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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural and urban areas'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Cueto, Santiago, Enrique Jacoby, and Ernesto Pollitt. "Children's achievement in rural and urban areas of Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/102688.

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This paper presents the results on four tests of students from fourth and fifth grade of eight urban and rural elementary schools. Four of the schools were located in rural Huaraz, two were urban public schools (one in Huaraz and one in Lima), one was a parochial school and one was a privare school (these last two in Lima). The tests measured cognitive processes (coding from the WISC-R) and achievement (reading comprehension, vocabulary and arithmetic). The results favored urban over rural students. Among the urban, the highest scores were for the students of the privare and parochial schools. Girls scored significandy less than men in sorne of the rural schools. Overall, more than gender differences, the results showed a significandy poorer performance for the rural students.
Este artículo presenta los resultados en cuatro pruebas de alumnos de cuarto y quinto grado de cuatro escuelas rurales de Huaraz, una escuela estatal de Huaraz, una escuela estatal de una zona urbanomarginal al sur de Lima, una escuela parroquial de Lima y una escuela privada de Lima. Las pruebas fueron de códigos, aritmética, comprensión de lectura y vocabulario. Los puntajes más altos fueron alcanzados por los alumnos de la escuela privada y parroquial y los más bajos por los de escuelas rurales. Analizando las diferencias por sexo, las diferencias se dieron en algunas escuelas rurales y mostraron ventaja para los hombres. En general, más que diferencias de género, los resultados mostraron la pobreza en el rendimiento de los alumnos rurales frente a los urbanos.
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2

Lee, Chien-Ti. "Taiwanese Adolescent Psychosocial Development in Urban and Rural Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/613.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate Taiwanese adolescent psychosocial development (i.e., autonomy and identity development) based on psychosocial theoretical models developed in western societies. Data were collected from both public senior high and vocational high schools in both urban and rural areas in Taiwan. Adolescent participants, with an average age of 17 years old, included 447 (about 54% were females) from urban areas, and 702 (62% were females) from rural areas. The results of this study revealed that Taiwanese adolescents from both urban and rural areas were similar to adolescent developmental ranges suggested in western theories. There were a few variations revealed in this study, such as scores of internal consistency, average scores of each scale, associations among indicators, and the numbers of youth classified of certain developmental status. In general, the relationships between factors and adolescent psychosocial developmental outcomes did not moderate by regional differences. Identity development of Taiwanese youth from both areas was more likely to be predicted by both situational (e.g., family income and school type) and agential factors (e.g., collectivism, parent attachment, and resiliency) than Taiwanese adolescent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral autonomy. Higher family income level and greater resiliency scores were positively associated with high autonomy and/or achieved identity status. Strong beliefs in collectivism and secure attachments with parents did not significantly correlate with autonomy but did correlate with foreclosure identity status. Across the analysis models in this study, resiliency was the strongest factor which was associated with high autonomous status and identity achievement. Implications and further recommendations for research and practical uses were further discussed.
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3

QIN, KE. "The Different Consumption Between Rural and Urban Areas in China." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5926.

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Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China’s economy began to grow at a high speed for thirty years. In 2007, the GDP of China was 24952.99 billion RMB, which was the fourth one in the world. However, under these achievement, China’s economy was still face with some problems, such as the different consumption between rural and urban areas.

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4

Elfving, Gustav, and Emil Jansson. "Modelling extensive solar power production in urban and rural areas." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325004.

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Renewable energy sources, in form of solar power, is a growing source of energy. Not only at an industry level but also at a commercial level. Grid-connected, building-applied solar power has increased rapidly and as the implementation of solar energy grows, so does the importance of being able to evaluate locations that are of interest of installations with respect to its potential production and its impact on the electrical grid. In this thesis the energy production for different future scenarios is modelled for BAPV (Building Applied Photovoltaics) in Uppsala and Herrljunga. This is done by using calculation and simulation programs called MATLAB and ArcGIS. The results regarding Uppsala, are used in a report by BEESG (Built Environment Energy Systems Group) at Uppsala University to the Swedish energy agency. The grid impact of installing extensive solar power as concentrated and dispersed in Herrljunga are simulated and evaluated. Both authors has during the process been equally involved in all parts of the thesis in order to get a thorough understanding of the project as a whole. This due to the fact that the different parts of the thesis were dependent of each other (the second part could not be finished until the first were completed etc).
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5

Schubert, Taryn. "Food security in rural and urban areas of Ayacucho, Peru." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37053.

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6

Burkart, Katrin. "Bioclimate and health in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16386.

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Klima und Wetter üben einen tief greifenden Einfluss auf die menschliche Gesundheit aus. Die prognostizierten Folgen des Klimawandels haben Forschung auf diesem Gebiet in den Mittelpunkt des wissenschaftlichen Interesses gerückt. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt konnten verschiedene Studien einen Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischen Zuständen und Mortalität aufzeigen. Jedoch bezieht sich der Großteil dieser Forschung auf die Industrieländer der Mittelbreiten und Erkenntnisse aus solchen Arbeiten erlauben nur wenige Schlussfolgerungen über die Beziehung zwischen Atmosphäre und Gesundheit in tropischen Entwicklungsländern. Das vorrangige Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Verständnis über atmosphärische Einflüsse auf Sterblichkeit in Bangladesch, einem tropischen Land mit niedrigen sozioökonomischen Standards und starken Urbanisierungsprozessen, zu erweitern. Zentralen Bestandteil der Arbeit bilden umfangreiche Analysen zu atmosphärischen Einflüssen auf Mortalität mittels verschiedener Generalisierter Linearer und Additiver Modelle. Im Allgemeinen zeigt die Studie einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischen Zuständen und Mortalität auf. Mittel- bis langfristige saisonale Effekte ebenso wie unmittelbarere kurz- bis mittelfristige thermische Effekte wurden verdeutlicht. Trotz des tropischen Klimas wurde eine ausgeprägte Übersterblichkeit im Winter und bei niedrigen Temperaturen beobachtet. Dennoch wurde in einigen Fällen ein sekundäres Sommermaximum und ein Anstieg der Mortalität bei erhöhten Temperaturen gefunden. Insbesondere Gesamt- und kardiovaskuläre Mortaliät in Städten zeigte einen starken und lang andauernden Anstieg in Folge von Hitze. Ebenso waren Bevölkerungsgruppen über 65 Jahren stark von hitzebedingter Mortalität betroffen. Intensiven Urbanisierungstendenzen, die Alterung der Gesellschaft, die Zunahme kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen sowie der Anstieg der Temperatur in Folge des Klimawandels legen nahe, dass schädlichen Hitzeeffekte in Zukunft zunehmen werden.
Climate and weather have profound effects on human health. With the projected consequences of climate change, research on the health-atmosphere relationship has increasingly been brought into the focus of scientific attention. To date, several studies have established a relationship between atmospheric short- or long -term conditions and human mortality. Nevertheless, the majority of scientific evidence refers to industrialised countries located in the mid-latitudes. The insights gained from these studies permit few conclusions to be drawn about the atmosphere-health relationship in tropical developing countries. The primary objective of this thesis was to advance our understanding of atmospheric effects on mortality in Bangladesh, a tropical country with low socio-economic status and strong urbanisation processes. An extensive analysis of atmospheric short- and long-term effects on mortality was conducted using various generalised linear and additive models. Generally, this thesis revealed a strong association between atmospheric conditions and mortality. Mid- to long-term seasonal effects were demonstrated as well as more immediate short- to mid-term thermal effects. Despite the tropical climate associated with constantly high temperatures, a strong dominance of winter and cold-related excess mortality was observed. Nevertheless, a secondary summer maximum and an increase in mortality with elevated temperatures were observed for several strata. In particular, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in urban areas was found to be subject to intense and long-lasting heat effects. Likewise, the elderly population above 65 years was subject to heat-related mortality. Given the strong urbanisation trends, the ageing of populations, the increase in cardiovascular diseases, and the projected consequences of climate change adverse heat effects are likely to become more prevalent in Bangladesh and other developing countries.
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7

Younes, Bassem Mohammed. "The effectiveness of new road schemes in urban areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46623.

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8

Haller, Lance. "Healthcare expenditures in rural and urban areas: explanations for the differences." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/885.

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9

Lee, William Kei Leung. "Population and labor movement between urban and rural areas of China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36585.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-95).
by William Kei Leung, Lee.
M.Eng.
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10

Ozdirek, Sibel. "Changing Relationship Between Urban And Rural: The Observed Features Of New Rurality In Rural Areas." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613460/index.pdf.

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The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide. The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studies
Gedelek and Kusç
uali Villages in Turkey.
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11

Chen, Lih Horng. "Land use control in residential areas in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292486.

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12

Mushinge, Douglas. "Socioeconomic differentials in child stunting in rural and urban areas in Zambia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31050.

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Child stunting remains one of the biggest public health concerns in Zambia and other low and middle-income countries (LMICs). A formidable challenge faced in improving child health outcomes in LMICs includes persistent socioeconomic and residential disparities. Despite achieving an overall decline in the prevalence of child stunting over the past decades, children residing in rural areas and less-privileged households continue to fall behind their peers from urban areas and wealthier households in Zambia and other LMICs. Notably, studies have shown that children residing in rural areas and less privileged households have a higher risk and burden of stunted growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, basic rural-urban differentiation in child stunting can potentially conceal wealth differentials that exist within rural and urban areas. Specifically, cross country analyses have revealed that wealth differentials were higher in urban areas compared to rural areas; and higher than the overall urban-rural odds of stunting among children under five years of age. Using data from the 2013/14 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS), differences in the relationship between socioeconomic status and child stunting in urban and rural areas of Zambia were assessed in this study. Furthermore, the study examines the effect of socioeconomic status and residence type in predicting child stunting prevalence in Zambia. To achieve these, the thesis used chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first single-country analysis primarily focused on Zambia that has disaggregated the effect of predictors of child stunting by residence type. It is anticipated that the results of this dissertation will broaden the knowledge-base on wealth and residential differentials in child nutritional outcomes in Africa and thereby provide useful information to policymakers and technocrats in Zambia. Overall, the findings indicate that children under five years who reside in urban areas and poorer households have a higher likelihood of becoming stunted compared to their peers in rural and wealthier households. However, the relationship between child stunting and household wealth (SES) differs slightly after segregating by residence type. In both rural and urban areas, there is a consistent inverse relationship between the odds of stunted growth among under-fives and SES. Furthermore, these findings indicate that socioeconomic differentials are wider in rural areas compared to urban areas and much wider than the overall rural-urban odds ratios in Zambia. These findings could possibly be because of socioeconomic inequalities in child stunting that are higher in rural areas than urban areas. However, there is a need for further research to examine the causes of differentials in child stunting that may exist in rural and urban locations of Zambia.
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Sané, Mathy. "Environmental knowledge and attitudes: does it differ in urban and rural areas?" Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-257718.

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Environmental education plays an important role in the preservation and protection of biodiversity but also on the environment. It is for this purpose that the thesis aimed to assess the environmental knowledge and attitudes in school children in urban areas and those in rural areas in three regions of Senegal. This evaluation is focused on interviews with teachers and questionnaires administered to children. On the basis of 786 questionnaires collected in 19 schools including 7 in rural area (317 responding children) and 12 in urban areas (448 responding children), I found that children in rural area had higher environmental knowledge in comparison to those in urban areas, and it was also higher in boys than in girl with the same pattern in rural and urban areas. The level of environmental knowledge did not depend on the age of responding children. Concerning environmental attitudes, children expressed mostly similar attitudes in rural and urban areas and these were mostly negative towards environment. Regarding such results, it is recommendable to address the environmental issues through environmental education programs in order to get better knowledge and to build pro-environmental attitudes. The informal environmental education programs can provide opportunities for schools to improve their knowledge, interests, motivation and encouraged to adopt new attitudes towards the environment. The environmental education increases with theoretical and practical experience.
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14

Liu, Lei. "Motion in China:Social Inclusion of Migrant Workers from Rural to Urban Areas." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368630.

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This study investigates what’s known as the world’s largest human migration from rural to urban areas. It examines both the destinations and the origins of the mobility trajectories of Chinese internal migrant workers which is somewhat neglected by current literature. Based on a multi-sited ethnography of the daily life of migrant workers in arrays of social setting (sheds in construction sites, urban villages, factories, restaurants) in their urban stay as well as the well-known left behind population in a rural village, the thesis explores the social and economic changes that this mass regional mobility brought to both rural and urban China. The implication of this work lies in a comprehensive and thorough examination on the regional rural-urban migration. It contributes to a dynamic assess, which deserves to study further, by providing an analysis on all the agents involved in the context of Chinese rural-urban migration: the left behind population in villages, the migrant workers and the urban citizens in cities.
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Liu, Lei. "Motion in China:Social Inclusion of Migrant Workers from Rural to Urban Areas." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3436/1/Local_Development_and_Global_Dynamics_29th_circle-liulei-Dissertation.pdf.

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This study investigates what’s known as the world’s largest human migration from rural to urban areas. It examines both the destinations and the origins of the mobility trajectories of Chinese internal migrant workers which is somewhat neglected by current literature. Based on a multi-sited ethnography of the daily life of migrant workers in arrays of social setting (sheds in construction sites, urban villages, factories, restaurants) in their urban stay as well as the well-known left behind population in a rural village, the thesis explores the social and economic changes that this mass regional mobility brought to both rural and urban China. The implication of this work lies in a comprehensive and thorough examination on the regional rural-urban migration. It contributes to a dynamic assess, which deserves to study further, by providing an analysis on all the agents involved in the context of Chinese rural-urban migration: the left behind population in villages, the migrant workers and the urban citizens in cities.
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Talukder, Reaz Mohammed. "Rural-urban population mobility in Bangladesh : its implications for rural areas with particular reference to two villages." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240006.

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Bravo, Ismael. "Gestão educacional em areas em transição : uma contribuição a metropolização." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253549.

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Orientador: Sonia Giubilei
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bravo_Ismael_D.pdf: 995309 bytes, checksum: fad2910cc903837f2c1da472333111f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Este trabalho visa a desvelar, dentro dos diferentes níveis de ensino das unidades escolares localizadas em áreas de transição na região de Campinas (SP), o modo como os aspectos que integram os domínios socioeconômicos poderão beneficiar a formulação e a execução de políticas públicas para uma gestão educacional integrada em região metropolitana. A produção e a sistematização do conhecimento de áreas de transição são relevantes para a definição e implementação de políticas educacionais, com significativa importância social, ao serem adotadas por instituições e/ou organizações responsáveis por sua execução. Este estudo permitiu constatar que a consideração exclusiva dos aspectos socioeconômicos dos meios urbanos e rurais é insuficiente para caracterizar as experiências sociais, culturais e econômicas dos alunos de unidades escolares em áreas de transição, na medida em que elementos de periferia ou mesmo de conurbação são relevantes no caso. A fim de investigar os problemas levantados por este trabalho e responder a eles, bem como aos objetivos nele propostos, tornase necessário o auxílio de outra ciência para a explicação de fatos que informarão a problemática própria de uma área geográfica. O enfoque será posto num trabalho contextualizado com base em determinado referencial teórico, consubstanciado na bibliografia fundamental mediante abordagens descritivo-analíticas do objeto investigado. Assim, disponibilizam-se às políticas públicas da região fundamentos de novos elementos para a elaboração de uma gestão integrada com a finalidade de atender às premências educacionais
Abstract: This work seek to the unveil, within the different levels of instruction of scholastic unto localized in transition areas of the region Campinas (SP), the way how the aspects that integrate the socioeconomic dominions will be able to benefit the formularization and the application of public politics for a educational management integrated in the region metropolitan. The production and the systematization of the knowledge of transition areas are considerable for the definition and implementation of educational politics, with significant social importance, when being adopted by institutions and/or responsible organizations for its execution. This study allowed to evidence that the consideration exclusive socioeconomic aspects of the urban and rural is insufficient to characterize the social, cultural and economic experiences of the students in these scholastic units in transition areas, in the elements of the periphery or even the conurbation is it notable of the case. In order to investigate the problems raised from this research and answer them, as well as the objectives in proposed, the aid of another science for the explanation of facts becomes necessary that will inform the problematic in a geographic area. The emphasis will be placed in a work contextually on the basis of determined theoretical reference, to consubstantiate in the basic bibliography by means of description-analytical approach the investigated object. Thus, they are availableness to public politics of the region fundamentals new elements for the elaboration of an integrated management with the finality of attend the educational urgency
Doutorado
Educação
Doutor em Educação
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18

Lau, Oi-ha Joanne. "Planning for the urban-rural fringe areas of Hong Kong : case study of Wo Yi Hop Village /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23427036.

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19

Hans, Krystal R. "Insect Signature Indicating Corpse Movement From Urban to Rural Areas of Northeast Ohio." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1295366688.

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20

Di­az, Caravantes Rolando Enrique. "Water, Rural Livelihoods and Global Transformations: Geographies of Peri-Urban Areas in Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195658.

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The urban/peri-urban phenomenon is frequently studied as a territorial landscape for urban expansion, and a good deal of scholarship chronicles aspects of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure. But the question of how peri-urban water resources have been reallocated to serve urban needs has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Peri-urban water reallocation demands examination in arid regions where water is a critical resource. Mexico's northwest region represents one of the most critical examples; the most-drought prone region in Mexico, it is characterized by over-drafted groundwater sources and rapid urban growth. In this research, based on the case of Hermosillo, Sonora, I develop three distinct, yet related themes to examine the peri-urban phenomenon.First, this work draws on the notion of the "hydrosocial cycle" (Swyngedouw, 2004) to examine geographies of power at the urban-rural interface. Following Swyngedouw, we argue that urban water augmentation strategies reveal a distinct set of urban-rural relations of uneven social power where peri-urban water resources are "metabolized" in urban areas, reflecting the demands of powerful, politically connected urban individuals and populations over more disparate and marginalized rural producers. The Hermosillo case indicates that small-scale farming communities or ejidos are the most vulnerable water users because of their lack of political power in the governmental decision making process.Second, in this work, I examine how peri-urban rural livelihoods have been reshaped by cities' water reallocation causing ejidatarios in many cases to lose their livelihoods, but without creating new urban jobs as an alternative means of subsistence, resulting in a net negative outcome for ejido members.Finally, this research evaluates the land use/cover change dynamics and their effects in the peri-urban area of the city of Hermosillo. This study demonstrates that urban expansion causes at least two other types of land use/cover changes (LUCC) beyond the urban fringe that are not usually considered in LUCC studies. The research demonstrates that urban expansion in the peri-urban land is a broader and more complex phenomenon than previously understood and examines how water transfers act as a driver of land use/cover change.
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Payne, Charles A. "Does Social Learning Theory Predict Delinquency Differently Across Urban, Rural, and Suburban Areas?" OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1971.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF CHARLES ALAN PAYNE II, for the Masters of Arts degree in Criminology and Criminal Justice, presented on April 29, 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DOES SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY PREDICT DELINQUNECY DIFFERENTLY ACROSS URBAN, RURAL, AND SUBURBAN AREAS? MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. GEORGE BURRUSS The purpose of this study is to examine whether social learning theory predicts delinquency differently across urban, rural, and suburban areas. The lack of research in this area is problematic because while there are known differences between urban, rural, and suburban offending patterns, there is a lack of evidence to suggest why these patterns occur. The results of the study show that differential association, definitions, and differential reinforcement were significant across all three geographic locations. However, when analyzed by geographic location, differential reinforcement was only significant in suburban areas. In fact, differential reinforcement was the strongest predictor of delinquency in suburban areas, when differential association was the strongest in urban and rural.
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Carroll, John. "Coastal superquarries in Scotland : critical issues of development in remote coastal areas." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370036.

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Pullen, Carol H. "A Comparative Analysis of Registered Nurse Demand in Tennessee Rural and Urban Hospitals and Nursing Homes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1991. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2962.

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The purpose of this study was to compare Registered Nurse (RN) current and future demand between Tennessee rural and urban licensed hospitals and nursing homes. Comparisons of Registered Nurse demand by principal duty or position and by educational level were also undertaken. The educational level of RNs was examined using the proportion of RNs at each of five educational levels: diploma, associate, baccalaureate, master's, and doctorate. The variables examined were 1988 and 1989 vacancy rates and proportion of budgeted positions, change in vacancy rates and proportions from 1988 to 1989, projected changes in positions and proportions from 1988 to 1992 and to 1995. Nurse administrators from one hundred fifty four hospitals (63% response rate) and two hundred twelve nursing homes (72% response rate) were surveyed for responses about current and future RN demand. This study is a secondary analysis of data that were collected as a part of a larger research project conducted by the Tennessee Board of Regents Task Force on Nurse Supply and Demand. The findings were that rural hospitals had significantly higher vacancy rates for total nurse positions in 1988 and general duty positions in 1989. Urban hospital administrators reported higher vacancy rates for RN positions at the diploma level and projected significantly greater changes in clinical specialist and master's level positions for 1992 and 1995. Rural hospitals had a higher proportion of associate degree nurses in 1989, and urban hospitals had a higher percentage of master's prepared RNs for 1988 and 1989. Urban hospitals projected a greater change in the proportion of RNs at the doctoral level for 1995. Rural nursing homes projected higher numbers of associate degree nurses for 1992 and 1995. The major conclusion was that the nursing shortage in Tennessee hospitals was more severe than that reported on the national level and greater in rural hospitals. The shortage in Tennessee nursing homes was reported to be much less acute than the national shortage, and the critical shortages were limited to a few facilities, both rural and urban.
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Hein, Candice. "Comparison of effectiveness of roadway design treatments for transitioning from rural areas to urban areas using a driving simulator." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202409329/.

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Carter, G. M., Rebecca H. Gilley, and Jill D. Stinson. "Sexual Crimes Committed in Urban and Rural Areas With Relation to Single Parent Homes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7922.

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Norman, Therese, and Michaela Norrman. "Progresa and its Impact on School Attendance : Disparities between Mexican rural and urban areas." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11997.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on school attendance in Mexican rural and urban areas. Within recent years, conditional cash transfer programs have become one of the most accepted remedies for poverty alleviation in many countries. Progresa was developed as an economic experi-ment, with randomized selection process, treatment groups and control croups. For this reason, the impact of Progresa is ideal for economic analysis. There are clear evidence of disparities between urban and rural school attendance rates in Mexico, hence the pro-gram’s effect on school attendance rates have been studied in the two regions. There are several reasons why one would expect different outcomes of the program on school at-tendance in rural and urban areas. Expected returns to education and the opportunity cost of investment in schooling in different regions are thought to affect the household’s optimization problem differently. The impact of Progresa on school attendance rates is estimated by a logit regression model analyzing household data within the household optimization framework. Mainly, Progresa has a positive impact on children’s school at-tendance. However, it may be concluded that Progresa has no significant effect for older children in rural areas. This result is assumed to be explained by the different conditions poor families face in different regions. If rural households’ optimization problem indeed looks different; this might suggest that the design of conditional cash transfer programs such as Progresa is crucially important depending on the region of implementation.


Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera det villkora välfärdsprogrammet Progresa och dess effekt på skolnärvaro i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden. Under senare år har villkora välfärdsprogram kommit att vara en av de mest accepterade formerna av bistånd för att minska fattigdom i de flesta länder. Progresa utvecklades utifrån ett ekonomiskt experiment, med en slumpmässig urvalsprocess samt en experiment- och kontrollgrupp. Med anledning av detta är Progresa ett utmärkt program att studera för ekonomisk analys. Skolnärvaron i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden varierar stort och av denna anledning har effekten av Progresa studerats i de båda regionerna. Det finns många anledningar till varför vi bör förvänta oss avvikande utfall. En förklaring kan vara att utbildningens förväntade avkastning och alternativkostnad påverkar hushållens optimeringsproblem olika. Effekten av Progresa på skolnärvaro är beräknad med en logit regressionsmodell där hushållsdata analyseras inom ramen för hushållets optimeringsproblem. Huvudsakligen har Progresa en positiv effekt på barns skolnärvaro. Dock, och vad som bör noteras, är det faktum att Progresa inte har en signifikant påverkan på äldre rurala barns skolnärvaro. Detta resultat antas förklaras av fattiga familjers olika förutsättningar i rurala och urbana områden. I det fall rurala familjers optimeringsproblem skiljer sig från urbana familjers optimeringsproblem, torde detta innebära att strukturen av ett villkorligt biståndsprogram, så som Progresa, är av största vikt och bör anpassas ändamålsenligt.

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Marshall, Timothy Charles. "Local planning in inner city residential areas : studies of Leeds and Manchester 1966-1986." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1990. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/a1f4f945-18ae-419f-86c9-b3bd423f7058/1.

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A new phase of local planning began in the 1970s in the major English cities, as redevelopment of older residential areas began to give way to rehabilitation. This phase has not been intensively studied in the planning literature. This study seeks to assess the contribution of local planning to the processes of renewal in these inner residential areas, with a special interest in arrangements which may give residents of these areas better control over the outcomes. The research examines the factors which conditioned the approach to local planning in each city and each neighbourhood, with case studies of two neighbourhoods in Leeds and two in Manchester. At the citywide level Manchester council's form of Labour politics is seen as generally discouraging the use of local planning frameworks, with the retention of a more centralised council administration. Analysis of the joint operation of a wide range of factors is emphasised as necessary to understand the kinds of local planning adopted and the effects these had. In particular the variation present within each neighbourhood and in each case or episode is seen as significant in influencing local planning processes and outcomes. After 1974 there was less likelihood of even informal area frameworks being used, and greater tendencies towards ad hoc planning decisions on individual cases. It is concluded that extensive changes are needed to make local planning more responsive: changes particularly in the overall resourcing and programming context in which local planning operates, and in the procedures used within planning, above all those for involving local interests and in the way municipal administration is organised. The housing renewal system introduced in 1990 (with Renewal Areas) might, if suitably applied, help to facilitate such a form of more responsive local planning.
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Ustoglu, Deniz. "Agriculture In Urban Areas As A Socio-economic And Townscape Value: The Case Of Rize." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614830/index.pdf.

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Rapid urbanization, which is one of the major problems of contemporary era, created cities as the major destroying centers of nature and ecology by human beings. In this respect, urban agriculture takes place in urban areas as a new way to meet nature and urban for improving the quality of life in the last decades. Despite the belief that agricultural activities always take place in rural areas, agriculture in urban areas would provide citizens many opportunities in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. This study aims to identify the notions of urban agriculture, and to investigate its economic, social and environmental impacts by exemplifying the different practices around world. It focuses on Black Sea Towns of Turkey in the case of Rize where agriculture is occupied in important parts of urban and rural areas. Unique features of agriculture in urban areas as they differ from other implementations in the world are examined. In this thesis, UA is considered as socio-economic and townscape value in the city. In the case of Rize, urban agriculture appears as an indispensable part of social life that bears the imprint of rural background of the cities.
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El-Telbani, Jebril. "Transport problems of disadvantaged people : case studies of the elderly in four areas of Sheffield." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1993. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1791/.

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The major concern of this thesis is to describe and identify the main transport problems which may affect the elderly's levels of participation in activities, and also to examine the relationship between transport problems and the elderly's levels of participation. The main objectives of this thesis are: to identify the main activities in which the elderly participate; to identify the transport problems which may affect or prevent the elderly from taken part in some or all activities; to identify which activities the elderly fail to achieve and the level of participation they wish to achieve and the main reasons which underline these problems; to examine how the characteristics of individuals affect the use of transport methods; and finally to identify the main transport difficulties encountered by the elderly in using transport system. This thesis is divided into twelve chapters, which can be structured into four main parts: the first part reviews the literature on transport policy for the elderly; the second part includes background information to the research problems, the survey methodology and the case studies; the third part contains detailed discussion of the main transport problems affecting the elderly's participation in the organised activities (from the organisers' point of view), the fourth part contains discussions of achieved activities, desired level of participation in activities, transport methods used by the elderly, and finally transport difficulties encountered by the elderly; this includes fully achieved, modified, and frustrated activities, in order to explain the relationship between the transport needs and demands of the elderly people. The main survey method used in collecting the data was a postal questionnaire and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) was used in analysis. The thesis concludes by providing a summary of the main findings and the implications of the results obtained in the study.
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Zhang, Yi [Verfasser]. "Impacts of Rural-urban Migration on Demographic Transition, Human Capital Investment and Agricultural Productivity in China's Rural Areas / Yi Zhang." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077269447/34.

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31

Demir, Didar, and Emeli Kircali. "Samverkansarbete och geografiska skillnader för kvinnofrid." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för socialt arbete, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23268.

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Abstract: I studien undersöks hur myndighetspersoner upplever att samverkan fungerar, samt vad det finns för likheter samt skillnader på samverkan i Uppsala respektive Östersunds kommun. Dessa aktörer är betydelsefulla i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor, därför är det en viktig förutsättning att ta tillvara varandras kompetenser för en god samverkan. Ämnet våld i nära relationer är fortfarande nytt för socialtjänsten, vilket gör att det finns bristande kunskap i arbetet för våldsutsatta kvinnor. Detta är en kvalitativ studie som är grundad på semistrukturerade intervjuer, respondenterna till undersökningen arbetar på socialtjänsten och kvinnofridsverksamheter. Resultatet i studien kan sammanfattas med att samverkan mellan verksamheterna och organisationerna är nödvändiga och att samarbetet leder till bättre insatser samt förutsättningar i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Resultatet visar att samverkan inte fungerar optimalt då ansvarsfördelningen kan bli otydlig ibland samt att det behövs vissa förutsättningar som gemensamma mål, samsyn och resurser för en god samverkan.

141007

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Chui, Hing-chuen, and 徐慶存. "Physical activity patterns of primary school children in urban and rural areas in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31959325.

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Gouthon, P., JM Falola, M. Aremou, J. Dagba, J. Tossou, J. Legba, J. Brisswalter, LO Amusa, and AL Toriola. "Comparison of physical activities among Beninese adolescents attending schools in rural, suburban and urban areas." African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001031.

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The main objective of this study was to compare the daily physical activities of secondary school students living in South- West Benin Republic, depending on whether they live in rural, suburban or urban areas. An investigation through a written and self-administered questionnaire was carried out from April to June 2004 on 678 students made up of 467 boys and 211 girls, aged 13 to 23 years old, regarding their movement modes, physical sports practices and other utilitarian activities. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the percentages of students who go on foot or ride bicycles for long distances or a long time duration, and those who participate in physical training as well as practice utilitarian activities on weekly basis respectively, are far higher for students in the rural locations than for students in the other two locations, that is, suburban and urban areas. On the whole the highest proportion of students who engage in physical activities consisting of riding bicycles, traveling on foot, doing physical sports and utilitarian activities are found among students living in rural areas, followed by students in suburban and urban locations. These results are discusses in terms of their relationships with atherogenous risk factors.
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Miranda, Montero Juan Jaime. "The effect on cardiovascular risk factors of migration from rural to urban areas in Peru." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2008. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1878033/.

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During the 20 years of political violence in Peru starting in the late 1970’s, Ayacucho, an Andean department, was one of the most severely affected areas. Mass-migration to Lima increased largely driven by escaping from violence rather than by economic reasons. This provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of migration on health since selection biases are likely to be reduced. This study investigates differences in cardiovascular risk factors comparing three groups: i) always lived in Ayacucho (n=289); ii) migrated from Ayacucho to Lima (n=589); and, iii) always lived in Lima (n=199). A cross sectional design was used. A clear gradient of risk was seen for the majority of factors studied: body mass index (BMI), total and LDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and insulin, CRP and fibrinogen, the rural group having the lowest risk, the urban group the highest. The migrant group had intermediate risk, although generally more similar to the urban than the rural group. Blood pressure did not show a clear gradient of difference between groups. The migrant group had similar systolic blood pressure (SBP) but lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than the rural group. The urban group had higher SBP but similar DBP than rural group. In the case of lipid profile, no difference was observed between groups for HDL and triglycerides. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and estimated absolute cardiovascular risk were all higher in migrant and urban groups than in the rural sample. Within the migrant group, when classified by time since migration or age at migration, differences were observed in total cholesterol, LDL, fasting glucose and insulin resistance. The findings of this study suggest the impact of migration on cardiovascular risk is not uniform across risk factors. The study provides new insights into the increased disease risk associated with migration and urbanisation.
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Campbell, Stephen Patrick. "An Analysis of Highly Qualified Special Education Teachers in High Poverty Urban and Rural Areas." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95030.

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The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis comparing highly qualified and non-highly qualified special education teachers in the 2011-12 Schools and Staffing Survey. It examined how the qualifications of special education teachers varied among K-12 public schools according to the urbanicity of the school and the proportion of students in poverty within a school. Variables included those related to teacher qualifications, demographic characteristics, and school characteristics. The findings demonstrated that there were differences in the demographic characteristics of highly qualified and non-highly qualified special education teachers. There were no statistically significant differences found for urbanicity alone. There were statistically significant differences found for poverty levels. Statistically significant differences were also found for both highly qualified and non-highly qualified special education teachers when poverty quartiles were analyzed by urbanity locales. The findings emphasize the need to provide targeted interventions to promote, retain, and supply all schools with qualified special education teachers. The findings also indicate there is an unequal distribution of highly qualified special education teachers within identified poverty levels and urbanicity.
PHD
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36

Chui, Hing-chuen. "Physical activity patterns of primary school children in urban and rural areas in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18939089.

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37

Rodrigues, Ana Margarida Crespo. "Sistema de parques hortícolas. Caso de estudo Concelho de Oeiras." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9234.

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38

Odame, Emmanuel, Ying Li, Shimin Zheng, and Ken Silver. "Meta-Analysis to Determine Vulnerability of Rural Areas to Heat Mortality." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/23.

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Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a possible correlation between high temperature and mortality in different settings. Most of these studies have focused on urban settings in industrialized countries, concluding that urban populations are more vulnerable to heat effects than rural populations. This has mainly been attributed to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, a phenomenon which explains the elevated temperatures in urban areas. Others have contradicted this finding and concluded that rural residents are more vulnerable. For this study, we test the hypothesis that rural populations and sub-populations are also vulnerable to heat mortality. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies investigating heat mortality in rural settings. Using keywords and a set of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten studies were selected. Meta-analysis was then performed using the Comprehensive MetaAnalysis V3.exe software. Results and discussion: The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.191 (95% confidence interval: 1.130-1.251). Although rural populations may not be exposed to as high temperatures as urban populations, they remain vulnerable to heat effects. Conclusion: There is evidence of heat vulnerability in rural populations and subpopulations. Heat vulnerability is not only determined by heat exposure, but also by sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Rural populations and sub-populations may be vulnerable to heat mortality due to low adaptive capacity. Further studies are needed to assess risk factors that predispose rural populations and sub-populations to heat mortality in order to develop effective public health interventions.
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Pepper, Alison Christine. "DISORDERED EATING, ANTIFAT ATTITUDES, AND BARRIERS TO TREATMENT IN COLLEGE WOMEN FROM URBAN AND RURAL AREAS." The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-10122009-142339/.

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Disordered eating (DE) is associated with physical and emotional consequences. Most incidence studies comparing rates in urban and rural regions are international. Only one examined regional differences within the United States, and no significant differences emerged. Additionally, no investigations focus on DE treatment barriers specific to rural regions. In 106 college women with significant DE patterns, this study investigated weight-based prejudices, system-level barriers, and regional status. Despite no significant regional differences in DE or barriers to treatment, results revealed high prevalence of DE and exposed barriers to DE-treatment among college women. Exploratory analyses supplement the dearth of research focusing on DE in rural regions, which may help professionals tailor DE-related services to rural college cultures.
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鄧猛 and Meng Deng. "Implementation of policy on inclusive education in rural and urban areas in Hubei province of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244142.

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41

Whiting, Ross. "Color-Blind and Color-Conscious Racial Ideologies among White Teachers in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/390560.

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Urban Education
Ph.D.
This study examined the differences in teacher racial ideology among white teachers in urban, suburban, and rural areas. This study advances the scholarship on the ideological frames used by teachers in urban, suburban, and rural areas through an examination of the differences in teachers’ discourse and racial ideology. Using contact theory, this study employed interviews to examine teachers’ discourse related to racial inequality in education to determine whether there were similarities in teacher discourse within and across urban, suburban, and rural areas with differing racial compositions. Interviews were conducted with 42 teachers in urban, suburban, and rural school districts during the 2014-2015 school year. There were three major findings in this study. First, four original frames of color-conscious racial ideology were present in data across urban, suburban, and rural areas. Second, teachers across all areas employ the systemic responsibility frame to talk about the achievement gap, and the cultural racism frame to talk about increased violence in urban areas, revealing that teachers frame some topics similarly across areas of differing racial composition. Third, analysis of teacher racial ideologies using the eight frames of color-conscious and color-blind racial ideology reveal that teachers within Lincoln City, Gresham, and Arcadia employ specific frames within each area to talk about racial inequality in education. Further, teachers in Lincoln City and Gresham framed racial inequality in education more consistently using color-conscious frames than teachers in Arcadia, indicating that contact with outgroup members also shapes teacher racial ideology.
Temple University--Theses
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42

Bröste, Denise, and Elias Åstrand. "Rural, Urban and Metropole Areas : A study on differences in wellbeing depending on where you live." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162579.

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43

An, Jing. "Academic performance for left-behind children in rural areas and migrant children in urban areas in China : Systematic Literature Review from 2010-2020." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50624.

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Due to the increasing number of rural-to-urban migration of middle-aged labors, some of the migrants’ children were left behind in the rural areas with one parent, grandparents, siblings or other relatives, however, some others migrated to the urban areas with one or both parents. To the left-behind children and migrant children in school age, there are different barriers and facilitators in rural and urban areas for their academic performance. This study is a systematic review with the aim of describing the academic performance in China for left-behind children in rural areas and migrant children in urban areas between the ages of six to eighteen. This systematic review was conducted by using four databases with an inclusion and exclusion criteria designed in advance. Articles on left-behind and migrant children were searched separately. 97 articles on left-behind children and 184 on migrant children were identified at first. 6 articles on left-behind children and 19 on migrant children were identified after abstract and title screening. Eventually, 8 articles in total were included into this study after the full text screening process. The results showed that, there are a number of barriers for academic performance of left-behind children, for example, the poor quality of school and the absence of mother. And for migrant children, there are more facilitators for academic performance comparing to left-behind children, for instance, they are more likely to have adequate support from parents. The limitations, further researches and practical implementations were also discussed in this study.
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Yeomans, Martin Gregory. "Some dimensions of a planning problem : residential-agricultural land use conflict in metropolitan rural-urban fringe areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26945.

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Residential-agricultural land use conflict in the rural-urban fringe of metropolitan areas is commonly mentioned as a planning problem. The initial intent of this research was to correlate types of conflict and local planning responses in order to identify effective approaches to the management of such problems. The anticipated method would have combined theory which addresses the cause and characteristics of residential-agricultural conflict along with data from Vancouver suburbs having substantial agricultural activity and planning departments respected for their professional qualities. However, the investigation showed that the academic literature and the accessible data would not support such research. On the other hand, consultations with local planners and a review of available documentation in the municipalities of Richmond, Delta and Surrey, British Columbia, showed that residential-agricultural land use conflict is treated as a planning problem and is a source of complaints to municipal officials. Three kinds of conclusions resulted from this research. The first and second are appropriate to the underdeveloped state of the academic literature, while the first and third relate to professional practice in the absence of applicable scientific knowledge. The first is a description of the characteristics which are perceived as constituting a planning problem and a governmental response. Secondly, there are recommendations for development of data to support future research. Municipal governments in the three communities have no comprehensive monitoring system or set of cross-referenced records of complaints associated with land use conflicts. Instead, conflicts are received, identified and acted on by a variety of departments in the local government. From the descriptive material a tentative typology is offered to guide data collection and classification. Thirdly, there are suggestions which may be useful to planners who must rely on non-systematic methods to identify conflict situations appropriate for a planning response and to develop that response. The summaries of problems and responses reported are used to develop a tentative critique of present conceptualizations of appropriate planning measures. It is observed that planners have used only a few of the possible responses to rural-urban conflict. In particular, it is clear that for a wide range of conflict types there has been a reliance on land buffers to separate potentially conflicting activities. Alternative and supplementary approaches which may improve the management of typical conflict situations are suggested. These approaches focus on preventing the development of conflict through increasing the mutual understanding of the conflicting parties' points-of-view. Examples include public involvement in problem identification and resolution, as well as programs to facilitate communication between the government, farmers and non-farm residents.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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45

Lau, Oi-ha Joanne, and 劉愛霞. "Planning for the urban-rural fringe areas of Hong Kong: case study of Wo Yi Hop Village." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260561.

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46

Sorensen, Andre Bryan. "Land readjustment, urban planning and urban sprawl in the Tokyo metropolitan area." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286593.

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47

TUCCI, GIORGIA. "MedCoast AgroCities. New operational strategies for the development of the Mediterranean agro-urban areas." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1018614.

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MedCoast AgroCities research rethinks about the identity of coastal rural cities into the Mediterranean area and about the relationship that links the rural landscape with the city itself, through territorial strategies (economic, energetic, environmental, cultural and social), integrated with the application of new technological systems and innovative planning approaches. One of the outputs of the research is an open source website ‘MedCoast-AgroCities’, focus on Mediterranean Coastal Agricultural Cities, which is intended to become a useful tool for experimentation and cultural dissemination (agrocities.com).
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Dahiya, Angela. "Efficacy of a Telehealth-Based Parent Training Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Rural versus Urban Areas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102887.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents many challenges for parents and service providers. Unfortunately, there are limited examples of parent-mediated interventions for parents of children with ASD that can help manage behavioral problems, especially those that can be implemented in both urban and rural communities. COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE) is an 8-week parent-mediated intervention that enhances parent knowledge, behavior management skills, and supportive strategies. Telehealth-based interventions can be especially effective for rural communities due to its ability to address common barriers of geographic location and lack of resources. When implementing this intervention, the ability to decrease child problem behaviors as well as increase parental activation, self-management, perceived competence, and knowledge are essential to determine the efficacy of this treatment. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate these outcomes in the implementation of C-HOPE via telehealth in rural versus urban communities. 20 parents with children from 3-12 years of age with a diagnosis of ASD were sampled from two rural sites and two urban sites in Kentucky. Few differences were noted between the participants in the rural versus urban group at pre-treatment. Following C-HOPE, in the urban area, there were significant treatment effects in parent knowledge outcomes. In the rural areas, a significant effect was found in change of parent self-management skills of toileting issues. Future directions for telehealth treatments for this population are discussed.
M.S.
ASD is a developmental disorder that presents many challenges for parents and providers. Unfortunately, there are limited behavioral treatment options for parents of children with ASD, especially those that can be utilized in both urban and rural communities. COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE) is a parent intervention that improves parent knowledge, management, and supportive strategies. Technology-based interventions can be especially effective for rural communities due to its ability to address barriers of geographic location and lack of resources. In this intervention, the ability to decrease child problem behaviors as well as increase parental activation, self-management, competence, and knowledge are essential for this treatment to be effective. The current study evaluates these outcomes in C-HOPE using technology in rural versus urban communities. 20 parents with children with ASD, ranging from 3-12 years of age, were sampled from rural and urban areas in Kentucky. Few differences were noted between the participants in the rural versus urban group before treatment. After treatment, in the urban area, there were significant effects in parent knowledge outcomes. In the rural areas, a significant effect was found in change of parent self-management skills. Future directions for technology treatments for this population are discussed.
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Dahiya, Angela V. "Efficacy of a Telehealth-Based Parent Training Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Rural versus Urban Areas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102887.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents many challenges for parents and service providers. Unfortunately, there are limited examples of parent-mediated interventions for parents of children with ASD that can help manage behavioral problems, especially those that can be implemented in both urban and rural communities. COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE) is an 8-week parent-mediated intervention that enhances parent knowledge, behavior management skills, and supportive strategies. Telehealth-based interventions can be especially effective for rural communities due to its ability to address common barriers of geographic location and lack of resources. When implementing this intervention, the ability to decrease child problem behaviors as well as increase parental activation, self-management, perceived competence, and knowledge are essential to determine the efficacy of this treatment. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate these outcomes in the implementation of C-HOPE via telehealth in rural versus urban communities. 20 parents with children from 3-12 years of age with a diagnosis of ASD were sampled from two rural sites and two urban sites in Kentucky. Few differences were noted between the participants in the rural versus urban group at pre-treatment. Following C-HOPE, in the urban area, there were significant treatment effects in parent knowledge outcomes. In the rural areas, a significant effect was found in change of parent self-management skills of toileting issues. Future directions for telehealth treatments for this population are discussed.
M.S.
ASD is a developmental disorder that presents many challenges for parents and providers. Unfortunately, there are limited behavioral treatment options for parents of children with ASD, especially those that can be utilized in both urban and rural communities. COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE) is a parent intervention that improves parent knowledge, management, and supportive strategies. Technology-based interventions can be especially effective for rural communities due to its ability to address barriers of geographic location and lack of resources. In this intervention, the ability to decrease child problem behaviors as well as increase parental activation, self-management, competence, and knowledge are essential for this treatment to be effective. The current study evaluates these outcomes in C-HOPE using technology in rural versus urban communities. 20 parents with children with ASD, ranging from 3-12 years of age, were sampled from rural and urban areas in Kentucky. Few differences were noted between the participants in the rural versus urban group before treatment. After treatment, in the urban area, there were significant effects in parent knowledge outcomes. In the rural areas, a significant effect was found in change of parent self-management skills. Future directions for technology treatments for this population are discussed.
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50

Nicholson, Laura. "The health, support needs, access to healthcare services and social exclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas : a rural-urban comparison." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3738/.

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Background: Almost all intellectual disabilities research is conducted in urban areas, and very little is known about the population of adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas. It is important to know whether there are significant rural-urban differences, in order to provide appropriate services and address inequalities. In particular, the general rural population is known to be disadvantaged with respect to access to healthcare and social exclusion. Adults with intellectual disabilities are also disadvantaged in these areas, and therefore adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas may have a double disadvantage. Method: A sample of adults with intellectual disabilities living in a rural area on the West Coast of Scotland participated in a face-to-face semi-structured interview; their medical notes were also accessed. Demographics, healthcare, access to services, daytime opportunities, access to community facilities, recent contact with others, the quality of personal relationships, and area deprivation by postcode were measured. Data were already available for a pre-existing urban sample. Data were analysed using direct comparison and binary logistic regression. Results: A representative sample of adults with intellectual disabilities from rural (n=39) and urban (n=633) areas were compared. There were no significant rural-urban differences over a wide range of variables including: age, gender, ethnicity, level of intellectual disabilities, mental ill health and common co-morbidities such as mobility, visual impairment, incontinence and epilepsy. Both direct comparison and binary logistic regression showed the rural sample to have had significantly more contact with primary (Odds Ratio = 4.02, 95% CI 1.56 -10.35, P = 0.004) and secondary health care (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.81 – 8.55, P = 0.001.) Participants from rural areas were significantly more likely to have any regular daytime opportunity (Odds Ratio = 10.8, 95% CI = 2.3 – 51.5) including employment (OR = 22.1, 95% CI = 5.7 - 85.5) and attending resource centres (OR = 6.7, 95% CI = 2.6 – 17.2) than were participants from urban areas. They were also more likely to have been on holiday (OR = 17.8, 95% CI = 4.9 – 60.1); however, were less likely to use community facilities on a regular basis. Participants from urban and rural areas had a similar number of contacts with other people in a wide range of situations, but the quality of relationships may have been less close in rural areas. Finally, rural participants lived in significantly less deprived areas (Mann Whitney U = 7826, Z = -3.675, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: There were no significant demographic and health differences between the rural and urban samples. The study was underpowered with respect to some of these findings, and some results may reflect a Type II error. Nevertheless this is an important negative finding. Contrary to original hypothesis, the rural sample was found to have better access to healthcare services, had better opportunities and lived in less deprived areas than adults with intellectual disabilities living in urban areas. However, the results suggest that the rural sample may not have held such positive or close relationships, and this may be important when considering the subjective experience of social exclusion. Additional qualitative sub-study: A qualitative sub-study investigated the difficulties experienced with recruitment to the original study. 10 semi-structured telephone interviews were held with professionals who had helped with recruitment. These were transcribed verbatim and anonymised, then analyzed using the Framework approach. A number of themes arose, including participant factors (interview anxiety, worry about negative feedback), the importance of the researcher (using a personal approach, meeting potential participants prior to recruitment) and motivators (enjoyment of the research interview (participant), obtaining a medical assessment (carer)). The themes were then used to generate strategies to improve recruitment to intellectual disabilities research: these include the research team applying a more personal approach, and considering motivators for both participants and carers. The findings of this study have implications in terms of both time and money. However, successful recruitment is essential to intellectual disabilities research, and the results can be used by intellectual disabilities researchers to review and improve their recruitment processes.
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