaučiūnas. "The Influence of Neogene Lithology on the Šventoji River Hydrologic Regime." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.083.

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Due to the recently increasing frequency of extreme changes in river runoff regime, scientific literature deals with the characteristics of runoff formation. Works are carried out in analyzing climate changes and a lot of attention falls on land–use structures. Following thorough analysis of the lithological structure of river basins in separate costal zones, this article aims at evaluating river runoff formation characteristics. The basin lithological factor (sandy, loamy, argillaceous) was calculated based on Quaternary map of Lithuania M 1:200000 and Lithuanian river map M 1:50000 using Arc
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Miseckaite, Otiliua. "SEASONAL CHANGES IN HYDROLOGICAL REGIME IN SUBSURFACE RUNOFF IN MIDDLE LITHUANIA." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/31/s12.071.

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Abduev, M. A. "ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE STOCK OF WEIGHED WEIGHTS OF THE MOUNTAIN RIVERS OF AZERBAIJAN." In Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-60.

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Based on the data of network hydrometric observations over a multi-year period, the transformation of suspended sediments of mountain rivers of Azerbaijan into the stock has been estimated. To quantify the anthropogenic transformation of suspended sediment runoff, we analyzed the dependences of the average annual flow rates of suspended sediment and water, Rg = f (Qg); It was revealed that in connection with the construction of reservoirs, the natural regime of sediment runoff has radically changed.
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Sleziak, Patrik. "ENHANCING SIMULATION OF LOW AND HIGH FLOWS USING A TWO-REGIME SWITCHING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/31/s12.029.

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"Rainfall—runoff model performance suggests a change in flow regime and possible lack of catchment resilience." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l2.silberstein2.

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Ivankova, T. V., and V. A. Volosukhin. "CALCULATION OF THE PASSAGE OF FLOODS THROUGH THE WATERWORKS BALANOVSKY RESERVOIR." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.545-550.

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The characteristic of the Crimean rivers for which the flood regime is characteristic is given. In 1974, the Balanovskoye reservoir was built on the Zuya river to meet the needs of the district's agriculture. The data on the calculation of the passage of floods through the hydroelectric Balanovsky reservoir, belonging to the II class of danger. Calibration of the maximum rate, according to the SP and 0.1% of the EAP. The assessment and 0.01% of the EAP of the flood pass by the existing structures of the hydroelectric facility was carried out. It is recommended to organize continuous observatio
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Яшин, Валерий Михайлович. "ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AUTOMATED REGULATION OF MOISTURE IN IRRIGATED SOILS." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt189.2021.43.26.012.

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В статье рассматриваются вопросы влияния орошения на компоненты природной среды. Показано, что орошение в существенной мере увеличивает водную нагрузку на территорию, что приводит к трансформации водного режима почв, пород зоны аэрации, увеличению инфильтрационного питания грунтовых вод, изменению качества поверхностного и подземного стока. Автоматизированные системы контроля водного режима орошаемых почв позволяют синхронизировать водоподачу на поле с биологическими особенностями водопотребления культур, что в существенной мере позволит снизить водную нагрузку на экологические условия. The ar
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Yashin, Valery. "ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ОРОШАЕМЫХ СОЛОНЦОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ПОЧВ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ". У Nacional`naia bezopasnost` Rossii: aktual`nye aspekty: sbornik izbrannyh statei Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferencii (Sankt-Peterburg, Mart 2020). ГНИИ "Нацразвитие", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nb184.2020.13.43.005.

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Представлены материалы исследований формирования режима влажности и динамики грунтовых вод орошаемых солонцовых комплексных почв при различных способах полива, проведенные в Волгоградском Заволжье. Установлена значительная неравномерность распределения влажности почвы при поливах дождеванием. Отмечается поверхностный сток по микрорельефу до 30% от поливной нормы, что приводит к недостаточности увлажнения корневой зоны на солонцах и переувлажнению почв в понижениях микрорельефа и потере оросительной воды на инфильтрационное питание грунтовых вод.The article presents the materials of research on
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Vyshnevskyi, V. I., S. A. Shevchuk, and T. V. Matiash. "WATER RESOURCES OF THE LOWER DANUBE RIVER AND THEIR USE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE." In XXVII Conference of the Danubian Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Nika-Tsentr, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/uhmi.conference.01.22.

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The main hydrological characteristic of the Lower Danube River namely its water runoff and sediment yield are presented. Based on SRTM data the area of the river basin within the territory of Ukraine was determined. It is equal to 6454 km2. The basin areas of the largest rivers, flowing into the lakes of the Lower Danube River, were determined too. The features of their hydrochemical regime were studied as well. Based on the remote sensing data it was specified the water area of four largest lakes in this territory namely Kahul, Yalpuh-Kuhurluy, Katlabukh and Kytai. This area at normal water l
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GIURGIU, Diana-Alexandra, Andreea-Violeta TUDORACHE, and Adrian MIREA. "A Blizzard Episode in Oltenia (S-W Romania)." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_02.

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Blizzard phenomena is a complex atmospheric event, in which the snow that falls or has fallen is blown away by the wind, so that the visibility decrease significant enough and the assessment of the simultaneous snow fall is impossible (Țîșlea, D. et al. 1965). The region of Oltenia is featured by a climate with Mediterranean influences, with the dominance of northwest and east winds (Roșu, Al. Et al. 1971). The contact between the cold and the warm air masses leads to the increase of the horizontal baric gradient, which causes strong wind intensification. Due to the geographical position of th
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Reports on the topic "Runoff regime"

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Calibration procedure for a daily flow model of small watersheds with snowmelt runoff in the Green River coal region of Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri834263.

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