Journal articles: 'Rural development Credit, Agricultural Organizations, Agricultural'

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Fabusoro, Eniola, M. MARUYAMA, H. Y. FU, and C. I. ALARIMA. "HELPING PEASANT FARMERS IN NIGERIA THROUGH AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES: LESSONS FROM JAPAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MODEL." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i1.1785.

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Japan agricultural cooperative known as JA in Japan is the citadel of small farmers’ livelihoods. For almost 60 years, JA was the driving force behind small farmer-supportive policy in Japan. The reverse is the case in Nigeria where agricultural cooperatives are not tailored towards organized support; therefore Nigerian farmers face the brunt of the market, policy and economy. While there are emerging challenges for JA, its relevance remains undaunted in marketing, farm guidance, credit, insurance, and subsidy among others. The paper examines the need for adapting the JA agricultural cooperative model in Nigeria and the needed institutional contexts. Alleviating rural poverty in Nigeria requires building farmers capacity through cohesive farmers’ organizations that will act as channels for introducing agricultural technologies for production and processing, gaining access to quality inputs, credit and technology, reduce farm gate losses and enhance harmers access to market and generally improving their capacity for negotiating better deals in the political system and gaining more control over their socioeconomic position in the Nigerian social system. The JA model of agricultural cooperatives is a relevant case study to building an organization that would meet farmers’ needs and help in agricultural development.

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Zhukov, N. I., and N. A. Korneva. "Macroeconomic Aspects of Strategy for Rural Spatial Development Management in Russia." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 10 (2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-10-16-22.

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The article discusses and reveals the problems of strategic management of spatial development in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy at the macro-economic level, which include both territorial location and specialization of production, and exogenous mechanisms of functioning of the rural economy, which collectively concludes the concept of “rural development”. The approaches of representatives of the scientific community to the characterization of the essence of the category – “strategic management” as a long-term action program are presented. In the agricultural sector, it has different directions of impact due to spatial heterogeneity, which is manifested in the territorial differentiation of production (rental) opportunities for agricultural production in different administrative-territorial units of the corresponding hierarchical scale. This is aggravated by a non-adaptive agrarian macroeconomic policy, market imperfections, fetishization of private, especially land ownership, as well as unjustified absolutization of the advantages of large forms of agricultural production. The overstated role of foreign capital in agriculture, food and processing industries creates significant social, economic and environmental risks. In the agricultural and food sector of country’s economy, including the location and specialization of agricultural production, it is necessary to develop and adopt at the Federal level legislative acts that would encourage the integration of producers, processors, service enterprises, trade and credit and financial organizations, and consumer unions in the regions. To do this, it is necessary to develop a new, science-based paradigm of strategic management of rural development, regional distribution and specialization of agricultural production based on an objective assessment of modern productive forces, which are limited by the framework of private property and unregulated market relations, with a critical approach to large-scale forms of agricultural production.

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Hotak, Shafiq Rahman. "Ways to Improve the Organizational and Economic Framework for the Use of Marketing in Agriculture in the Context of Modernization of the Economy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35520.

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After 20 years of neglect by international patrons, agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food prices are increasing food anxiety and poverty. In the coming years, it will be important to increase food productivity and production in developing countries, expressly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries like Afghanistan with smallholders. This, however, wants ﬁnding viable solutions to a number of complex procedural, institutional, and policy issues, including land markets, research on seeds and inputs, agricultural extension, credit, rural organization, connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what the economic poetry has to say on these topics. It debates in turn the role played by agriculture in the development course and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolt and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of income diversiﬁcation by farmers, approaches to rural growth, and issues of international trade policy and food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in agricultural commodity instability in recent years.

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Akimbekova, Galiya, Elena Horská, and Gulnur Yegizbayeva. "Evaluation of the Development pf Various Forms of Agriculture Cooperation in the Republic of Kazakhstan." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2017-0007.

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Abstract The article analyzes the current situation in the agricultural complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the necessity of combining small farms in the cooperative structure, evaluation of existing forms of cooperatives in agriculture are substantiated (production cooperatives, rural consumer cooperatives, rural consumer cooperatives of water users), a map of their location in the context of regions of the country is shown, problems hindering their development are revealed, particularly the formation and development trends of each of them, the economic indicators of production of products are given, together with their organizational structure, etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the production conditions, rural consumers and rural consumer cooperatives of water users, problems hindering their development are revealed, the positive and negative trends in the development of various forms of agricultural cooperation are assessed, and proposals has been substantiated in order to improve the regulatory framework, mechanisms of state support, credit and financial mechanisms, etc.

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Xiang, Cheng, Xiangping Jia, and Jikun Huang. "Microfinance through non-governmental organizations and its effects on formal and informal credit." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2013-0062.

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Purpose – Internationally, microfinance run by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is often considered an important approach to meeting the credit demand of rural households, particularly among the poor. However, the perceived competitions with formal financial institutions and concerns about financial risks in the rural economy have impeded the development of microfinance by NGOs in China. Despite these concerns about NGO microfinance, little empirical evidence has been brought to prove them. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between NGO microfinance and farmers’ demand for formal and informal credit in rural China. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a household longitudinal data set consisting of 749 households from 40 microfinance villages in rural China. This study draws evidence from China's largest NGO microfinance. Out of the five county branches where China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation has launched institutionalized microfinance since 2006, the authors selected two of them. A random sampling approach was applied in surveying villages and households. In an effort to create impact assessments, the authors surveyed the detailed information on household characteristics and credit access during the period 2006-2009. A panel data is thus structured for the analysis. Findings – The authors found that the demand for credit in rural China is immense and rising, as formal financial institutions have gradually moved away from less developed regions in rural areas. In its place, informal lending has become a primary source of credit for the poor. However, where NGO microfinance has become available, both formal and informal credit has slowed down. The development and expansion of NGO microfinance did stand up as a substitution for institutional lenders and informal financial networks. Research limitations/implications – The findings have profound policy implications. First, since the development of NGO microfinance fill the demand for credit in rural China and poses low financial risk, the intellectual bias against NGO microfinance is unwarranted. In particular, the regulations that hamper the development of NGO microfinance should be corrected. Second, informal networks do not appear to be costless. Where NGO microfinance can substitute for them, it can mitigate the financial stresses related to the informal credit market.

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Kropivko, M., and D. Mykytyuk. "Functioning of credit cooperation: foreign experience and challenges for Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(151) (December 16, 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-151-2-89-95.

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It is established that the existing banking system is aimed primarily at lending to highly concentrated agricultural enterprises and is not adapted to the needs of small rural businesses. Therefore, the creation of an effective mechanism for lending to small and medium-sized agricultural entities through a credit cooperative system is of particular relevance. Rural credit co-operation is a parallel to banks, an alternative financial system that has begun to firmly occupy a niche in the country's credit and financial system. Its line of business is financial services for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs and villagers who cannot be serviced by banks in rural areas. It is proved that the effective activity of credit cooperation is conditioned by the creation of appropriate prerequisites. This is, first of all, voluntary establishment of credit cooperative institutions and accumulation of funds of individuals and legal entities; the purpose of the credit cooperative to ensure the mode of greatest assistance to its participants in credit, settlement, consulting, and other types of services; recognition of the variety of organizational forms of credit cooperative institutions; the direction of use of accumulated financial resources mainly for production purposes; providing financial support to the credit cooperative and legal and consulting assistance from the state. It is determined that the economic essence of credit cooperation is largely determined not by the type and nature of the participants' activity, but by the specifics of the actions and functions that they cooperate with. The involvement of unions of temporarily free funds of all categories of the population will allow to use its income in the areas of residence, in particular to direct them to the development of the agricultural sector. The creation of credit unions should be seen as encouraging the development of small businesses, including: promoting the development of production and processing of agricultural products in personal peasant and small farms, as well as the development of other small forms of farming in the agricultural sector and processing industry (including the promotion of the creation of agricultural service providers cooperatives); expanding the availability of credit resources for private farms and farms, as well as for cooperative units for the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products and services. Keywords: credit cooperation, credit union, population, personal peasant economy, farming, state.

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Vlasyuk, S. A., O. V. Rolinskyi, and Yu A. Tsymbalyuk. "Entrepreneurship as a special type of agricultural activity." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 97 (December 28, 2020): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2020-97-2-178-187.

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Today, in Ukraine and, of course, all over the world, the agricultural sector is an important component of the economy. As an agrarian country with huge natural resources, the agricultural sector in Ukraine is a potential branch of entrepreneurship that needs to be developed. Systematic review of the scientific sources of existing researches in the field of agriculture taking into account the current challenges concerning researches contextualizing on the nature of entrepreneurship and focusing on its role in the agricultural sector is important. The purpose of this article is to substantiate theoretically the essence, organizational-and-legal forms and other basic aspects of the functioning of business structures in the agricultural sector. It was found that entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine takes place in the context of reform and in constant conditions of complication of agricultural production, domestic economic environment and against the background of increasing globalization of the world economy. Intensive development of economic processes in the agricultural sector determined the objective need to adapt entrepreneurial activity to new business conditions due to the limited resource potential of each business entity. It was found that agriculture is a main factor in resource conservation, self-sufficiency, development of rural territories, social and cultural guarantees. However, there are problems that limit its development, such as employment mismatch, lack of effective entrepreneurial orientation and productive investment in the agricultural sector, inefficient credit policy, technological backwardness and underdeveloped infrastructure, imperfect support system, vulnerability of a significant part of the main beneficiaries in agriculture, inability of business structures in the agricultural sector to constructive competition in regional and international markets because of the lack of proper legal framework, etc. It was offered to consider the business structure as an organization that has specific features that allow forming alternative views on the future and combines several aspects of entrepreneurship and a flexible, mobile structure, specific decision-making mechanisms. Creating a business structure in the agricultural sector requires a balanced decision, because the relevant knowledge, innovative ideas, financial support, use of new technologies that are necessary for competitiveness at a global level play an important role in its further activities. Further development of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector requires the formation of a favorable business environment, effective government support, development of financial support system, improvement of crediting regimes, implementation of regional programs, development and realization of measures for information, consulting and staffing support, infrastructure development, etc.

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Хафизов, Дафик, Dafik Khafizov, Марсель Хисматуллин, and Marsel Khismatullin. "PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND COOPERATION IN AGRICULTURAL TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b350c302e2ca6.83557344.

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The article reflects the main statistical aspects characterizing the state of the modern market economy and the tourist industry. The dynamics of tourism development in Russia is analyzed, the potential of which is revealed on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan. The place of rural tourism in the development of rural areas is promoted, which contributes to the improvement of accomplishment of settlements, the development of engineering and social infrastructure; creation of new jobs; reduction of the level of unemployment in rural areas, growth of incomes of rural residents, development of small business, as well as increasing the ecological attractiveness of rural areas; increase the cultural and cognitive level of the rural population; replenishment of local budgets with additional funds. The problems of organization and cooperation in rural tourism have been identified, which impede the effective use of the tourist destination space. The most acute of them are: the underestimation of the importance of rural tourism in solving a number of national and regional problems, such as the preservation of small settlements, the cultural and historical heritage of the territories, rural life, increasing incomes, improving the living conditions of the rural population, streamlining the use of natural objects ; the absence of a national concept and a well-defined national policy for the development of rural tourism; acute shortage of financial and credit resources, difficulties in obtaining land for these purposes; inadequate degree of regulation of issues of interaction between hosts of guest houses with state, controlling, tax authorities.

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Maksimović, Goran, Boţidar Milošević, and Radomir Jovanović. "CLUSTERS AS A FACTOR FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SERBIAN ENCLAVES IN KOSOVO." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij300187m.

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Agricultural holdings in Serbian enclaves in Kosovo represent a paradise for the survival, development and return of the displaced Serbian people. The method of observation and the method of analysis have examined the operation of agricultural holdings and clusters of vertical clusters - through a chain of agricultural holdings and institutions, as well as horizontals - through related entities using the same channels, as well as all state and regional bodies that can influence creation, functioning, growth and development of the cluster. By the method of synthesis, the authors give a solution that agricultural holdings will survive in the Albanian environment and should be joined in the form of clusters and doping warehouse development and to be the driver of the overall economic prosperity of the Serbian population in Kosovo. Problems of agricultural holdings in rural areas in Kosovo and Metohia are numerous, so it is necessary to enter into organized, economic and institutional measures in order to achieve strategic goals. In order to improve competitiveness on the market, agricultural holdings propose strategic linking to clusters, so joint holdings try to compensate for what they lack; human resources, working resources, finances (access to favorable credit sources), securing expansion of business links, tracking development trends, exchange of information on strategies, openness to new ideas, participation in the time and possibility of realization of joint investments, joint supply, new knowledge (organization of seminars ), training and conferences, joint marketing, visitshops), technologies. Associated in clusters of households reduce operating costs through unified procurement, joint market presence, joint participation in marketing, branding and transport costs to the end customer. State of Serbia (adoption of adequate legal regulations, tax incentives, incentives) of the local government in the enclaves (a number of programs for awarding grants or programs in the form of co-financing for newly founded clusters, intended for purchase of fixed assets, work of the cluster office, certification and introduction of a system for quality management) and the Faculty of Agriculture in Leskovo as a scientific and professional institution have an important positive, stimulating, and constructive role in the establishment of clusters, by providing expert advice. The development of the cluster achieves the wider economic, social and general social interests of the Serbian community from increasing employment in rural areas, stimulation of young people to stay in Kosovo, upgrading agricultural production and preserving the environment as well as other aspects in rural areas.

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Sobolev, Alexander, Alexander Kurakin, Vladimir Pakhomov, and Irina Trotsuk. "Cooperation in Rural Russia: Past, Present and Future." Мир России 27, no. 1 (February 24, 2018): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1811-038x-2018-27-1-65-89.

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Alexander Sobolev – Doctor of Science in Economics, Professor, Russian University of Cooperation. Address: 12/30, V.Voloshina St., Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014, Russian Federation. E-mail: sobolev-alekc@mail.ru Alexander Kurakin – Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Senior Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). Address: 11, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation. E-mail: akurakin@hse.ru Vladimir Pakhomov – Doctor of Science in Economics, Professor, Russian University of Cooperation. Address: 12/30, V.Voloshina St., Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014, Russian Federation. E-mail: vmpahomov@yandex.ru Irina Trotsuk – Doctor of Science in Sociology, Senior Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; Associate Professor, RUDN University. Address: 82, Vernadskogo Av., Moscow, 119571, Russian Federation. E-mail: irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru Citation: Sobolev A., Kurakin A., Pakhomov V., Trotsuk I. (2018) Cooperation in Rural Russia: Past, Present and Future. Mir Rossii, vol. 27, no 1, pp. 65–89. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-65-89 The authors consider cooperation as a specific, alternative form of economic organization to the standard business firm within a market economy, and focus on agricultural cooperation in Russia. First, the article engages with the key milestones of the history of cooperation in Russia: (1) the first attempts to establish cooperative organizations before the Russian Revolution (agricultural societies, agricultural partnerships and credit cooperatives) which gave the poor rural population a chance to improve living standards and ensured promising prospects for the long-term development of cooperation in all forms; (2) the dependent forms of consumer and production cooperation under the Soviet regime that deprived all collective forms of their true cooperative nature. In the second part of the article, the authors describe the current state of the cooperative movement in the Russian countryside and identify its basic features, such as opposition to family farming and the state capitalist tendencies of the concentration and vertical integration in the form of agroholdings; state rural cooperation policies which aim to promote and financially support small farming including the development of rural cooperatives; the number and types of cooperatives in the countryside; the reasons for debates on cooperation legislation; the viability of the main types of agricultural cooperatives (production, consumer, credit cooperation). Finally, the authors emphasize that cooperation in contemporary Russia does not fit the classic Western scheme of cooperative development and still has to overcome a number of substantial challenges (the soviet legacy, lack of bottom-up initiatives, the ideological and economic dominance of large-scale farming, poor academic expertise in the field of cooperation studies).

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Zhao, Li. "CREDIT CO-OPERATIVES AND THEIR ROLE IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN RURAL CHINA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i2.1181.

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Financial constraints may contribute to poverty traps. In the underdeveloped capital markets of rural China, many poor farmers in disadvantaged areas are financially constrained and denied access to formal financial services. A few attempts have been made to reform rural credit co-operatives but with limited impact. Recently, the development of rural mutual co-operatives, as one of new-type rural financial institutions, has gained increasing attention among scholars. While scholars predict that it would be difficult for true co-operative financial institutions to establish themselves and develop in China, this study discusses the conditions for the development of rural mutual co-operatives and identifies their institutional advantages in poverty outreach and financial sustainability. The analysis of the study is largely based on the primary data collected from field investigations and case studies. The study reveals that these organizations have played a significant role in promoting financial inclusion and become a sustainable driver for poverty reduction. This observation is in contrast to the widely-believed prediction that it is hardly probable for true credit co-operatives to establish themselves in modern China due to excessive government intervention and China’s peculiar political culture and social context. The findings also suggest two conditions be necessary to achieve their potential, namely, the co-operation between credit co-operatives and agricultural co-operatives, and local embeddedness with good social connectedness.

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Khan, Arish, Vikas Singh, and Sanjay Kumar. "Problems of Women Self Help Group Members in Kota District of Rajasthan." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.009.

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Rural women play vital function in carrying out the transformational, financial, conservational and social changes required for sustainable growth. Restriction on get right of entry to credit score, poor health care management and literacy rate are the problems they face. Women empowerment is the important thing now no longer simplest to the welfare of character individuals of the own circle of relatives and rural communities, however additionally to common economic increase of the nation. Half of the arena’s populace is represented with the aid of using ladies and till they're given the same possibilities society cannot gain increase. Government, society and non – governmental organizations (NGOs) round the arena come ahead and take crucial steps to empower ladies and supply them the same rights in monetary and non-monetary improvement. Therefore, that is the perfect time to shift from welfare mode to empowerment mode in governmental regulations designed for the development of ladies. To empower women’s continuous efforts taken with the aid of using Indian authorities and National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) via microfinance raised the popular of residing of negative ladies and their family members above poverty line to a few extents. Therefore, the tasks have to recognition on the above stated problems confronted with the aid of using ladies. In this way, this paper is analyzed with self assist group's rural women empowerment and satisfaction via micro credit in Kota District.

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Paula Filho, Galdino Xavier de, Miquéias Freitas Calvi, and Roberta Rowsy Amorim de Castro. "Socioeconomic Analysis of Rural Credit and Technical Assistance for Family Farmers in the Transamazonian Territory, in the Brazilian Amazon." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 10 (September 7, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n10p177.

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<p>In Brazil, Rural Credit and Technical Assistance policies for family farming were formulated with the goal of promoting rural development in a sustainable and integrated manner. This study is the result of the <em>Monitoring and assessment of public policies for territory management in the Pará Amazon</em> project, undertaken by the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), aimed to evaluate the main socioeconomic impacts and limitations for the execution of these policies in the Transamazonian Territory. It is characterized as qualitative and exploratory, developed from bibliographic research and field research, based on data obtained through interviews conducted with 22 families of farmers who are beneficiaries of Rural Credit, the B modality of the National Programme for Strengthening Family Agriculture (PRONAF) and of the Technical Assistance Policy, whose sample corresponds to 10% of total contracts made effective within that Territory, between the years of 2013 and 2014. In addition to these farmers, for the analysis of the Technical Assistance service, interviews were conducted with extension workers from eight organizations, one of which is a state public company and seven of which are outsourced companies hired by the Federal Government to provide this service. The descriptive analysis shows that PRONAF B focuses on areas that produce short cycle food crops and on fishing activities. The technical assistance service provided by the public company is carried out in all the cities within the Territory, but only meets 10% of the demand; the service provided by the outsourced companies also occurs in all cities and its greatest setback is the delay in the release of funds by the Federal Government, which generates delays in the agricultural calendar and discontinuity in the productive activities, due to the end of the term of the companies’ contracts.</p>

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Harsányi, Zsolt Gergely, Endre Harsányi, and János Attila Nagy. "Relationships of Fruit Production and Regional Development in the Northern Great Plain Region." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 16 (December 6, 2005): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/16/3309.

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The role of retaining population in agriculture is stronger and more significant in the long run in the North Great Plain Region compared to other regions. The region has a significant processing industry along with a good basis for producing raw materials, developed food processing capicity and high quality agricultural products typical of the region. The GDP in agriculture, forestry and game management is somewhat higher than the national average.Variety is of cardinal importance when establishing the quality of horticultural products and determining the product value. The Hungarian breeding results of apple, quince, apricot, cherry, raspberry, red and black currant are promising.The regulation system of EU the vegetable and fruit market is based on Retail Cooperatives Producers. With the establishment of national vegetable- and fruit production and retail organizations, the market regulation, production and quality development issues of the sector can be handled and solved. Reaching EU standards in fruit production can only be achieved with up-to-date plantation systems and breed selection. A key issue in development is establishing the required financial resources for investments and updating production. In order to reach these standards, significant state subsidies and good credit conditions are needed. By solving these tasks, the sector is expected to become self-financed without government help.The pursuit of safer production, improving quality and increasing yields require the establishment of up-to-date irrigation systems. The improvement of family farms, motivating land concentration is necessary for increasing average size of plants. Establishing the above mentioned conditions is important since the vegetable-fruit sector is of great significance in the employment of rurally based population, improving their living conditions and executing rural development programs.

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Liu, Yan. "Construction of Rural Financial Organization Spatial Structure and Service Management Model Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (July 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7974175.

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Local credit cooperatives have long played an important role in local financial services. It has made a significant contribution to agricultural production, farmers’ incomes, and the economic development of rural areas. In particular, as a financial instrument serving farmers, microfinance management by local credit cooperatives plays a key role in pursuing profits and fulfilling social responsibility. It was therefore important to obtain effective instruments for combating poverty in rural areas from all walks of society. This paper first outlines the development of microfinance loans in Germany and other countries and describes the current situation and some of the challenges facing local credit cooperatives in financial management. Next, we present the basic concepts of data mining, describe the common methods and key techniques of data mining, analyze and compare the properties of the individual data, and show how the associated mining can actually be performed. Next, we will explain the basic model of microfinance for farmers and some risks in detail and analyze and evaluate the characteristics of these risks in the context of local credit cooperatives. As a result, this paper proposes an improved deep convolutional neural network. The optimized algorithm selects the optimal weight threshold value and different iteration times. The results are fewer errors, the results are closer to the correct data, and the efficiency is better than before. The algorithm is more efficient because errors have been greatly reduced and the time spent on them has been slightly reduced.

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SAI, V., L. VYNARCHYK, and O. HULKO. "Comparative analysis of technical and economic indicators of farms." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 42, no. II (September 1, 2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-2-42-109-117.

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The purpose of the research of this scientific work is to assess the possibilities of development of farms in modern conditions, as well as to find out the problems and prospects of farms in Ukraine. Method. Farming is a form of entrepreneurial activity of citizens with or without the creation of a legal entity who have expressed a desire to produce marketable agricultural products, process and sell them in order to make a profit on land provided for family farming. An important role in the production of agricultural products is now given to farms that have actually become full-fledged entities in the agrarian diversified economy, have passed their first stage of formation and formation. The presence of a large number of large producers, problems of organization and location of wholesale markets, insufficient population of rural areas, inadequate level of resource supply – all this determines the specifics of the competitive environment in which farms operate. The task of development of farms in Ukraine requires the study of the peculiarities of their activities, analysis of the current stage of functioning of farms, identifying obstacles to their development and outlining areas for improvement of their activities. This is what determines the relevance of this article. Results. The scales and tendencies of development of farms in Ukraine, their place among other agricultural producers, including in the context of regions of Ukraine are analyzed. The main indicators of their activity are described. It is confirmed that despite the large number of farms, their place in the agricultural economy of Ukraine still remains insignificant. The main organizational and economic problems of farm development in Ukraine have been identified, which are related to the lack of equity, conditions for free access to credit, as well as the inadequate ratio between prices for technical equipment and agricultural products. The position of farms in the world is revealed. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The development of farming as a priority form of agricultural farms is shown. A number of measures for the development of farms are proposed. The advantages of farms over personal farms and over agricultural enterprises are given. Problems and prospects of farming in Ukraine are revealed.

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Bwalya, Richard, and Mabvuto Zulu. "The Role of Savings Group on the Nutritional and Economic Wellbeing of Rural Households: The Case of World Vision’s Savings for Transformation (S4T) in Zambia." Business and Economic Research 11, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v11i2.18451.

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Smallholders and the poor populations, especially in rural areas, tend to have little or no access to formal credit, which limits their capacity to invest in the technologies and inputs they need to increase their yields and incomes and reduce hunger and poverty. This mainly arises because financial institutions interested in serving this market face a myriad of risks and challenges associated with agricultural production and lending, including seasonality and the associated irregular cash flows, high transaction costs, and systemic risks, such as floods, droughts, and plant diseases. As a solution to the challenge of financial exclusion among the rural poor, several international development organizations have been using Village Savings and Lending Associations (VSLAs) as an alternative option to increasing financial inclusion among the rural communities in most developing countries. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study aimed to assess whether membership to these VSLAs results in significant improvements in household economic status as well as household food security. The results show that compared to non-members, members of these savings groups are more likely to have increased access to alternative and more sustainable financial tools. Membership to these savings groups is also associated with improved nutrition, education, living standards while the likelihood of being poor is also reduced.

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Udosen, U. J., and A. J. Emuekpere. "The Future of Cassava Production in Nigeria." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.553.

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This work was inspired by a genuine desire to reduce poverty in the Nigerian society, generate employment, promote rural development, increase export and also serve as a panacea to the countrys over-dependence on crude oil. The objective of this study is therefore to establish the current potential of cassava production in Nigeria with a view to developing and actualizing them. In achieving this objective, figures for cassava annual production outputs were obtained from records kept by relevant organizations for the past twenty eight years (1980-2007). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 was used to analyze the data to obtain the best time series model that can predict the annual cassava output. The linear model obtained predicted production output at about 56 and 60 millions tonnes of cassava by the year 2017 and 2020, respectively. These figures were quite very small when compared with targets of 150 million tonnes in 2020 set by stakeholders in agriculture in successive governments. This necessitated the identification of the current constraints militating against cassava production and the possible way forward. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed and the Likert Scale used for analysis to determine the constraints militating against cassava production and proffer solutions. In charting a way forward, efforts by past administrations at improving cassava production were appraised. Consequently, the research recommended the provision of agricultural inputs such as credit facilities and infrastructural facilities as key measures necessary for enhanced cassava production.

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Teshager Abeje, Misganaw, Atsushi Tsunekawa, Enyew Adgo, Nigussie Haregeweyn, Zerihun Nigussie, Zemen Ayalew, Asres Elias, Dessalegn Molla, and Daregot Berihun. "Exploring Drivers of Livelihood Diversification and Its Effect on Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102991.

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Land degradation poses a major threat to agricultural production and food security in Ethiopia, and sustainable land management (SLM) is key in dealing with its adverse impacts. This paper examines the covariates that shape rural livelihood diversification and examines their effects on the intensity of adoption of SLM practices. Household-level data were collected in 2017 from 270 households in three drought-prone watersheds located in northwestern Ethiopia. We used the Herfindahl–Simpson diversity index to explore the extent of livelihood diversification. A stochastic dominance ordering was also employed to identify remunerative livelihood activities. A multivariate probit model was employed to estimate the probability of choosing simultaneous livelihood strategies, and an ordered probit model was estimated to examine the effect of livelihood diversification on the adoption intensity of SLM practices. In addition to mixed cropping and livestock production, the production of emerging cash crops (e.g., Acacia decurrens for charcoal, and khat) dominated the overall income generation of the majority of farmers. Stress/shock experience, extent of agricultural intensification, and agro-ecology significantly affected the probability of choosing certain livelihood strategies. Livelihood diversification at the household level was significantly associated with the dependency ratio, market distance, credit access, extension services, membership in community organizations, level of income, and livestock ownership. A greater extent of livelihood diversification had a significant negative effect on adopting a greater number of SLM practices, whereas it had a positive effect on lower SLM adoption intensity. Overall, we found evidence that having greater livelihood diversification could prompt households not to adopt more SLM practices. Livelihood initiatives that focus on increasing shock resilience, access to financial support mechanisms, improving livestock production, and providing quality extension services, while also considering agro-ecological differences, are needed. In addition, development planners should take into account the livelihood portfolios of rural households when trying to implement SLM policies and programs.

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Filippi, Amanda Cristina Gaban, Patricia Guarnieri, José Márcio Carvalho, Silvia Araújo Reis, and Cleyzer Adrian da Cunha. "New configurations in Brazilian agribusiness: rural warehouse condominiums." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2018-0178.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of rural warehouses condominiums (or “condos”) as new rural configurations in the Brazilian agribusiness from the perspective of the theory of collective action. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was complemented with multiple case studies based on interviews and direct observation. Content analysis was used to interpret the secondary and primary data. Findings Rural warehouse condos can be characterized as a collective action which is a new business model in Brazilian agribusiness. This new initiative has several advantages: reduction of the warehouse deficit and other logistical bottlenecks; strategic commercialization of production; reduction of logistical costs; inclusion of smallholders in the economy and, consequently, the generation of income for smallholders and their participation in the market. Research limitations/implications The study used a qualitative approach and findings and discussion are inherently interpretative. Social implications Understanding the organization of rural warehouse condos supports the inclusion of smallholding farmers and income generation. This creates a social benefit through rural growth and economic development. Some constraints related to the lack of public policies, specific credit lines in financial institutions, the problem of non-regularized rural areas, lack of transparency and conflicts among the members can limit expansion. Originality/value Rural warehouse condos are expanding mainly in the south region of Brazil, where smallholders are concentrated. In this new configuration, they can engage in an association to obtain several benefits, such as reduced logistics costs, better access to financing and increased bargaining power with suppliers. As this research dealt with a relatively new and poorly studied topic, it contributes to the development of new studies to map innovative warehousing practices.

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KOVAL, Natalia, and Oksana RADCHENKO. "DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE CONDITION OF SMALL AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 3 (43) (March 2019): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-3-9.

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Agriculture, like the entire Ukrainian economy, is experiencing a difficult period. Although such a downturn in production, which had been at the time of restructuring, did not take place, but the results of the activity are rather uneven over the years and tend to decrease over the past few years. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the financial condition of farmers depends on the macroeconomic situation, which is confirmed by foreign studies, namely, on a specific policy of state support. More than 11% of agricultural and farm enterprises are concentrated in Vinnytsia region. ¼ part of the farms has a land ownership of up to 500 hectares, and an essential criterion begins with 50 hectares. A significant (20%) share of farms has a land bank of 1-2 thousand hectares. The share of small agricultural enterprises for 2010-2017 has increased from 22.7% to 35.7%, and the share of micro-enterprises in them remains constant - 10%. In the special fund of the state budget, according to the program 2801460 "Granting loans to farms", allocations for 2016 - UAH 15.8 million were determined; 2017 - UAH 65.0 million, in 2018 - UAH 43.1 million. According to the regional state administration, according to the results of the implementation of budget support programs for agrarians in 2018, Vinnytsia region was second only to the number of financial support provided to farmers by the Mykolaiv region. Yes, it was used by 411 farms with 2,350 registered (17.5%). It is supposed that all key areas of state support for 2019 will be maintained. In the region there is a Program for the development of private, farm enterprises for 2016-2020 (modern edition in the Regulation of the State Aviation Administration dated 02.11.2016, number 40). For 2014-2016, UAH 4.96 million has been allocated to this direction from the region budget. Favorable loans were received by 24 farmers and 7 private farms, 5 agricultural cooperatives. In 2017, the program allocated 1.0 million UAH, the trend was also in 2018 The most successful program is to reduce the cost of technology. According to the Ministry of Agropolicy, it has already used 1830 farms in Ukraine and purchased 2,900 units of equipment. The amount of compensation amounted to 211 million hryvnias. Moreover, the most interested persons were Vinnytsia - 163 agricultural enterprises. Agrarians of Vinnytsia region received almost 16 million UAH. reimbursement. About 7.7 mln UAH got gardeners of Vinnytsia region as a partial compensation for purchased landing material. Taking into account the data of 2017, it was discovered that the financial crisis has hit most of the small businesses, due to the fact that it is harder for them to attract external financing, including tight credit requirements. It is for this reason that, when analyzing the financial support of farmers abroad, there are compromises between profitability, ecosystem services and other social factors, which is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable development of agriculture. A holistic approach to assessing the productivity of farms in the production, social, financial and environmental dimensions is being developed. In this context, the ministry's intention is to draw the attention of heads of specialized departments to the between rural councils and agribusiness, as well as the level of salaries that would indicate a socially oriented agrarian business. For Vinnytsia region issues of attraction of new agricultural producers for cooperation in the project with the Euro region "Dniester" and the special support of this direction are considered by the branch of the Ukrainian State Fund for support of farms, the Institute of forage and agriculture Podillya of the NAAS of Ukraine and the Vinnytsia regional branch of the State Agricultural Protection Agency "State Soil Protection". In order to use budget funds efficiently, to achieve a balance in funding support programs and sustainable socio-economic development of the village, to increase the competitiveness of agricultural producers, to expand the commodity structure of exports and to establish Ukraine on the world food markets, the Ministry of Agropolicy has drafted a bill "On Amendments to the Law" On State support of agriculture of Ukraine ". It provides the basic principles for the creation and functioning of the State Paying Agency and the State Agrarian Register. It is worth taking into account the example of EU countries that build a database of agricultural producers by introducing a free identification procedure in a single register. An individual entrepreneur or legal entity creates a personal electronic cabinet and automatically receives information on all types of state aid, eligibility criteria, and the ability to apply online. Analysis of foreign experience shows that in their attempts to increase the viability of family farms, agricultural governments have chosen a number of approaches that can be extended to developing countries. To improve the organizational and financial structure of farms, it is necessary to improve communication processes within farms and between farmers' organizations, enterprises, and social funds in order to establish common priorities for agrarian development in identifying and / or developing, adapting and expanding innovations. Consequently, prospects for further exploration in this area lie in the field of elaboration of a methodology for determining the financial condition of farms based on farm and simplified financial statements.

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Chen, Zhixin, Jian Chen, Zhonggen Zhang, and Xiaojuan Zhi. "Does network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform facilitate supply chain financing?" China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 688–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-06-2018-0132.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to illustrate how network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform reduces loan risks and mitigates credit rationing in supply chain financing (SCF). Design/methodology/approach The authors conceptualize network governance in terms of authority structure and interorganizational mechanism dimensions, and derive the model of its determinants through arguments drawn from the existing literature. Structural equation modeling is employed to test the theoretical model on data collected from a sample of 271 independent supply chain trading partners in rural China. Findings The findings indicate that network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform could integrate the operations and finances in supply chain management to solve the problems of information asymmetry, costly monitoring, insufficient qualified collaterals and mitigate farmers’ credit rationing. The collaborative credit-granting mechanism and collaborative debt enforcement mechanism formed by the authority structure and interorganizational mechanisms are the key factors to realize the complete compatibility of incentives. The bank e-commerce platform can provide a foundation for the authority structure and interorganizational mechanisms to enhance the predictability of applicants’ transaction and then safeguard the financial exchanges in supply chain. Practical implications The research results indicate that it is important to support farmers to establish long-term transaction relationships with leading enterprises through organizational innovation in the development of agricultural industrialization and build a visualization platform for SCF through technological innovation. Originality/value This paper contributes to the limited knowledge about network governance mechanisms in SCF by illustrating the model of network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform and its determinants.

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Велесницкий, В. М., and И. С. Бутов. "Small-scale production of vegetables in the Stolin district of the Belarusian Polesie: vectors of sustainable development." Kartofel` i ovoshi, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2021.60.41.002.

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Столинский район Брестской области по праву называют главным регионом белорусского овощеводства. Помимо различных с.- х. организаций, в районе сосредоточено около 10 тыс. личных подсобных хозяйств, специализирующихся на производстве различных овощных культур. На 1 января 2021 года за всеми субъектами хозяйствования было закреплено 2354 га земли, сельхозугодий – 2066 га, в т.ч. пашни – 872 га. Именно овощеводческое направление в решающей степени определяет уклад жизни, быт, культуру и уровень благосостояния жителей района. Деятельность некоммерческой организации местный фонд «Центр поддержки сельского развития и предпринимательства Столинского района» направлена на стимулирование различных инициатив местных мелкотоварных с.-х. производителей: внедрение новых для района культур, передовых элементов технологии, продвижение различных социальных и природоохранных проектов. Развитие идет главным образом за счет иностранных грантов. По данным Центра, все большее распространение получают довольно редкие для этой части Белорусского Полесья культуры (баклажан, перец, брокколи, пекинская и цветная капуста, арбуз и др.). Приведены данные об особенностях оптовой и розничной торговли, необходимых для этого разрешительных документах, о доступности для такого рода фермеров кредитных ресурсов банков и наличии действующих программ помощи, подходящих для ЛПХ. Показано, в какие регионы в основном поступает местная продукция и сложности, сопровождающие все этапы процесса реализации. Значительное внимание уделено организации с.-х. кооперативов и их взаимодействию с торговыми сетями. Обобщается практический опыт по новым механизмам взаимодействия с потребителями продукции и поставщиками необходимого для работы инвентаря, удобрений, семян и СЗР. Рассматривается проблема, связанная с отсутствием первичной доработки, сортировки, мойки и упаковки выращенной продукции. Рассказано о специфических местных требованиях к той или иной выращенной продукции (томат, капуста и др.). Продемонстрированы пути взаимодействия между владельцами ЛПХ Столинского района и селекционно-семеноводческими компаниями. Stolin district of the Brest region is rightly called the main region of Belarusian vegetable growing. In addition to various agricultural organizations, the district has about 10 thousand personal subsidiary plots specializing in the production of various vegetable crops. On January 1, 2021, 2354 hectares of land were assigned to all economic entities, 2066 hectares of farmland, including 872 hectares of arable land. It is the vegetable growing direction that determines to a decisive extent the way of life, housekeeping, culture and the level of well-being of the residents of the district. The activities of the local non-profit foundation Center for Support of Rural Development and Entrepreneurship are aimed at supporting various initiatives of local small-scale agricultural producers: the introduction of new crops for the district, advanced elements of technology, the promotion of various social and environmental projects. The development is mainly due to foreign grants. According to the Center, crops that are not widely distributed in this part of the Belarusian Polesie (broccoli, peking and cauliflower, watermelon, etc.) are becoming more widespread. The data on the features of wholesale and retail trade, the necessary permits, the availability of credit resources of banks for such farmers, and the availability of existing assistance programs suitable for small and medium-sized PSP are presented. It shows which regions mainly receive local products and the difficulties that accompany all stages of the implementation process. Considerable attention is paid to the organization of agricultural cooperatives and their interaction with trade networks. Practical experience on new mechanisms of interaction with consumers of products and suppliers of inventory, fertilizers, seeds and agricultural products necessary for work is summarized. The problem associated with the lack of primary processing, sorting, washing and packaging of grown products is considered. It describes the specific local requirements for a particular grown product (tomato, cabbage, etc.). It demonstrates the ways of interaction between the owners of private farms in the Stolin district and breeding and seed companies.

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Ergene, Boğaç A. "On the Use of Sources in Ottoman Economic History." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 3 (July 26, 2012): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000517.

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Economic history is an underdeveloped discipline in Middle Eastern historiography. Within our field, economic history articles are not published often, and books on economic history are rare. It is true that certain topics have been better explored than others, as Maya Shatzmiller's contribution to this roundtable on medieval economic history shows. Previous scholarship on Ottoman economic history has focused on land tenure, fiscal practices and institutions, artisanal production and organization (almost exclusively in urban areas), economic and charitable functions ofawqāf, and, especially for the 19th century, questions relevant to Ottoman incorporation into the capitalist world system. There also exist studies on urban and rural markets, regional and long-distance trade networks, and economic activities of specific individuals (primarily government officials and provincial notables), although these tend to be descriptive. But there are very limited numbers of studies on standards of living; levels, accumulation, and distribution of wealth; productivity in agricultural production and manufacture; demography (especially for the 17th and 18th centuries); credit relations and financial institutions; and economic development. As in the literature on medieval Islamic contexts, sophisticated quantitative research is particularly rare, which makes empirically based comparisons among different parts of the region and with other parts of the world very difficult.

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Jha, D., and S. K. Jha. "Agricultural Credit and Rural Development." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 12, no. 2 (December 2002): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120020207.

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Ekwere, GE, and ID Edem. "Effects of agricultural credit facility on the agricultural production and rural development." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2014): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10529.

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Lack of capital has been identified as one of the constraints that faced by small scale farmers. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of agricultural credit on the agriculture production, and calculate the inputs and outputs among small scale farmers. Structured questionnaires were distributed to 136 farmers, who had been selected using the stratified random sampling technique, and the data obtained were summarized into percentages. Regression analysis was adopted to assess the impacts of socio-economic factors on loan size among farmers, while Cobb-Douglas Production Function Analysis (CDPFA) was used to test the relationship between key independent variables such as loan amount, farm size, inputs and farm output as dependent variable. The analysis revealed a significantly high value of coefficient of determination (R2= 0.922) that reflected a high relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables; gender, age, education, family size, farm size, farming experience. The Adjusted (R2) coefficient (R2 = 0.918) revealed that 91.8 % of variation in loam size explained by the changes in variables. The results showed a significance in F-test in size of loan. The hypothesis two, exhibited that the independent variables; loan size, farm size, and inputs explained the variation in the total value of farmers output. The study therefore showed that to achieve the positive agricultural credit impacts on agricultural production, The Government and the private sector should regularly and timely facilitate the credit to the small scale farmers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10529 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 192-204

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Leeuwis, Cees, and Rico Lie. "中国农民合作社的功能与多样性变迁环境中发展现状探讨." Rural China 11, no. 1 (2014): 119–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22136746-12341251.

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Abstract The agricultural sector and the rural sector in China have experienced fundamental changes from the 1980s onward, and farmer cooperatives have emerged in response to these changes. Beginning in 1990, a series of different policies have been implemented by the Chinese government to promote farmer cooperatives (FCs). This article aims to explore the functioning of FCs on the basis of the type and scope of the services they provide and their connections with the rural communities. The findings show that activities carried out by FCs help to extend farmers’ engagement in value-chain participation and management. FCs, as organizational innovations, also provide opportunities to bring knowledge providers and farmers together. Some FCs are starting to coordinate activities for farmers, rural communities and local government to make better use of collective resources. Four types of FCs are identified in the research: commodity-based FCs, community-based FCs, specialized technology providers and credit service providers. The emergence of these four types of FCs is embedded in broader institutional developments. The government mainly promotes commodity-based FCs and specialized technology-providing FCs. Companies focus on commodity-based FCs, and research institutes and development organizations are involved in community-based FCs. These findings imply that an integrated and broader view of policies is needed to promote the development of FCs in the long run. (This article is in English.) 摘要 20世纪80年代以来中国的农村和农业经历了深刻的变革。从20世纪90年代开始，政府出台了一系列的政策推动农民合作社的发展，合作社数量逐步增加。本文意在展示合作社提供服务的类型和范围，以及他们与农村社区之间的联系，并以此为基础探讨合作社的功能发挥。本文研究显示合作社开展的活动有利于农户参与到农产品价值链不同环节以及价值链管理中。合作社作为一项组织创新，也为建立农户与技术提供者之间的联系搭建了桥梁。一些合作社协调农户、农村社区和政府部门之间的关系，实现了集体资源的充分利用。本研究将合作社分为四类：产品型合作社、社区型合作社、专业技术服务合作社和资金互助合作社。这四类合作社的产生根植于外部制度环境。政府主要倡导产品型合作社和专业技术服务合作社的发展。公司致力于产品型合作社的发展，而研究机构和发展组织更多参与到社区型合作社的发展中。这些研究发现意味着政府需要制定更具包容性的政策，加强政策间的一致性，以从长远角度促进合作社的发展。

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Ali, Daniel Ayalew, Klaus Deininger, and Marguerite Duponchel. "Credit Constraints and Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from rural Rwanda." Journal of Development Studies 50, no. 5 (February 20, 2014): 649–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.887687.

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Galvão, Maria Do Carmo Corrêa. "O Espaço Agrário Fluminense: Estrutura e Transformações." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 9 (January 1, 1985): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1985_0_74-87.

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Starting out from the conception that agrarian space is a subspace created by rural activities within a totality which includes the city with its multiple varied interactions, the present study focuses on the agrarian space of the state of Rio de Janeiro as affected by the urban-industrial economy. It identifies is as a traditional agrarian space in which the effects of urban growth are making themselves felt in spatially differentiated and structurally contradictory forms. The internal disparities are seen in the context of the social, economic and political formation of the state, from which emerge, as agents of considerable importance and on different scales, the coffee economy which conditioned the settlement and appropriation of the territory and, on the other hand, the functions of Rio de Janeiro as a port, a centre of political power and a national metropolis. With a background of dairy-farming, replacing coffee-growing in almost the whole of the state, and single-crop sugarcane cultivation in the Baixada Campista, the agrarian space of the state of Rio de Janeiro illustrates overall limitations and problems of the state's economy, within a framework of immobility or feeble growth. This formally stationary framework has been passing through changes in organization and structure which have reflected, during the past thirty years, different ways in which the state of Rio de Janeiro has shared in the overall process of the country's development reflecting, at one and the same time, capitalist expansion in the rural sector and its articulations with various political actions aimed directly or not at that sector. As a result of their extent and their social and economic implications, a number of important variables are referred to in this study as indicators of changes. They are variables referring to land use, recorded in the Censures from 1950 to 1980, and others characteristic of the modes of production, brought up in the course of field surveys. The expansion and modernization of cattle-raising in specifically defined areas in the state, the widespread fall-off in permanent cultivation and the increase in temporarily cultiva>;ted areas reflect new options for producers in connection with less expensive and more profitable activities. The strengthening of sugarcane cultivation, the extension of silviculture, especially since 1970, and the resurgence of coffee-growing display the effects of agricultural policies based on subsidized credit. Of the various forms of innovatibn in the state rural area which are focused on in this study, none shows the direct interference of Rio de Janeiro as a consumer market. Not even cattle-raising practised on the enterprise model on the periphery closest to the city is fundamentally directed towards Rio's consumer market, except for dairy production of the beef cattle produced there, only 10% or so are earmarked for this market. In the coastal lowlands of the Lake Region, specialization in the production of cows and bulls for breeding purposes, which is being consolidated in conjunction with the pastoral areas of Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Goias and Mato Grosso, offers the most obvious prood of the alienation of the producing area from the immediate market of Greater Rio. The geographical distribution and configuration of the dynamic segments and the stagnant pockets in the state point to another feature of its agrarian framework. The great motor-way axes which bring Rio de Janeiro into contact with the other metropolises in the Southeast or with the Northeast via the coastal highway are today the great lines along which the modernization of rural activities and new social relations of production are being diffused, so creating a new agrarian framework which has little or nothing to do with the previous one or with the great metropolitan market. From the above-mentioned frame of reference, it is quite clear that the agrarian space of the state of Rio de Janeiro is being transformed under the action of forces superior to market ones, forces which transcend the system of internal relations of the state itself, embodying the process of capital enrichment of the rural areas and a new spatial structuring linked to the projection of Rio de Janeiro on a national scale, more than to its local or regional action.

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Lawal, J. O., and R. A. Sanusi. "Diversification of Nigerian Agricultural Credit and Rural Development Bank’s Credit for Agricultural Production: A Sub-Sectoral Analysis." International Business Management 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ibm.2011.214.217.

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Bouquet, Emmanuelle, Solène Morvant-Roux, and Gerardo Rodriguez-Solis. "Agricultural Workers, Credit Rationing and Family Networks in Rural Mexico." Journal of Development Studies 51, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.983910.

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Hartarska, Valentina, Denis Nadolnyak, and Xuan Shen. "Agricultural credit and economic growth in rural areas." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2015-0018.

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Purpose – In this paper, the authors set out to establish if there is a link between finance and economic growth in rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relation between credit by major lenders in rural areas – commercial banks and Farm Credit System (FCS) institutions – and economic growth for the period 1991-2010. Design/methodology/approach – The motivation for this work comes from empirical studies showing a link between economic development and financial system development as well as from work which highlights the positive role of long-term finance provided by banks. The authors use two alternative panel data sets and fixed effects models to estimate the causal effect of credit supply (with lagged explanatory variables) on agricultural GDP growth per rural resident. Findings – The authors find a positive association between agricultural lending and agricultural GDP growth per rural resident with additional billion in loans (about a third of the actual average) associated with 7-10 percent higher state growth rate with this association stronger during the 1990s. Regional data confirm these results. The results point to a positive link between credit and economic growth in rural areas during that period, attributable to the lending by FCS institutions and by commercial banks. Research limitations/implications – Data availability limits the scope of this paper. The authors use state level balance sheet data available for the 1991-2003 period and annual data for 2003-2010 period. An additional regional data set is constructed for 1991-2010 with more aggregated data for the ten USDA agricultural production regions. The small number of panels limits the ability to use more sophisticated econometric models and the choice of dependent variables that captures economic growth. Practical implications – By provides evidence that agricultural finance and in particular lending contribute significantly to the growth of US agriculture, this paper contributes to the policy debate on weather support for agricultural finance initiatives is justified. Originality/value – The authors are not aware of another study that has linked agricultural lending by commercial banks and FCS institutions to growth in rural areas in the USA.

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Shilpa, S. K. "Emergence of Producer Companies as Innovative Institutions for Agriculture Development in India: Issues and Challenges." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2020.17.2.5.

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Small and marginal farmers encounter several challenges in managing their farms, the major being limited investment capacity, access to inputs, water, power, and credit. In India, the Ministry of Agriculture recognized the collectivization of these farmers into producer organizations (POs) as the most appropriate institutional form to leverage farmers’ production and marketing capacities. The study aims to understand the characteristics of producer companies (PCs) and identify the issues and challenges in the emergence of PCs through a quantitative study of all PCs registered in the country using secondary data and a qualitative study based on interviews with 192 PC directors, members, and 11 promoting institutions. The formation and development of PCs are being actively undertaken by government and their agencies with major financial support from the Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), with technical support from resource support agencies. A total of 7,381 PCs were registered by March 2019, across 33 states and union territories, and 2,749 PCs were active as of March 2018. PCs face numerous challenges, the major being shortage of investment and working capital, compliance-related problems, lack of vision and direction from the board and poor professional management. From the perspective of the producer organization promoting institutions or POPIs, the major issues were attitude of farmers, limited number of members, poor equity base, subsidy driven process, and non-result-oriented approach of the PCs.

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Nan, Yongqing, Yanyan Gao, and Qin Zhou. "Rural credit cooperatives’ contribution to agricultural growth: evidence from China." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2017-0042.

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PurposeRural credit cooperatives (RCCs) have long dominated China’s rural credit market and met most of agricultural credit demands while the existing literature seldom examines their contribution to agricultural sector. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the contribution of RCCs to agricultural growth, using China’s provincial panel data from 1997 to 2014.Design/methodology/approachBoth static fixed effects models and two-step generalized method of moment dynamic panel data models, which control the endogeneity, are employed to identify the causality from RCC credit to agricultural growth in China.FindingsThe results show that the credit from RCCs increases the agricultural output significantly. A 1 percent increase in RCC credit leads to agricultural growth of about 0.08 percent, which is robust to various empirical specifications. Further study shows that the contribution of RCC credit to agricultural growth decreases from the most developed eastern region to the least developed western region and increases over time.Research limitations/implicationsThe results imply that RCC credit is critical in financing agricultural activities by relaxing rural credit constraints and intense competition strengthens the contribution of RCCs to agricultural growth by improving managerial efficiency and developing diversified financial products to meet better rural credit demands.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is first empirical study on the effect of RCC credit on agricultural growth despite of many on the role of financial development in agricultural growth.

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Bezus, Roman, and Maryna Dubchak. "Genesis and development of agricultural advisory services in Ukraine." Ekonomika APK 310, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202008052.

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The purpose of the article is to investigate the initiation, current issues, and further development of agricultural advisory services in Ukraine. Research methods. The research uses dialectical methods of cognition and monographic method (for the analysis of legislation, works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the problem of advisory services in agriculture), empirical and graphical methods (to assess and demonstrate the structure of organizational forms and marketing methods of advisory services), abstract logical methods (for theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions). Research results. The study has highlighted that agricultural advisory services institution is a powerful tool to help smallholders in Ukraine break the cycle of low productivity, vulnerability, and poverty. By providing farmers with knowledge and tools about modern agricultural practices, agricultural advisory services can be a critical force for change. However, the development of these organizations in Ukraine now meets such challenges as low level of governmental support for agriculture advisory activities, understaffing of agricultural advisory services, and confusing mechanisms of cooperation with formal institutions for agricultural advisory services organizations in Ukraine etc. Scientific novelty. This study has investigated the current perspectives and challenges of agricultural advisory services in Ukraine. It has highlighted perspective points of development and improvement for such organizations to support further rural development in Ukraine. In particular, governmental development programs to promote the agricultural advisory activities for both rural smallholder farmers and local authorities, creating the mechanisms of cooperation between agricultural advisory service organizations and formal institutions in Ukraine, support of professional development for advisors and experts, etc. Practical significance. Summarising the achieved and analysed data, scientists and policymakers to develop the support programs for agricultural advisory service organizations to support rural smallholder businesses and to improve the living standards of rural communities may use the results of the study. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 14.

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Islam, Md Ariful. "Importance of Agricultural Credit for Rural Development of Bangladesh: A descriptive Approach." International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 2, no. 1 (2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijefm.20140201.18.

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Asante-Addo, Collins, Jonathan Mockshell, Manfred Zeller, Khalid Siddig, and Irene S. Egyir. "Agricultural credit provision: what really determines farmers’ participation and credit rationing?" Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-02-2016-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze determinants of farmers’ participation and credit rationing in microcredit programs using survey data from Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the Garrett Ranking Technique to analyze farmers’ reasons for participation or non-participation in credit programs, a probit regression model to estimate factors influencing farm households’ participation, and the Heckman’s sample selection model to identify factors influencing farm households’ probability of being credit rationed by microcredit programs. Findings The results reveal that farm households participate in credit programs because of improved access to savings services and agricultural loans. Fear of loan default and lack of savings are reasons for non-participation in credit programs. Furthermore, membership in farmer-based organizations (FBOs) and the household head’s formal education are positively associated with farmers’ participation in credit programs. The likelihood of farmers being credit rationed (i.e. their loan applications were either rejected or the amount of credit they applied for was reduced) is less likely among higher income farmers and members of FBOs such as farmer cooperatives and savings clubs. Practical implications The findings suggest that policy strategies aiming to improve access to savings and credit services should educate farmers and strengthen FBOs that could serve as entry points for financial service providers. Such market smart strategies have the potential to improve farmers’ access to financial services and reduce rural poverty. Originality/value Although existing studies have examined farmers’ participation in credit markets and credit rationing separately, the unique contribution of this paper is the analysis of participation in microcredit programs as well as the likelihood of farmers being credit rationed in Ghana.

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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan, and Akhtiar H. Shah. "A Critical Review of Rural Credit Policy in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.781-801.

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Lack of liquidity which acts as a constraint for agricultural development has provided a rationale for rapid growth in formal agricultural credit in Pakistan since the early 1960s. Between 1959-60 and 1991-92 institutional credit for the sector had registered an annual growth rate of 31 percent in nominal terms and 20 percent in real terms. The explosive increase in agricultural credit was accompanied by a creation of new financial institutions, the strengthening of already existing institutions and the adoption of credit policies to increase the flow of credit for the sector in general and for small farmers in particular. In this paper, an attempt is made to review farm credit policy in Pakistan in relation to its impact on agricultural growth and equity and to assess the strength of the credit institutions to keep contributi~g effectively to the provision of credit in the rural sector.

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Martinot, Eric, Akanksha Chaurey, Debra Lew, José Roberto Moreira, and Njeri Wamukonya. "Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27, no. 1 (November 2002): 309–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083444.

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▪ Abstract Renewable energy is shifting from the fringe to the mainstream of sustainable development. Past donor efforts achieved modest results but often were not sustained or replicated, which leads now to greater market orientation. Markets for rural household lighting with solar home systems, biogas, and small hydro power have expanded through rural entrepreneurship, government programs, and donor assistance, serving millions of households. Applications in agriculture, small industry, and social services are emerging. Public programs resulted in 220 million improved biomass cook stoves. Three percent of power generation capacity is largely small hydro and biomass power, with rapid growth of wind power. Experience suggests the need for technical know-how transfer, new replicable business models, credit for rural households and entrepreneurs, regulatory frameworks and financing for private power developers, market facilitation organizations, donor assistance aimed at expanding sustainable markets, smarter subsidies, and greater attention to social benefits and income generation.

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Moahid, Masaood, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida, Niraj Prakash Joshi, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes?" Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073758.

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Access to credit is essential for sustainable agricultural development. This paper evaluates the impact of formal and informal agricultural credit, access to extension services, and different combinations of agricultural credit and extension services on the economic outcomes of farming households in Afghanistan. This study applies a quasi-experimental approach (propensity score matching) and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analysis. The data comes from a survey of 277 randomly selected farming households in the three districts of rural Afghanistan. The results show that having access to formal agricultural credit has a positive and differentiated impact on the farming costs and net revenue of farming households. However, the effects increase when a farming household has access to both formal credit and extension services. The results also reveal that credit constraints affect farming costs and net revenue. The study provides some practical implications for agricultural development policymakers. First, formal agricultural credit affects farm revenue in rural Afghanistan. Second, the impact of credit bundled with agricultural extension services on farm revenue is higher than the impact of the provision of each service separately. Therefore, a more sustainable agricultural credit arrangement should be supplemented by extension services for farmers in Afghanistan.

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Kazi, Shahnaz, and Bilquees Raza. "Rural Women’s Access to Credit and Extension: A Strategy for Change." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.753-765.

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Although still ‘invisible’ to policy-makers, women’s involvement in agricultural and livestock production is empirically established through national surveys and intensive studies. The labour force participation rates for rural women in 1990-91 varied ranged between 57 percent (Agricultural Census) and 43 percent (Pakistan Integrated Household Survey). Evidence from micro studies also shows that women are active participants in the farm and livestock sectors [Freedman and Wai (1988); Masood (1988); Ali et al. (1976); Haque (1986); Khan and Bilquees (1976)]. While rural women’s contribution to agricultural and livestock production is well-documented, they have little or no access to productive inputs to enhance their economic participation in these sectors. Evidence based on national level data indicates that women’s participation in agricultural activities is constrained by the lack of land and other assets [Sathar and Desai (1994)]. Contrary to the general view, women belonging to households that own land or other assets have a higher labour force participation rate than landless women. While landless women are more likely to work as agricultural labourers, however, the demand for wage employment is seasonal, limited to a few activities and certain regions, and their lack of assets to work with excludes any possibility of self-employment. Findings of village level research indicate a wide gap between the technology used by rural women and the more efficient practices in livestock production, which is attributed to their lack of contact with extension services and to their lack of resources to adopt more efficient methods of livestock care [Haque (1986)].

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Chen, Zhang, and Li Hui. "The Innovation and development of Rural Revitalization: Agricultural Supply Chain Finance." E3S Web of Conferences 235 (2021): 03065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123503065.

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Agricultural supply chain finance provides a feasible supply channel for the fund demand in rural economic development, alleviates the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises and farmers in rural areas. However, there are also problems such as low standardization of agricultural products, imperfect credit risk system and incomplete information system, which seriously hinder the implementation of Rural Revitalization strategy. Financial product innovation is put forward in this paper, giving play to the role of government-led, perfect the premium subsidy, guarantees subsidy policy, actively into more involved in the main body, using the emerging technology industrialization construction, building ecological system resource sharing, expand the scope of services, to better precision power financial poverty alleviation, finally realizes the Rural Revitalization strategy.

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Malik, Sohail J., Mohammad Mushtaq, and Manzoor A. Gill. "The Role of Institutional Credit in the Agricultural Development of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (December 1, 1991): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.1039-1048.

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There has been a consensus among Pakistani policy-makers since the early 1970s that the shift from a resource-based to a science-based agriculture can be facilitated through the availability of agricultural credit. The official statistics on the disbursement of agricultural credit bear testimony to this behalf. A perusal of Thble 1 shows clearly that while other inputs such as fertilizer offtake, the availability of improved seed, water and tractors grew at rates ranging from 3 percent to 15 percent per annum over the period from 1971-72 to 1986-87, the disbursement Of institutional credit to the rural sector of Pakistan grew at an impressive 28 percent. It is interesting to note that while agricultural production, measured as an index with base year 1960, grew at only 3 percent, the ratio of institutional credit to agricultural GNP grew from 0.7 percent in 1971-72 to over 12 percent in 1986-87. 1\\'0 studies have recently appeared in The Pakistan Development Review that highlight important yet diverse aspects of the role of institutional credit in the agriculture development of Pakistan. The first study [Zuberi (1989)] stated that "the strategy for agricultural development in the country has been based on greater utilization of 'high pay-off' low-cost technology. The government advanced loans through fmancial institutions to make it possible for the farmers to acquire this technology". This study, however, using a Cobb-Douglas type production function and time-series data found that specifications which included institutional credit as an independent variable offered meaningless results. Based on the fact that 70 percent of total institutional credit disbursed was for the purchase of seed and fertilizer, the author chose expenditure on these categories as a proxy not only for credit but also for capital and using this and labour obtained significant estimates.

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El‐Eini, Roza I. M. "Rural indebtedness and agricultural credit supplies in Palestine in the 1930s." Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209708701155.

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Ogbeide-Osaretin, Evelyn Nwamaka, Ben Ozougwu, and Oseremen Ebhote. "Accelerating Agricultural Productivity and Marketing for Rural Transformation in Nigeria." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2019.9.2/1005.2.313.330.

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This study examined the essential factors required to drive agricultural productivity and marketing towards enhancing rural transformation. Nigeria data on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) generated using the Solow’s residual approach, quality of labour force captured by different educational levels and health status, availability of credit, and the role of female gender among others were used for the period between1981-2016. Autoregressive distributed lag method was employed as no existence of long-run association was found among variables confirmed by the bound testing result. Findings showed that the female labour force is positively significantly related to TFP. Educational levels of labour were positively but insignificantly related to TFP except the primary educational level. Life expectancy rate was significantly negatively related to TFP. We thus recommended among others that female access to education and credit be enhanced to improve the female labour agricultural productivity, enhances the rural secondary and tertiary educational levels as well as increase in investment in farmers’ health status.

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Nelson, John. "Information Exchange Networks and Agricultural Development." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 4 (December 1994): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300402.

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Networking is a useful tool in agricultural development. Networks facilitate information exchange, allow their members to benefit from synergy, offer flexible management approaches to overcome structural constraints, and can help organizations use resources more efficiently. However they have weaknesses too: they may be biased against some groups, they are difficult to evaluate, they may be poorly coordinated, and they often lack the technical and financial resources needed to effectively achieve their objectives. Networkers promoting the circulation of agricultural information in the near future should consider how best to fill niches in the global agricultural information system, how to use networking to improve agricultural policies, and how to use electronic networking to provide developing countries with more relevant agricultural information. This paper is based on a study of information exchange networking financed by the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), and reported in Nelson and Farrington (1994).

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Hu, Yue, Siwei Lu, Huiyuan Zhang, Guibo Liu, and Jiangang Peng. "Empirical Analysis on the Performance of Rural Credit Cooperative’s Shareholding Reform Based on the Rationale of Isomorphic Incentive Compatibility." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052844.

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Rural economic development helps reduce the income inequality in China. Existing studies show the positive effects of rural reforms, however, whether the rural credit cooperative’s shareholding reform promotes rural economic development and whether effects are exerted through the synergism between agricultural producers and rural financial institutions remain unclear yet. Employing the rationale of isomorphic incentive compatibility from system science, we analyze the necessity and influencing conduit of rural credit cooperative’s shareholding reform theoretically. Analysis shows that only the financial services from rural commercial banks can promote the modernized production, and thus the synergism between them drives rural economic development. Then we make empirical analysis on the effect with a Chinese provincial sample. Comparing to provinces with lower reform progress, the provinces with greater reform progress are influenced more prominently by this reform. Applying coupling coordination degree model, the coordination between agricultural production and rural banking development shows obvious increase, especially after the formal implementation of shareholding reform on rural credit cooperative. Empirical results indicate that this synergism plays positive roles in promoting agricultural growth and reducing the urban–rural income gap. In addition, these effects are more pronounced after the formal implementation of shareholding reform.

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Nabieva, Alsu. "CONSUMER COOPERATION IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT." Advances in Law Studies 8, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-5087-2020-8-2-26-30.

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Relevance, novelty and socio-economic importance of progressive development in rural areas is argued by the state importance of a scientifically sound and rational use of natural and economic potential of the country, discusses the role and importance of consumer cooperation in the development of socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas of the Republic of Tatarstan, the work of small farms, personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms, individual entrepreneurs, agricultural organizations in the formation of food resources, the necessity of development of consumer cooperation in purchasing and sale activities in rural areas, use of potential of land resources, agricultural land, hayfields, pastures and arable land in developing agriculture crops and livestock, increasing agricultural production in personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms, the efficiency of the agricultural organizations, the role and importance of small businesses in improving the quality of life in rural areas is summarized . they are interested in building housing in rural areas, increasing the production of environmentally friendly products, and improving the standard of living in rural areas.

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Nabieva, Alsu. "CONSUMER COOPERATION IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-2-96-100.

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Relevance, novelty and socio-economic importance of progressive development in rural areas is argued by the state importance of a scientifically sound and rational use of natural and economic potential of the country, discusses the role and importance of consumer cooperation in the development of socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas of the Republic of Tatarstan, the work of small farms, personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms, individual entrepreneurs, agricultural organizations in the formation of food resources, the necessity of development of consumer cooperation in purchasing and sale activities in rural areas, use of potential of land resources, agricultural land, hayfields, pastures and arable land in developing agriculture crops and livestock, increasing agricultural production in personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms, the efficiency of the agricultural organizations, the role and importance of small businesses in improving the quality of life in rural areas is summarized . they are interested in building housing in rural areas, increasing the production of environmentally friendly products, and improving the standard of living in rural areas.

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Oleynikova, Irina, Tatyana Chernova, Tatyana Reshetilo, and Irina Yankina. "Urgent issues of estimation of problems and financial mechanisms of development of russian agrarian complex." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 13018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017513018.

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The key problems of development of agrarian business were analyzed. Low dynamic potential of renewal of production process, lowering of employment in agricultural business, people abandoning rural localities, and inefficient system of agricultural pattern are mostly those problems. Authors established that among financial instruments intended to solve those problems are the system of budget program special purpose funding and bank credit products and they are the target to implement project decisions in the field of agribusiness. Agricultural credit cooperation will allow solving effectively the problems of small-scale agricultural industries and farming. The dynamics of the financial institutions within the specified field was analyzed and measures to activate the development of agricultural credit cooperation areadvised.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural development Credit, Agricultural Organizations, Agricultural'

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