Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural development – Tanzania

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural development – Tanzania'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

1

Kleemeier, L. "Integrated rural development in Tanzania." Public Administration and Development 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230080106.

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MAACK, PAMELA A. "The Irawq of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development:The Irawq of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development." American Anthropologist 108, no. 3 (September 2006): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.3.617.

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Snyder, Katherine A. "Building democracy from below: a case from rural Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 46, no. 2 (May 14, 2008): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003236.

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ABSTRACTFocusing on events in a rural village in Tanzania during 2001–02, this paper examines the changing nature of state/society relations in Tanzania. Drawing on experience from previous years of fieldwork in the early 1990s, it becomes apparent that villagers are beginning to change the way they engage with the state. These new approaches are framed in part by the discourse of democracy, with which Tanzanians have become familiar since the economic and political liberalisation policies of the 1990s. These events reveal a new sense of the right to participate in decision-making on how to use key development resources. They also illustrate how local elites can threaten to capture benefits for their own gain. As Tanzanians begin to demand more rights to participate in the public sphere, their achievements enlarge our understanding of what might constitute civil society.
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Kinyondo, Abel, and Riccardo Pelizzo. "Enhancing Citizen Participation for Development in Tanzania." Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v9i1.1461.

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The literature has repeatedly emphasized that citizen participation is requisite for good governance. Indeed, when citizens participate in various public activities, they can voice their demands, they can invite the government to respond to their demands, and they can keep government accountable. In other words, in the presence of citizen engagement activities, voices can be raised to governments accountable. While the literature has clearly established this link, less is known about the levels of citizen engagement in rural areas in developing countries like Tanzania; precisely areas where good governance is most needed to secure some progress along the developmental path and take the population out of poverty. Using an original dataset comprising of 1,265 respondents, we find that citizen participation in rural Tanzania varies across various types of activities. We also find that that the participation rate for men is higher than that of women and that the participation rate for older people is higher than it is for younger ones. Given the fact that Tanzania’s population is largely youthful, and women are slightly more than men, we recommend for the removal of barriers that women and youths face as far as their civic rights to participate in developmental activities is concerned.
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Mwaikusa, J. T. "Community Rights and Land Use Policies in Tanzania: The Case of Pastoral Communities." Journal of African Law 37, no. 2 (1993): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011219.

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The statement above is an admission of failure, or neglect, to design a policy for livestock production and development. The admission appears t o be almost contradictory. Nyerere's leadership of Tanzania had its landmarks, the most indelible of which is probably the Arusha Declaration with its particularly heavy bias towards rural development in its policy objectives. Yet that rural bias conspicuously excluded the role of pastoral communities and their potential in the development of Tanzania's rural economy. The pastoralists are not a majority but constitute a substantial portion of the population. They are entitled, as of right, to proportionate attention by national policies, as well as access to national resources, especially land, proportionate to their needs and potential, just like the cultivators. But government policies in Tanzania have marginalized pastoralists and sometimes even their rights and their very presence have been ignored.
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Holtzman, Jon. "The Iraqw of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development (review)." Africa Today 52, no. 2 (2005): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/at.2006.0008.

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Kleemeier, L. "Policy reform and rural development assistance in Tanzania." Public Administration and Development 9, no. 4 (September 1989): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230090407.

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Waters, Tony. "The Persistence of Subsistence and the Limits to Development Studies: The Challenge of Tanzania." Africa 70, no. 4 (November 2000): 614–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.614.

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AbstractThere are two general approaches to assessing what is known as ‘development’. First, there are classical accounts focusing on Europe's development during the industrial revolution. They describe how urban areas expanded at the expense of the social and economic resources of the rural areas, disrupting an independent subsistence peasantry. A major consequence is that today all Europeans are dependent socially, politically, and economically on the modern capitalist system. The second (more common) approach to development focuses on the modern Third World. This approach assumes that, as with Europe, the entire Third World is dependent on the modern capitalist system. Development studies focus on the assessment of how Third World countries can most effectively engage world capitalism. Discussion is typically reduced to comparisons between world systems theory and neoclassical economics. The Tanzanian government has used standard policies grounded in neoclassical and world‐system assumptions since independence. But both policies failed to produce the predicted economic growth. This article argues that both policies failed because the Tanzanian peasantry, like the early modern European peasantry, is not dependent on the operation of world capitalism for basic subsistence. In fact, as studies have shown, rural Tanzania is only weakly incorporated into the capitalist world system, and in consequence has not been an easy target for what world‐system theorists call ‘peripheral integration’. What makes Tanzania different is the fact that the rural peasantry do not use market mechanisms in the distribution of the ‘means of production’, especially arable land for swidden agriculture, or, for that matter, labour or cattle.
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Masaiganah, Mwajuma. "Sustaining Women's and Community's Livelihoods in Rural Tanzania." Development 53, no. 3 (August 26, 2010): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dev.2010.36.

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LAL, PRIYA. "MILITANTS, MOTHERS, AND THE NATIONAL FAMILY: UJAMAA, GENDER, AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POSTCOLONIAL TANZANIA." Journal of African History 51, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853710000010.

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ABSTRACTBetween 1964 and 1975, development politics in Tanzania came to be organized around a version of ujamaa that normalized distinct gender roles and celebrated a generic ideal of the nuclear family. Yet as ujamaa villagization unfolded on the ground in the south-eastern region of Mtwara, rural people's practices rarely conformed to the ideas about gender and family implicit in official discourse and policy. Just as the institution of the family on the ground proved to be a complicated and fractured one, the Tanzanian state's understanding of familyhood and the larger project of ujamaa were deeply riddled with internal tensions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

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Maghimbi, Samuel Joseph. "Rural development policy and planning in Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495951.

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The thesis examin~ rural development in Tanzania from the precolonial period to~present time. The work is a historical study. It is shown that the pre-colonial rural economies were prosperous in crops and animals. Disruption and decline of these economies commenced towards the end of the last century. Depopulation, war and disease contributed to the decline. Colonial agricultural, trading and trades licensing policies are shown to have contributed to the process of creating rural backwardness. Rural backwardness manifests itself basically as rural poverty. Colonial marketing policies which helped to marginalize the peasant economy are analysed. A description of land alienation policies and their consequences on the rural economy is made. Measures by the authorities to stimulate rapid economic change in rural areas by bypassing the peasants are investigated. The crisis of large scale mechanized farming is outlined. Attempts by the policy makers and planners to rediscover the peasant in the transformation approach to rural planning are examined. The attempts by the peasants to organize themselves to promote rural development and the problems associated with this organization are critically explored in relationship to the policy maker~ attempts to control and patronize the peasant economy. Government policies and plans including grand plans aimed at the peasant to bring rapid economic and social development in the countryside are critically evaluated. The level of development of the peasant economy is elaborated empirically. The theory is advanced that the backwardness of the peasant economy is a result of bad policies and plans and exploitation and misunderstanding of the peasant by other agencies like the state and marketing institutions. The family farm is investigated in comparison to the large scale mechanized state farm. The superiority of the family farm in organization and capacity to survive harsh market and technical conditions and to create jobs is demonstrated. A theory on peasant farming in Tanzania is constructed and a theory on the causes of rural backwardness is tested. The nature of the Tanzanian state and its relevance to rural development are investigated. The failure by the state to formulate and execute sound policies and plans on rural development is demonstrated. The conclusion is reached that in rural development the work of actual production at the farm level should be left to the peasant himself because he can do the job best and at lower costs and that the government should only concern itself with improving rural transport and marketing.
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Yngstrom, Ingrid. "Gender, land and development in Tanzania : rural Dodoma, 1920-1996." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325172.

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Mogella, Cosmas A. Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Local administration reforms for rural development in Tanzania 1962-1982." Ottawa, 1987.

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De, Haan Nicoline C. "Stocking rural livelihoods : social capital, goats and development projects in Tanzania /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962517.

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Lwoga, C. M. F. "Labour migration and rural development in a former labour reserve in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372888.

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Jennings, Michael Thomas. "Surrogates of the state : Oxfam and development in Tanzania, 1961-79." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287484.

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Dauda, Masoud. "Renewable energy in rural areas : the best path to sustainable development? a case study in rural Tanzania." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633524.

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Renewable energy innovations based on wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass energy are currently seen as offering a potential alternative to rural energy supply problems in rural Tanzania. However, such initiatives meet with some setbacks since renewable energy projects in Tanzania still face several challenges. Technical, social and economic barriers have constrained a speedy transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations in most parts of rural Tanzania. This thesis therefore explores the roles that could be played by community-based organisations in facilitating the transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations in rural areas. Community-based organisations (such as cooperative societies) can play a key role in innovation because they have the capacity to pool, aggregate, and disseminate knowledge and information to all actors in an innovation system. Cooperative societies are often positioned in both service networks and supply chains that allow them to coordinate activities and create an enabling environment for innovation. Thus, acting as innovation brokers, these organisations can utilise the available resources and existing social networks to facilitate the adoption of renewable energy technologies in rural Tanzania. This study was conducted in Magu district and employed an innovation systems approach in interpreting the main findings. The innovation systems approach stresses the importance of interactions among actors involved in technology development. It describes innovation as resulting from complex interaction between actors and institutions. The approach has provided insights into understanding the factors that facilitate or impede the transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations in the study area. Despite the government initiatives to promote renewable energy innovations in Mwanza region, the study findings suggest that only a small percentage of households in the study area have adopted solar PV systems and improved cooking stoves. The thesis contributes to the innovation systems literature in two important ways: firstly, it explores the role that could be played by innovation brokers (intermediaries) in the transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations. Secondly, it also applies systems thinking in identifying barriers in the h'ansfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations, especially on 'a technology-specific innovation system'. Most importantly, systems thinking approach helps us to understand the connection between energy demands, poverty and sustainable development in rural Tanzania.
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Grimstedt, Ånestrand Hanna. "“Now we are becoming partners” Implementing Ecological Sanitation in rural Tanzania- With an action research approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260680.

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Poor sanitation is a huge problem in third world countries today; every year 1,5 million children die due to diarrheal diseases caused by poor sanitation. International policies such as The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which will be replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015, have been set by the international community as tools to decrease the poverty in the world today, and problems that emerged from it such as poor sanitation. Participatory methods are emphasise to receive the goals as well as new working methods to shift the development paradigm from marked oriented towards sustainable development, which means that also the Earth’s well-being must be included in the SDGs. Ecological sanitation (Eco-san) is a system that reuses the human waste back to grooving activities, and can improve the situation in all three areas of sustainable development, i.e. economical, environmental and social development with it’s reusing approach. Participation in implementation of Eco-san system is important for enabling sustainable projects as well as receive better acceptance for the reuse approach. The research presented in this thesis had the aim to improve the sanitation situation by introducing and implementing Eco-san in a rural area in the Northern part of Tanzania by using an action oriented research approach. The participants together with the researcher developed the project to further see the interpretations of Eco-san and possibilities to implement Eco-san in the area as well as if the action research was a convenient way to introduce such a project. The study was conducted in two cycles were critical theory and diffusion of innovation were used as analysis tools for the introduction and implementation of the toilets. The findings from the first cycle showed that the participants were willing to learn about Eco-san by observing the idea through a demonstration toilet. Therefore the second cycle lead to implementation of Eco-san in a school of the area. These toilets are today in use and managed by the students at the school. Participating approach has therefore been a successful working method were the participants gained the knowledge they needed to develop and improve their situation. This can further be argued as a valuable approach for other development projects and to meet the upcoming SDGs. However, further action and education to other village members outside the school and up scaling possibilities in the community are needed.
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Ponte, Stefano. "Farmers and markets : policy reform, agrarian change and rural livelihoods in Tanzania (1986-1996)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297481.

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Ngasongwa, J. "Evaluation of externally funded regional integrated development programmes (RIDEPs) in Tanzania : Case studies of Kigoma, Tanga and Iringa regions." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235276.

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Books on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

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Serkkola, Ari. Rural development in Tanzania: A bibliography. Helsinki: Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki, 1987.

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Senyagwa, A. H. Rural energy institutions study: Tanzania. Harare: Zimbabwe Environmental Research Organisation, 1991.

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The Iraqw of Tanzania: Negotiating rural development. Cambridge, MA: Westview, 2005.

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Collier, Paul. Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania: Ujamaa and rural development. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.

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Collier, Paul. Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania: Ujamaa and rural development in the United Republic of Tanzania. Oxford [Oxfordhire]: Clarendon Press, 1986.

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Tanzania, Bank of. A report on the restructuring of the Tanzania Rural Development Bank (TRDB) into a Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (C.R.D.B.). Dar es Salaam: The Bank, 1988.

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Kaya, Hassan Omari. People's participation programmes and the dilemma of rural leadership in Tanzania. Berlin: Verlag Schreiber, 1989.

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Donner-Reichle, Carola. Ujamaadörfer in Tanzania: Politik und Reaktionen der Bäuerinnen. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde, 1988.

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Planning), Workshop on Preparation of the Tanzania Planners Handbook (1987 Institute of Rural Development. Tanzania Planners Handbook Project: Proceedings of the Workshop on Preparation of the Tanzania Planners Handbook (May 5-7, 1987). Dodoma [Tanzania]: Institute of Rural Development Planning, 1987.

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Fekade, Wubalem. Local determinants of development sustainability: A study of development projects in Tanzania. Dortmund, Germany: SPRING-Center, Faculty of Spatial Planning, University of Dortmund, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

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Speller, Paulo, and Juma Nagsongwa. "12. Education and Land Tenure: The Colonisation Process in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil; Relative prices of Farm and Non-Farm Sectors in Tanzania, 1965-1985." In Poverty and Rural Development, 264–92. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780443003.012.

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Kumburu, Neema P., and Vincent Pande. "Rural Transformation Through Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Moshi District, Tanzania." In The Palgrave Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa, 313–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6_15.

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Massay, Godfrey Eliseus. "Local Politics of Land Acquisitions for Foreign and Domestic Investments in Tanzania." In The Palgrave Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa, 457–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6_20.

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Osabuohien, Evans S., Uchenna R. Efobi, Ciliaka M. Gitau, Romanus A. Osabohien, and Oluwasogo S. Adediran. "Youth (Un)employment and Large-Scale Agricultural Land Investments: Examining the Relevance of Indigenous Institutions and Capacity in Tanzania." In The Palgrave Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa, 425–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6_19.

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Bastien, Sheri, Erin Hetherington, Keri Williams, Jennifer Hatfield, and Mange Manyama. "The Development of an Innovative One Health Sanitation Science Fair to Cultivate Change Agent Capacity Among Pastoralist Youth in Rural Tanzania." In Youth as Architects of Social Change, 77–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66275-6_4.

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Wild, Robert, Moses Egaru, Mark Ellis-Jones, Barbara Nakangu Bugembe, Ahmed Mohamed, Obadiah Ngigi, Gertrude Ogwok, Jules Roberts, and Sophie Kutegeka. "Using Inclusive Finance to Significantly Scale Climate Change Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_127-1.

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AbstractReversing land degradation and achieving ecosystem restoration and management are routes to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The financial resources to achieve this are increasingly available. A major challenge is the absence of scalable mechanisms that can incentivize rapid change for rural communities at the decade-long time scale needed to respond to the climate emergency. Despite moves toward inclusive green finance (IGF), a major structural gap remains between the funding available and the unbankable small-scale producers who are stewards of ecosystems. This paper reports on inclusive finance that can help fill this gap and incentivizes improved ecosystem stewardship, productivity, and wealth creation. A key feature is the concept of eco-credit to build ecosystem management and restorative behaviors into loan terms. Eco-credit provides an approach for overcoming income inequality within communities to enhance the community-level ecosystem governance and stewardship. The paper discusses the experience of implementing the Community Environment Conservation Fund (CECF) over a 8-year-period from 2012. The CECF addresses the unbankable 80% of community members who cannot access commercial loans, has c. 20,000 users in Uganda and pilots in Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania. The model is contextualized alongside complementary mechanisms that can also incentivize improved ecosystem governance as well as engage and align communities, government, development partners, and the private sector. This complementary infrastructure includes commercial eco-credit as exemplified by the Climate Smart Lending Platform, and the community finance of the Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLA) model upon which CECF builds. The paper describes the technologies and climate finance necessary for significant scale-up.
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Wild, Robert, Moses Egaru, Mark Ellis-Jones, Barbara Nakangu Bugembe, Ahmed Mohamed, Obadiah Ngigi, Gertrude Ogwok, Jules Roberts, and Sophie Kutegeka. "Using Inclusive Finance to Significantly Scale Climate Change Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2565–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_127.

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AbstractReversing land degradation and achieving ecosystem restoration and management are routes to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The financial resources to achieve this are increasingly available. A major challenge is the absence of scalable mechanisms that can incentivize rapid change for rural communities at the decade-long time scale needed to respond to the climate emergency. Despite moves toward inclusive green finance (IGF), a major structural gap remains between the funding available and the unbankable small-scale producers who are stewards of ecosystems. This chapter reports on inclusive finance that can help fill this gap and incentivizes improved ecosystem stewardship, productivity, and wealth creation. A key feature is the concept of eco-credit to build ecosystem management and restorative behaviors into loan terms. Eco-credit provides an approach for overcoming income inequality within communities to enhance the community-level ecosystem governance and stewardship. The paper discusses the experience of implementing the Community Environment Conservation Fund (CECF) over a 8-year-period from 2012. The CECF addresses the unbankable 80% of community members who cannot access commercial loans, has c. 20,000 users in Uganda and pilots in Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania. The model is contextualized alongside complementary mechanisms that can also incentivize improved ecosystem governance as well as engage and align communities, government, development partners, and the private sector. This complementary infrastructure includes commercial eco-credit as exemplified by the Climate Smart Lending Platform, and the community finance of the Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLA) model upon which CECF builds. The paper describes the technologies and climate finance necessary for significant scale-up.
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Kisusu, R. W., D. M. Bahati, and G. R. Kisusu. "E-Government for Rural Development in Tanzania." In Socio-Economic Development, 1678–85. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1.ch085.

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This chapter presents the importance of developing rural areas with an emphasis on good governance and poverty alleviation through the use of electronic government in Tanzania. With such concern, the authors show that rural areas are as significant as the economy of most of the developing countries, including Tanzania. As such, putting sufficient efforts on rural development is unavoidable for rapid development. Further, the authors note how Tanzania improves its rural areas through the use of e-government, but efforts are constrained by the existence of poor Information Communication Technology service providers, ineffective policy, and unreliability of rural electricity. In order to address such shortfalls, the authors propose several solutions that could motivate the increase in the use of rural e-government and revise rural development policy.
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Kisusu, R. W., D. M. Bahati, and G. R. Kisusu. "E-Government for Rural Development in Tanzania." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 74–81. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6296-4.ch005.

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This chapter presents the importance of developing rural areas with an emphasis on good governance and poverty alleviation through the use of electronic government in Tanzania. With such concern, the authors show that rural areas are as significant as the economy of most of the developing countries, including Tanzania. As such, putting sufficient efforts on rural development is unavoidable for rapid development. Further, the authors note how Tanzania improves its rural areas through the use of e-government, but efforts are constrained by the existence of poor Information Communication Technology service providers, ineffective policy, and unreliability of rural electricity. In order to address such shortfalls, the authors propose several solutions that could motivate the increase in the use of rural e-government and revise rural development policy.
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Massaro, Richard J. "The Political Economy of Spatial Rationalization and Integregation Policies in Tanzania." In Rural Settlement Structure and African Development, 273–307. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429305146-12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

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Aemro, Yohannes Biru, Pedro Moura, and Anibal T. de Almeida. "DC-Microgrids As a Means of Rural Development in East African Countries." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7405.

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According to the World Health Organization, nearly 3 billion people burn wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and animal dung to meet their day to day energy needs and among these nearly 1.3 billion people do not have electricity access. More than 80% of the population suffering from energy poverty are living in rural areas of developing countries, such as in East Africa. On the other hand, the potential of renewable energy resources in East African countries is huge. However, such resources are usually intermittent and therefore the use of renewable energy sources to provide modern energy access with a good reliability level, for the remote locations with lack of energy access, is still an issue. With this regard, one of the emerging technologies to solve accessibility of energy in rural and remote areas is DC-microgrids. This paper assessed the use of off-grid systems in different developing countries and presents the results in improving energy access, especially in rural and remote locations. The results indicate that the experience of some Asian countries and Tanzania in East Africa could be a good example for other East African countries to invest in off-grid systems and address energy access problems in their rural and remote locations. On the other hand, there are challenges related to financing and lack of trained man power in East African countries.
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Groeli, Robert. "Building 8500+ Trail Bridges in the Himalayas." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.125.

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<p>Mobility is one of the most challenging fundamentals of rural livelihood in the Himalayan hills and mountains. More than 8500 trail bridges, comprising an overall span-length of about 650 kilometers have been constructed to date, saving millions of walking hours for people living in the rural Himalayan areas. Previously, crossing rivers was dangerous and sometimes impossible, especially in the rainy season. These bridges created vital connections which enabled children to go to school and people to access public services and visit medical centers and sanctuaries. They also boost local economic output by reducing the effort required to run local farms, gather crops and visit regional markets.</p><p>Fig. 1:The struggles and dangers of crossing a river and its solution</p><p>Swiss technical assistance for rural trail bridges started in the early sixties with the construction of a few suspension bridges in the hill areas of Nepal. In 1964 the Nepalese Government established the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD), and starting in 1972 the Swiss Government began providing continuous technical and financial assistance. Similarly, the Public Works Department in Bhutan initiated a country wide trail bridge construction program in 1971 for which assistance was provided from 1985-2010. Exchanges of experiences between these programs created a collaborative environment where new ideas could be evaluated and tested in the field. After SBD initially developed the basic technical norms, design parameters and standard designs suitable for long-span bridges, demand for simpler shorter span bridges rose tremendously. This prompted the program to develop “community executable bridge designs” adapted to the local skills and materials while conforming to established engineering standards. As a result, cost-effective, easy to implement technologies and community-based approaches were developed, which have been replicated in numerous countries leading to multiple successful partnerships in international development cooperation.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to highlight the following outcomes of the trail bridge-program:</p><ul><li><p>Standardized cost-effective trail bridge designs based on local capabilities and bridge-building techniques</p></li><li><p>Published of manuals, technical drawings and teaching resources for design, construction and fabrication</p></li><li><p>Engaged local communities in the construction, operation and maintenance of trail bridges</p></li><li><p>Compiled comprehensive trail bridge directory for planning, monitoring and maintenance</p></li><li><p>Established Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with institutional frameworks at national and local level</p></li><li><p>‘South-South Cooperation’ with Bhutan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Laos, Burundi, Honduras, Guatemala</p></li></ul>
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Reports on the topic "Rural development – Tanzania"

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Vyas, Seema, Jessie Mbwambo, and Charlotte Watts. Contested development? Women’s economic empowerment and intimate partner violence in urban and rural Tanzania. Unknown, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii159.

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