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1
Nova, Monika. "Community tourism – Development of rural areas in developing countries." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207043.
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Research background: Community-based tourism has become a very popular form of sustainable tourism in the world. Tourism is supposed to be developmental in nature benefiting the local community by improving the Quality-of-Life and the standard of living for locals and local commerce. It is therefore imperative to understand that the community around tourism development is important and has to be involved in the development from the initial planning of the development as the sole beneficiaries of the development. Purpose of the article: The aim of this work was to evaluate the prerequisites for the development of community-based tourism and Bridging the technology gap for community-based tourism projects in Cambodia. Methods: The theoretical part is focused especially on community-based tourism, its origin, history and possibilities of development. The practical part of the thesis consists of a descriptive part which characterizes the studied area from the point of view of living conditions and tourism, and, also, contains the results of analysis of interviews conducted conditions and tourism, and, also, contains the results of analysis of interviews conducted with the local people and person by the implementer during the stay in the Cambodia were analysed using the Grounded theory method. Findings & Value added: The result of the paper is to set the prerequisites for the development of community-based tourism and recommendations for a subsequent research.
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Awa, Awa Julius. "Participatory Approach in Project Management and Developement in Developing Countries." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p23-26.
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Community development and management in most developing countries especially in Africa has been retarded because the main participants which are the local people have been left out or neglected in the implementation of developmental projects by either governments or some developmental agencies Whereas, participatory approach is a method of conceiving projects in which all the stake holders have a say in decision making which has greatly been the canker-worm of developing countries. They are various types of participatory approaches which may include Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation (PAME) which could be analyzed as appropriate approach in realizing Community’s effort in developing countries and stresses the need for integration, participation and empowerment. With the application of these principles, the integration of various stake holders will enhances cross ‘sectoral’ harmonization of developmental objectives as well as increased coordination between agencies involved in the developmental process. Participation on its part gives the opportunity for consultation with those most directly affected which most at times are rural dwellers in developing countries; hence increasing the level of involvement of local people in the development process (Storey, 1999) and gives community members to take part in identifying priority areas, decision making and vulnerable groups to participate effectively in community development.
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Madon, Shirin. "Computer-based Information Systems for Decentralized Rural Development Administration: A Case Study in India." Journal of Information Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1992): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629200700104.
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Administrative reform currently being undertaken in a number of developing countries is focusing on the introduction of microcomputers as a tool for the decentralization of rural development administration. Experience to date concerning these efforts reveals that the key determinants of successful implementation of the technology are associated with organizational factors rather than hardware and software. However, these factors have been inadequately addressed in the literature on information technology in developing countries and empirical research drawing on experience of individual projects in developing countries is needed. To this end, this paper describes the case of the Computerized Rural Information Systems Project (CRISP) which is a government initiative to promote decentralization of rural development management in India. The interaction between formal, government-approved guidelines for rural development management and informal practice at the local level is examined. The findings reveal that the diffusion of technology has not been accompanied with changes to local work, decision and administrative processes.
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Magsi, Habibullah, Andre Torre, Yansui Liu, and M. Javed Sheikh. "Land Use Conflicts in the Developing Countries: Proximate Driving Forces and Preventive Measures." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i1pp.19-30.
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This research aims to analyse land use conflicts mainly caused by infrastructural development projects in the developing countries. For this purpose, qualitative data is gathered which is frequently published on land use conflicts against the development related infrastructure projects in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. It identifies and defines land use conflicts, their dynamic features and contestations. The results reveal as to how the conflicts have been germinated by the property and human right violators? Further, it also focuses on the governance roles and responsibilities, the institutional inconsistency towards justice, and the local population’s mistrust in the respective case study areas. The analysis concludes with an overview of the root causes and consequences of land use conflicts, by indicating as to how land use decisions for infrastructural settings have changed rural economy, and induced local population to displace and oppose the projects. Finally, the study proposes some preventive measures to manage such conflicts. JEL Classification: D74, O16, H54 Keywords: Conflict, Proximity Relations, Infrastructure, Developing Countries
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Monroy, Carlos Rodríguez, and Antonio San Segundo Hernández. "Strengthening financial innovation in energy supply projects for rural communities in developing countries." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 15, no. 5 (October 2008): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3843/susdev.15.5:8.
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Olaniyi, Oladokun Nafiu. "Crowdfunding as a Catalyst to Spur infrastructure Development in Rural Communities in Developing countries: Opportunities and Challenges." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(87).
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Rapid decline in commodities price and slow economy grow has increased stress on government budget at all level. The strain in government budget has in particular tremendous impact on rural communities. Deep understanding of the underlying issues makes it necessary for the adoption of innovative means of financing infrastructures. Crowdfunding has provided new tools for mobilizing funds to finance various projects globally. Effective utilization of this innovative financing tool has potential to enhance infrastructure development in rural communities. This paper explores the opportunities and challenges for effective mobilization of funds through crowddfunding for financing infrastructures in rural communities. The Finding of this paper is expected to identify the various models of crowdfunding and challenges in relation to its implementation in developing countries. Keywords: Crowdfunding; Infrastructure; Developing Countries
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Mir, Suheel Rasool. "COMMUNITY TOURISM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KASHMIR." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2018.515.
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Tourism is one of the world's fastest-growing industries, and for many countries, especially those in the developing world, it holds promising economic backing. Not only does tourism create job opportunities and possibilities for economic development, but it can also do so in regions having few other economic resources.. For these reasons, many countries, mainly in the developing world, have been proactive to build up tourism industries as part of national development strategies.
Although Kashmir is acknowledged as the heaven on earth because of its abundant charming spots and attractions despite that Jammu and Kashmir is an industrially backward state without a strong industrial stand. Community Based Tourism (CBT), a future prospect, is a sort of sustainable tourism that encourages pro-poor strategies at community level and helps to eliminate poverty in rural areas of Kashmir. CBT initiatives intend to involve local population in the management and supervision of micro tourism projects as a means of alleviating poverty and providing a substitute income source for community members. CBT initiatives also encourage respect for local traditions, culture and natural heritage. Tourism offers many advantages to rural communities. Community Tourism has potential and can be used as a strategy for Rural Development.
The present study will help to find out the importance of community tourism and rural development in the Valley of Kashmir. Finally some suggestions will be given so as to enhance community tourism development in Kashmir Valley.
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Mondal, Wali I. "Microcredit As A Tool For Rural Development: A Case Study Of Malaysia." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2011): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v8i1.6741.
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Malaysia is a prosperous country in Southeast Asia with two distinct geographical sections separated by the China Sea. Because the country has one of the lowest poverty rates of any developing country with 5.1 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, microcredit projects which are typically aimed at poverty alleviation, have not grown as rapidly as in other developing countries. However, microcredit and microfinancing lead to the growth of the microentrepreneur class in both rural and urban areas. Historically, of the 11 economic sectors of Malaysia, four sectors, namely Agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining and quarrying; Construction; and Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurant did not grow at the rate of other economic sectors. A significant amount of economic activities of these four sectors take place in rural Malaysia. This was confirmed by the results of a Shift-Share analysis conducted by the author for the period of 2000-2005 and later compared with similar statistics for 2010. Using these results and comparing the success of microcredit in other developing countries, a case is made for sustained investment in microenterprises throughout rural Malaysia in the four sectors noted above.
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Muluh, Gregory Nguh, Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi, and Ngwa Kester Azibo. "Challenges and Prospects of Sustaining Donor-Funded Projects in Rural Cameroon." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246990.
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For more than five decades, developing countries (including Cameroon) have been primary beneficiaries of donor-funded projects targeting many sectors, including agriculture and rural development. Cameroon’s rural landscape witnessed a series of project interventions which emphasized sustainability. Although research efforts have been directed towards understanding the planning, implementation and impacts of donor-funded projects, not enough scientific information exists on the determinants, challenges and prospects of sustaining donor-funded projects in rural communities in Cameroon. For this study, the Investment Fund for Communal and Agricultural Micro-projects (FIMAC I) scheme, was used to diagnose the determinants, challenges and prospects for sustaining development projects in the North West Region (NWR) of Cameroon. A representative sample of 150 beneficiaries drawn from 20 farming groups in the NWR was conducted, to generate data which was complemented by interviews. The binary logistic regression results reveal the following: Although there is a significant change in the level of incomes for the FIMAC I project beneficiaries, its sustainability (mirrored through continuity) is dependent upon a myriad of socio-economic factors including family size, length of stay in the community, gender, education and the status of the beneficiary. Furthermore, the less transparent loan application process and the lack of collateral security were the main challenges faced by project beneficiaries. We argue that the introduction of soft loans with minimal demands for collateral security could increase beneficiary participation in projects, while beneficiary groups should further diversify their sources of capital and productive activities. The study does not only contribute to existing theoretical constructs on sustainable rural development, but also makes a succinct request for future studies to unbundle the conditions, under which donor-funded projects are rendered sustainable in rural contexts.
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Stritzke, Susann, and Prem Jain. "The Sustainability of Decentralised Renewable Energy Projects in Developing Countries: Learning Lessons from Zambia." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133757.
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Decentralised renewable energy (RE) systems such as solar PV mini-grids (MG) are considered to be a cornerstone for the strategic achievement of the UN’s energy access goals in the developing world. Many of these systems implemented however face substantial technical, financial and social sustainability challenges which are also a recurring theme in the relevant literature. MG analyses however often lack detailed technical or financial data or apply ‘silo-approaches’ as a comprehensive review of MG case study literature presented in this article reveals. Consequently, this study aims to enhance the understanding of RE MG sustainability in the developing context based on the integrated evaluation of the technical, financial and social dimensions of MG operation through empirical data from community surveys on energy use from Uganda and Zambia and two in-depth MG case studies from Zambia. By presenting detailed technical and financial data in combination with energy consumer perception, the study aims to close existing data gaps on sustainable RE MG operation and offers an approach to evaluate and optimise the operational sustainability of an MG in its individual local context. The article finds that the complex rural community ecosystem is a central, but yet undervalued determinant of MG sustainability in rural developing contexts. The mismatch between energy affordability and MG tariffs threatens MG sustainability and the scaling of energy access projects if not addressed specifically during project development and implementation. Consequently, the article calls for a strategic inclusion of community-ecosystem parameters and MG planning based on realistic energy affordability levels and an added value approach that includes dynamic MG financing mechanisms and targeted measures to generate added value through energy consumption as integral parts of RE MG projects.
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Malik, Sohail J. "B. H. Kinsey. Agribusiness and Rural Enterprise. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1987.223 pp.ISBN 0-7099-1558-6. Hardbound. £25.00." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i1pp.96-99.
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The emphasis on rural employment generation as a means of poverty alleviation has brought about an increasing focus on the promotion of agribusiness and rural enterprises during the last few years. The concern about the distribution of the benefits of economic growth has further heightened its importance. The debate, which centred on the apparent trade-off between economic growth on the one hand and social equity on the other, was fuelled by the apparent "urban bias" of the strategies adopted in a majority of developing countries, and by the fact that poverty tended to be concentrated in the rural areas. The book under review, which the author terms in the "Preface" as a "manual", "is designed primarily for planners, public administrators, and project personnel in countries or international agencies implementing or considering a development strategy in which agribusiness and rural enterprise projects are viewed as desirable as a policy instrument for generating employment and income". The underlying premise is that a diverse and scattered but overwhelming evidence exists here of labour-intensive, small-scale, and relatively efficient enterprise system, the expansion of which would have a favourable impact on the employment and incomes of the rural landless and poor and provide beneficial linkages to the small-farm sector. There is a need, therefore, to distil from this evidence the lessons in project identification and design and implementation in order to achieve both growth and equity at the same time.
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Whittington, Dale, Jennifer Davis, Linda Prokopy, Kristin Komives, Richard Thorsten, Heather Lukacs, Alexander Bakalian, and Wendy Wakeman. "How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water supply systems doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru and Ghana." Water Policy 11, no. 6 (October 1, 2009): 696–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.310.
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This paper reports the main findings of a multi-country research project designed to develop a better understanding of the performance of community-managed rural water supply systems in developing countries. Data were collected from households, village water committees, focus groups of village residents, system operators and key informants in 400 rural communities in Peru, Bolivia and Ghana. Our findings suggest that the demand-driven, community management model, coupled with access to spare parts and some technical expertise, has come a long way toward unraveling the puzzle of how best to design and implement rural water supply programs in developing countries. In all three countries, rural water supply projects were working. Among the households included in our sample in Peru and Bolivia, 95% had operational taps at the time of our field visit. In 90% of the villages in Ghana, all project handpumps were still working. Not only had the rural water systems not broken down, but almost all the households in these communities were obtaining at least some of their water from the systems. However, some households were also still using water from other sources. In Ghana, 38% of households still reported using water from unprotected sources (e.g. springs, river, open wells) for drinking and/or cooking. Another troublesome finding is that rural households in the sample villages are paying very little for the improved water services and, as a result, the finances of many village water committees are in poor shape.
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Chamorro, Alondra, and Susan Tighe. "Development and Application of a Sustainable Management System for Unpaved Rural Road Networks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (September 15, 2019): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119864908.
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For the sustainable management of rural roads, social, institutional, technical, economic and environmental aspects should be considered under a long-term perspective. The current practice in developing countries is that only some of these key sustainable aspects are considered in the management process. In addition, rural roads maintenance management is commonly performed under a short-term basis, not considering the life-cycle costs and benefits in the economic analysis and project prioritization. This paper presents the development of a sustainable management system for rural road networks and its application in developing countries. The approach considers the development of a sustainable framework, application of a network-level condition evaluation methodology, condition performance models for gravel and earth roads, cost-effective maintenance standards, a long-term prioritization procedure that accounts for sustainable aspects, and a computer tool that integrates the system components. The management system has been applied and validated in two unpaved rural road networks in developing countries, located in Chile and Paraguay. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the impacts of input parameters in the performance of developed system. As a result of the research an adaptable and adoptable sustainable management system for rural networks has been developed to assist local road agencies in developing countries.
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Naik, Anant. "Lessons of Community Partnership in International Development." Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies 5, no. 2 (July 21, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/ijps.v5i2.1291.
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When it comes to international development, and more specifically rural development, effective partnership is of the utmost importance. The procedure for effective partnership should be streamlined, and should be aimed at involving and engaging the community partnership regardless of what service is being provided. From recent projects in various countries in Engineers Without Borders, I have compiled a series of vital lessons relating to developing and maintaining effective partnership with our most important stakeholders - the community in question. First, the community must have trust and a direct stake in the project’s success to ensure longevity. Second, the scope ought to be carefully set via a rigorous baseline study and managed through effective communication. Finally, an effective communication strategy must be constructed that adequately manages the community’s technological limitations, and cultural and language barriers.
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Chand, Vijaya Sherry, and Ketan Satish Deshmukh. "Addressing the undergraduate internship challenge in developing countries." Education + Training 61, no. 9 (October 3, 2019): 1064–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-12-2018-0254.
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Purpose The difficulties higher education institutions in developing countries face in finding adequate and relevant onsite student internship opportunities make a case for online internships. The purpose of this paper is to present an online internship model, developed over a two-year period, which challenged students to engage in learning-by-doing projects that addressed a key barrier in the implementation of ICT policies in public education, the paucity of audio-visual content in local languages. Design/methodology/approach The design of the model comprised the development of instructional videos by 340 interns, the evaluation of the videos by two interns and their testing by 31 interns through a field experiment using a between-subjects pre-test – post-test design in 54 schools. The process was repeated the following year with the field experiment replaced by the development of teaching manuals. The changes in reflective learning among 112 of the 119 interns who developed video content in this repeat round were assessed. Findings The field experiment found that the intern-developed videos improved Mathematics and Science scores among school students but not the attitudes to these subjects. Participation in online internships improved reflective learning. Research limitations/implications The evaluation of change in reflective learning is based on self-reported measures. Practical implications The online internship model presented in the paper can address concerns related to inadequate internship opportunities, while addressing gaps in public policy implementation by systems such as education, health and rural development. Originality/value The paper outlines the design of an online student internship model and a methodology for implementing it. The study indicates the feasibility of a low-cost, large-scale online model of internship.
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Mottaleb, Khondoker Abdul, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Gideon Kruseman, and Olaf Erenstein. "Evolving food consumption patterns of rural and urban households in developing countries." British Food Journal 120, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 392–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2016-0620.
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Purpose Population and income are growing rapidly in South Asia, spurring the demand for food in general, and the demand for higher-valued food items in particular. This poses particular food security challenges for densely populated and emerging countries, such as Bangladesh. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the increasing and changing cereal consumption pattern in developing countries using Bangladesh as a case. Design/methodology/approach Using Bangladesh’s Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2000, 2005a, b data, and applying a two-stage quadratic almost ideal system estimation procedure, the present study separately estimates the expenditure elasticities for rural and urban households for five food items: rice, wheat and rice and wheat products, pulses, fish and vegetables. Second, using the estimated elasticities, projected population and the per capita GDP growth rates, this study projects the consumption of the sampled food items by 2030. Findings This study demonstrates that in 2030 both rural and urban households in Bangladesh will consume more wheat, pulses and fish, but the urban households will consume less rice compared to the current levels of consumption in 2015. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on developing countries that examines the evolving food items consumption separately by rural and urban households. Using Bangladesh as a case, this study warns that with rapid urbanization and income growth, developing countries need to supply more wheat, fish and pulses. The provision of the maximum usage of scarce resources, such as arable land, the development and dissemination of improved varieties and the best management practices must be ensured to boost domestic food production in developing countries to cater to the future evolving food consumption.
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Kimengsi, Jude Ndzifon, Balgah Roland Azibo, and Akhere Solange Gwan. "Enhancing Community Participation for Rural Development in Central Ejagham of Cameroon: Challenges and Prospects." International Journal of Community Development 4, no. 1 (August 18, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11634/233028791503745.
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Community participation in rural development is no longer a new terminology in the development lexicon of developing countries. In most developing nations, there exist a great disparity between the rural and the urban centres in terms of socio-economic development. Central Ejagham, an enclaved community in Manyu Division of southwestern Cameroon has, over the years, been faced with a number of development challenges. In response to this, and inline with the government of Cameroon’s policy of supporting self-reliant development, the community engaged in a series of self-defined community development activities in a multiplicity of sectors, on the bases of locally identified abilities and resources. This paper adopts qualitative methods such as interviews, focus group discussions, detailed field observations which were complemented by secondary data sources and content analysis to examine the barriers and indigenous efforts towards enhancing community participation in Central Ejagham. We observe that the level of participation in a majority of the projects falls either within the “tokenism” or the “citizen control” rungs of Sherry Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation. In addition, although “tokenism” rung projects in Central Ejagham receive much financial and technical support, although they are saddled with commitment-related challenges. Conversely, projects at the “citizen control” rung are characterized by significant commitment but are hampered by limited (financial and technical)resources. To further enhance community participation, we recommend that projects at the “tokenism” rung which are generally viable in terms of financial and technical capacity be stepped up to the “citizen control” level, inorder to guarantee maximum participation for better results. In addition, we suggest that the legislative arm of the government should introduce a bill on the need to effectively support community developmental efforts. This. We believe, will make “citizen control” rung projects to become more effective. Finally, a platform to guarantee the sustainability of projects and to ensure the adequate dissemination of information on sourcing for external funding to support projects should be introduced.
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Kauark-Leite, L., B. Vinçon-Leite, J. F. Deroubaix, A. Loireau, D. Silveira, and E. Haddad. "Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (August 5, 2008): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1075-2008.
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Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. This paper presents the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The Vida no Vale project design resulted in a logical and extensive framework which could be used for developing similar WSS projects in other poor, rural regions, its adaptiveness being a key feature for taking into account the specific, local conditions.
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Gómez-Cabrera, Adriana, Amalia Sanz-Benlloch, Laura Montalban-Domingo, Jose Luis Ponz-Tienda, and Eugenio Pellicer. "Identification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Rural Road Projects in Colombia." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187377.
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Rural roads play an indispensable role in economic and social well-being, especially in developing countries, contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. For this reason, it is necessary to plan these projects properly to guarantee their success. In this line, the objective of this research is to identify significant variables generating overruns in time and cost using empirical data of 535 rural road projects in Colombia from 2015 to 2018. Bivariate analysis, with statistical tools like Spearman’s Rho and Kruskal–Wallis, allowed identifying that higher values of variables like budget and project intensity are related to higher deviations in cost and time. Additionally, it was found that projects with shorter durations are reporting higher time overruns. The worst performers are projects executed in the year that council mayors start their terms, those developed in municipalities with more resources, and those awarded using a competitive bidding process. Multivariate analysis, through Random Forest, assessed the effect of considering all variables interacting simultaneously and ranking them in order of importance. The results demonstrated a relationship between cost and time performance, and that numerical variables are more significant than the categorical ones. This study contributes to a better understanding of the causes of delays and cost overruns on rural roads, providing useful insight for researchers and industry practitioners.
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Howells, O., G. Edwards-Jones, and O. Morgan. "Ecozone II: a decision support system for aiding environmental impact assessments in agriculture and rural development projects in developing countries." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 20, no. 2 (July 1998): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1699(98)00014-3.
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Ochoa-Noriega, Claudia A., Juan F. Velasco-Muñoz, José A. Aznar-Sánchez, and Ernesto Mesa-Vázquez. "Overview of Research on Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries. The Case of Mexico." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158563.
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One of the principal challenges faced by Mexican agriculture is the development of management models that are able to increase production while respecting the environment and generating wealth for society as a whole. In recent years, the number of studies analysing the sustainability of Mexican agriculture has grown significantly. The purpose of this study is to analyse the evolution of the research on the sustainability of agriculture in Mexico. For this purpose, a review and bibliometric analysis of a sample of 867 articles was carried out. The results reveal that the research has focused on the development of sustainable agricultural models in vulnerable rural areas, the sustainable exploitation of agroforestry systems, the development of energy crops for different uses, water resource management and land uses and their changes, conservation farming and climate change. Although research focused on sustainability is still in its early stages, it has become a priority field. A need to promote research from the economic and social disciplines may be observed, together with holistic projects that include the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic and environmental). This study could be useful to researchers in this field as it identifies the recent trends and principal agents that drive knowledge.
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Selome, Joyce, and Nevel Tshuma. "Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Zimbabwe: A Case of Women Development Fund in Umguza District." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 35 (July 2014): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.35.74.
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The gender dimension of poverty focuses on the dilemma of women, their numerous roles as women and their role in dealing with poverty. In many developing countries, women are discriminated upon in terms of their access to capital means of production; basic needs support, employment opportunities and access to credit facilities. In Zimbabwe, like in many developing countries, empowering women through micro-credit finance is viewed as a means of reducing women poverty, empowering them, reducing their vulnerability and improving their well-being especially in the rural areas. This paper discusses the role of the government of Zimbabwe in empowering rural women through the introduction Women Development Fund (WDF). The study was carried out in Umguza district in Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe. The study employed mainly purposive sampling and data was collected using questionnaire, key informant interviews, focus group discussion observation and oral history. Research revealed that WDF as a strategy has made a difference in the livelihoods of the recipients through initiation of income generating projects. However the major handicap with WDF is that the amount of money given are small and that it was employed in isolate hence the need to have complementary initiatives such as capacity building, market networking among others.
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Fan, Kuo-Kuang, Xiang-Ming Zhong, Ye Xu, and Bao-Jun Zhang. "Constructing an Efficient Model to Inspire Design Education Sustainability in Rural Areas." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103562.
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Advancements of information and communication technologies, as well as the reduction of computer prices, have brought computer-assisted design from applications by large manufacturers to education. The number of computer-assisted learning activities and research projects in developing countries and rural areas has been on the rise over recent years. However, there are very few studies focused on the design education of rural areas. Understandably, it is critical to establish a fundamental environment integrating design education and constructing an efficiently model to inspire design education sustainability in rural areas. By considering limited resources and the educational milieu prevalent in rural areas, this paper constructed a central kitchen model anchored in teaching equipment of design education and designed an algorithm for supporting the operation of this model efficiently. We analyzed the core algorithm MMAFS (A Memory Management Algorithm with Fast Speed) of model and comparing the MMAFS algorithm with the current popular Segregated lists algorithm and the Buddy algorithm by adopting the comparative analysis method, also demonstrated the feasibility of this central kitchen model through a case study. Given the large number of urgent and unresolved issues in developing countries and rural areas, it is essential to emphasize design education and encourage local design education specifically for rural communities and promoting a positive loop in the rural ecology through local designs.
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Okello, Julius Juma. "Use of Information and Communication Tools and Services by Rural Grain Traders." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 2, no. 2 (July 2011): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2011070104.
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Poor access to agricultural market information is a major factor constraining the performance of agricultural markets in developing countries. The search for new strategies for resolving this constraint has led to several ICT-based market information service (MIS) projects in developing countries. At the same time, the rapid penetration of new generation ICT tools (especially mobile phones) has resulted in wider application of these tools in agriculture. This paper examines the use of ICT tools and ICT-based services by rural grain traders in Kenya. It is based on data collected from 204 traders in Western and Rift Valley regions of Kenya. The study finds widespread use of ICT tools by grain traders. It also finds that the tools are used by grain traders to obtain market information, including information on price, volume, and where to source and sell grains, among others. The implications of these findings are that market development agents must focus on removing constraints limiting the use of ICT tools in rural areas. Spurring greater use of ICT tools has the potential to reduce transaction costs and improve the performance of rural agricultural markets.
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Pinard, M. I., C. S. Gourley, and P. A. K. Greening. "Rethinking Traditional Approaches to Low-Volume Road Provision in Developing Countries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-12.
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Low-volume roads (LVRs) constitute an integral component of the road system in all developing countries, where their importance extends to all aspects of the social and economic development of rural communities. However, the original documentation relating to the provision of such roads is based in many respects on technology and research carried out in Europe and the United States some 30 to 40 years ago in environments very different from those prevailing in developing countries. As a result, these traditional approaches are often inappropriate for application in developing countries. Moreover, they tend to focus on the technical environment of road provision, with inadequate consideration of other interrelated environments that critically influence the types of LVRs that should be provided. As a result, a need for new, more holistic approaches to low-volume road provision has been engendered to satisfy the various needs of rural communities in a more sustainable manner. The objective of this discussion is to provide an insight into new, more holistic and sustainable approaches to the provision of LVRs in developing countries. Embodied in these new approaches is a need to rethink the old ways of providing such roads based on research and development work that has been carried out in these countries during the past 20 years. Examples include aspects of planning and project appraisal, geometric and pavement design, construction and drainage, and environmental issues, all of which need to be reconsidered in a more appropriate manner.
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O., Mbagwu, F., Mannir, Abba, Ewelum, J. N., and Ezema, M. C. "Youths Involvement in Self-Help Community Development Projects (SHCDPs) in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria." Review of European Studies 8, no. 4 (November 27, 2016): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p240.
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<p>In developing countries like Nigeria, every citizen has the right to be involved in any development activities that is targeted at meeting the “felt needs” of their community rather than wait endlessly for government intervention. Self-help community development activities like construction and maintenance of community roads and rural electrification among others, are expected to be facilitated by all the stakeholders in the community, including the youths who are legitimately the future custodian of the welfare of their community and the greatest investment that can be utilized to mobilize local material resources for the community as well as the country’s development. This study therefore poses that, if youths are recognized as clear assets in self-help community development projects, the youths with their wealth of experiences and energy can be engaged effectively in meaningful tasks for the improvement of their environment. Thus, the issue of youth migration or abandonment of projects can also be ameliorated. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected on self-help projects embarked on in the communities studied, areas of youths involvement in self-help projects and the constraints encountered by youths. Findings of the study revealed that the Nsukka communities studied embarked on rural electrification, construction of boreholes and water drainage facilities among others; the areas of youths involvement in self help community projects was low; while youths not given free hands to be involved in SHCPs and parents not allowing their youths to be involved in SHCPs among others, were constraints to youths involvement in self help community projects. Recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.</p>
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Braidotti, Greta, Maria De Nobili, and Lucia Piani. "Integrated Use of Local and Technical Soil Quality Indicators and Participatory Techniques to Select Them. A Review of Bibliography and Analysis of Research Strategies and Outcomes." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010087.
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Climate change has strong impacts on soil conservation and agricultural productivity, with severe consequences on smallholders in developing countries, but virtually no research has been carried out so far on this issue. Therefore, it is necessary to foster the implementation of participatory projects to help communities deal with new difficulties. Sustainable soil management can reduce and even reverse land degradation, helping farmers to adapt to climate change effects. Progress toward sustainability cannot be implemented in small rural communities regardless of local knowledge, which can be addressed using participatory techniques. To this purpose the choice and use of indicators is essential to carry out correct assessments of soil vulnerability integrating local and technical knowledge. The purpose of this review was to study how the problem of building a set of integrated indicators to assess soil quality has been addressed so far and which participatory techniques have been more successfully employed, analyzing studies carried out in rural communities of developing countries. We found out that there is a lack of participated studies dealing with environmental issues. Those that do so address them only indirectly, being centered on present agricultural problems. The studies rarely feature a collaboration with social science experts, consequently the use of participatory techniques lacks protocols and a standardized nomenclature to help in the transfer and generalization of experiences. Women are rarely involved and nearly exclusively in African countries: this could be related to social and cultural conditions, but needs more attention. Different aspects need to be improved to help the implementation of a successful approach in future projects. This review provides a tool to facilitate future interdisciplinary research on integration of local and scientific knowledge and will help to devise more successful strategies to tackle the challenges posed by climate change to smallholders in developing countries.
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Wu, Baixin, Haifeng Yan, and Ao Sun. "Manually Produce Clay-Based Housing Materials in Rural Area." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n2p104.
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Rural housing materials in developing countries (such as African countries) are mostly (crop) straw for roof cover, soil and tree branch for (round) wall. The houses are small with interior dark. In the case of electricity, mechanical and economic conditions are not allowed, farmers hardly know how to improve housing conditions or create economic benefits by applying manual labour, animal power, land, timber and fuel (firewood or coal). In this article, the method of manually producing baked tiles (for roof cover) and bricks (for wall) are described in detail with a set of historic pictures, which aims to inherit Chinese farmers’ wisdom and diligence (intangible cultural heritage), arouse farmers in developing countries to improve their housing conditions by self reliance, promote the rise and development of rural industry, at the same time, promote the construction of water conservancy project.
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Sato Kan, Hiroshi. "Sociology of precondition for Japanese Miracle." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.38.
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In Japan, World War II was followed by a period of reconstruction and economic growth known as 'the Japanese Miracle'. Although the economic aspects of the nation's recovery are known, there is little emphasis placed on the social development efforts that facilitated this. Professor Hiroshi Sato, Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies; Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), believes that social development policies are the precursor to economic growth and pave the way for social change. He is collaborating with other leading researchers on a range of projects to explore the links between social development and economic growth in developing countries. Sato is collaborating with: Professor Kazuko Tatsumi, Fukuoka University to investigate the rural livelihood improvement movement in post-war Japan; Professor Mariko Sakamoto, Aichi Medical University to explore the impact of Occupation policy on public health; and Associate Professor Mayuko Sano, Fukuoka Prefectural University to investigate the history of coal mining town Tagawa city. Sato believes that the rapid economic growth of developing countries without prior social development is unsustainable and widens the gap between rich and poor, with the distribution of wealth becoming unfairly biased towards the rich.
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Максим Скочко. "RURAL GREEN TOURISM AS A TYPE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN VILLAGE IN THE CONVENTION OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Social work and social education, no. 5 (December 23, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.5.2020.220781.
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The article analyzes the tourist resources of the region by organizational forms of tourism. The role of rural green tourism as an important branch of the national and world economy is considered. The main trends in the development of this type of tourism are studied, its role in the economy of different countries is determined. The role of rural green tourism in solving socio-economic problems of the village is highlighted. The role and place of rural green tourism in the development of rural regions of Ukraine, the relevance and issues of rural tourism in a pavid-19 pandemic are considered. It is highlighted that the development of the Ukrainian countryside is the main goal of the decentralization reform, which is aimed at developing a high standard of living of the rural population and capable economic competition in a crisis and an exacerbation of the pandemic. Social and economic development of tourism, including "green", increasing its popularity is relevant because it will increase the state budget and employment, maintain a high standard of living, improve education, introduce new means of dissemination of information, create conditions for improving the balance of payments countries, development of territories and other sectors of the economy of Ukraine. Rural tourism can become an independent system capable of solving the main socio-economic problems of the village. In general, the developed segment of rural tourism will have a positive impact on the competitiveness of rural areas and will contribute to employment of the rural population. Subject to the successful implementation of green tourism development projects, the following results can be expected: creation of new jobs; intensification of entrepreneurial activity of all economic forms and motivation of growth of budget revenues; development of related services infrastructure, etc.
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Rumata, Vience Mutiara, and Awit Marwati Sakinah. "The Impact of Internet Information and Communication Literacy and Overload, as Well as Social Influence, on ICT Adoption by Rural Communities." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 30, no. 1-2 (December 2020): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120977250.
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The adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) for rural development remains a critical issue in developing countries like Indonesia. Broadband projects, both infrastructure- and literacy-related, have been launched to increase ICT access and usage in rural areas. However, the extent of ICT usage for community development in rural areas remains unclear, and therefore this deserves critical assessment. This article argues that the higher the ICT adoption (ICTA) in a rural community, the greater its benefits in terms of development. By exploring Internet information literacy (IIL), Internet communication literacy (ICL) and social influence (SI), this study aims to get a better understanding of the relative influence of these factors on ICTA in rural areas. Also, this study considers Internet information overload (IO) and communication overload (CO) as moderators between independent and dependent variables. This study has been conducted in Gubugklakah village, Malang, Indonesia, with a pre-existing telecentre in the community. Using the partial least squares (PLS) method, the study finds that the ICL and SI variables are considerably higher in terms of construct validity compared with other variables. Both IIL and ICL significantly determine ICTA behaviour. IO and CO may even weaken the relationship between information and communication literacy and ICTA.
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Golej, Julius, and Miroslav Panik. "Potential of Brownfields as Developing Territories in Bratislava." Baltic Surveying 8 (October 31, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2018.003.
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The issue of brownfields and their analysis in Slovakia have not been given such emphasis over the last decade as in the neighbouring EU countries, such as in Austria or in the Czech Republic. The situation is completely different in Bratislava and also in the rest of Slovakia and the development of this type of area is almost unrealized. A frequent argument is problematic ownership relationships to the unused, degraded land. However, the real problem is the higher financial costs associated with brownfields regeneration. Despite this fact, brownfields can be considered as an area with relatively large development potential within the urbanized area and one form of hidden reserves of both, local and national economy. Among the indisputable benefits of using brownfields, we can include reduction of the extensive land use of agricultural land for rural area. In the long run, Bratislava is preparing a search study of neglected and unused land within the capital. It is due to be completed in the course of 2018, and will be an important basis for a new territorial plan and the development of Bratislava. In the following article, we analyse brownfield land in Bratislava. The already realized brownfield projects are also mentioned, while we are trying to point out their main advantages and disadvantages.
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Kauark-Leite, L., B. Vinçon-Leite, J. F. Deroubaix, A. Loireau, D. Silveira, and E. Haddad. "Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 28, 2007): 2683–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-2683-2007.
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Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. The paper will present the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The ongoing successful accomplishment of the Vida no Vale project would make it an exemplary and replicable model for other poor regions.
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Niza Talukder, and Asma Ahmed. "Infrastructure Development Company Limited Solar Home System Program: A Sustainable Solution for Energizing Rural Bangladesh." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977920905305.
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Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) began with a mission to generate investment for infrastructure, renewable energy (RE) and energy-efficient projects in Bangladesh through public–private partnership initiatives. IDCOL started its RE activities in 2003 with a programme named solar home system (SHS). With an installed capacity of 185 MWp, SHSs are positioned in remote areas where grid expansion is difficult and costly. The aim is to ensure access to clean electricity for power-starved off-grid rural communities, which previously relied on kerosene lamps for lighting purposes. The case starts with a depiction of the energy sector in Bangladesh and an overview of IDCOL. The four dimensions of 4A framework are applied to the SHS business model to discuss how it has enriched the lives of more than 12 per cent of the population. IDCOL is expected to face a decline in investments in the RE sector as this flagship SHS Program is currently under threat of becoming non-existent. The case broaches the subject on how IDCOL plans to position itself amidst the dilemma of Bangladesh’s changing market. Dilemma Due the free distribution of SHS by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) under its safety net programme, IDCOL is expected to face a decline in investments in the RE sector as this flagship SHS Program is currently under threat of becoming non-existent. The case broaches the subject on how IDCOL plans to position itself amidst the dilemma of Bangladesh’s changing market. Theory: 4A framework applied to the Solar Home System business model Type of the Case: Problem-solving, secondary data Protagonist: NA Options Softer financing, expansion in other use segments, developing newer products and exploring different projects, entering markets in other countries Discussions and Case Questions Should IDCOL enter a new market in Bangladesh? Should they invest primarily in grid-connected solar projects and roof-top solar projects under its RE program? Should the firm diversify its portfolio by including industrial energy efficiency, power generation, shipbuilding and shipyard, IT and telecommunication, ports, social and tourism infrastructure and infrastructure backward linkage projects? International advisory service and energy from waste are also lucrative options.
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Thai, Nguyen Van, and Jose Roberto Guevara. "Women and Water Management: A Policy Assessment—A Case Study in An Giang Province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 1 (June 2019): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119860949.
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Women in developing countries are domestic water managers and therefore can be regarded as the primary beneficiaries of water supply project, particularly domestic water supply services (DWSSs). Globally, women are active in water supply policymaking, planning and implementation. However, women are often excluded from water management activities; this can result in the failure of water projects. Research to date shows that women’s exclusion from water management processes stems from top-down approaches and traditional norms and gender differences. The work described in this research involved an examination of the effectiveness of DWSS policies implemented in rural Vietnamese communities, and was designed to produce an understanding of women’s roles and responsibilities in water management, specifically within the Vinh Phuoc community of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The research found that women participation in Vinh Phuoc was greatly restricted in the water management and in the public sphere in general. Also, it sought to reveal whether women are involved in water management activities and the roles they play in achieving final outcomes.
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Liman, Aminu, and Ibrahim Ngah. "Community Forest Management in Nigeria: A Case of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (Leemp) In Adamawa State." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.688.
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Deforestation continuous to be a wide spread problem in rural areas of developing countries. Conventional “top down” approach has proved fundamentally limited in their ability to promote the culture of forest conservation in the world over. Inco-prorating the community based forest and community based natural resources management in rural development strategies seems to be the best approach to conserve forest area. This paper provides a case of community forest management by rural communities in rural areas of Nigeria. Based on the experience of the Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) in Adamawa State of Nigeria, this paper discussed the achievement and challenges in implementing community based forest management in the rural areas. Information used in this paper is based a preliminary study in evolving interviews with officials of the implementation agencies of LEEMP and a few participants of the projects in Adamawa state. Under LEEMP the priorities include the empowerment of local people to manage the community based forest and community based natural resources conservation in their areas. The project aim for the effective management of renewable forest resources, (vegetation), minimizing depletion of non-renewable forest resources (wild life), minimise forest pollution and its attendants negative impacts.(bush burning), as well as to decentralize the responsibity for managing forest resources. This study found that LEEMP helps to bring grass root citizen contribution to the objectives of sustainable natural resources management and community wellbeing collectively. There exist a strong link between the rural poverty and the deforestation and forest management through community empowerment did show some improvement both to the resource conservation and improvement to the livelihood of the communities. However there were many challenges encounter in the process implementationinclude non-inclusive of stake holders because of social class or due to political affiliation, while projects are not evenly distributed among communities of serious need, others are un involve and ill-informed in terms of decision and actions, and lack of conservation culture, among communities. This paper implies that effective incorporation of forest management in rural development strategies should focus more attention to collective action, which ties the community on values, cultures, and economics benefits into the ecological project, with balancing the aim of sustaining the environment and poverty alleviation.
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Chaudhry, Imran Sharif, Shahnawaz Malik, and Asma Imran. "Urban Poverty and Governance: The Case of Multan City." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.819-830.
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The issue of poverty is as old as economic development. A significant quantitative research on poverty has been undertaken for many decades all over the world in general and in developing countries in particular. However the issue of urban poverty has not been addressed effectively. Nevertheless urban poverty has until recently, been low on the agenda of development policy not only in the developing world but also in Pakistan because of dominant perception of urban bias and the need to counter this with a focus on rural development policy. The analysis of urban poverty is as necessary as the overall level of poverty in the country. There are many causes and determinants of urban poverty1 but distribution and management of economic and social resources in poverty reduction cannot be ignored. It is internationally recognised that poverty reduction and governance both are interrelated. Bad governance has made poverty reduction efforts ineffective [Blaxall (2000), Eid (2000) and Gupta, et al. (1998)], while poverty reduction projects provide fertile ground for corruption.2 The consensus emerges from this line of thinking is that good governance is necessary and effective for poverty alleviation efforts.
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Thamrin, Husni, Asri Rasad, Noel W. Solomons, Mark L. Wahlqvist, and Rainer Gross. "Analysis of the Reconnaissance Project. Phase 1: The Community." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 18, no. 3 (January 1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659701800317.
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The Reconnaissance project, Nutritional and Food Security Situation of Rural and Urban Elderly from Selected East Asian and Latin American Developing Countries, was carried out in eight developing countries. The purpose of the project was to validate the protocol and identify potential problems before the full project was begun. In March 1993 a workshop was held in Wageningen, Netherlands, for participants from the countries and other interested professionals to analyse the results of the Reconnaissance in preparation for the initiation of the full study. The Reconnaissance consisted of two phases: the first studied the community and the second the individual. This paper summarizes the study of the communities through group discussions and semi-structured interviews of community representatives. The information obtained was used to revise and improve the protocol to be used when the full study, Cross-Cultural Research on the Nutrition of Older Subjects (CRONOS), is undertaken.
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Mthoko, Hafeni LWT, and Caroline Pade-Khene. "Towards a theoretical framework on ethical practice in ICT4D programmes." Information Development 29, no. 1 (July 9, 2012): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666912449456.
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are widely known as tools for poverty reduction. However, before ICTs can be utilized as tools for development, one needs to assess the various development challenges facing a country and then analyse where and how ICTs could positively impact development in a sustainable way. As technology influences the way people relate toward each other, it is important to view ICTs from an ethical perspective. This research theoretically explores the key aspects of ethics that should be applied to ICT projects in rural communities. Understanding the key aspects of ethics related to ICTs would foster the adoption of ICTs in rural communities and ensure that the integration of such ICTs is compatible with existing development strategies in developing countries. Four existing frameworks on ethical practice are explored which serve as a foundation for a theoretical framework of ethical practice in ICT4D. The proposed framework highlights four ethical themes that should be considered in rural ICT4D initiatives. These themes include: collaboration and participation, socio-economic context, cost and benefits and underlying stakeholder interests. It is suggested that further research and practical application can inform the framework.
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Barrington, Dani, Kathryn Fuller, and Andrew McMillan. "Water safety planning: adapting the existing approach to community-managed systems in rural Nepal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.120.
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Water Safety Plans (WSPs) improve the quality and secure the quantity of drinking water supplies, and hence improve public health outcomes. In developing countries such as Nepal, thousands of residents die each year as a result of poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and WSPs show great promise for improving both health and livelihoods. The Nepali Non-Governmental Organisation Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) has been working in partnership with Engineers Without Borders Australia and WaterAid Nepal to develop a WSP methodology suited to rural, community-managed water supply systems. Three pilot projects were undertaken incorporating community-based hazard management into the standard World Health Organization and Nepali Department of Water Supply and Sewerage WSP approaches. The successes and challenges of these pilots were assessed, and it was determined that community education, behaviour change, and the distribution of simplified WSP documentation to households and managers were essential to implementing successful WSPs within this context. This new WSP methodology is currently being mainstreamed throughout all of NEWAH's WASH projects in rural Nepal, as well as being shared with the wider Nepali WASH sector.
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Mahmood, Mir Annice. "Peter Oakley et al. Projects with People: The Practice of Participation in Rural Development. Geneva: International Labour Office. 1991. xv+294 pp.Price: Swiss Francs 32.50." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i2pp.210-212.
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Round about the mid-1970s it came to be realised that the fruits of development were not being distributed widely. In fact, in a growing number of instances, the benefits of development were being limited to the elites in the developing countries - the vast majority of the population was being side-stepped. As a consequence of this happening, questions began to be raised: Why had such a situation developed? One possible and quite plausible answer was that the development process had ignored people's participation. This, then, became the keyword. Two strands of thinking developed from the use of this word: the first highlighted the inclusion of human resources in the process of development; the second was more political in nature because poor people have very little say in the matters that influence their earning ability. To surmount this situation requires a structural change by which the poor can be directly included in the development process, so that they will gain some control over the resources, which would then enable them to have a higher standard of living.
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Cheng, Shikun, Mingyue Zhao, Heinz-Peter Mang, Xiaoqin Zhou, and Zifu Li. "Development and application of biogas project for domestic sewage treatment in rural China: opportunities and challenges." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 4 (October 20, 2017): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.011.
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Abstract The biogas project for domestic sewage treatment (BPDST) is considered a promising facility for wastewater management in rural areas of China. This paper explores previous experimental works, cost analysis, and BPDST structure and design based on Chinese literature. Opportunities for developing decentralized or neighborhood-based BPDSTs include fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the water pollution situation and deficiency of wastewater treatment facilities, the advantages of BPDSTs compared with centralized sewage plant, government support and policy drive for rural wastewater treatment, and reuse demand for resources. Meanwhile, challenges faced are emphasized as follows: uncertain responsibility for BPDSTs under different governmental departments restricts BPDST development and should be specified; uncertain effluent quality due to low efficiency of nutrient removal requires aerobic post-treatment to some extent; rural environmental awareness is still low and should be heightened; more funds should be invested in R&D for improvement of technology innovation; more reuse and resource recovery elements should be considered during implementation; follow-up services are lacking and should be improved; and BPDST maintenance should be trained. This paper could provide valuable reference for other developing countries.
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SHAMI, MAHVISH. "Collective Action, Clientelism, and Connectivity." American Political Science Review 106, no. 3 (July 30, 2012): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000251.
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Backed by studies finding only limited propensity for free-riding when communities have an interest in self-provision, the last few decades have seen a surge of interest in community-based development. A major caveat to the “second wave” of collective action studies, however, is that collective action often breaks down under hierarchical social relationships. This is unfortunate news for developing countries’ rural societies, which are often entrenched in patron-client networks. Using a natural experiment found in the construction of a motorway, the article finds that clientelist relationships do not, in and by themselves, block peasant collective action. Rather, it is the interaction between clientelism and isolation that empowers patrons to block community-based projects. Peasants in connected villages face no such constraints, but instead rely on their patrons’ assistance in collective projects, making the hierarchical network an additional resource.
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Winter, W. H., and P. T. Doyle. "Increased profitability and social outcomes from livestock in smallholder crop - livestock systems in developing countries: the ACIAR experience." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08013.
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Participating in research and development projects designed to increase the profitability and social outcomes from livestock production in smallholder crop–livestock systems provides valuable and rewarding learning experiences for scientists from Australia and partner countries. The majority of livestock in Asia are in these systems and any interventions to increase animal production need to consider the cropping activities of the farm, which vary considerably in relation to people, land and water resources, season length and the number and types of crops. Understanding the farming systems in enough depth is essential if interventions are to lead to improved outcomes for families. In this paper, we briefly consider the diversity and complexity of crop–livestock systems and the approach of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research in investing in research, development and extension for positive impacts from livestock production on the wellbeing of rural households in developing countries. An important approach to categorising livestock farmers to assess whether they are likely to be receptive to change is described. Consideration is given to the appropriateness of technologies, the need for sound science and the importance of capacity development in underpinning useful changes to systems. Because of the diversity and complexity of systems, systems-modelling is important in exploring options and interactions between components of the farming systems. Examples are given throughout the paper to emphasise learning from experience. The paper concludes with a list of the lessons learnt.
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Egwu, I. N. "Community Health Intervention Program (Chip): Re-Educating Health Professionals for Primary Health Care." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 8, no. 1 (April 1987): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5djn-v22j-farb-6wn4.
Full textAbstract:
Primary health care (PHC) in most developing countries remains largely inaccessible to a vast proportion of urban and rural populations. It is neither influenced by, nor integrated with, preventive care/community development. This may be attributed partly to lack of community participation by communities. Professional health care is isolated and impervious to the influence of health care users. In Nigeria all functional correlates are available in the existing health systems; yet, the impact is not felt. What is needed, and urgently, is an intervention to extend meaningful health care delivery into the urban poor and rural communities. The Nigerian Youth Service Corps (NYSC) scheme, through a rational and systematic mobilization and utilization of its health manpower, offers an excellent opportunity to demonstrate that PHC can work. A two-step intervention process is proposed: a reorientation during NYSC “orientation,” and a community-based practice module, during the NYSC “Primary Assignment” phase. Health professionals working as a “team,” and led by NYSC doctor(s), undertake their medical care responsibilities as well as community development projects as integrated aspects of PHC. It is envisaged that experiences accruing from such a deliberate intervention with a pilot project, will form a basis for operational adoption of the proposed CHIP as a national model.
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Mbatha, C. N. "Livestock production and marketing for small emerging farmers in South Africa and Kenya: comparative lessons." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 49, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/v49n1a10783.
Full textAbstract:
Poor production methods and limited market access are some of the challenges that prevent small African farmers from developing. In cattle farming, poor grazing practices and a lack of vaccination produce poor quality animals. Limited information, poor infrastructure, cultural issues and other factors, lead to low participation levels of these farmers in livestock markets. This study explored the prevalence of these challenges in two geographical locations of two African countries (South Africa and Kenya) with the intention to identify possible cross lessons for developing small rural farmers. Ethnographic and case study methods were used to collect and analyse data in two provinces (one in each country) where cattle farming by small rural farmers is predominant. From the two countries, three cases of distinguishable cattle production and marketing challenges were identified. Firstly, rural South African (SA) small farmers are generally faced with high production and marketing challenges, which prevent them from developing into successful commercial farmers. Secondly, Kenyan small rural farmers face similar production challenges as those faced by their SA counterparts, but perform better at marketing their animals, although they still face a lot of structural marketing issues, with brokers controlling the market to the disadvantage of farmers. Thirdly, the study identified a case of rural Black SA farmers who are being assisted through a research project in the Eastern Cape Province that embraces a more holistic environmental approach to rural development to overcome most production and marketing challenges. Given the successes of the holistic view, this study concludes that the environmental approach presents the best case lessons for replication across SA in developing small African farmers. It is argued that the replication of lessons across SA would require central coordination by a government agency. The national agricultural extension office (one of whose mandates is to work directly with farmers for their development) would be most appropriate for this coordination role.
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Katus, Laura, Nathan J. Hayes, Samantha McCann, Luke Mason, Anna Blasi, Momodou K. Darboe, Michelle de Haan, Sophie E. Moore, Sarah Lloyd-Fox, and Clare E. Elwell. "Implementing neuroimaging and eye tracking methods to assess neurocognitive development of young infants in low- and middle-income countries." Gates Open Research 3 (April 5, 2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12951.1.
Full textAbstract:
Infants and children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are frequently exposed to a range of environmental risk factors which may negatively affect their neurocognitive development. The mechanisms by which factors such as undernutrition and poverty impact development and cognitive outcomes in early childhood are poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is due in part to a paucity of objective assessment tools which can be implemented across different cultural settings and in very young infants. Over the last decade, technological advances, particularly in neuroimaging, have opened new avenues for research into the developing human brain, allowing us to investigate novel biological associations. This paper presents functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking (ET) as objective, cross-cultural methods for studying infant neurocognitive development in LMICs, and specifically their implementation in rural Gambia, West Africa. These measures are currently included, as part of a broader battery of assessments, in the Brain Imaging for Global Health (BRIGHT) project, which is developing brain function for age curves in Gambian and UK infants from birth to 24 months of age. The BRIGHT project combines fNIRS, EEG and ET with behavioural, growth, health and sociodemographic measures. The implementation of these measures in rural Gambia are discussed, including methodological and technical challenges that needed to be addressed to ensure successful data acquisition. The aim is to provide guidance to other groups seeking to implement similar methods in their research in other LMICs to better understand associations between environmental risk and early neurocognitive development.
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Katus, Laura, Nathan J. Hayes, Luke Mason, Anna Blasi, Samantha McCann, Momodou K. Darboe, Michelle de Haan, Sophie E. Moore, Sarah Lloyd-Fox, and Clare E. Elwell. "Implementing neuroimaging and eye tracking methods to assess neurocognitive development of young infants in low- and middle-income countries." Gates Open Research 3 (August 27, 2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12951.2.
Full textAbstract:
Infants and children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are frequently exposed to a range of environmental risk factors which may negatively affect their neurocognitive development. The mechanisms by which factors such as undernutrition and poverty impact development and cognitive outcomes in early childhood are poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is due in part to a paucity of objective assessment tools which can be implemented across different cultural settings and in very young infants. Over the last decade, technological advances, particularly in neuroimaging, have opened new avenues for research into the developing human brain, allowing us to investigate novel biological associations. This paper presents functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking (ET) as objective, cross-cultural methods for studying infant neurocognitive development in LMICs, and specifically their implementation in rural Gambia, West Africa. These measures are currently included, as part of a broader battery of assessments, in the Brain Imaging for Global Health (BRIGHT) project, which is developing brain function for age curves in Gambian and UK infants from birth to 24 months of age. The BRIGHT project combines fNIRS, EEG and ET with behavioural, growth, health and sociodemographic measures. The implementation of these measures in rural Gambia are discussed, including methodological and technical challenges that needed to be addressed to ensure successful data acquisition. The aim is to provide guidance to other groups seeking to implement similar methods in their research in other LMICs to better understand associations between environmental risk and early neurocognitive development.
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Campos-Silva, João V., Carlos A. Peres, Joseph E. Hawes, Torbjørn Haugaasen, Carolina T. Freitas, Richard J. Ladle, and Priscila F. M. Lopes. "Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (September 27, 2021): e2105480118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105480118.
Full textAbstract:
Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale “win–win” conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.
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Arimoro, Augustine Edobor, and Habibah Musa. "Towards sustainable water resource management in rural Nigeria: The role of communities." Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 11, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v11i1.2.
Full textAbstract:
Access to water is crucial for healthy living and survival. In developing countries such as Nigeria, rural communities often suffer from a severe shortage of the supply of fresh, potable water. The need to change the tide has led to the inclusion of the adequate availability of water for allas one of the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Evidence shows that the lack or poor supply of freshwater could lead to a prevalence of waterborne diseases and might negatively affect economically important activities. While water sustainability deals with ensuring adequate supply of water for the present and future generations, water resource management is the strategy for achieving water sustainability. Considering the above, this article examines the literature on water resource management vis-à-vis the legal framework for water management in Nigeria. The article notes that rural communities in the country have a critical role to play in water resource management in the country and in the quest to attain the goals for water. It is recommended that policies should be implemented to provide for sustainable management of water as well as a strategy for educating rural communities on what they must do to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for water management in Nigeria at the rural community level. For example, there is a need to provide for private sector led water development projects in rural areas backed by government subsidy as well as programmes to enlighten community leaders on their role in ensuring water sustainability.
Keywords: Water, access to water, legal framework for water management, rural area, SDGs, Nigeria.