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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural development – Botswana – Kgalagdi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Oats, Reginald, and Meshack T. Gumbo. "Insights on the Benefits and Challenges of the Skills Development Program at Kgalagadi South Subdistrict of Botswana: Beneficiaries’ Experiences." Adult Education Quarterly 69, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741713619827647.

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A fit-for-purpose, functional program is the vehicle that guarantees the relevance of an education system by ensuring the sustainability of the society. Failure of a program to be relevant has the potential to cause crisis in a society. This basic qualitative research study explored the experiences of the beneficiaries of a skills development program (SDP) in the rural Kgalagadi south subdistrict of Botswana with specific reference to the benefits and challenges of the program and its potential to improve their livelihoods. Twelve beneficiaries (program participants) of the SDP and their four trainers were purposively selected and interviewed. Data were also collected through observation. The findings indicated that the participants benefited from the SDP training in terms of knowledge, skills, and competencies that they had acquired. As such, they now could make good quality products. The findings also showed that the beneficiaries faced certain challenges with the SDP, especially the lack of financial muscle to sponsor their products. With the necessary improvements, the SDP promises to improve the livelihoods of those who undergo the training in the Kgalagadi south rural communities. This study sheds new insights on the benefits and challenges of the SDP, and this can help decision-makers and funders (Botswana government in particular) in the review of the program.

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2

Moswete, Naomi, and Brijesh Thapa. "Factors that influence support for community-based ecotourism in the rural communities adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana." Journal of Ecotourism 14, no. 2-3 (June 8, 2015): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1051537.

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3

S.E.M., Masupeng. "ICT development in Botswana: Connectivity for rural communities." South African Journal of Information and Communication, no. 4 (2003): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.23962/10539/19822.

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4

Mayende, Peter G. "Bureaucrats and rural development policy: Agriculture in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 11, no. 4 (November 1994): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359408439768.

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5

Kgathi, Donald L., Barbara N. Ngwenya, and Julie Wilk. "Shocks and rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Development Southern Africa 24, no. 2 (June 2007): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350701327186.

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6

Lenao, Monkgogi, Joseph E. Mbaiwa, and Jarkko Saarinen. "Community Expectations from Rural Tourism Development at Lekhubu Island, Botswana." Tourism Review International 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427214x13910101597085.

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7

Sechele, Latang. "Urban Bias, Economic Resource Allocation and National Development Planning in Botswana." International Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v4i1.8536.

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Michael Lipton formulated a theory of urban bias to account for the poverty and inequalities that rack many developing countries today. The theory proposes that development planning in less developed countries is biased against rural areas in that most of the economic resources are allocated to the urban areas than the rural ones making the poor to get poorer. This article seeks to apply the theory to Botswana’s development planning process. Data was obtained from the analysis of the first nine out of the ten national development plans published since independence which clearly show a distinction in economic resource allocations between rural and urban areas. The findings support the urban bias thesis and suggest its retention in studies of economic development with modifications to incorporate elite bias to account for intra-rural and intra-urban social inequalities. It also proposes diversification into non-agricultural activities as a strategy for rural development in drought prone contexts.Keywords: urban bias, resource allocation, development planning, poverty, inequality

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8

Lekobane, Khaufelo Raymond, and Keneilwe S. Mooketsane. "Rural Poverty in Botswana: A Gendered Analysis." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v7i1.1235.

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We model the determinants of rural poverty in Botswana by conducting an empirical analysis of household welfare using the 2009/10 Botswana Core Welfare Indicator survey (BCWIS) to identify such factors associated with rural poverty. The paper found that female headed households, especially those residing in rural areas have higher incidences of poverty than male headed households. The study also found male-headed households, education, employment, livestock ownership and access to amenities as factors that positively related with welfare for all rural households and the results were consistent across both FHHs and MHHs models, except for a few factors such as livestock ownership. Household size and dependency ratios negatively related with welfare. However, dependency ratio did not influence welfare amongst MHHs since such households are characterised by fewer dependents unlike the FHHs. characteristics variables and thus public policy should focus on such factors in addressing rural poverty, especially among FHHs. Creation of employment opportunities in rural areas is key in helping the government in its poverty eradication efforts in rural areas. The paper also concludes that FHHs in rural area must be made a special target of poverty eradication programmes, and a well focused gender specific intervention for poverty eradication initiatives is needed. Moreover, rural development strategies should emphasize the provision of agricultural infrastructure, promotion of agricultural productivity growth through improved technology adoption, as well as provision of basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity in rural areas.

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9

Hope, Kempe Ronald, and Wayne A. Edge. "Growth with uneven development: Urban-rural socio-economic disparities in Botswana." Geoforum 27, no. 1 (February 1996): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(95)00031-3.

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10

Duncombe, Richard, and Richard Heeks. "Enterprise across the digital divide: information systems and rural microenterprise in Botswana." Journal of International Development 14, no. 1 (January 2002): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.869.

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11

Sammy, Joy, and Christopher Opio. "Problems and prospects for conservation and indigenous community development in rural Botswana." Development Southern Africa 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350500044644.

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12

Wikan, Gerd. "The level of living in rural Botswana re‐studied." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 58, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291950410004393.

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13

PETERS, PAULINE E. "The Evolution of Modern Botswana: Politics and Rural Development in Southern Africa." African Affairs 86, no. 345 (October 1987): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097957.

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14

Tladi-Sekgwama, Flora, and Gabo P. Ntseane. "Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Communities: The Role of the University of Botswana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n2p74.

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Universities are better placed through their community engagement mandates to provide solutions for sustainable community livelihoods. The paper uses the case of the Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) strategy, regarded as both a conservation and rural development strategy in Botswana to demonstrate how a structured community engagement agenda can enable the University of Botswana to play a more impactful role in the successful implementation of nationally upheld development initiatives such as the CBNRM. Systems theory is applied to demonstrate the need for a university engagement strategy, working model, guide to CBNRM sustainable development activities and a framework for the maintenance of sustainable engagement partnerships. Literature review showed uncoordinated research activity in support of the CBNRM by different departments and institutes of the UB. While content analysis of the CBNRM draft policy objectives showed the UB being more impactful by focusing its community engagement on two modes: “sustainability partnerships” and “research committed to sustainability”.

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15

Kumar, Ajit. "British Colonial Commonality: East Africa and India." International Journal of Community and Social Development 2, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516602620930947.

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This note examines aspects of colonial commonality between British colonised East Africa and India. Community development as a rural development programme, its presence in academic institutions and its use as an expression in development discourse are some of these commonalities. With the passage of time, British East Africa and India have diverged on some of these commonalities. In India, community development began with great developmental hopes in 1952, but it ended miserably and was soon abandoned as a rural development programme. While it vanished from India’s development lexicon, community development still retains a place in the development discourse of Botswana. It also seems to resonate in the mainstream life of some East African countries unlike in India. But one commonality still continues. Community development finds some place in the halls of academe in both Botswana and India today. To discuss these aspects of colonial commonality, this article moves back-and-forth among Botswana, India and British East Africa. This article needs to be read in the historical context of de-colonisation struggles over developmental ideas in British East Africa and India and the role of the native elites in this process.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E., and Amanda L. Stronza. "The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2010): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653500.

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17

Chernichovsky, Dov. "Socioeconomic and Demographic Aspects of School Enrollment and Attendance in Rural Botswana." Economic Development and Cultural Change 33, no. 2 (January 1985): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451463.

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18

Garekae, Hesekia, Joyce Lepetu, and Olekae T. Thakadu. "Forest resource utilisation and rural livelihoods: insights from Chobe enclave, Botswana." South African Geographical Journal 102, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1606730.

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19

Ulriksen, Marianne S. "Welfare Policy Expansion in Botswana and Mauritius." Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 12 (August 21, 2012): 1483–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453026.

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How come two developing countries with similar economic, institutional, and democratic attributes have developed vastly different welfare regimes? Drawing inspiration from the welfare regime literature, the author subjects Botswana and Mauritius to a comparative historical analysis that explores the economic and political trajectories of their welfare policy development. The findings offer both support and modifications to the established and mostly Western-oriented literature. First, politics affect welfare policy development. In developing countries, the rural population can promote welfare policy expansion, but it is middle-class interests that shape the direction of policy development. Second, given the importance of politics, conceptualizations of welfare policies need to include both the spending and the financing side. Finally, the causes of different welfare regime paths need to be examined with attention to the particular economic contexts of developing countries and how welfare and economic policies are interrelated and to some extent path dependent.

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20

O. I., Oladele. "Determinants of Journalists' Attitude towards Coverage of Agriculture and Rural Development News in Botswana." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 20, no. 2 (December 2010): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120100205.

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21

Lesetedi, Gwen N. "Urban-rural linkages as an urban survival strategy among urban dwellers in Botswana: the case of Broadhurst residents." Journal of Political Ecology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v10i1.21649.

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This paper studies the role of urban-rural linkages as survival strategies and as a form of economic security in the face of increasing levels of urban unemployment. The study focuses on the residents of Broad hurst,a suburb of Gaborone, Botswana and presents the result of a survey of 360 households.The households contained 1560 people of whom 90.9% were 45 years old or less. Urban-rural linkages included the continuation of part time work and residence in the rural area and the continued management of land and livestock in the rural area. In all, 91.9% of the households interviewed owned property in rural areas while 70.3% owned residential land, 64.7% owned farmland, 63.9% owned livestock, 56.7% owned grazing lands, 14.4% owned business plots and an additional 9.4% owned other forms of rural property. Linkages with the rural area were reinforced through participation in social activities, exchange of goods and services, and the consultation with rural people primarily over family matters and the consultation by rural relatives on work or ﬁnancial matters.Key words: urban-rural linkages, survival strategy, economic security, Botswana, Gaborone, Broadhurst, rural-urban migration, migrants, land tenure, property, livestock, household, rural development, urban survey.

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22

Roe, Emery M. "Individualism versus Community in Africa? The Case of Botswana." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010521.

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This short note provides one answer to an anomaly that has perplexed many an observer of rural development in sub-Saharan Africa: How is it possible that two deeply-rooted values in some African societies – the people's sense of individualism and their sense of community – have persisted through time when they seem to work against each other?

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23

Teklu, Tesfaye, and Sisay Asefa. "Factors Affecting Employment Choice in a Labor‐Intensive Public Works Scheme in Rural Botswana." Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 1 (October 1997): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452326.

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24

Nkambwe, Musisi. "Contrasting land tenures: Subsistence agriculture versus urban expansion on the rural–urban fringe of Gaborone, Botswana." International Development Planning Review 25, no. 4 (December 2003): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.25.4.5.

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25

Youngman, Frank, and Tonic Maruatona. "A departure from the past? Extension workers and participatory rural development: the case of Botswana." International Journal of Lifelong Education 17, no. 4 (July 1998): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260137980170403.

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26

Panin, A., M. Mahabile, I. Mphoh, and U. Batlang. "SOURCES AND IMPLICATIONS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME FOR IMPROVING RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM BOTSWANA." Agrekon 32, no. 4 (December 1993): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1993.9524739.

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27

Gboku, Matthew L. S., and Oitshepile M. Modise. "Basic extension skills training (BEST): A responsive approach to integrated extension for rural development in Botswana." International Journal of Lifelong Education 27, no. 3 (May 2008): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370802047817.

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28

Kelepile, Matlhogonolo, and Sue C. Grady. "Optimizing Antiretroviral Uptake in Rural Botswana: Advancing the World Health Organization’s Treat All Program." Professional Geographer 72, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2020.1734034.

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29

Datta, Kavita. "Rural homes and urban dwellings? Gender, migration and the importance of tenure in Gaborone, Botswana." International Journal of Population Geography 1, no. 2 (December 1995): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.6060010206.

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30

Pansiri, Nkobi Owen. "Performativity in School Management and Leadership in Botswana." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 39, no. 6 (November 2011): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143211416386.

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The thesis of this article is that the uncritical adoption of Western models of education management and leadership policies results in poor performance in schools in disadvantaged communities in developing countries. The argument shows that this has led to the institutionalization of generic education policies that are not contingent to the circumstances of the small, dispersed, rural and remote schools. In my analysis, I agree with the growing concern in educational development debates over the uncritical transportation or the uncritical international transfer of school effectiveness assumptions and models to African contexts. I use Botswana as a case study to show the continuing mismatch between educational management models adopted from Western countries and the application in the Botswana context, and the related failure of school improvement initiatives proposed by aid agencies. When a school fails the head is charged with the underperformance.

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31

Brinkhurst, Marena F. E. "Fruit of sand: complexities of Botswana’s veld plant resources." SURG Journal 3, no. 2 (February 6, 2010): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v3i2.1092.

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Interest in indigenous veld plants across Southern Africa is generating speculation on the potential market value of veld plant products. Researchers and entrepreneurs in Botswana have begun to explore the botanical resources of the Kalahari veld lands. These developments are attractive to the government of Botswana given national goals of rural development and economic diversification. Attention is turning to possible ways to increase supply, as wild gathering is unreliable and appears to be depleting wild stocks. In particular, domestication and cultivation are being considered. Indigenous plants may be able to avoid some technical constraints on agricultural development in Botswana. However, as explored in this interdisciplinary paper, there are several complications for potential cultivation in the Kalahari. The delicate ecosystem, issues of land access and commercialization, interplay with livestock, social effects of cash income and other changes, and concerns over market development and fair trade are issues that could seriously affect cultivation plans and yet are often overlooked in agrodevelopment studies. It is summarized that methods of management that better fit the natural and social context, such as communally managed gathering, should instead be considered when addressing the problem of overexploitation of wild veld plants.

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32

Diraditsile, Kabo. "Challenges to Social Policies: A Critical Analysis of Youth Intervention Programmes in Botswana." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i1.110.

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Young people are an important human resource and Botswana is no exception. The critical challenge facing this Southern African country is to raise the rate of economic growth to levels incorporating broad based improvement in the standards of living and well-being of youth. The country faces high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality which have seriously affected young people. Significant pockets of poverty remain, especially in rural areas. The living conditions of the vast majority of Batswana are deteriorating rapidly. Unemployment has remained persistent at nearly 20% and the HIV and AIDS epidemic has further exacerbated the situation (Statistics Botswana, 2014). The country has devised many poverty reduction policies since independence, most of which have had little success. Despite economic progress, poverty remains widespread. Based on documentary analysis and the author’s experiential knowledge, this paper examines challenges facing social policies, in particular, youth intervention programmes in Botswana with a view to address the challenges by proposing coherent and effective means that will lead to sustainable development.

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33

Molosi-France, Keneilwe, and Kenneth Dipholo1. "Re-thinking Participatory Rural Development in Botswana: Is the Enemy in the Theory or in the Implementation Process of the Theory?" International Journal of Community and Social Development 1, no. 4 (December 2019): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516602619894411.

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Participatory development has been seen as a panacea for many problems-facing rural communities the world over. Underpinned in the principles of participatory development theory is the participation and engagement of intended beneficiaries of development interventions at the core of successful poverty alleviation and development efforts. Within this view, it is believed that with participation, those who have been relegated to the periphery by conventional development methods will be placed in the inner circles of influence, thus, allowing the marginalised and poor people a chance to be active citizens. However, even though participatory development emphasises the empowerment and active inclusion of the marginalised in development decision-making, in practice there is little evidence that participatory development has indeed changed the rural development landscape as envisaged; many excluded groups continue to be powerless and unable to demand development on their own terms and bargain for resources from an informed position and equitably. Against this backdrop, it is important to understand where the problem lies. Is it in the theory itself or in the implementation of the theoretical principles? Thus, using the critical social theory as a theoretical framework, this article explores claims envisaged within the participatory development theory and practice in the Botswana rural development context.

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34

Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "Prospects of basket production in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." International Journal of Tourism Research 6, no. 4 (July 2004): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.477.

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35

Motsatsi, Johane Moilwa. "Financial Sector Innovation and Economic Growth in the Context of Botswana." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 6 (May 24, 2016): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n6p291.

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The objective of this study is to examine the role of financial sector development on economic growth using quarterly time series data for the period 2006-2014. We used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to estimate the impact of technological innovation (Automated Teller Machines {ATMs} and Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale{EFTPOS}), business innovation (bank deposits and credit to private sector) and other determinants of economic growth (inflation, trade and interest rate) on economic growth. The results show that both the technological and business innovation variables have a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, policies aimed at promoting more distribution and nationwide spread of ATMs and EFTPOS more particularly in rural areas where they are scarce would boost the growth of the economy. In addition, The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) asserted that Botswana’s financial market is still undeveloped and fall short to the development level of middle income countries. GCR identified the quality of the education system as the main factor dragging the development of the financial sector down. It is focused more on academic achievement rather than equipping learners with practical skills and work experience that can support the national innovative initiatives.

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36

Teklu, Tesfaye, and Sisay Asefa. "Who Participates in Labor-Intensive Public Works in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Rural Botswana and Kenya." World Development 27, no. 2 (February 1999): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00137-5.

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37

Sterkenburg, Jan. "Rural development and the evolution of regional planning in Botswana: the implementation of national policy in Ngamiland district." Journal of Rural Studies 6, no. 2 (January 1990): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(90)90008-v.

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38

Motsholapheko, M. R., D. L. Kgathi, and C. Vanderpost. "Rural livelihood diversification: A household adaptive strategy against flood variability in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Agrekon 51, no. 4 (December 2012): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2012.741204.

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39

Nellis, M. Duane, Charles E. Bussing, Tom L. Coleman, Musisi Nkambwe, and Susan Ringrose. "Spatial and spectral dimensions of rural lands and grazing systems in the southern district of Botswana." Geocarto International 12, no. 1 (March 1997): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049709354572.

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40

Must, Erin, and Alice J. Hovorka. "Co-opting cattle spaces: Women, cattle, and empowerment in Northwestern Botswana." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 922–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619860749.

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This paper offers spatial insights on gender, development, and empowerment scholarship through a case study of women and cattle in Botswana exploring the interconnections between space, nature, material action, and subjectivities. Using women’s access to and interactions with cattle as an entry point, this paper demonstrates the value of including space in conceptualizations of empowerment. It particularly highlights how enacting cattle rearing activities in certain spaces impacts women’s pride and self-confidence, contributing to changes in subjectivities and gender/spatial ideologies. Subjectivities are both contested and reinforced through women’s actions in cattle spaces in rural Botswana, with certain activities being simultaneously empowering and disempowering. Broadly, this paper reveals the significance to empowerment initiatives of contextualizing asset acquisition in socio-spatial norms. Demonstrating the importance of space in empowerment research also has implications for gender mainstreaming policies.

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41

Gupta, A. Clare. "Elephants, safety nets and agrarian culture: understanding human-wildlife conflict and rural livelihoods around Chobe National Park, Botswana." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21766.

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Resolving conflict between agricultural livelihoods and wildlife conservation requires a sophisticated understanding of both wildlife ecology and human livelihood decision-making. This case study extends the literature on human-wildlife conflict in Africa by using a political ecology framework to understand how and why farmers in areas of high wildlife disturbance make their farming decisions, and how their strategies are affected by a broader socio-political context that includes, but is not restricted to, wildlife conservation policy. Specifically, this article chronicles the livelihood strategies of smallholder farmers in a village on the edge of Chobe National Park in northern Botswana. This is a place where the state has prioritized wildlife conservation but also supports residents' livelihoods. Because of disturbance from wildlife, especially elephants, protected under conservation law, agricultural production in Chobe is becoming increasingly challenging, even as the government increases its agricultural subsidies and support to small farmers. This results in unexpected farming strategies that reflect the interactive effects of conservation policy and other relevant macro-economic policies that structure the livelihood strategies of rural communities living near protected areas. Future human-wildlife conflict studies must take into account these multi-scalar and multi-dimensional dynamics in order to accurately explain the livelihood strategies of people living in wildlife-populated areas, so that appropriate conservation and development policies can be designed.Keywords: Botswana, wildlife conservation, rural livelihoods, human-wildlife conflict, political ecology

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42

Oageng, Itumeleng, and Gagoitseope Power Mmopelwa. "Water consumption patterns in a rural setting in Ngamiland district, Botswana: the case of Boro village." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4 (July 7, 2014): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.065.

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Water is a precious resource with a variety of uses, which include drinking, cooking, bathing, recreation, gardening, agriculture, hydropower generation, industry and maintenance of the environment. The focus of many empirical studies has been the identification of factors that determine demand for water in urban and semi-urban areas, with the aim of improving water resource planning and development. However, studies on water use patterns in rural areas, especially where water is obtained from open sources, are limited. This study aims to describe water use patterns and demand in the rural settlement of Boro in the Ngamiland district in Botswana. Data were collected from rural households using a structured questionnaire. The average per capita water use was estimated at 20.6 litres per person per day. Estimation of the water demand model showed a significant relationship between annual household income and per capita water consumed (PWC). Both the regression model and the scatter plot did not reveal any significant relationship between PWC and distance to the water source. The study recommends further work be done on the relationship between PWC and distances beyond the ‘threshold’ distance.

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43

Riemer, Frances. "Participatory Research in Basarwa Settlements: Shifting Development Paradigms." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.1.t105tx31218404q3.

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As anthropologists, applied researchers, and action researchers, we have long explored the relationship between researcher and researched; many of us have tried to reconceptualize these roles to make informants more equal partners in the research process. In the Southern African country of Botswana, Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs) have become the favored way to involve community members in applied-research. PRAs assist communities gather and document information about their surroundings, build rapport between the local community and extension officers, and plan development efforts through a series of facilitator-led activities. A PRA exercise results in a community-action plan, in which community members outline what will be done, when, how, and by whom. But while PRAs have been developed to help community members create a village profile and needs assessment, the research protocol itself tends to be a standardized "fill-in-the-blank exercise." In the most typical scenario, community members, with the guidance of outside facilitators, supply the missing information. The popularity of PRAs, coupled with this fixed, externally-driven format, raises questions about the meaning of participation in participatory research, and the degree to which community members can be expected to participate in researching their own lives. As part of my own examination of these issues, I recently co-facilitated a different model of participatory research in Botswana, in which the tools for data collection were fully designed and used by community members to research their own communities. In this article, I write about my own experiences, and those of the men and women who became participant researchers, in order to examine the power that active participation in research generates among community members and to describe the social and political dilemmas that arose from that participation.

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Gondo, Reniko, and Oluwatoyin D. Kolawole. "Sustainable Water Resources Management: Issues and Principles of Water Governance in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." International Journal of Rural Management 15, no. 2 (October 2019): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005219865369.

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In the recent times, there is an increased awareness about the importance of water management as population growth, new technologies, increased food consumption, land use and economic activities, among others, continue to exacerbate competition among water users in their bid to access natural resources. Thus, water governance encompasses the allocation and management of aquatic resources within the context of a multilayered, competing demand for water resources. Employing a critical review of relevant literature and guided by the legal pluralism conceptual framework and situated within the Dublin water management principles, this article examines key principles and pertinent issues in sustainable water resources management in the Okavango Delta, Botswana; the delta is widely recognized as a wetland of international significance. Findings reveal that demographic and socio-economic factors such as age, education, religion, culture, gender and income play significant roles in household water management decision making. The results also show that although the water legislative environment in Botswana is characterized by outdated Water Acts, efforts and commitment from the government are underway to revise these Acts. This article argues that whilst water research scholars and policymakers continue to make advocacy for water governance at different levels, the local-level water governance needs to be accorded more priority in rural areas in Botswana.

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Motlhanka, Koketso, Kebaneilwe Lebani, Teun Boekhout, and Nerve Zhou. "Fermentative Microbes of Khadi, a Traditional Alcoholic Beverage of Botswana." Fermentation 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020051.

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Khadi is a popular traditional alcoholic beverage in rural households in Botswana. The product is produced by fermentation of ripened sun-dried Grewia flava (Malvaceae) fruits supplemented with brown table sugar. Despite its popularity, its growing consumer acceptance, its potential nutritional value, and its contribution to the socio-economic lifestyle of Botswana, the production process remains non-standardized. Non-standardized production processes lead to discrepancies in product quality and safety as well as varying shelf life. Identification of unknown fermentative microorganisms of khadi is an important step towards standardization of its brewing process for entrance into commercial markets. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria and yeasts responsible for fermentation of khadi. Yeasts and bacteria harbored in 18 khadi samples from 18 brewers in central and northern Botswana were investigated using classic culture-dependent techniques and DNA sequencing methods. Additionally, we used the same techniques to investigate the presence of bacteria and yeasts on six batches of ripened-dried G. flava fruits used for production of the sampled brews. Our results revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae closely related to a commercial baker’s yeast strain sold locally was the most predominant yeast species in khadi suggesting a possible non-spontaneous brewing process. However, we also detected diverse non-Saccharomyces yeasts, which are not available commercially in retail shops in Botswana. This suggests that spontaneous fermentation is partially responsible for fermentation of khadi. This study, presenting the first microbiological characterization of a prominent traditional alcoholic beverage in Botswana, is vital for development of starter cultures for the production of a consistent product towards the commercialization of khadi.

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Matlhola, Dimpho Malebogo, and Ruishan Chen. "Telecoupling of the Trade of Donkey-Hides between Botswana and China: Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051730.

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International trade has become a major threat to biodiversity in the telecoupled world. The literature on biodiversity loss mostly concentrates on wild species; however, the increasing loss of and demand for domesticated species are overlooked. Donkeys are decreasing in many countries because of economic development, urbanization, and increased demand for donkey hides in China. The donkey population in Africa has rapidly declined recently due to supplying China with donkey hides for the production of highly demanded and legalized traditional medicine, ejiao. As a result, some African countries, including Botswana, banned the export of donkey hides. Animal protection and media continuously reported threats over the extinction of donkeys and exacerbated rural livelihood in developing countries, however, limited literature has investigated the causes and effects of donkey-hide trade and its policy interventions. This paper applies the telecoupling framework and uses the data extracted from the media reports and FAO, to understand the scale and impacts of donkey-hide trade from Botswana to China. We also explore the challenges and opportunities of donkey-hide trade for Botswana, highlighting the mechanisms need to be established to regulate the donkey-hide trade, and also to harness available opportunities if the trade ban is lifted in the future.

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Gobotswang, Kesitegile. "Determinants of the Nutritional Status of Children in a Rural African Setting: The Case of Chobe District, Botswana." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 1 (January 1998): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900107.

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Variations in interdistrict nutritional status have puzzled both social policy makers and health workers in Botswana. A total of 643 households and 898 pre-school children were surveyed to determine factors that are associated with the nutritional status of children below the age of five years in the north-western District of Chobe. Except for those in remote and difficult-to-reach places, all households with a pre-school child were selected for the study. The results showed that the nutritioneal status of the pre-school children had a strong positive correlation with access to a latrine ( r = 0.52) and ownership of cattle ( r = 0.27). Age was negatively correlated with the child's nutritional status ( r = −0.02).

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Makgala, Christian John. "Intrusion into Rural Tribal Space in Botswana: The Case of the Trans-Kalahari Motor Race, 1975–1981." Journal of Southern African Studies 45, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1661203.

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Maruapula, Segametsi D., Jose C. Jackson, Joanna Holsten, Sheila Shaibu, Leapetswe Malete, Brian Wrotniak, Sarah J. Ratcliffe, George G. Mokone, Nicolas Stettler, and Charlene Compher. "Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 12 (August 2, 2011): 2260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001339.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe patterns of food consumption associated with overweight/ obesity (OW/OB) and their links to socio-economic status (SES) and urbanization.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional survey.SettingSecondary schools in cities, towns and villages in Botswana, Africa.SubjectsA total of 746 adolescent schoolchildren.ResultsOW/OB is associated with greater SES, city residence and a snack-food diet pattern. Students belonging to higher SES compared with those from a lower SES background reported significantly (P< 0·01) more daily servings of snack foods (1·55v. 0·76) and fewer servings of traditional diet foods (0·99v. 1·68) and also reported that they ate meals outside the home more often (90 %v. 72 %). Students in cities ate significantly (P< 0·01) more servings of snacks (1·69v. 1·05v. 0·51) and fewer servings of traditional foods (0·67v. 1·52v. 1·61) compared with those in urban and rural villages. The odds of OW/OB were increased 1·16-fold with a snack-food diet, a result that was diminished when controlled for SES.ConclusionsThese data suggest that nutritional transition occurs at different rates across urbanization and SES levels in Botswana. In cities, increasing the availability of fruit while reducing access to or portion sizes of snack items is important. Emphasis on continued intake of traditional foods may also be helpful as rural areas undergo economic and infrastructural development.

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Parry, David, and Bruce Campbell. "Attitudes of Rural Communities to Animal Wildlife and Its Utilization in Chobe Enclave and Mababe Depression, Botswana." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 3 (1992): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031040.

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Rural communities in northern Botswana had negative attitudes towards animal wildlife even though they received benefits from it. The negative attitude was caused by wildlife damage to crops, losses of livestock to predators, loss of land to conservation, and lack of control over animal wildlife resources. The benefits derived from animal wildlife, such as the possibility of hunting, meat, cash income from animal products, and employment in the wildlife industry, were not highly valued, even though these benefits are of considerable importance to the local community (e.g. much of the local employment is wildlife-related).Respondents who had fewer livestock and were more dependent on wildlife for protein, were more negative than others in their attitudes to animal wildlife. The beneficiaries of the wildlife industry were largely perceived as being the hunting and tourist companies. Respondents who were more affected by animal wildlife, those living closer to higher population-densities, and those having more crop losses, were more negative than others in their attitude to wildlife. The communities were distrustful of government motives and had a poor opinion of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP).It is suggested that the present wildlife development programmes in this region of Botswana are likely to fail unless a change in approach is adopted by the local populace. Essential to our mind for the success of these programmes is the reduction of the negative impacts of animal wildlife, through, for example, fencing of agricultural land, improved control of problem animals, and adequate compensation schemes. It is also essential that local communities be given more control over the wildlife resources than they currently enjoy.

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