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1
Sathar, Zeba Ayesha, and Shahnaz Kazi. "Women’s Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.89-110.
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The paper explores the elements that constitute women’s autonomy in rural Pakistan. Hitherto most research on women’s status in Pakistan has either been restricted to proxy measures of women’s status generally or to the urban areas. Community or region, each of which has distinctive features, have an overriding influence on this subject. Northern Punjabi women have lower economic autonomy but greater mobility and decision-making authority than women in Southern Punjab. Gender systems at the village level are also important predictors of women’s autonomy. Economic class has a weak and ambivalent influence on women’s autonomy in rural Punjab. Class influences both education and employment of women, these remains the routes to empowerment in rural settings. While most women in rural areas contribute economically, the majority works on the household farm or within the household economic unit. These women do not derive any additional autonomy as a result of this contribution. Paid employment, though offset by other restrictions on poor women, offers greater potential for women’s autonomy. Education, on the other hand, has a lesser influence on female autonomy in the rural Punjabi context.
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Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar. "Holly Sims. Political Regimes, Public Policy and Economic Development: Agricultural Performance and Rural Change in the Two Punjabs. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 1988. 206 pp. Rupees (Indian) 175.00. (Hardbond Edition)." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i2pp.190-196.
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The book under review is a comparative study of agricultural development in the Indian (East) and Pakistani (West) Punjab. Although the growth of agricultural output and productivity in the two Punjabs was about the same between 1950 and 1965, it became significantly higher in East Punjab than West Punjab in the period that followed, with the result that the Indian Punjab enjoyed productivity levels in 1985 which were double those of the Pakistani Punjab. As the two Punjabs offer a sort of laboratory to gauge the agro-ecological conditions as well as the language and cultural traditions, any differences in their development experience must be explained by reference to the divergent economic policies towards agriculture followed there. Sims thinks that development experiences of the two Punjabs can be attributed to a political dichotomy and the consequent role of the political leadership in the formulation of economic policies. In the case of Pakistan, the Muslim League lacked mass support in the rural areas. Its middle class forces and political institutions were weak, with a predominance of landed aristocracy and bureaucrats. As a consequence, there was hardly any zest for democratic rule. By contrast, the Congress Party, under the charismatic leadership of Nehru, enjoyed full support of the rural masses. At the national level, it was devoid oflanded interests and created a new administrative class to run government affairs.
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Zahid, Muhammad Sarwar, Abdul Qayyum, and Wasim Shahid Malik. "Dynamics of Wheat Market Integration in Northern Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.817-830.
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The economy of Pakistan is largely dependent on the agriculture sector which contributes about 21 percent to the GDP and employs about 43.4 percent of the labour force. Agriculture and agro-based industrial products contribute about three fourth of the total foreign exchange earnings from export [Pakistan (2007)]. About 66 percent of the population lives in rural areas of Pakistan and directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The welfare and participation of the rural population in the economy is therefore, central to the country’s progress. Despite the importance of agricultural sector in the national economy, there is a wide gap between food supply and demand due to low performance of agriculture [FAO (2000)]. The country is not producing enough commodities like wheat, rice and edible oil etc. to meet even the basic food needs of the population and as a consequence poverty is on the rise, particularly in the rural areas. In order to reduce poverty, agriculture has to grow faster and at a sustainable basis.
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Azid, Toseef, and Shahnawaz Malik. "Impact of Village-specific, Household-specific, and Technological Variables on Poverty in Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.793-806.
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Rural poverty remains a serious problem in Pakistan, with more than 30 percent of rural population living in absolute poverty. In rural Pakistan there is a big gap between rich and the poor. While the stake of competition for position and status concerns the rich, the struggle for survival in the midst of increasing crises embarrasses the poor. The rural poor—the pauperised class—are week and powerless with inadequate command over resources relative to needs. In fact, the polarisation process which is making the rich richer and poor poorer is a consequence of poverty. Neither the poor nor the outside well wishers have the power to break the vicious deprivation trap. It is consensus that rural social structure is responsible for rural underdevelopment.
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Orden, David, Abdul Salam, Reno Dewina, Hina Nazli, and Nicholas Minot. "The Impact of Global Cotton and Wheat Prices on Rural Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.601-617.
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The incidence of rural poverty in Pakistan increased during the late 1990s after having declined during the 1980s and early 1990s. A number of structural factors have been identified as contributing to rural poverty in Pakistan. Among them are low levels of health and education spending and the unequal of farmland distribution. These structural factors help explain the levels of poverty in Pakistan, but not the increase in poverty in the late 1990s. One hypothesis is that the increase in rural poverty is the result of an adverse trend in world commodity prices, particularly cotton, a major commercial crop, and other agricultural commodities such as wheat, rice, and sugar. The overall objective of this paper is to measure the impact of changes in world commodity prices on poverty in rural Pakistan, with particular focus on cotton prices and the main cotton producing districts of Punjab and Sindh provinces.
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Baig, Irfan Ahmad, Zarmina Batool, Asghar Ali, Sajjad Ahmad Baig, Muhammad Hashim, and Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman. "Impact of women empowerment on rural development in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Quality & Quantity 52, no. 4 (September 23, 2017): 1861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0572-x.
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Sabat, Ahmad, and Muhammad Shoaib. "Candidate Voters in Pakistani Punjab." Asian Survey 59, no. 6 (November 2019): 978–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.6.978.
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Candidate voters are a significant percentage of the electorate in Pakistani Punjab. Consideration of the last three National Assembly elections shows a consistent attitude: Punjabi voters care more about candidates than they do about political parties. Political parties attract voters in urban districts, but they rely on “electables” (candidates with strong personality and loose party affiliation) in semi-urban and rural districts.
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Malik, Shahnawaz. "Determinants of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: A Micro Study." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i2pp.171-187.
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Using micro survey data obtained from a Punjab village we study a large number of rural-specific and household-specific variables besides landholding, in an attempt to determine their role in raising levels of living of rural masses. We investigated the reasons as to how some of the landless households managed to escape poverty whereas some cultivating households failed to do so. The main factors responsible for this outcome were found to be favourable/unfavourable distribution by size of landholding, household size, educational attainment, dependency ratio, participation rates, female-male ratio, and age of the household head. The landless households escaping poverty, however, remained in a low-income category. Whereas our analysis highlighted the importance of institutional setting for a better distribution of assets and access to resources, at the same time it pointed to the fact that numerous non-farm activities also enable the rural households to generate incomes and thus avoid poverty.
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Saleem, Anila, Wajiha Raza Rizvi, and Maria Saleem. "Role of Radio Pakistan in Advancing Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).38.
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This doctoral study examines the role of Radio Pakistan in influencing socio-economic development in Central Punjab through its radio stations situated in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Sargodha by analyzing the policy, content and the format of the programs related to socio-economic development focusing on the social indicators of religion, healthcare, education, culture, and politics as well as economic indicators of agriculture, trade & business, small & medium enterprise, infrastructure, and China Pakistan Economic Corridor during 2008-2013. The research design of this study included the qualitative approach of research. Survey method from radio listeners of Radio Pakistan Lahore, Faisalabad and Sargodha. Although a lot of appreciable work has done by the radio which is the biggest source of information in rural areas but still more work is needed to be done. Through radio Pakistan, it is now easier for women to get an education without making opponents to their parents and strict family heads.
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Azid, Toseef, Muhammad Aslam, and Muhammad Omer Chaudhary. "Poverty, Female Labour Force Participation, and Cottage Industry: A Case Study of Cloth Embroidery in Rural Multan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 1105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.1105-1118.
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It is a well-known fact that cottage industries can play a significant role in the development of an economy like Pakistan. As it is observed that this industry is not required too much financing, imported and highly sophisticated technology. So the problems like deficit in public finance and balance of payments is not related with the growth and development of these industries. Simultaneously, high degree of female labour force participation in this sector has also been proved in the number of studies. Which seems to be helpful in the process of reduction of poverty especially in the rural areas. The Southern Punjab especially its rural areas are comparatively less prosperous than the other parts of Punjab. A number of female workers can be seen in the rural areas of Southern Punjab. The concentration of these workers is in few traditional areas and is characterised by the low technology and low production levels. These areas are typically those, which require skills that are basically the extension of household skills or which reflect a specific educational and employment experience of women. It has also been observed that women’s income of the rural areas of Southern Punjab are more likely than their male partners to go towards meeting their family’s basic needs. These women spent most of their business income on the households, food, clothing and education of their children rather than reinvesting it in their business.
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Farooq, Umar, Trevor Young, and Muhammad Iqbal. "An Investigation into the Farm Households Consumption Patterns in Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i3pp.293-305.
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In the present study, the consumption data of paddy and wheat growing farm households were analysed using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, incorporating the household composition in addition to the usual price/income variables. Although the general restrictions of demand theory were rejected, the overall results were not seriously out of line of a priori expectations. All the own-price elasticities were negative and most of them were significant. Paddy and wheat were found to be gross complements in consumption whereas meat and pulses emerged as gross substitutes. Dairy products and meat were regarded as luxuries by the sample farm households and expenditure on these items was curtailed in response to any addition to household size. Significant quantitative dietary impacts were found associated with change in the age composition of farm households. A more detailed analysis of consumption behaviour of rural families may be merited; this may explore alternative groupings of consumption goods, additional socio-economic factors or use of panel data.
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Rafiq, Muhammad. "Analysing Educational Waste in the Punjab Schools." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.581-592.
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This paper examines educational waste in the Punjab Public Schools. The paper focuses upon three areas: schools’ internal efficiency, school capacity utilisation and student teacher ratio. By using cohort analysis technique, the paper measures waste in flows of students in the education cycle. The results show that repetition and dropout are more prevalent in class I and middle school classes. This implies that after having studied for five to six years in schools, a student finds themselves in a blind alley, not knowing where it all would end up. This also suggests that majority of the schools are located at large distance from the most of the population of the Punjab and students have to travel long distance for attending the schools. The under-utilisation of school capacity is more prevalent in rural area than that of urban areas and girls schools are more under-utilised than the boys schools. The under-utilisation is more widespread in boys schools of urban areas than the girls schools located in same vicinity and girls school in rural areas are more under-utilised than the boys schools. The pervasive theme emerged from results is that girls schools and teachers are mostly under-utilised. This reflects that disadvantage that girls face in Pakistan which may also cause under-utilisation of girls schools.
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Ahmad, Ishtiaq, Muhammad Bashir Khan, and Fatima Farooq. "Infrastructure and Households' Incomes in Pakistan: A Cross Province Comparative Analysis of Rural Areas." Review of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v2i1.122.
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Lack of earning opportunities in rural areas of developing countries is the key constraint to rural development and infrastructure has the force to increase such activities. Hence, this study attempts to summarize status of rural infrastructural development along with exploring its role for enhancement of rural household's income in Pakistan. On the basis of "Pakistan 2008 MOUZA Statistics", a cross-province comparative analysis points out devastated state of rural infrastructural development in Pakistan which is observed to be miserable on account of skewed distribution while favouring Punjab and depriving Balochistan. This study also exploits income generation model based on production function while including infrastructure as external factor with the hypothesis that it has multiplier effect on incomes. For this purpose Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) for the year 2005-06 is used for rural areas only, which is latest in the sense that information on rural communities is uniquely available in this dataset. On the basis of analysis using log-lin functional form it has been concluded in this study that even infrastructural development has a positive role for rural households' incomes but its role is secondary in comparison to other attributes i.e. household size, livestock holdings, head's gender, age and education. It is further established that for rural households' income even infrastructure for energy provision is most important but infrastructural need for different regions is different.
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Amjad, Rashid, G. M. Arif, and Usman Mustafa. "Does the Labor Market Structure Explain Differences in Poverty in Rural Punjab?" LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a9.
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The main focus of this study is Rural Punjab and it contributes to regional poverty research in two ways; first, using a more recent household survey data, carried out in August 2007 by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), it provides fresh poverty estimates for the rural areas of the Punjab. Second, the poverty differential across the agroclimatic zones of Punjab have been explained by urbanization, overseas migration and the labor market structure operating in these zones. This study shows four major factors that explain inequalities in poverty levels. First, the rural areas of two zones, barani and rice/wheat, are well integrated with urban settings. This integration has allowed their rural populations to work in the industrial sector of Central Punjab and the services sector in North Punjab primarily Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Second, the belt from Lahore to Attock in the Punjab has benefited the most from overseas migration. The flow of remittances has helped in reducing poverty levels. Third, the cotton/wheat and low intensity zone still largely depend for employment on the agricultural sector while this dependency is very low in the barani zone, which has good opportunity to seek job opportunities for its labor force in the armed services and government departments. Finally, demographic and social factors including education are less favorable in the cotton/wheat and low intensity zones which negatively impacts on a breakthrough in poverty reduction.
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Waheedi, Seemi. "Analysis of Issues on Micro Credit—The Case of Two Villages in Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 723–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.723-750.
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The phenomenon of poverty was felt and observed more during the decade of 1990s, as the overall growth slowed down. While the slowed economic growth and recessionary trends contributed to poverty, the trickle “down effect” once thought, to improve living conditions, did not reach the lowest level owing largely to lack of accessibility of institutions, unjust and non-poor policies. For these reasons, in Pakistan during the decades of 60s and 80s, when the country experienced high growth rates of 6-7 percent, 34 percent of people still lived below the poverty line. Socio-economic development, improving the quality of life in general and of rural poor in particular, welfare have been the prime stated goals of government. Therefore, rural development programmes, such as, Village-Aid, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Peoples Works Programme, Tameer-e-watan Programme, Prime Minister’s Five Points Programme etc. were introduced to improve farm productivity, which would consequently improve incomes and quality of life of rural poor. This was done through the Department of Local Government and Rural Development. Little impact on the life of the rural poor, however, was observed partly because these were administered through closed, immutable and cloistered institutions of government which are not accessible and responsive to the needs of poor. Also, the lack of focus on community participation and need for it was evident. As these programmes were managed through government departments these lacked flexibility and out-reach. The approach of administering was fixed, rigid and lacked professionalism.
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Baig, Irfan Ahmad, Rai Niaz Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad Baig, and Asghar Ali. "Rural Business Hub: Framework for a New Rural Development Approach in Rain-Fed Areas of Pakistan—A Case of Punjab Province." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 215824401988513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019885133.
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The purpose of this article is to present a framework that could be used to achieve the objective of sustainable rural development in a community which is characterized by high numbers of smallholders, landless peasants, and unskilled or semi-skilled labor ultimately leading to low productivity and high rates of poverty. The study presents a design inspired by “Saemaul Undong” (New Village Movement) of South Korea. The proposed model is based on proposing a four-tier approach for the working of the village-level cooperatives which will be self-reliant through a network connection to the national and international markets. Existing studies and surveys in Punjab province of Pakistan have established that rural areas are often lacking essential facilities that affect the abilities of these areas to retain skilled manpower thus leading to resource drain and negatively impacting the agricultural productivity. The proposed Village-City Model, “VCM,” was designed to strengthen the local infrastructure and built interest-based cooperatives to develop an environment which can sustain the benefits of higher productivity and translate these into better livelihoods. It is proposed that farmer-centered cooperatives with appropriate institutional arrangements could result in developing village-based cities where skilled manpower can exert to in better resource use efficiency, access to market coupled with rural finance schemes to enhance resource base and access to technology. The cooperatives experience is considered as a bitter experience in Pakistan. However, the analysis of failures of cooperatives in Pakistan revealed many bottlenecks which have been addressed through indigenization of Saemaul Undong.
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Nisar, R. D. "Impact of UNDP’s Initiated Projects on Socio-Economic Development of Women: A Study of Rural Punjab, Pakistan." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 7, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2020-7-3-272-284.
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Women are half of the worlds total population. Their condition around the globe is drastic. Womens empowerment is much underscore issue of the 21st century. The West, which got phenomenal prosperity, is a direct result of empowering their women. It is a proven fact that without empowering the half of the population, a country cannot achieve prosperity in any field. Several governmental and non-governmental organizations are working intensively on womens empowerment issue, but the United Nations (UN) contributions are above all, as its charter ensures the basic rights of women. During the last two decades, the UN has held many conferences, seminars and workshops on women rights to launch a global strive. A number of the UN agencies are working on this issue, but most effective work on womens empowerment has been carried out by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). It works throughout the world by advocacy, partnerships, and provides technical support and financial aid to government and non-governmental organizations. In Pakistan, women are 51.73 percent of the total population. The condition of female population specifically in rural areas is adverse. Women are deprived of their basic human rights, and the literacy ratio among women is also alarmingly low. Being a developing state, Pakistan depends upon financial aid and technical support from international agencies. After the 18th amendment to the Constitution, provinces receive all sorts of aid directly from the donor agencies. The UNDP operates throughout the country known as the UNDP Pakistan. Because of dire situation in rural areas, the UNDP is working for rural uplift. This study has highlighted the socio-economic impacts of UNDP initial program on women in detail.
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Tahir, Pervez. "Poverty, Feudalism, and Land Reform— The Continued Relevance of Iqbal." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.967-972.
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After half a century of development experience, one-third of the population of Pakistan today is condemned to struggle below the poverty line, howsoever defined. In absolute terms, this size of the population of the poor is larger than the total population of [West] Pakistan at the time of independence in 1947. The incidence of rural poverty is greater than in urban areas. Iqbal died nine years before the state of Pakistan was established in 1947 and 2 years before the adoption of the Lahore Resolution in 1940. Territorially, the present-day Pakistan is closer to Iqbal’s idea of the Muslim State presented in his famous presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League held at Allahabad in 1930: “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single State” [Brelvi (1977), p. 63]. The same, however, would be hard to say in regard to his vision of economy and society. Poverty as a problem, feudalism as the cause and land reform as a solution formed the most important part of this vision.
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Luqman, Muhammad, Muhammad Yaseen, Saleem Ashraf, Muhammad Umer Mehmood, and Mujahid Karim. "Factors influencing use of information and communication technologies among farmers in rural Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Agricultural Extension 23, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v23i2.11.
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SULEHRI, MUHAMMAD ANWAR. "MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 06 (November 3, 2012): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.06.2462.
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Background: The Maternal mortality rate in Pakistan remains unacceptably high Objectives: To study the awareness ofimmunization and breast feeding and the utilization of family-planning methods by the women of rural districts of Punjab, Pakistan. StudyDesign: A Cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted in Vehari and Chakwal districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Period: May-July2010. Methodology: A total of 100 women were included in the study. Data was collected, cleaned, tabulated and analyzed. Results: Amongthe hundred sampled women 58 (58%) were educated, and the commonly involved age group in the sample was 21-30 year accounting for59% of the women. Among these 61% of the women have visited a family planning center, while the contraceptive prevalence rate (CRP) IS39%. Thirty eight (54%) out of the 70 multi-parous women have given birth with an interval of approximately 2 years. Only 6 (8.75%) have anoptimum (safe) interval of 3 years. Among the total 90 child bearing women 74(82.22%) have got vaccinated their children, 46 (62.16%) ofthese are completely vaccinated according to the information obtained from the EPI vaccination cards. Among the 13(17.56%) who haven’tvaccinated their children 10 (62.5%) complained of lack of awareness regarding the importance of vaccination. Five (31.25%) complained ofinaccessibility to the BHU. Out of the 90 interviewed women 61 (67.7%) were vaccinated with tetanus toxiod during pregnancy. 82 (82%)women are aware of the benefits of breast feeding. 88(97.7%) out of total 90 child bearing women have breast fed their children with thepercentage decreasing to 83.33% after 6-11 months of age and only 39(43.33%) counting breast till 1.5-2year (optimum age) of age.53(58.88%) started weaning their child between 6-11 months of age. Direct causes of Neonatal Deaths were, 30% birth asphyxia and injuries,35% due to infections (tetanus, sepsis , pneumonia, diarrhea), 20% due to complication of pre-maturity, 5% congenital anomalies and 20% dueto other causes. Conclusions: There’s a need for mass education regarding EPI and it’s compliance so that the target set under MDGs isachieved. Though women of the rural areas are aware of the advantages of breast feeding there is a lot of variation in the duration that thechildren are breast fed and weaned, so there is a need for the provision of standardized nutritional to the mothers by the health workers.
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Iqbal, Nasir, and Saima Nawaz. "Spatial Differences and Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Poverty." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i3pp.221-248.
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The study aims to develop health poverty index (HPI) using the Alkire Foster (AF) Method for Pakistan based on district representative data obtained from Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2012-13. Using HPI, this study investigates the spatial differences of health poverty at sub-national level and explores the socioeconomic determinants. The analysis reveals that the headcount health poverty is 41 percent in Pakistan. Further, the ratio is very high in rural areas (50 percent) as compared to urban areas (22 percent). Provincial analysis shows that Punjab is the least poor province (36 percent) while Balochistan is the poorest province (62 percent). The majority of the households are deprived in term of cost of health services, post-natal care and child immunisation. Empirical analysis shows that income, regional variation, education and awareness play very important role in explaining health poverty. To eradicate health deprivation, area and dimension specific policies are required to make efficient use of scarce resources. JEL Classification: I12, I32, J18 Keywords: Health Poverty, Spatial Analysis, Alkire Foster Method
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Cornelisse, Peter A., and Hans De Kruijk. "Consumption and Trade of Wheat and Flour in Pakistan - The Role of Public and Private Sectors." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i2pp.151-171.
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This article, the second of two articles In this Review on the operation of the wheat market in Pakistan,- describes the various sources from which consumers in the Punjab, Sind and the NWFP obtain wheat and flour. There appear to be considerable differences in the patterns of wheat provisioning, if consumers are distinguished by province, rural and urban areas and household income. Further, an evaluation is made of the performance of private traders in wheat- and flour-markets. These findings are then used to examine whether the position of self-sufficiency in wheat, which the country has recently achieved, provides arguments for revising the wheat-market policies adopted during a period when the situation was much less favourable.
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Battese, George E., Hina Nazli, and Melinda Smale. "Factors influencing the productivity and efficiency of wheat farmers in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2013-0042.
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Purpose Scientists in Pakistan are currently developing biofortified wheat varieties to address widespread zinc deficiency, especially among women and children in poorer rural households. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the productivity and efficiency of small-scale and marginal wheat farmers can be improved so that their households may benefit from zinc-fortified varieties. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate a stochastic frontier production function model with data from a survey of wheat farmers conducted in Punjab, Pakistan in 2011. Findings The productivities of the newer varieties of wheat were significantly greater than the older varieties, as expected. Farmers growing wheat in the rice-wheat and cotton-wheat zones tend to be more efficient than farmers from the mixed zone. Farmers who wait to adopt a leading variety are not less efficient than earlier adopters, but the longer the time until they switch varieties again, the more inefficient is their wheat production. Older farmers tend to be more technically inefficient than younger farmers, but the effect of education is not statistically significant. Wheat farmers with access to extension advice are more efficient. Farmers whose land suffered from severe salinity or severe toxicity are less productive and less efficient than others. Research limitations/implications The authors find no differences in technical inefficiency effects associated with growing the four most popular varieties, either grown alone or with other varieties – suggesting that no single leading variety should be targeted for biofortification. In contrast to some earlier studies, the authors find that small-scale farmers tend to be less technically efficient. This result underscores the need to specifically target this group in promotional programs, and also to complement these with reinforcement of agronomic recommendations. Originality/value This project is part of the HarvestPlus program to determine the appropriate variety or varieties to biofortify with zinc so that Pakistan’s population can have better health and well-being. Further, the results show that there it is desirable to undertake further studies to improve the productivity and efficiency of wheat farmers in the Punjab, Pakistan to increase the health and well-being of the population in general.
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Mohammad, Faiz. "Wealth Effects of the Green Revolution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.489-513.
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It can hardly be denied that since the late Sixties, the introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of a number of commodities, along with tube well irrigation and chemical fertilizers, has significantly improved the overall agricultural productivity in Pakistan [12; 15]. However what is still being debated is the effect of this phenomenon, generally termed "Green Revolution", on rural income distribution in a country where ownership and control of productive resources are far from evenly distributed. I Studies by Khan [13] and Chaudhry (7] in particular have generated a great deal of interest in this subject because of their conflicting conclusions. Khan, on the basis of his study of the Punjab and Sind, concludes that the Green Revolution, while generally being beneficial, did not benefit the small farmer as much as it did the large farmer? As a result, it led to a widening of inter-farm and inter-regional income inequalities. According to him, new varieties, which were relatively more profitable, were adopted more widely by large farmers than by the small ones. Similarly, compared with small farmers, large farmers had greater access to, and control of, modern inputs, institutional credit and tractorized farm power; enabling them to gain still more from the new technologies.
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Memon, Junaid Alam. "Fareeha Zafar. Canals, Colonies and Class: British Policy in the Punjab 1880- 1940. Lahore, Pakistan: Lahore School of Economics. 2017. xxii + 317 pages. Price not given." Pakistan Development Review 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v58i1pp.105-106.
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Fareeha Zafar’s book Canals, Colonies and Class: British Policy in the Punjab 1880-1940 is essentially an edited reproduction of her PhD thesis, The Impact of Canal Construction on the Rural Structures of the Punjab: The Canal Colony Districts, 1880 To 1940. The thesis was completed about 35 years ago at the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London (now SOAS, the University of London). She studies the British colonisation process in the Punjab and its effect on the local environment, the production patterns, and social relations, understanding that despite several similar studies on the region, no serious effort had been made to synthesise these issues the way she does in this book. However, in the form of a new book, the synthesis does not add much value as it reiterates the British colonisers’ well-known strategies, namely irrigation development as a tool to settle disarmed forces and nomads and, thereby, strengthening a class of local landed elite to maintain their power in the colonies, their revenue-seeking policies, indebtedness of the landed class and alike. Nevertheless, considering the timing of the original contribution, the book, if read together with the contributions such as Khuhro (1978/1999) and Cheesman (1997), provides a relatively rich description of geographers’ analyses of the British policies, their intentions, and their effects.
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Akram, Nida, Muhammad Waqar Akram, Hongshu Wang, and Ayesha Mehmood. "Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural Development?" Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143925.
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The current study aims to investigate the agricultural investment differences among three kinds of land lease agreements and their effect on farmers’ decisions regarding sustainable growth in terms of soil conservation and wheat productivity, using cross-sectional data from rural households in Punjab, Pakistan. The “multivariate Tobit model” was used for the empirical analysis because it considers the possible substitution of investment choices and the tenancy status’ endogeneity. Compared to agricultural lands on lease contracts, landowners involved in agribusiness are more likely to invest in measures to improve soil and increase productivity. Moreover, the present study has also identified that the yield per hectare is much higher for landowners than sharecroppers, and thus, the Marshall’s assumption of low efficiency of tenants under sharecroppers is supported.
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Padawangi, Rita. "Community-driven development as a driver of change: water supply and sanitation projects in rural Punjab, Pakistan." Water Policy 12, S1 (March 1, 2010): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.116.
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This paper examines the question: how effective is a community driven development (CDD) approach to rural water supply? Some theoretical advantages of CDD approaches include: (1) community choices are more attuned to local needs; (2) sustainable O&M is more likely; (3) social capital is built; (4) more participation yields better oversight and less corruption; and (5) communities become active partners in development, itself a worthy objective. Using quantitative and qualitative data from a water supply and sanitation project in Punjab, Pakistan, the study finds that the CDD approach, consistent with expectations, has done well in extending water supply, drainage, and sanitation coverage to the poor rural communities, and demonstrated outcomes that are only achievable through CDD—including water tariff and cultural changes. The project was also effective in promoting local participation and ownership, particularly by women's groups, and is therefore likely to have sustainable operation and maintenance (O & M). This study uncovers two dimensions of CDD in water and sanitation as means to an end: political reform, by proposing implementation strategies of decentralisation; and cultural reform, by providing an approach to break cultural barriers.
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Mehmood, Asif. "Postcolonial Land Governance in Pakistan: Exclusionary Practices on State-Owned Farms." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019843708.
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Current developments in Pakistan highlight the unresolved issue of proprietary rights for long-standing tenants of state-owned farms comprising thousands of acres in various districts of Punjab. The pendulum of state response to the hereditary claims of people who have lived and worked on this land for generations swings presently towards expropriation, rather than respect for rural people’s basic rights. The scenario is further complicated because the military is a significant party to these disputes. This article scrutinises the handling of these protracted disputes over land rights and identifies emerging patterns of land governance in Pakistan that will alter the future relationship of these farmers with the government. The article shows that in this specific case, the problems are not merely a continuation of traditional local feudal powers, but now relate to new postcolonial realities, especially Pakistan’s economic co-operation with China.
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Ghayur, Sabur. "Employment Pattern and Extent of Under-utilisation of Manpower in Rural Baran; Areas of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1225-1233.
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The barani (rain-fed) region accounts for about a fifth of the cultivated area in Pakistan. It has the potential to significantly increase crop production levels. Similarly, considerable scope exists in this area for the development of forests, fruit and vegetable gardening, pasture and stock rearing. Most of the natural resources are also found in this tract. Its hilly areas possess a vast potential for tourism. Besides, significant opportunities exist for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. An optimum utilisation of all this potential, obviously, is employmentgenerating and income-augmenting. Despite all such realisations this region as a whole, unfortunately, is identified as the least attended to area in terms of provision of socio-physical infrastructure, other development programmes and, even, research work. This led to a deterioration of the employment situation in the barani region as a whole. A poor information base and analysis thereof on employment and manpower related variables is also the consequence of such a treatment to this area. I This paper, using the data of a field survey, tries to fill, though partly, the vacuum on employment and related variables in the rural barani region. An attempt is made here to record and analyse the labour force participation rates, employment pattern (main economic activities) and unemployment/underemployment levels prevailing in the rural baran; areas of the provinces of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).
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Mustafa, Khalid, Zulfiqar Ahmad Gill, and Rashid Naeem. "Rural Institutions and Planned Change in Agriculture: A Comparative Perspective in Two Punjabs." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.1155-1176.
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Agricultural change in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs has been brought about by their respective governments through formal organisations—cooperatives, credit banks, agriculture departments and/or special interest groups at the local level. The changes produced during 1960s and in subsequent period were dramatic but unsettling. Many have argued that the achievement of agricultural change in the region has depended to an important extent on the effectiveness of rural institutions in executing their role as agents of planned change.1 The present paper seeks to review the debate on the role of rural institutions in producing social and economic changes in the agrarian sectors of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs and present some of the data which have stimulated this debate. The paper commences with an overview of the agrarian change in the two Punjabs. Then the programmes of planned change in the two regions are described, and the particular institution of change—cooperatives, credit banks, agricultural departments etc. are discussed in detail. At the specific level, the study aims at delineating the role played by rural institutions in initiating, stimulating, sustaining or retarding change in agriculture sectors of the two Punjabs. The role of rural institutions as a policy instrument for the promotion of agricultural expansion is examined. And finally the paper points out the implications of the past experience for the future role of rural institutions in the two Punjabs.
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Haq, Rashida. "Shocks as a Source of Vulnerability: An Empirical Investigation from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i3pp.245-272.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the incidence of different types of shocks in rural Pakistan and identify the household characteristics that are associated with this phenomenon. It is observed that one-third of households experience an adverse shock, be it natural/agricultural, economic, social or relating to health. The natural/agricultural shocks have major share in the total burden of shocks while the households‘ coping mechanism is overwhelmingly informal and largely asset-based. The poorest of the households adopt behaviour-based strategies like reducing food consumption, employ child labour, work more hours etc. Overall, households of with less educated heads, high dependency ratio, large household size, low welfare ratio, farm household, ownership of land and residing in south Punjab or Sindh are more vulnerable to suffer shocks, particularly of income. Vulnerability in terms of a decline in consumption is observed for households who are hit by natural/agricultural or health shocks. For all these reasons, a gradual shift from traditional emergency relief measures towards ex-ante actions to reduce and mitigate hazard impacts should be encouraged along with non- exploitative credit and more effective safety nets. JEL Classification: C21, C25, I32 Keywords: Shocks, Vulnerability, Poverty
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Cheema, Ali, and Muhammad Farooq Naseer. "Historical Inequality and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: The Dynamics of Change in Rural Punjab." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, Special Edition (September 1, 2013): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a9.
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We analyze educational attainment over three generations in rural Punjab, Pakistan, to determine if the fruits of post-independence development have translated into comparable rates of educational and social opportunities for all strata in the village economy. We show that the differences in class status institutionalized at the time of colonial village settlement lead to a sustained divergence in the rate of intergenerational educational mobility, with limited mobility for nonproprietary and marginalized groups compared to proprietary groups. Inter-class differences in the rate of mobility are higher in proprietary landed estates where the colonial state had concentrated land rights and governance in the hands of landowners compared to crown estates that had a more egalitarian arrangement of land rights and governance. We find that the divergence in inter-class mobility is worrying, so much so that the current generation of marginalized households appears to have fallen a generation behind in terms of educational attainment, even though it resides in the same villages as the proprietary households.
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Mukhtar, Umar, Zhangbao Zhong, Beihai Tian, Amar Razzaq, Muhammad Naseer, and Tayyaba Hina. "Does Rural–Urban Migration Improve Employment Quality and Household Welfare? Evidence from Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114281.
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Urban migration unlocks new employment opportunities for rural dwellers in a productive manner. This study assessed the quality of employment of migrant workers, and its effect on rural households’ welfare. To this end, we used primary data collected from the four major districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. These data include 504 immigrant and non-immigrant families in rural areas, and 252 migrant workers in urban destinations. We use IV probit and two-step sequential estimation methods for the empirical analysis. The study provides new insights for migration in Pakistan. First, migrant workers are better off in their new urban settings in terms of improved incomes and living conditions, but their social protection status is still poor. Second, the results of the employment quality models show that migration is a successful strategy for rural households to improve the quality of their employment. In addition, the characteristics of migrants and native households affect the relative improvement in the quality of employment and migrants’ conditions. Third, the results of the propensity score matching technique suggest that migration has a positive impact on rural households’ income, and these impacts are more pronounced in large cities. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should invest in quality education in rural areas, and ensure that social security schemes are provided for migrant workers in urban areas.
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Nawaz, Iqra, Ashfaq Ahmed Maan, Izhar Ahmad Khan, and Babar Shahbaz. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON JOB SATISFACTION OF NURSES WORKING IN RURAL AREAS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9413.
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Purpose of the study: The current study has explored the effect of different dimensions of organizational culture on the job satisfaction of nurses working in the rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan.
Methodology: Present study used a cross-sectional, face-to-face approach. The researcher collected data from 452 nurses working at tehsil headquarter hospitals and rural health centres across Punjab with the help of an interview schedule. The effect of culture on the job satisfaction level of nurses Investigated with the help of Multiple regression techniques.
Main Findings: The analysis showed a 52% variation in job satisfaction because of the culture. Values and belief systems, feedback systems, innovation, growth and development opportunities, relationship patterns, autonomy, work environment were the significant determinants of job satisfaction. Whereas the facilities, communication, and vision were the nonsignificant determinants of job satisfaction in the present study.
Application of this study: The current research will be helpful to understand the prevailing culture of health care organizations. That will help the administrators and policymakers to understand the different factors which are responsible for low productivity.
Novelty /originality of this study: The study is novel in organizational studies because it adopts a holistic approach to consider all the significant components of culture.
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Hussain, Akmal. "Participatory Development Praxis: A Case Study from Pakistan’s Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 1361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.1361-1372.
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A programme, which began with the goal of overcoming poverty in rural Punjab within a decade, is historically unprecedented in this province for both its magnitude and complexity of effort. It was therefore clear from its inception that the PRSP would have to bring together a talented team of managers, each of whom could combine creativity with commitment. The challenge was to create a work culture in which this creativity and commitment could be sustained through an intensive work schedule and collective synergy. Since we were facing a unique set of circumstances in each of the eight regions where we started work, it was necessary to develop a management system that permitted sufficient space to each member of the team for independent thought and action, while at the same time, creating an environment for collective reflection and conceptualisation through which we could deepen the quality of social action. This report attempts to present the principles underlying the initial management style and work procedures of PRSP, while also reporting on the strategic plan we devised through initial field visits, the objectives we specified for the programme and the remarkable results that were achieved in the first four months.
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Khan, Mohsin, Jetnor Kasmi, Abdul Saboor, and Iftikhar Ali. "A Comparative Analysis of the Government and NGOs in Delivering Quality Services for the Rural People of Pakistan: Community Perspectives." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 30, no. 1-2 (December 2020): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120977260.
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Often the government and the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are criticised for their poor performances in delivering services particularly in rural areas. However, there has been limited research on the assessment of their relative performances in service delivery as well as on the perceptions of people on the quality of such service delivery. This study examines the relative performances of NGOs and the governmental development interventions that provide basic services including public health, education, drinking water and sanitation. The study explains the impact of agricultural extension services and infrastructure such as access to roads and markets on the rural people and measures the satisfaction level of the rural community. For this purpose, 225 households (HHs) in 8 villages of Phalia Tehsil, district Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan were first surveyed in 2010 and then in 2014 using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal different satisfaction levels of HHs, with most of them expressing less satisfaction on government service delivery compared with NGOs. They reveal satisfaction over the performance of NGOs in health, drinking water supplies and agriculture extension services. Further, the study shows an increasing satisfaction of people on access to road, transport, agri-market and price of agri-commodities by the government.
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Chaudhry, M. Jamil. "The Adoption of Tubewell Technology in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1990): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i3-4pp.291-303.
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The use and adoption of indivisible techndogy are not restricted by ownership or class structure. We have found, however, that in 1972,-and still in 1980, though tubewells were owned by a minor fraction of total farm househdds (and predominan tly by the large and medium farmers), they were used by a substan tial proportion of farm households. Predictably, .the user-owner ratio was the highest in the case of the small farmers in all provinces. The relative importance of the small and medium farmers as owners of this techndogy increased over the period, particularly in the Punjab where tubewells are concen trated. The development of a hire market in tube well services has ~ven birth to a new entrepreneurial class in the rural areas. Inequalities in rural income are dwindling and benefits emanating from n\lW technology are shared. These conclusions are of vital importance because they negate the existing views and show that (i) the indivisibility of technology has not been a barrier to its adoption, and that (ii) the fact that the share of the small and medium farmers in the ownership of tubewells has increased gives support to the thesis that if a technology is profi table, farmers will adopt it where possible. Thus, the view that small farmers are conserva tive and resist change can no longer be sustained Further, it shows that the small and medium farm sector, in particular, holds the potential for investment in techndogy.
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Bibi, Somia, Tayyab Mumtaz Khan, Waqas Mehmood Zafar, Muhmmad Junaid Umer, Umama Fatima Iqbal, Muhmmad Awais Maqsood, Shahrukh Khan, Shafaq Khalil, and Madeeha Mumtaz. "Prevalence of Obesity and Impact of Menopause on It among Women of Rural Area of Punjab, Pakistan." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.682.
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Obesity is one of the major health public problems and it not only leads to serious and chronic diseases but also causes poor mental health. Although it is affected by number of factors including food, gender, socioeconomic status, and genetics but menopause is important in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was set to assess the prevalence of obesity and impact of menopause on it among women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was completed in about 3 months from August 2020 to October 2020 in a rural area of Punjab, Pakistan. 189 women were enrolled in our study according to agreed criteria of exclusion and inclusion. Women whose age was above 28 years and up to 58 years and who either had regular menstrual cycles or had cessation of menses from at least one last year were selected for study while women who either had irregular menstrual cycles or who were not willing to participate were excluded from study. Collection of data was accomplished via one self-structured proforma and WHO Classification of Weight Status which is based on BMI was also applied. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS version 25. Multiple statistical tests including Chi-square test, Independent Sample t-test, and One-Way ANOVA test were used to assess the study variables. Overall, our current study shows high prevalence (29.6%) of obesity among women, however, mean of BMI value was higher among postmenopausal women (27.53 SD of ±4.28) in comparison with premenopausal women (25.44 with SD of ±4.05) which means that postmenopausal women had higher risk of development of Obesity in comparison with premenopausal women. The association between obesity and menopause was statistically significant (p=0.0001). The difference of BMI mean value between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women was significant statistically (p=0.001). Significance difference was also noted in BMI mean value of across four grades of weight status (p=0.000). In a nutshell, overall prevalence of obesity is high among women and its even higher among postmenopausal women in comparison to premenopausal women which means menopause increases the obesity among women after menopause but process of development is so far vague.
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Ibrahim, Sabiha. "Anthropometric Patterns and Correlates of Growth Attainment in Under-five Pakistani Children." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i2pp.131-152.
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This study investigates the question whether socio-economic, demographic and environmental variables within a household will affect the growth patterns of under-five Pakistani children. It also examines whether there are differentials in the growth patterns of these children by age and gender. Using the 1990-91 Demographic and Health Survey data, the focus is on children under-five years, the total children identified were 5902 while anthropometric measurement to assess the growth status was available for 4079 children. The results showed that nearly all the socio-demographic, economic and environmental variables were significantly associated with H/A and Wt/A. Children most likely to be stunted and underweight were those whose mothers were aged 40-44 years, mothers with no education, children from rural areas and children with birth interval 24 months, mother’s age, her education and having toilet facilities in the house positively associated with growth attainment. For the Weight/A model succeeding birth interval >24 months, mother’s age, her education and having toilet facilities and electricity in the house, and living in Punjab and NWFP province positively associated with growth attainment. This study will be useful for policy-makers to develop programmes and guidelines needed to improve those socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors, responsible for the poor nutritional status of children under-five years of age in Pakistan.
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Ghalib, Asad K. "HOW EFFECTIVE IS MICROFINANCE IN REACHING THE POOREST? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON PROGRAMME OUTREACH IN RURAL PAKISTAN." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, no. 3 (June 27, 2013): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.639796.
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Microfinance has emerged on the global scale as a key strategy to reduce poverty and promote development. Most literature however, tends to concentrate on breadth as opposed to depth of programme outreach. This paper is based on a primary household survey of 1,132 respondents in the Punjab Province of Pakistan to assess which category of the poor is being served by microfinance institutions: are they the very poor, middle poor or less poor ones? In order to make comparisons, borrower (treatment) and non-borrower (control) households are ranked by poverty scores generated by employing Principal Component Analysis. The study reveals that the depth of poverty outreach is significantly lower than what has been claimed by lenders. The paper reflects on policy implications to enhance depth (as opposed to breadth) of outreach to address the needs of the ‘poorest of the poor’ in order to contribute meaningfully and effectively towards combating poverty.
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Sikander, Muhammad Usman, and Syed Ahsan Ahmad Shah. "Inter-District Inequalities in Social Service Delivery: A Rationalised Approach towards Funds Disbursement." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.881-899.
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For a less developed country, Pakistan has experienced a relatively high average per capita growth rate of 2.2 percent, for the period 1950-99 [Easterly (2003)]. Unfortunately, high growth rates have not trickled down sufficiently and the living condition of the general populace leaves a lot to be desired. The UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) report released in 2010, ranked Pakistan at 144th on the HDI, out of 178 countries [Wasif (2010)]. The HDI conceptualises poverty to be a multi-dimensional construct and considers adult literacy and life expectancy to be key indicators of the quality of life. Given, that Pakistan has experienced high growth rates but ranks so poorly on the HDI, clearly indicates that despite economic growth, the country faces serious challenges in social service delivery. The coverage of social services is limited and varies across different regions of the country. Easterly (2003) points out that in terms of adult literacy there is a huge variation across provinces and female literacy is only 3 percent in rural Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whereas it is 41 percent in urban Sindh. Zaidi (2005) shows that the situation is not much different in case of health outcomes. The study shows that across the country, nearly half of pregnant women suffer from anaemia and 35 percent of children under age five are malnourished. Moreover, the numbers for infant mortality vary across provinces considerably with urban Punjab having an infant mortality of 70.6 per 1,000 live births compared to the 120.6 of urban Balochistan.1
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Cheema, Ahmed Raza, and Mazhar Iqbal. "Determinants of Girl’s School Enrollment In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.138.
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The developing countries like Pakistan are facing the problem of low girls’ school enrolment rate. The study estimates the determinants of girls’ school enrolment by employing Binary Probit modal using the PSLM data 2010/11.The results show that though the education of both mother and father affect positively the girls’ school enrolment, yet the former affects it more as compared to the latter. The relationship between age of children and school enrolment is of inverted ‘U’ shaped. Foreign remittances and land ownership have more chances to affect the female school enrolment. School distance and poverty are major problems for female school enrolment. Further, females have more chances of school enrolment in urban areas as compared to rural ones. The results at provincial level reveal that mother’s education has more chances to affect the probability of girls’ enrolment in Sindh followed by Punjab as compared to KPK and Baluchistan. At a policy level government should pay more attention on girls’ school enrolment who are to become mothers tomorrow. The government should provide schools as near as possible to their homes. Free education should be provided especially for the poor. The ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development should be made more effective in searching out jobs abroad.
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Haq, Shamsheer ul, Ismet Boz, and Pomi Shahbaz. "Adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices and differentiated nutritional outcome among rural households: a case of Punjab province, Pakistan." Food Security 13, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01161-z.
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Faraz, Asim. "Food Security and Socio-Economic Uplift of Camel Herders in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Land Science 2, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): p8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ls.v2n2p8.
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This study belongs to project “Rural development by livestock extension education in Southern Punjab”. A survey was conducted in Multan and Muzaffargarh districts of Southern Punjab by using a pretested questionnaire to collect the information regarding food security and socio-economic status of cameleers in study area. It has been shown from the results that the socio-economic status of camel herders has improved a lot in last decade mainly due to the knowledge about camel and its products. Definitely camel plays an indispensable role in the food security of people of arid zone. Now the people are getting conscious about consuming the camel milk and products as in earlier time there was a taboo to use the camel products and the people did not get their taste developed. Due to increasing health reasons and by the initiatives taken by government departments the people are getting familiar with the camel products. Now the camel has shifted its place from “ship of the desert” and “beast of the burden” to a “food security animal” with great potential to produce a valuable product even in those areas of harsh climatic conditions where there seems difficult for the other domestic animals to produce. The camel herders value the ethno-veterinary practices and still use these for the treatment in camels. Mainly the camel browse on the roadsides but also stallfed with fodder by cut and carry system. The camel plays a pivotal role in the life sustainability of cameleers where they mainly depend on this specie for their livelihood. Hence; this is an integral part of pastoral ecosystem in arid, semi-arid and deserted lands.
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Lamontagne-Godwin, Dorward, Aslam, and Cardey. "Analysing Support Towards Inclusive and Integrated Rural Advisory Systems." Social Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8100295.
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Public Rural Advisory Services (RAS) have adapted to different socio-economic scenarios in politically diverse countries with the help of the third sector supporting dedicated RAS programmes. The Plantwise (PW) programme, led by the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) and designed to increase food security in over 30 countries, is a good example of a public/NGO partnership, although recent evaluations have questioned its impacts on gendered agricultural information access. This study aims to investigate Plantwise’s gender impacts from individual and institutional viewpoints, interviewing smallholder farmers and extension staff involved in and outside of, the Plantwise programme in Bahawalpur and Jhang district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. This serves to highlight the programme’s impacts on systemic processes which ultimately have the potential to contribute to gender-transformative change and a more efficient and sustainable RAS. Results show differences between extension workers in a PW district and a non-PW district and between plant doctors and non-plant doctors in a PW district, though none were significant from a gendered perspective. There were interesting findings highlighting the plant clinic’s capacity as an agent of change but the low turnout of women at clinics did not reinforce the clinics’ capacity for change from a female perspective. Information from systemic, male and female-specific analyses are important to consider for PW from a practical perspective, such as the importance of spiritual locations. This study into the Pakistani PW initiative also offers an opportunity to contribute to the growing body of academic literature on the individual and institutional impacts of international development programmes, helping to understand wider aspects of international development involvement in RAS. From a practical perspective, this study also enables PW and other international development initiatives to better understand and interpret stakeholders’ perceptions, highlighting the importance of design and investment in participatory approaches to enable longer term impacts, especially focused on gender. It will also help the PW programme assess and understand implementation challenges in order to attain impact on the ground and be a driver of positive change in the country.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Amjed, Muhammad Rizwan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Nazam, Abdus Samie, and Nasir Nadeem. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169084.
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Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.
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Barrs, J. "Factors contributed by community organizations to the motivation of teachers in rural Punjab, Pakistan, and implications for the quality of teaching." International Journal of Educational Development 25, no. 3 (May 2005): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2004.11.023.
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Jamshed, Ali, Irfan Ahmad Rana, Joanna M. McMillan, and Joern Birkmann. "Building community resilience in post-disaster resettlement in Pakistan." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-06-2019-0039.
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Purpose The extreme flood event of 2010 in Pakistan led to extensive internal displacement of rural communities, resulting in initiatives to resettle the displaced population in model villages (MVs). The MV concept is quite new in the context of post-disaster resettlement and its role in building community resilience and well-being has not been explored. This study aims to assess the role of MVs in building the resilience of relocated communities, particularly looking at the differences between those developed by governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Design/methodology/approach Four MVs, two developed by government and two by NGOs, were selected as case studies in the severely flood-affected province of Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 145 households from the four MVs was collected using a structured questionnaire to measure improvements in social, economic, physical and environmental domains and to form a final resilience index. Supplementary tools including expert interviews and personal observations were also used. Findings The analysis suggests that NGOs are more successful in improving the overall situation of relocated households than government. Core factors that increase the resilience of communities resettled by NGOs are provision of livelihood opportunities, livelihood skill development based on local market demand, training on maintenance and operation of different facilities of the MV and provision of extensive education opportunities, especially for women. Practical implications The results of this study can guide policymakers and development planners to overcome existing deficiencies by including the private sector and considerations of socioeconomic development whenever resettling communities. Originality/value In resilience discourse, resettlement of communities has been extensively debated based on qualitative arguments. This paper demonstrates an approach to quantify community resilience in a post-disaster resettlement context.
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Naveed, Muhammad Asif, and Asif Ali. "Health and Safety Information Behaviour of Coal Miners in Pakistan." Libri 71, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/libri-2019-0132.
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AbstractThis research investigated health and safety information behaviour of miners working at Makarwal Coal Mines, district Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. A survey method using a questionnaire was deployed for data collection from 136 coal workers. Descriptive statistics were applied for data analysis using SPSS. The results indicated that the miners’ information needs were cantered mainly on protection equipment, mining diseases, healthcare services, geological hazards, accidents associated with mining and modern mining techniques. These miners relied overwhelmingly on interpersonal relationships with fellow miners and friends for safety information followed by television and radio. A good number of the survey participants also utilized internet and social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, etc. as information source. There was little evidence of the use of audio/visual materials, seminar/workshops, associations, government agencies, and printed materials for information acquisition. Computer illiteracy, poor financial conditions, lack of time, language barriers, lack of awareness and knowledge about safety information and non-availability of relevant materials were perceived as the major constraints in acquiring safety information. The results will not only be useful for planning a need-based information infrastructure for miners but also for policymakers, NGOs and human rights organizations working for rural development and uplifting occupational health. This research contributed in the existing research on miners’ information behaviour as only a few studies appeared.
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S. Ibraz, Tassawar, and Anjum Fatima. "Uneducated and Unhealthy: The Plight of Women in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.905-915.
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The title of this paper is self-explanatory. It discusses underinvestment in female education and health and the deleterious effects this has on not only women themselves but on the future generation which women bring forth and nourish. This underinvestment is more pronounced in the rural areas of Pakistan where the bulk of the population resides and where low levels of education, lack of awareness and access to medical facilities pose a major threat to the development of a healthy and productive society. Combining macro-level data on population growth rates, female mortality and literacy with two micro-level studies based on extensive participant observation and in-depth interviewing in two Punjabi villages, the data presented in the paper aims to sensitise the readers of the realities of women's social existance and of the complexities of female neglect specifically in terms of education and health. The paper also highlights some of the dominant cultural notions regarding women which become instrumental in hampering women's access to education, information and other structures of power. The confinement of women to narrow domestic and powerless domains has far-reaching and negative consequences of which statistics portray a picture.