To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rural and urban areas.
Journal articles on the topic 'Rural and urban areas'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rural and urban areas.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Pateman, Tim. "Rural and urban areas: comparing lives using rural/urban classifications." Regional Trends 43, no. 1 (June 2011): 11–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/rt.2011.2.
Full text
2
BEZERRA, Josue Alencar, and Cicero Nilton Moreira SILVA. "BETWEEN RURAL AND THE INNER URBAN AREAS." Mercator 17, no. 09 (September 15, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2018.e17019.
Full text
3
Miranda, Lívia Izabel Bezerra de. "Planejamento em áreas de transição rural-urbana: velhas novidades em novos territórios." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2009v11n1p25.
Full textAbstract:
Desvendar processos espaciais e possibilidades de planejamento em áreas de transição rural-urbana é o objetivo deste trabalho. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que, embora essas áreas não tenham sido historicamente o foco central do planejamento urbano, expressam hoje forte convergência de interesses, processos e conflitos socioeconômicos, territoriais e ambientais. Portanto, não é possível promover a ocupação e o uso sustentável e socialmente justo de todo o território municipal, como define o Estatuto da Cidade (Lei nº 10.257/01), se não há descritores técnicos e instrumentos urbanísticos capazes de garantir efetivas possibilidades de planejamento nas áreas de transição rural-urbana. Pôde-se constatar que, apesar dos recentes avanços legais/institucionais no campo da reforma urbana, ainda há muitas limitações no que diz respeito ao enfrentamento dos graves problemas decorrentes do processo histórico de uso e ocupação do território, espraiado, incompleto, especulativo, e o seu consequente planejamento. Palavras-chave: planejamento urbano; política urbana; transição urbano-rural. Abstract: To investigate spatial processes and city planning possibilities for the rural-urban transition areas is the objective in this paper. Was anticipated that even if these areas have not been, historically, centered by urban planning focus, they express, currently, a strong convergence of interests, processes and conflicts on social-economic, territorial and environmental issues. So, it’s not possible to promote a sustainable and socially just occupation and land use of the whole municipality area – as it is defined by the Estatuto da Cidade (“City Statute”, a 2001 Brazilian Federal Law) – if we do not have urban policy instruments that could actually guarantee urban planning possibilities for the rural-urban transition areas. Was evident that although the recent legal and institutional advances for the Urban Reform ideals in Brazil, it stills many difficulties to face the serious problems that come from an historical process of spread, incomplete and speculative land use and occupation, and its consequent planning issues. Keywords: urban planning; urban policy; urban-rural transition.
4
Shinoda, Sumio. "Partnership between Urban and Rural Areas." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 9, no. 5 (2004): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.9.5_56.
Full text
5
Yang, Huan, and Pei Zhang. "The Space Model of Urban_Rural Integration in Sparsely Populated Areas - Taking ETuoKeQianQi as an Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.115.
Full textAbstract:
The reasonable structure of urban_ rural space is an important way to achieve the integration of urban and rural areas, so this paper researched the space model of urban and rural areas ,aiming to find the suitable spatial structure in sparsely populated areas .First, the paper expounded the concept of the rural and urban spatial structure , studied the relationship between urban_rural areas and its development stages, based on this, this paper used the induce deduction, experience learning and case analysis methods to construct the spatial patterns of urban _rural integration in sparsely populated areas, and finally taking ETuoKeQianQi for example to demonstrate this model.
6
SELELO, Mohale Ernest, Ngoako Johannes MOKOELE, and Pearl Thobeka MNISI. "Repatriation of the Brain Drain to Brain Gain Dichotomy from Urban Areas to Rural Areas: Decentralizing Development." International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 4, no. 6 (November 30, 2023): 1755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v4i6.739.
Full textAbstract:
The development stagnation or lack thereof of rural areas in South Africa is fast becoming unprecedented because of the loss of much human capital to urban areas. Therefore, the paper aims to conceptualize and analyze the implications of the brain drain in rural areas. The central argument of this paper is that the unprecedented relocation of youthful and educated human capital from rural to urban areas perpetuates underdevelopment in these areas. This shift of skilled and educated population can be noted as brain drain and with the antagonist arguing that it is brain gain in urban areas. Consequently, rural areas experienced depopulation, which did not spark interest in investment toward development. In that, the proliferation of underdevelopment facets in rural areas can be attributed to the loss of losing human capital from people with skills, knowledge, expertise, abilities, and capabilities migrating from rural to urban areas. Therefore, most rural areas need more capacitated people to enhance their socioeconomic conditions. This conceptual paper adopts a literature-based methodology to assess and critique the repatriation of the brain drain from urban areas to rural areas and decentralize development to benefit people in rural areas. It finds that rural areas still need to be developed due to brain drain (loss of human capital) and rural-urban migration. It recommends that people with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience return to the communities to decentralize and reindustrialize rural areas for better living standards.
7
Cruz-Bello, Gustavo Manuel, José Mauricio Galeana-Pizaña, and Salomón González-Arellano. "Urban growth in peri-urban, rural and urban areas: Mexico City." Buildings and Cities 4, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bc.230.
Full text
8
Foster, Sheila R., and Clayton P. Gillette. "Can micropolitan areas bridge the urban-rural divide?" Theoretical Inquiries in Law 24, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2023-0017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this Article, we explore a subset of the urban-rural divide and propose a mechanism for reducing its economic and political effects within that limited realm. Specifically, we focus on the subset of rural areas that lie within what the Office of Management and Budget defines as micropolitan areas. Micropolitan areas are characterized by an urban area with a population between 10,000 and 50,000, and adjacent rural counties. Data suggest that rural areas within micropolitan regions do better economically than rural areas unconnected to urban areas, though not as well as the principal city within the micropolitan area. If the objective is to reduce the economic, and perhaps also the political, divide between urban and rural areas, then micropolitan areas may represent low-hanging fruit for redress. This Article argues that micropolitan areas are an important window into understanding the relationship between urban and rural economies, explores the characteristics of those areas that are likely to generate economic success, and recommends policies that would capture those benefits. Additionally, we speculate that increased opportunities for economic interaction between the urban and rural parts of micropolitan areas could also address the political aspects of the urban-rural divide. Recognizing the complexity of the relationship between urban and rural economies, we identify various obstacles to realizing the kinds of interlocal cooperation that we believe are necessary to reduce the economic and political divide within micropolitan areas. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda to remedy the underdeveloped study of micropolitan areas.
9
Smith, A. J., and R. Ramana. "Mental health in rural areas: experience in south Cambridgeshire." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 5 (May 1998): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.5.280.
Full textAbstract:
Mental health morbidity is perceived as being predominantly urban based. Little is known about the health of the UK's rural residents. This paper summarises existing knowledge of rural health and social indicators. There is a relative dearth of information in this area making the application of urban-based (and biased) factors perhaps unreliable. Some rural areas have levels of deprivation similar to urban areas, even using urban-biased factors, though they encounter specific problems of service provision and accessibility. Currently, there seems to be no valid method of measuring rural deprivation and comparing it with urban deprivation. We highlight this inequality by describing discrepancies in day care provision between urban and rural areas.
10
Levin, Aaron. "Abused Substances Differ in Rural, Urban Areas." Psychiatric News 47, no. 18 (September 21, 2012): 6b—26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.47.18.psychnews_47_18_6-b.
Full text
11
Overbeek, Greet. "Rural Areas Under Urban Pressure in Europe." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 11, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15239080902774903.
Full text
12
Logan, TK, Lisa Shannon, and Robert Walker. "Protective Orders in Rural and Urban Areas." Violence Against Women 11, no. 7 (July 2005): 876–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801205276985.
Full text
13
Zeleňáková, Martina, Pavol Purcz, Helena Hlavatá, and Peter Blišťan. "Climate Change in Urban Versus Rural Areas." Procedia Engineering 119 (2015): 1171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.968.
Full text
14
Kazak, Jan K., Jolanta Dąbrowska, and Agnieszka Bednarek. "Stormwater Management in Urban and Rural Areas." Water 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213488.
Full textAbstract:
In past decades, traditional stormwater management in urban and rural areas was associated with a rapid transfer of water to sewage systems or ditches, which resulted in pollutants and large volumes of water being carried to rivers and streams [...]
15
Bastin, Ali. "Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.
16
Lorber, Lučka. "New Challenges for Sustainable Rural Development in the 21st Century (part 4)." Journal for Geography 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.5.2.4039.
Full textAbstract:
The relation between rural and urban areas differs widely through the World. In some areas, particularly in Europe, the distinction between rural and urban is becoming increasingly blurred. This regards in particular rural areas close to urban centres where a process of integration of rural and urban space is taking place. Thus many rural areas, while benefiting from an increased interaction with the urban areas close by and/or from an increasingly diversified economic base, also face the challenges of losing their rural characteristics and identity. At the same time more remote rural areas with low population density and a difficult economic development face an increasing dichotomy between rural and urban areas. Over the next decade urban agglomerations will benefit from current economic and demographic trends whereas many remote rural areas face increasing difficulties and needs to better capitalise their territorial potential.
17
Santoso, Teguh, and Agus Sutanto. "PERBEDAAN KEANEKARAGAMAN MAKROBENTOS SEBAGAI INDIKATOR BIOLOGI PENENTUAN KUALITAS AIR DI AREA PERKOTAAAN DAN DI PEDESAAAN LAMPUNG." BIOLOVA 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/biolova.v2i2.1087.
Full textAbstract:
This has not been known as a comparison of macrobentos diversity between rural and urban areas. Based on this, it is necessary to analyze the comparison of Macrobentos in the urban area with rural areas. The river which is in the analogues of urban areas is the river Way Belau (Bandar Lampung) and the river Well Putri (Bandar Lampung), while the river which is in the area of the river in the countryside is the Pasir Sakti (East Lampung) and the River Raman Pujodadi (Trimurjo). The purpose of this study is to compare the diversity of Macrobentos in urban areas with rural areap. The type of research in this article is descriptive. The conclusion of this study is that there is a difference in the diversity of macrobentos between rivers that exist in rural areas with rivers that exist in urban areas. The rivers in the village area nudge have more macro-bentos diversity compared to existing rivers in urban areas.
18
Velea, Liliana, Alessandro Gallo, Roxana Bojariu, Anisoara Irimescu, Vasile Craciunescu, and Silvia Puiu. "Holiday Climate Index: Urban—Application for Urban and Rural Areas in Romania." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091519.
Full textAbstract:
Nature, landscape, relaxation, and outdoor activities are important motivations when choosing rural destinations for vacations. Therefore, when selecting a rural area as a vacation destination, we assume that climate features are important. We investigated the appropriateness of the holiday climate index: urban (HCI:urban) in quantitatively describing the relationship between climate and tourism fluxes in such destinations. We employed data from 94 urban and rural tourist destinations in Romania and correlated the monthly mean HCI:urban values with sectoral data (overnight tourists) for 2010–2018. The results show that weather and climate influenced tourism fluxes similarly in rural and urban destinations, supporting the hypothesis that HCI:urban may be used for rural areas as well. The information derived from HCI:urban may be useful for tourists when planning their vacations as well as for tourism investors in managing their businesses and reducing the weather and climate-related seasonality in tourism fluxes.
19
Sharma, Ajay. "Commuting between Rural and Urban Areas: Evidence from India." Built Environment 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.45.4.493.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is an attempt to extend the dialogue on the nature of commuting between rural and urban areas and its implications for labour market outcomes in rural and urban India. We show that over the period 2004–2005 to 2011–2012, the magnitude of commuting workers has not changed but the composition has changed with reduction in rural no fixed place workers and increase in urban-no fixed place workers. We further highlight that rural–urban commuting can be considered mobility for better opportunities on account of diversification of livelihood strategy and underemployment in rural areas.
20
Syam, Ahmad Dahlan, and Sigit Mulyono Mulyono. "Perbadingan Faktor Resiko Perilaku Seksual Beresiko Remaja Pedesaan dan Perkotaan di Indonesia." Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 2222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joting.v5i2.5806.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to analyze the comparison of risk factors for risky sexual behavior in rural and urban adolescents. The method used is Literature Review using the request database, Springer Link and Google Scholar. The results of the study, there were six articles that were analyzed and provided an overview of the risk factors for risky sexual behavior in adolescents in rural and urban areas. The risky sexual behavior of female adolescents in urban areas who have had sexual intercourse is higher than in rural areas, but male adolescents are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Peer factors are also a trigger for risky sexual behavior in adolescents in rural and urban areas. Lifestyle factors such as drinking alcohol and using narcotics in rural areas are more associated with lifestyles of drinking alcohol and smoking than adolescents in urban areas, while consuming illegal drugs is the most common thing in urban areas. The information exposure factor in rural areas is still very low compared to urban areas. In conclusion, there are several factors that influence adolescents in rural and urban areas to engage in risky sexual behavior including; gender, peer factors, the presence of parents and community figures and lifestyle.
Keywords: Risky Sexual Behavior, Urban and Rural, Adolescents
21
S., Srnivas. "Language Teaching Techniques at Primary Level in Urban and Rural Areas." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201941.
Full text
22
Yuan, Shuai, and Shao-Hua Xie. "Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e042762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042762.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.
23
Whitacre, Brian E. "Rural EMR adoption rates overtake those in urban areas." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22, no. 2 (February 7, 2015): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu035.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective To assess rural-urban differences in electronic medical record (EMR) adoption among office-based physician practices in the United States. Methods Survey data on over 270 000 office-based physician sites (representing over 1 280 000 physicians) in the United States from 2012 was used to assess differences in EMR adoption rates among practices in rural and urban areas. Logistic regression tests for differences in the determinants of EMR adoption by geography, and a nonlinear decomposition is used to quantify how much of the rural-urban gap is due to differences in measureable characteristics (such as type of practice or affiliation with a health system). Results Overall EMR adoption rates were significantly higher for practices in rural areas (56%) vs those in urban areas (49%) in 2012 (P < 0.001). Twenty-nine states had statistically significantly different adoption rates between rural and urban areas, with only two states demonstrating higher rates in urban areas. EMR adoption continues to be higher for primary care practices when compared to specialists (51% vs 49%, P < 0.001), and state-level rural-urban differences in adoption are more pronounced for specialists. The decomposition technique finds that only 14% of the rural-urban gap can be explained by differences in measurable characteristics between practices. Conclusions At the national level, rates of EMR adoption are higher for rural practices than for their urban counterparts, reversing earlier trends. This suggests that outreach efforts, namely the Regional Extension Centers created by the Office of the National Coordinator, have been particularly effective in increasing EMR adoption in rural areas.
24
Tomić, Milan, Sandra Rover, Bojan Pejović, and Nina Uremović. "Functional links between rural and urban areas in the territory of the city of Banja Luka and the perspective of their development." Economics of Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/esd2002050t.
Full textAbstract:
Different types of interactions between rural and urban areas have the effect of improving economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in both areas, separating these two areas by their type of activity. Rural and urban types of regions have different resources and means that can be used in a complementary way. In rural-urban interaction there is a possibility of occurrence of conflict of interest of these two areas. This kind of conflict should be overcome when applying the partnership approach between rural and urban areas. The types of rural areas, depending on the proximity of the urban center and the functions of these areas, are divided into suburban, agricultural and remote type areas. By determining the functions of each type of area, the type and intensity of the interactions of rural areas with the urban center are presented. Rural entrepreneurs are able to bridge rural-urban differences, possessing certain market knowledge and descriptions of the characteristics of urban environments, while benefiting from their position. Rural entrepreneurs' interaction with the urban environment can contribute to sustainable economic relations between citizens in urban and rural areas. This paper presents the results of research related to determining the functions of certain areas, their strengths, unused and utilized resources, the frequency of interaction with the urban environment and the perspectives of suburban, agricultural and remote type areas in the context of interaction with the urban environment.
25
Djourdebbé, Franklin Bouba. "Do urban areas still have advantages over rural areas in antenatal care discontinuity in Sub-Saharan Africa?" Net Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (May 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/njss.92.21.011.
Full textAbstract:
In sub-Saharan Africa, among the small proportion of women who had at least one antenatal visit, many of them no longer return to ensure continuity of antenatal care. This antenatal care discontinuity is a matter of serious concern for maternal health. Using Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2000 and 2016 in 26 sub-Saharan countries, this study aims to analyse urban/rural differences in antenatal care discontinuity. Although in the majority of countries, urban areas have considerable advantages in terms of antenatal care continuity, there are countries where urban/rural differences are not significant, as well as atypical countries (Rwanda, Gambia and Zambia) where antenatal care discontinuity is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. This study is a contribution to tackle the complex disparities in the discontinuity of care during pregnancy in maternal health policies in sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: Maternal health, antenatal care, urban, rural, sub-Saharan Africa.
26
Katherina, L. K. "Rural-to-urban reclassification and its impact on urbanization in Indonesia: a case study of West Java Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1263, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/012015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rural-urban reclassification is a process in which rural areas evolve into urban areas, leading to significant changes in population, economy, and infrastructure. This process is a component of urbanization. Generally, urbanization studies focus on major cities and their surrounding areas as rural regions transform into urban ones. Meanwhile, according to the latest reclassification data, the conversion of rural areas into urban ones has also occurred in locations distant from existing city centers, thus creating new urban areas. This article’s objective is to analyze the pattern of rural-to-urban reclassification in West Java, focusing on the gradual shift of localities from rural to urban. The study employs descriptive analysis of statistical data related to rural-urban transformation, population size, and growth. The study reveals that the rural-urban transformation in West Java is multifaceted and dynamic, encompassing challenges and opportunities. The study’s findings underscore the need for effective policies and strategies to manage the urbanization process and address the challenges related to rural-urban transformation.
27
Cheung, Alan C. K. "How Should Education in Rural Areas be Reformed?" Science Insights Education Frontiers 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.21.co015.
Full textAbstract:
Rural areas are the product of the development of productivity to a certain stage. Generally, rural areas are geographical areas located outside of cities and towns. The Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines the term “rural” as “...not including all population, housing, and territory in urban areas. Anything that is not in a city is regarded as a rural area” (HRSA, 2021). From the perspective of production methods, rural areas refer to “a place where people mainly engaged in agricultural production live together” (The Dictionary Editing Office of the Institute of Languages, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2005). When productivity has not yet reached a high level of development, there are still essential differences between urban and rural areas. Affected by economic transformation and geographical location, rural economic growth has been restricted. According to United Nations statistics, in 2018, the rural population accounted for more than half of the global population, and the rural poor accounted for 79% of the worldwide poverty population; the poverty rate in rural areas was more than three times that of urban areas. Of the 2 billion people in the world who do not have basic health services, 70% live in rural areas; the ratio of energy access in rural areas is about 75%, while that in urban areas is 96% (United Nations General Assembly, 2018).
28
Chen, Yen-Chin, Shao-Hua Yu, Wei-Jen Chen, Li-Chi Huang, Chih-Yu Chen, and Hong-Mo Shih. "Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Disparity between Urban and Rural Areas." Emergency Medicine International 2020 (June 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9060472.
Full textAbstract:
Object. To compare the provision and effectiveness of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DACPR) in rural and urban areas. Methods. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) were prospectively registered in Taichung. The 29 districts of Taichung city were divided into urban and rural areas based on whether the population density is more than 1,000 people per square kilometer. Prehospital data were collected according to the Utstein-style template, and telephone auditory records were collected by a dispatch center. Results. 2,716 patients were enrolled during the study period. 88.4% OHCA occurred in urban areas and 11.6% in rural areas. 74.9% after dispatcher assistance, laypersons performed CPR in urban areas and 67.7% in rural areas (p=0.023). The proportion of laypersons continued CPR until an emergency medical technician’s (EMT) arrival was higher in the urban areas (59.57% vs 52.27%, p=0.039). Laypersons continued CPR until an EMT’ arrival would increase the chance of return of spontaneous circulation in urban and rural areas, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.82–1.27, and aOR of 1.49, 95% CI of 0.80–2.80, respectively. Continued laypersons CPR until the EMT’ arrival also improved survival with favorable neurological function, with aOR of 1.16, 95% CI of 0.61–2.20 in urban areas and aOR of 2.90 95% CI of 0.18–46.81 in rural areas. Conclusion. Bystanders in urban areas exhibited higher ratio of acceptance of DACPR. However, after DACPR intervention, prognosis improvement was considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
29
Buchta, S., and Z. Štulrajter. "Divergence of some socio-economic indicators between rural and urban areas in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 6 (January 7, 2008): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/985-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dealing with the evaluation of socio-economic development in Slovakia from the point of view of urban and the rural regions in 1999−2005, based on analysis of regional socio-economic indicators. This development is characterised by deepening differentiation between the urban and rural districts in the demographic structure of population, employment, unemployment, level of wages and salaries and private enterprising activities. Demographic structure in the rural regions, compared to the urban regions, is characterised by the increase of the share of population in post-productive age, ageing index and the unfavourable index of economic burden. Employment in the rural regions decreased at a more rapid rate than in the urban regions. From the unemployment point of view, there are significant regional differences in the SR. The worst affected are the regions of Eastern and south of Central Slovakia which suffer from the underdeveloped economic infrastructure, lower level of education, bankruptcy of the dominant industrial employers and a large share of agrarian population, where impact of transformation measures was the most severe. Unemployment rate in the rural regions was 2.2 times higher than in the urban regions in 2005. Growth rate of average wages and salaries is slower in the rural regions compared to the urban ones and the average of the SR. In the period of 1999–2005, the level of average wages and salaries in the rural regions accounted for 62.4% of average wages and salaries in the urban regions, during which the time trend of increasing wage disparity was continuing all the time. The trend of utilisation of cheap labour force for short part-time jobs is evident, particularly in the rural regions, which is in contrast to the growth of the standard of living and sustainable development of underdeveloped regions. The differentiation of economic level between urban and the rural regions is expressed also in the share of entrepreneurial entities in economically active population which tells against the rural regions in spite of the diminished differentiation in this indicator in 1999–2005. The declining rate of growth in number of entrepreneurs in the urban regions is a consequence of the saturation of spatial and employment opportunities, while there is a substantially larger potential of acceleration of private enterprising in the rural regions. Continuation of this development leads to the socially unacceptable differentiation and undesirable development of dual economies in the country and that is why it is necessary to solve this issue as a priority within the framework of the strategy of economic development of the SR.
30
Sun, Yige, and Qingshan Yang. "Study on Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Restrictive Factors of Urban–Rural Integration in Northeast China from 2000 to 2019." Land 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081195.
Full textAbstract:
With the rapid development of urbanization and the widening gap between urban and rural areas, how to effectively enhance the balanced development of urban and rural areas as well as promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas have become heated topics. Based on the basic theory of urban–rural integration and spatial balance, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation system. Using a coupling coordination model and an obstacle degree model, this paper selects 32 indicators from aspects of economy, society and ecology to measure the development level of urban–rural integration in 34 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China from 2000 to 2019. We also analyze the spatial pattern, evolution type characteristics and obstacle factors of urban–rural relations. The results show that: (1) The growth rate of urban development in Northeast China is higher than that of rural development. Except for rural ecology, all dimensions of urban and rural areas have increased year by year, but there are large spatial differences within the region. (2) The urban–rural integration development level of Northeast China is growing constantly and the types of urban and rural coordination are all rising to a higher level. Areas with high urban–rural coordination levels are concentrated in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration and the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration, with obvious agglomeration effects. (3) In the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, the restrictive degree of the rural social subsystem was higher than that of the urban subsystem. The restrictive factors in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas are relatively stable, and include per capita consumption expenditure, per capita public budget expenditure, books in public libraries per thousand people, etc. (4) The functions of rural social elements should be enhanced, and the social urban–rural integrated development mechanism should be established to promote the integrated development of urban and rural society.
31
Pi, Huakun, and Yuanping Lv. "Sustainable Development through Urban-rural Integration: Connotation Interpretation, System Construction and Practical Path." Yixin Publisher 1, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59825/jcs.2023.1.4.35.
Full textAbstract:
Urban rural integration focuses on the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, while sustainable development focuses on people-oriented and ecological construction. Urban rural integration and sustainable development are closely related and mutually reinforcing. Based on the practice of industrial development in Yunnan Province’s prefectures, an “industry technology environment” system for sustainable urban-rural integration is constructed, which elaborates on three aspects: high integration of urban-rural industries, continuous promotion of urban technology to rural areas, and improvement of the dual environment between urban and rural areas. On the practical path of sustainable development through urban-rural integration, the focus is on the flow of urban-rural factors, the development of digital technology, and the transformation of rural development. The sustainable development of urban-rural integration is of great significance to rural social changes, and rural development has created favorable conditions for the sustainable development of urban-rural integration.
32
Bridges, F. Stephen, and L. Nicholle Clark. "Suicide and Homicide in Rural Areas of California." Psychological Reports 95, no. 3 (December 2004): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3.905-906.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of 1989–1998 age-adjusted death rates from personal violence in California did not show significantly different suicide and homicide rates in rural counties. No urban vs rural differences in rates of personal violence were noted; however, numerically there were more rural than urban suicides and homicides.
33
Galan, Deise I., Amira A. Roess, Simone Valéria Costa Pereira, and Maria Cristina Schneider. "Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0247763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247763.
Full textAbstract:
Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.
34
Liu, Wenxin, Minjuan Zhao, Yu Cai, Rui Wang, and Weinan Lu. "Synergetic Relationship between Urban and Rural Water Poverty: Evidence from Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091647.
Full textAbstract:
Combining the measurement of urban and rural areas to link water and poverty provides a new insight into the fields of water resources management and poverty alleviation. Owing to rapid urban development, water resource conflicts between urban and rural areas are gettingbecoming more intensified and more complex. This study details the application of a water poverty index (WPI) using 26 indicators to evaluate urban and rural water poverty in northwest China during the period 2000–2017. This study also analyzes temporal variations of urban and rural water poverty by the kernel density estimation (KDE). We found that the level of water poverty is gradually declining over time and the improvements in urban and rural areas are not harmonious. Additionally, it applies the synergic theory to analyze the relationships between urban and rural water poverty. The correspondence analysis between urban and rural water poverty is significant because of the synergic level results. The results show that there are four primary types in northwest China: synchronous areas, urban-priority areas, rural-priority areas, and conflict areas, and their evolution stages. The results suggest the need for location-specific policy interventions. Furthermore, we put forward corresponding countermeasures. The research findings also provide a theoretical foundation for the evaluation of urban and rural water poverty, and a regional strategy to relieve conflict between urban and rural water poverty.
35
Alshahrani, Saad, Ahmed Hablas, Robert M. Chamberlain, Jane Meza, Steven Remmenga, Ibrahim A. Seifeldin, Mohamed Ramadan, and Amr S. Soliman. "Changing Incidence of Uterine Cancer in Rural Egypt: Possible Impact of Nutritional and Epidemiologic Transitions." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.00255.
Full textAbstract:
PURPOSE Uterine cancer is a top-ranking women’s cancer worldwide, with wide incidence variations across countries and by rural and urban areas. Hormonal exposures and access to health care vary between rural and urban areas, globally. Egypt has an overall low incidence of uterine cancer but variable rural and urban lifestyles. Are there changes in the incidence of uterine cancer in rural and urban areas in middle-income countries such as Egypt? No previous studies have addressed this question from a well-characterized and validated population-based cancer registry resource in middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in clinical and demographic characteristics of uterine cancer over the period of 1999 to 2010 in rural and urban Gharbiah province, Egypt. METHODS Data were abstracted for all 660 patients with uterine cancer included in the Gharbiah Population-based Cancer Registry. Clinical variables included tumor location, histopathologic diagnosis, stage, grade, and treatment. Demographic variables included age, rural or urban residence, parity, and occupation. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) and rate ratios by rural or urban residence were calculated. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in most clinical and demographic characteristics between rural and urban patients. The age standardized IR (ASR) was 2.5 times higher in urban than in rural areas (6.9 and 2.8 per 100,000 in urban and rural areas, respectively). The rate ratio showed that the IR in urban areas was 2.46 times the rate in rural areas. CONCLUSION This study showed that the disease IR in rural areas has increased in the past decade but is still low compared with the incidence in urban areas in Egypt, which did not show a significant increase in incidence. Nutritional transitions, obesity, and epidemiologic and lifestyle changes toward Westernization may have led to IRs increasing more in rural than in urban areas in Egypt. This pattern of increasing incidence in Egypt, which used to have a low incidence of uterine cancer, may appear in other middle-income countries that experience emerging nutritional and epidemiologic transitions. The rate of uterine cancer in urban areas in Gharbiah is almost similar to the corresponding rates globally. However, the rate in rural areas in this population has increased over the past decade but is still lower than the corresponding global rates. Future studies should examine the etiologic factors related to increasing rates in rural areas and quantify the improvement in rural case finding.
36
Biegańska, Jadwiga. "Rural areas in Poland from a demographic perspective." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 20, no. 20 (June 1, 2013): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article presents an analysis and a critical assessment of rural areas in Poland in the years 1999-2011 from a demographic perspective. The analysis is based on indicators characterising population density, population structure by gender and age, migrations of population, and vital statistics. In order to classify and compare rural areas, the k-means method is employed. The sample of rural areas used in the study contains all 2,173 rural and urban-rural gminas (excluding urban parts) in Poland.
37
Aygün Oğur, Aysun. "Uneven resilience of urban and rural areas to heatwaves." Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning 4, (Special Issue) (December 31, 2023): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47818/drarch.2023.v4si111.
Full textAbstract:
Extreme heat represents one of the most challenging climate change impacts of the Anthropocene, exerting influence not only on the economy and built environment but also on daily human life, posing threats to health. Within the existing literature, heatwaves and extreme heat phenomena have predominantly been examined at the urban scale, emphasizing the vulnerabilities inherent in urban areas. Conversely, rural areas are often highlighted for their advantages related to the natural environment. However, a broader perspective reveals that rural areas have their unique vulnerabilities that warrant careful consideration. This paper seeks to comparatively assess the vulnerabilities of urban and rural areas. Through an extensive literature review, the paper explores the divergent resilience of urban and rural areas across economic, social, environmental, structural, and governmental factors. The study concludes that both rural and urban areas exhibit distinct advantages and disadvantages, influencing their levels of vulnerability and resilience. This research is instrumental in providing a comprehensive outlook on resilience studies related to extreme heat.
38
Wang, Kai, Hong Ye, Feng Chen, Yongzhu Xiong, and Cuiping Wang. "Urbanization Effect on the Diurnal Temperature Range: Different Roles under Solar Dimming and Brightening*." Journal of Climate 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2012): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-10-05030.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Based on the 1960–2009 meteorological data from 559 stations across China, the urbanization effect on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) was evaluated in this study. Different roles of urbanization were specially detected under solar dimming and solar brightening. During the solar dimming time, both urban and rural stations showed decreasing trends in maximum temperature (Tmax) because of decreased radiation, suggesting that the dimming effects are not only evident in urban areas but also in rural areas. However, minimum temperature (Tmin) increased more substantially in urban areas than in rural areas during the dimming period, resulting in a greater decrease in the DTR in the urban areas. When the radiation reversed from dimming to brightening, the change in the DTR became different. The Tmax increased faster in rural areas, suggesting that the brightening could be much stronger in rural areas than in urban areas. Similar trends of Tmin between urban and rural areas appeared during the brightening period. The urban DTR continued to show a decreasing trend because of the urbanization effect, while the rural DTR presented an increasing trend. The remarkable DTR difference in the urban and rural areas showed a significant urbanization effect in the solar brightening time.
39
Tang, Xi. "Educational Inequality Between Urban and Rural Areas in China." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 30, no. 1 (December 7, 2023): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/30/20231736.
Full textAbstract:
China has achieved remarkable economic expansion and progress over the past few decades, but the long-standing huge urban-rural education gap remains a bottleneck for the development of education in China, greatly affecting the progress of society as a whole. The education gap between urban and rural areas in China can be seen in several ways, including resource allocation, teacher forces, and student achievement. This essay focuses on the education inequality between urban and rural areas in China caused by inadequate policy implementation and a lack of high-quality teachers in rural areas. In response to these problems, the essay argues that China needs to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach, with policy reforms and increasing the number of quality teachers in rural areas as the main areas of endeavor. The essay highlights the urgent need for China to consider educational equality and narrow the urban-rural education gap in the rapid development of the economy.
40
Meagher, Kate. "Shifting the Imbalance." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 1-2 (1997): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007283.
Full textAbstract:
In many African countries, high rates of migration have often been blamed on the "urban bias" in the resource allocations of the state. While the urban areas have benefited from investments, the rural areas have suffered depletion, thereby widening the gap in incomes and basic facilities between the two areas. Inevitably, there has been massive migration from rural to urban areas in search of the "good life." This population explosion in urban areas has had its attendant strain on facilities. One school of thought has suggested that the Structural Adjustment Program would address imbalances by shifting rural-urban terms of trade decisively in favour of rural producers and thereby encouraging a "return migration." Another school of thought has disputed the predictions that SAP would relieve the urban areas of their burden, however. An examination of the impact of SAP on population movement between rural and urban areas in northern Nigeria supports this sceptical view; SAP has not stemmed rural-urban migration.
41
Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Romana, Joanna Stanisławska, and Andrzej Wołoszyn. "MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2229.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to compare the housing conditions of the population living in rural and urban areas of Wielkopolska province communes. The multidimensional assessment of housing conditions was carried out using the TOPSIS method. The research drew on 2016 data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank. The housing conditions in rural areas of the Wielkopolska province were found to be significantly worse than in urban areas. Over 38% of all examined urban areas and only 5% of rural areas (mainly located in the Poznań Metropolitan Area) were classified as Class I with the highest level of housing conditions. Class IV – with the lowest level of housing conditions – included as many as 25% of rural areas and only one urban area located in a mixed, urban-rural commune. In many of the studies, dynamic, beneficial changes in housing conditions in rural areas are emphasized despite the continuous worse situation of rural areas compared to cities. However, due to the observed suburbanisation processes in rural areas in the vicinity of large urban agglomerations, it would be necessary to distinguish living transformations in these rural areas, from changes in housing conditions in rural areas that perform typical agricultural functions.
42
Shi, Xiaohong, and Zeyuan Jiang. "Opening to the Outside World and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on Panel Data of 30 Provinces and Cities." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 5, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v5i3.2000.
Full textAbstract:
Opening to the outside world has an impact on Income gap between urban and rural areas. From the perspective of internal transmission mechanism, opening to the outside world has promoted the redistribution of labor force between urban and rural areas and the increase of rural residents' wages while adjusting the industrial structure. From the perspective of external transmission mechanism, trade openness has a significant impact on Income gap between urban and rural areas through the regulation of transportation infrastructure. Based on the above analysis, this paper explores the specific impact mechanism of opening to the outside world on income gap between urban and rural areas. Using Theil index to construct an index to measure the income gap between urban and rural areas, this paper empirically explores the impact of opening to the outside world on Income gap between urban and rural areas through adjustment effect test and mediation effect test, and further explores the impact of various influencing factors on income gap between urban and rural areas and the specific transmission mechanism.
43
Bergaoui, E., M. Zrelli, N. Staali, M. Moalla, R. Lansari, A. Larnaout, and W. Melki. "Rural-urban differences in accessing mental health care in Tunisia." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S630—S631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1616.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction Despite improvement of mental health outcomes over the last years in Tunisia, there are still striking rural-urban mental health inequalities. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the rural-urban differences in accessing mental health care among patients with psychiatric disorders Methods A cross sectional and descriptive survey was conducted between March and April 2021 in the department of psychiatry D of Razi Hospital including 70 patients admitted or treated as outpatients. The sex ratio was 1. Results The participants were aged between 17 and 68. About 11.42% came from rural areas. In these areas, 75% percent had low income versus 30.64% in urban areas. (p=0.047) The percentage of celibacy in urban areas was 68.85% versus 37.5% in rural areas (p=0.042) No significant difference was observed between the level of education and living in rural or urban areas. There was no association between rural or urban origin and number of admissions or treatment adherence or use of cannabis. The mean time between symptoms onset and consulting was 8.51 years in rural areas versus 2 years in urban areas. Moreover, time between symptoms onset and admission was significantly associated with rural or urban origin (p=0.045). The mean duration was 13,33 years (±10) in rural areas versus 3.12 years (±4.13). Conclusions Families living in urban areas had better income and would come to psychiatric hospital earlier. Therefore, we should help patients in rural areas access to mental health facilities for a better medical care. Disclosure No significant relationships.
44
Zhang, Yifan. "Comparative Study on the Stratification of Education between Urban and Rural Areas in China." International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 2, no. 3 (April 17, 2024): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v2n3.43.
Full textAbstract:
I explored how students and their parents in both urban and rural areas of China perceive their own educational experiences, as well as their ideas and perceptions of urban-rural educational stratification. Through in-depth interviews as well as thematic analysis, I identified three themes: the cultural spiral of the constructs of "identification" and "exclusion”; the differences in risk tolerance in sunk costs; breakdown and reconstruction of the moral order. Through the analysis of the themes, I came to the main conclusion that the stratification of education between urban and rural areas in China is very serious and is largely shaped by the social ideological cleavage between urban and rural areas. In the process of shaping the urban-rural education stratification phenomenon, the "Smallholder mentality" plays an important role and mechanism, and it is precisely because the "Smallholder mentality" exists in different depths and breadths between the urban and rural areas that the stratification between urban and rural education in China has not been able to be bridged. An in-depth study of the social and ideological mechanisms behind the urban-rural education stratification will help to better understand and solve the problem of urban-rural education stratification in China.
45
Harrington, Katharine A., Natalie A. Cameron, Kasen Culler, William A. Grobman, and Sadiya S. Khan. "Rural–Urban Disparities in Adverse Maternal Outcomes in the United States, 2016–2019." American Journal of Public Health 113, no. 2 (February 2023): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307134.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To describe differences in maternal admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality in rural versus urban areas in the United States. Methods. We performed a nationwide analysis and calculated age-standardized rates and rate ratios (RRs) of maternal ICU admission and mortality per 100 000 live births between 2016 and 2019 in rural versus urban areas. Results. From 2016 to 2019, there was no significant increase in age-standardized rates of maternal ICU admissions in rural (170.6–192.3) or urban (161.7–172.4) areas, with a significantly higher rate, albeit a relatively small difference, in rural versus urban areas (2019 RR = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.20). Maternal mortality increased in both rural (66.9–81.7 deaths per 100 000 live births) and urban (38.1–42.3) areas and was nearly 2 times higher in rural areas (2019 RR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.71, 2.17). Conclusions. Pregnant individuals in rural areas are at higher risk for ICU admission and mortality than are their urban counterparts. Significant increases in maternal mortality occurred in rural and urban areas. Public Health Implications. Public health efforts need to focus on resource-limited rural areas to mitigate geographic disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(2): 224–227. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307134 )
46
Lubala, Toni Kasole, Olivier Mukuku, Augustin Mulangu Mutombo, Nina Lubala, Frank Nduu Nawej, Paul Makan Mawaw, and Oscar Numbi Luboya. "Infant feeding practices in urban and rural southern Katanga communities in Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Medical Research 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2016.2306.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The results of previous scientific studies made in China and Vietnam have shown a big difference in feeding practices of children living in rural areas and those living in urban areas suggesting the influence of economic and socio-cultural factors. The aim of the study is to compare feeding practices of children under the age of five years between urban and rural areas in southern Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa). Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 1630 mother infant pairs recruited from 250 randomly chosen households from each of 5 different villages near the town of Lubumbashi and two urban areas (Lubumbashi and Kampemba). Results: The proportions of mothers who initiate breastfeeding within one hour after birth in urban and rural areas were respectively 48.3% and 46.0% (ORa: 1.32; CI95%: 1.01-1.72). 44.2% of the mother in urban areas exclusively breastfed their children until the age of 6 months versus 14.5% in rural areas (p<0.001). The average age of the children when they stopped breastfeeding was 16.4 months in urban areas versus 17.9 months in rural areas (p<0.001). 91.3% of first foods given in urban areas were cereals (p<0.001) versus 86.8% in rural areas. Conclusion: The study showed that mothers living in rural areas breastfeed longer than those who live in urban areas. Moreover, our results show that mother in rural areas use infant formulas and introduce solid, semi-solid or soft food sooner and more often than women in urban areas.
47
Kusin, Sittie Maguid. "Teachers’ Teaching Capability in Urban and Rural Areas: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.11.26.
Full textAbstract:
In order to achieve excellence in teaching and learning, it needs stronger, skillful teachers with technical expertise. The study was conducted to compare the teaching capability of teachers in Urban and Rural areas. The study utilized descriptive-comparative and mixed methods of research, and it was conducted at selected schools in the urban Cotabato City division and schools in the rural, Maguindanao-1 division. There were 56 totals of teachers, both in urban and rural areas. Respondents determined using total complete enumeration from 1 to 6 English teachers and the principal of each school. A self-made survey questionnaire was used to gather data. Random interviews and observations were done to validate respondents' answers. Statistical tools used were mean to describe teaching capability and a T-test of independent means to determine the difference. The extent of teaching capability of teachers in urban areas in terms of teachers' teaching strategies was rated very satisfactory, and in the rural area rated satisfactory. Implementing classroom management in urban areas was very satisfactory, while rural ones rated satisfactory. The difference between teachers' teaching capability in urban and rural areas was not significant. It is concluded that teachers in both urban and rural areas were performing well, although there is little difference in the implementation of the task as their teaching capabilities. This recommends that teachers in urban and rural areas improve their teaching capabilities and give more effort to mold their pupils to become competent to face the standards at the next level of their education
48
Nweke, Anselem C. "Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i2.14912.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.
49
Ju, Fangyu, Shuqing Wang, and Wei Lin. "Nonlinear Effect of Urbanization on the Gap between Urban and Rural Elementary Education in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7025433.
Full textAbstract:
The urban-rural gap of elementary education seriously affects social fairness, so the study on the urban-rural gap of elementary education can help promote social fairness in China. China’s urbanization is an important variable affecting the social process, and its impact on the urban-rural gap of elementary education is worthy of further study. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2006 to 2017, this paper uses the Theil index to measure the urban-rural gap in different aspects of elementary education and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to construct a comprehensive index to objectively measure the urban-rural gap of overall elementary education in China. Our results show that the gap between urban and rural areas in China’s elementary education showed an upward trend from 2006 to 2010, and the gap decreased year by year from 2010 to 2017. Then we used the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model to study the impact of urbanization on the urban-rural gap of elementary education in China and find evidence that urbanization has a nonlinear effect on the urban-rural gap of elementary education. That is, in economically underdeveloped areas, urbanization exacerbates the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education, while in economically developed areas, urbanization narrows the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education. Therefore, developing economy and continuing to promote urbanization are effective measures to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education.
50
Castro-Leyton, Sarai, Judith Castro-Chuchon, Angie Chamorro-Gómez, Yenny Chipana-Chuquihuamani, and John Barja-Ore. "Knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS among women using barrier and natural methods: an analysis in urban and rural areas." Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela 83, no. 03 (August 3, 2023): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51288/00830309.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To analyze the knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS in women users of barrier and natural methods in urban and rural areas of Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study that analyzed the registry of 4926 and 2273 urban and rural women, respectively, who participated in a national survey in 2021. Frequencies and percentages weighted with 95% confidence intervals were estimated; and the chi-square test was calculated with a significance level less than 0.05. Results: In rural areas, the majority of women were users of natural methods (73.6%), while in urban areas, there was less ignorance about HIV/AIDS infection status (11.4%). The proportion of women with inadequate beliefs about HIV was significantly higher in rural areas compared to urban areas (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of barrier method users living in both urban (12.6%) and rural (25.1%) areas were unaware of HIV/AIDS-related issues. Conclusion: In rural areas there is a higher percentage of lack of knowledge and erroneous beliefs about HIV/AIDS. The use of barrier methods was higher in urban areas and natural methods in rural areas. Knowledge and appropriate beliefs were mostly present in users of barrier methods in both rural and urban areas.