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Strand, Thea Randina. "Varieties in dialogue: Dialect use and change in rural Valdres, Norway." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194862.
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This dissertation is an investigation of the use, change, and status of the distinctive local dialect in rural Valdres, Norway. The Norwegian sociolinguistic situation has long been recognized as complicated by a protracted history of language planning and standardization, in which two competing written norms of Norwegian, called Bokmål and Nynorsk, are symbolically and ideologically associated with urban and rural identities, respectively. In addition, while Norwegians can choose from two written norms, no recognized standard exists for spoken Norwegian, and citizens are officially encouraged to use their native, local dialects. The present study approaches this situation through a case study of language use in Valdres today.In the summer of 2005, the distinctive dialect of the rural Valdres valley was voted "Norway's most popular dialect" on one of the country's most listened-to national radio programs, an event that both reflects and has contributed to a recent revaluation of the local dialect. Yet the results of previous dialectological research in Valdres have clearly pointed to long-term convergence toward what locals call "city language" -- the speech of nearby urban Oslo. While evidence of this decades-long trend is not contradicted by the findings of this dissertation research, the present study suggests that there may be more than one direction of dialect change in Valdres today. Despite ongoing changes in dialect morpho-lexis and phonology in the direction of urban regional speech, there is also a large number of relatively resistant dialect features in contemporary Valdresmål, and, even more importantly, evidence of a re-expansion of the dialect among younger speakers, which appears to align with forms found in written Nynorsk, the alternative "rural" norm. The simultaneous sociolinguistic trends of dialect convergence, non-convergence, and divergence in the contemporary Valdres dialect vis-a-vis urban regional norms thus provide an interesting and complicated case of language variation and change.This dissertation combines methods from linguistic and cultural anthropology, ethnographic sociolinguistics, and acoustic phonetics to provide an illuminating analysis of the local relationships between standard and non-standard varieties, between written and spoken forms, and between contemporary language use and historically-rooted language ideologies.
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Hawkins, Heather. "Recovering the rural : form, dialect and society in the poetry of Thomas Hardy." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34660/.
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In this thesis I identify the limited research into Hardy's use of dialect and metre in his poetry. I argue that critics assume a narrow textual approach that disregards Hardy’s broad thematic, linguistic and metrical range. To redress this anomaly, I propose a broader critical methodology which reflects and accommodates the multi-faceted nature of Hardy's poems. I employ a combination of post-colonialism and textual criticism to place Hardy's work in its socio-historic and textual contexts. Intrinsic to this study is an acknowledgement of the cultural and linguistic disparities between Victorian social classes and the cultural subjugation of the rural labouring class by the middle and landowning classes. I conduct an examination of Victorian prosodic and philological debates in relation to Hardy's poetry. I demonstrate that Hardy was familiar with these debates and fuses standard poetic devices and language with the non-standard devices and dialect of his native rural culture. In doing so, Hardy proposes the equality of rural and urban cultures in order to reclaim rural culture from the subjugation of the dominant urban centre. I propose that this fusion reflects increasing nineteenth- century urbanisation and renders rural culture inherent to Victorian social evolution. Conversely, I consider whether Hardy's fusion of cultures articulates growing anxiety expressed by Victorian liberals regarding the morality and maintenance of the British empire. I argue that the increased Victorian interest in philology indicates a middle-class desire to return to pre-imperial identities. I demonstrate that Hardy's poetry assumes an anti-imperialist stance in which he contends that all empires fail and result in the loss of imperial identities. His migration poems provide a detached view of society in which non-fixation of identities becomes possible. My multi-theoretical stance permits Hardy's multi-cultural understanding of society, which he articulates through dialect and standard English, and speaks for all mankind.
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Fors, Jacob. "Föllenskan : en sociolingvistisk studie av en landsortsdialekt och dess förändring." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Svenska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-43572.
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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, dialekten i landsorten Förlanda har förändrats. Beskrivningen av Förlandas dialekt bygger på det som har dokumenterats i Ahlquist (2010) Förlanda: svunna tider från Skäreskog till Lövsjöns strand. Studien har genomförts med en sociolingvistisk metod och genom två gruppsamtal, ett med äldre informanter och ett med yngre informanter, samt en enkätundersökning. Med hjälp av detta material vill jag svara på frågorna: Har dialekten förändrats? Vad i dialekten har förändrats? Samt vilka faktorer kan ha påverkat förändringen? Gruppsamtalen ligger till grund för att besvara de två förstnämnda frågorna och enkäten, som bygger på informanternas uppfattningar kring dialekten, orten och hur fysiskt och socialt rörliga de är samt deras attityd mot den egna dialekten och dialektförändring, används för att besvara den sistnämnda frågan. Tidigare forskning har visat att anknytning till orten, kön, ålder och rörlighet alla har varit faktorer som har påverkat en dialektförändring mer eller mindre. Denna studies resultat visar att dialekten i Förlanda har genomgått en förändring. Den yngre generationen använder sig inte av de tidigare dokumenterade dialektvariablerna i lika hög utsträckning som den äldre generationen. Dock använder sig den yngre generationen av en uppsättning dialektvariabler som inte är dokumenterade tidigare i högre utsträckning gentemot den äldre generationen. Den faktorn som var den viktigaste för att en informant skulle tala den lokala dialekten var anknytning till orten. De informanter som hade gått i skolan på orten eller arbetat där använde sig av dialektalavariabler i högre utsträckning än övriga informanter.
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Nelson, Rebecca M. "Shades of Deeper Meaning: A Phenomenological Study of Dialect Variance among 21st Century Rural Midwestern High School Students." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1524672085289361.
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Marsh, Kim Wendy. "The performance of rural speakers of non-standard Afrikaans on the diagnostic evaluation of language variation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5296.
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Auzanneau, Michelle. "La situation sociolinguistique en milieu rural poitevin, avec application au marché." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H082.
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L’objet de cette étude est la description et l'interprétation de la situation sociolinguistique observée dans une zone géographique située au sud des départements de la vienne et des Deux-Sèvres. Il s'est agi de savoir si celle-ci pouvait être caractérisée par le concept de bilinguisme dialectal utilise par P. Encrevé à la fin des années 60 pour la situation sociolinguistique d'un village vendéen. La présente étude reprenant pour hypothèse de base ce concept tente d'appliquer le principe de la méthodologie qui lui est lie. L’enquête a été effectuée par observation, entretien et questionnaire. Les résultats sont de type quantitatif. Ils révèlent l'existence de 5 "variétés de discours", dont 4 moins sont caractérisées par la coexistence des unités poitevines et françaises. Celles-ci se distribuent dans la communauté linguistique en fonction de la classe d'âges et du sexe des individus. Le répertoire verbal de ceux-ci dépend d'un ensemble de données relatives à l'évolution de la société rurale. Néanmoins, l'usage de ces variétés de discours de pend encore de la position des membres de la communauté dans la sociabilité de celle-ci. La signification de leur usage est liée aux valeurs et fonctions symboliques dont elles se chargent du fait de leurs caractéristiques particulières ou de leur position dans le répertoire verbal des individus. Mais leur usage se comprend en rapport avec l'ensemble des données de l'interaction prise en compte d'un point de vue dynamique.
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Silva, Maria Cristina Vieira de Figueiredo. "O objeto direto anafórico no dialeto rural afro-brasileiro." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras e Linguística da UFBA, 2004. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11610.
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Esta dissertação analisa, numa perspectiva sociolingüística, as estratégias de realização do objeto direto anafórico no dialeto rural afro-brasileiro, focalizando as variantes que distanciam o português do Brasil (PB) e o português europeu (PE): a categoria vazia e o uso do pronome lexical (ele/ela). Parte-se do pressuposto de que as diferenças existentes entre o PB e o PE se devem, não só a motivações internas à estrutura da língua, mas, principalmente, a motivações externas (sócio-históricas) decorrentes do contato entre línguas ocorrido, quando no Brasil conviveram os portugueses, os índios e os negros trazidos da África como escravos. Buscando avaliar o quanto o contato entre línguas afetou o desenvolvimento histórico da língua portuguesa no Brasil, o foco da pesquisa dirige-se para as comunidades rurais afrobrasileiras isoladas, do interior do Estado da Bahia. Por terem-se mantido até bem recentemente em relativo isolamento, tais comunidades devem guardar não só costumes culturais bastante antigos, mas também padrões lingüísticos, que permitam encontrar evidências de processos de variação e mudança resultantes do contato entre línguas. Dessa forma, o corpus analisado reuniu quatro comunidades localizadas em regiões diversas do Estado da Bahia, em que houve grande concentração de mão-de-obra escrava, a saber: Helvécia, no extremo-sul da Bahia; Rio de Contas, na Chapada Diamantina; Cinzento, no semi-árido; e Sapé, no Recôncavo Baiano.
Salvador
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Colin, Pierre. "Le parler rural de Coinches (Vosges) : approche linguistique et ethnographique." Nancy 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN21002.
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Le village de Coinches, situé non loin de Saint-Dié, dans les Vosges à l'ouest de la frontière linguistique, vivait naguère d'agriculture. En l'espace de vingt ans, le paysage s'y est considérablement modifié. La forêt à gagne rapidement du terrain vers l'aval. Les jeunes natifs du village s'en sont allés travailler à la ville. Ils ont été remplacés par d'autres. Il y a vingt ans disparaissaient les derniers vrais patoisants du village. Il y a certes encore aujourd’hui des gens qui comprennent le patois de Coinches, mais cette langue meurt, faute de locuteurs. Le vocabulaire recueilli se ventile suivant quatre niveaux de langue, du patois, du français tel qu'il est parlé dans la communauté actuellement, des toponymes et des sobriquets. Presque un tiers du vocabulaire recueilli renseigne le lecteur sur le volet économique, six mois sur dix décrivent l'homme et l'appropriation du territoire le surplus se rapporte aux rituels. L’étude de ce parler renseigne sur la structure de la communauté telle qu'elle se présentait il y a une cinquantaine d'années. La langue utilisée n'est ni du français déformé, ni une langue d'origine germanique. Elle prolonge le latin du moyen âge. Un mot sur six est d'origine germanique. Des traces non négligeables de celtique existentNot long ago the village of Coinches, which in the close neighborhood of Saint-Dié, in the Vosges region, west of the linguistic frontier used to live on agricultural means. For about twenty years, the setting has changed a lot. The forest has spread on downhill. Young people, native to those villages, went down to town to earn a living; they have been replaced by new youngsters. Twenty years ago, the last authentic patois-speaking people disappeared. Even though few people still understand the patois from Coinches today, the language is inexorably dying away for lack of speakers. The words collected might be classified into four linguistic categories that are patois, French as it is spoken in the community at the present times, toponyms and nicknames. Nearly one third of the words collected give the reader some information about the economic background, six words out of ten deals with the people and the way real estate worked out - the rest refers to rites. The study of the provincial dialect gives useful information about the structure of the community as it used to be about fifty years ago. The speech used is neither distorted French nor a Germanic language
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Medina, Plaza Juán José. "Las actitudes linguísticas en jóvenes entre 15 a 18 años cuya lengua materna es el aymara en Nucleos Educativos Rurales de La Paz." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2011. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2011/medina_pju/html/index-frames.html.
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El presente trabajo es el resultado de un largo y arduo proceso investigativo cuyo objetivo es el de determinar las actitudes lingüísticas de los jóvenes entre 15 a 18 años, cuya lengua materna es el Aymara, respecto a esta lengua en las Unidades Educativas rurales del Tolar, Achica Arriba y Ayo-Ayo pertenecientes al departamento de La Paz. Con dicho objetivo se utilizó un instrumento que permitiera medir las mencionadas actitudes lingüísticas en los mencionados jóvenes y el cual es el conocido como Escala de Likert. Este instrumento fue aplicado directamente a toda la población con la que se trabajó y los resultados obtenidos –presentados en el Cuarto Capítulo- fueron sometidos a su correspondiente análisis tanto cuantitativo como también cualitativo a la luz de la teoría expuesta a su vez en el Segundo Capítulo de la presente investigación. La actual y singular situación por la que atraviesa este país se ha constituido en el factor-estímulo inicial para la elección del tema del presente trabajo investigativo. Los cambios que se han estado viviendo son significativos no solamente a nivel social, político, y/o económico, sino también conllevan cambios sociolingüísticos y elementos estrechamente relacionados a los mismos que bien merecen ser abordados cuidadosamente. Uno de estos elementos es conocido como Actitud Lingüística.
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Wight, John Bradford. "The territory/function dialectic : a social learning paradigm of regional development planning." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU361633.
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A personal social learning experience in itself, the thesis articulates the territory/function dialectic as an alternative, social learning paradigm of regional development planning. The current crisis affecting this activity is firstly diagnosed, the underlying problem is then traced to the prevailing orthodoxy, and, in its place, a new paradigm is offered. The story behind the thesis is told via a characterisation of the overall study process as a transition from objective empiricism to empirical subjectivism. The story features highlights of the main case study experiences as well as those insights gained during the actual creation, that is, in the writing, of the ultimate thesis. After identifying the desirable qualities in a contending paradigm, and elaborating the basic elements of the territory/function dialectic, particular attention is given to the significance of territory. This is complemented by a discussion of the fundamental change in the thinking of John Friedmann, who must be credited with originating the subject dialectic. A literature review is presented featuring a consideration of competing paradigms. A detailed contrast of the centre-periphery and territory/function conceptualisations is also presented before concluding with some critical revelations and key insights. The territory/function dialectic is seen to possess the attributes of both a substantive and methodological paradigm. The special paradigm status is bolstered by a consideration of geography's role in relation to the key concept of territory. The paradigm as a whole is seen to underpin an alternative epistemology combining critical science and social learning. The lessons from a social learning experience are elaborated in a revisitation of the original objectives-cum-working hypotheses. These lessons feature: the pursuit of more real theory; the social value of underdevelopment theory; the explicit role of the state as manifest in official practice; and the significance of learning through collective action. The territory/function dialectic is seen to provide the necessary link between theory and practice in an all encompassing manner. The thesis concludes with a review of certain basic, dialectical, dualities. There is also specific consideration of planning and social learning, entailing further distinctions between not only theory and practice, but also between scientific practice and social practice.
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Silva, Wilton Pereira da [UNESP]. "" 'As cuié', 'os pobrema', 'as arvre'. " Isso é português e é cultura. O que pensam meus alunos a respeito?" Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148554.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho pretende enfocar o português falado no Estado de São Paulo, a partir da ótica da variação linguística. Para tanto, propôs-se um Projeto Didático de Gênero a um grupo de cento e doze alunos, moradores de região periférica e regularmente matriculados no oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental, em unidade escolar pública da rede municipal de São Paulo, no ano de dois mil e quinze. Em cada módulo do projeto em questão, foram trabalhados gêneros textuais direta ou indiretamente relacionados à oralidade. Abordou-se a problemática da variedade rural presente nos poemas de tradição oral de folguedos da cultura popular paulista, mais especificamente do cururu, do fandango caiçara e do samba rural. O referencial teórico, no qual este estudo está embasado, diz respeito aos fenômenos variacionistas e estruturas heterógenas nas comunidades de fala, verificados principalmente em LABOV (2008 [1972]), BAGNO (1997) e BORTONI-RICARDO (2004, 2005, 2011). Nosso objetivo, além da conscientização dos alunos quanto ao repúdio ao preconceito linguístico – uma vez que detectamos na análise das respostas, alguns indícios que chegam a beirar a intolerância linguística – é o de apresentar aspectos importantes dessas manifestações que remontam à época da expansão territorial, e carecem de ser resgatadas, revividas e preservadas.
The purpose of this work is to focus on the way people speak Portuguese in São Paulo State, from the perspective of linguistic variation. In order to do that, it was proposed a textual genre didactic project to one hundred and twelve students, who lived far from the downtown areas. They were regularly enrolled in the eighth year of a public elementary school in the city of São Paulo, in 2015. In each module of that project, some text genres with direct or indirect focus on the oral expressions were explored in the development of the work. An approach was taken on a problematic issue, the rural variety of Portuguese language in the poems of oral tradition of some dramatic dances (known as ‘folguedos’) from the popular culture of São Paulo State, especially the cururu, the fandango caiçara and the rural samba. The theoretical reference, in which this study is based, refers to the variational phenomena and heterogeneous structures in the speech communities, verified mainly in LABOV (2008 [1972]), BAGNO (1997) and BORTONI-RICARDO (2004, 2005, 2011). The aim of this research is to present some important aspects of those events which evoke the time of Brazilian territorial expansion, besides explaining to the students the importance of rejecting the linguistic discrimination – as a matter of fact, it was detected, in the analysis of the answers, some evidence that comes closer to the linguistic intolerance. The events need to be remembered, revived and preserved.
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Jantjies, Wesley. "The discourse marker mos in rural varieties of Afrikaans in the Western Cape: A descriptive study of syntactic patterns and pragmatic function." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1927.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis considers the linguistic item mos as it occurs in the speech of non-standard Cape Afrikaans speakers from the rural areas of the Western Cape, namely Montague, Worcester, Robertson, Touwsrivier, De Doorns, and Beaufort West. The syntactic and pragmatic properties of mos are described, as well as its prevalence in discourse in relation to particular social factors. Properties and functions of adverbs and discourse markers, as discussed by Ponelis (1985), Schiffrin (1987, 2001), and Fraser (1993, 1999, 2001), are applied to mos in terms of its syntactic characterisation as an adverb and as a discourse marker. The pragmatic analysis of mos is based on the analysis of discourse markers, such as you know in English, by Schiffrin (1987, 2001). With regard to the grammatical properties of mos, it was found that mos behaves much like an adverb in terms of syntactic distribution, yet it does not fulfil all the grammatical functions of an adverb, which is why it is being analysed as a discourse marker. The functions of mos as an adverb are restricted; mos does not perform the adverbial function of modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and prepositional phrases; rather, the entire proposition expressed by the utterance is modified or qualified by the use of mos. Its discourse marker functions follow from this property; discourse markers tend to retain the distributional properties of the syntactic category from which they are derived – in this case, the discourse marker mos is derived from the syntactic category of adverb. The position of mos within the sentence, both medial and final, is grammatically determined and has a grammatical relationship with other constituents in the sentence. This is similar for its function as adverb and as discourse marker. Mos is bound to the sentence structure, yet it may still be removed from the sentence without affecting grammaticality; however, in such an event the intended interpretation may not be as explicit. In analysing the discourse functions of mos, a number of pragmatic functions were identified: (i) mos indicates information as general knowledge and knowledge that should be known; (ii) it presents information as necessary in order for a narrative to be understood; (iii) it functions in the development of meta-knowledge in order to discover knowledge which the hearer has about a particular topic; (iv) it presents information which is to be interpreted as a causal or reason for a particular event or situation; (v) it presents a position or opinion in an argument which is to be regarded as fact; and (vi) it reveals logical relationships between two utterances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die linguistiese item mos soos dit in die spraak van nie-standaard Kaapse Afrikaanse sprekers in die landelike gebiede van die Wes-Kaap, naamlik Montague, Worcester, Robertson, Touwsrivier, De Doorns, en Beaufort-Wes voorkom. Die tesis beskryf die sintaktiese en pragmatiese eienskappe van mos, sowel as die effek van spesifieke sosiale faktore op die voorkoms daarvan in diskoers. Die eienskappe en funksies van bywoorde en diskoersmerkers, soos deur Ponelis (1985), Schiffrin (1987, 2001), en Fraser (1993, 1999, 2001) bespreek, word op mos toegepas in terme van sy sintaktiese karakterisering as bywoord. Die pragmatiese analise van mos is gebasseer op Schiffrin (1987, 2001) se analise van diskoersmerkers, byvoorbeeld you know ("jy weet") in Engels. Wat betref die grammatikale eienskappe van mos is daar gevind dat mos soos ‘n bywoord optree in terme van sintakties verspreiding. Dit vervul egter nie al die grammatikale funksies van ‘n bywoord nie; om daardie rede word dit as ‘n diskoersmerker ontleed. Die funksies van mos as ‘n bywoord is beperk; mos modifiseer nie werkwoorde, byvoeglikenaamwoorde, ander bywoorde, of preposisionele frases nie, maar dit modifiseer wel die algehele proposisie wat uitgedruk word deur die uiting. Die diskoersmerker-funksies volg vanuit hierdie eienskap. Diskoersmerkers is geneig om die sintaktiese gedrag van die sintaktiesie kategorie waarvan hulle afgelei is, te behou; in hierdie geval is die diskoersmerker mos afgelei vanaf die sintaktiese kategorie bywoord. Mos kan in die middel of aan die einde van die sin voorkom en sy posisie word grammatikaal bepaal. Dit is die geval vir beide sy funksie as bywoord en as diskoersmerker. Mos is verbind met die sinstruktuur (anders as ander diskoersmerkers), maar dit kan steeds uit die sin verwyder word sonder om grammatikaliteit te beïnvloed; die bedoelde interpretasie mag in so 'n geval egter minder eksplisiet wees. Met die analise van die diskoersfunksies van mos is ‘n aantal pragmatiese funksies geïdentifiseer: (i) mos dui inligting as algemene kennis aan of as inligting wat reeds bekend behoort te wees aan die gespreks genote; (ii) dit stel inligting as noodsaaklik tot die begrip van narratiewe voor; (iii) dit funksioneer in die ontwikkeling van meta-kennis; (iv) dit merk inligting weer wat as rede vir ‘n spesifieke gebeurtenis of situasie geïnterpreteer kan word; (v) dit dui ‘n posisie of ‘n opinie aan wat as feit aanvaar word in ‘n argument; en (vi) dit lê logiese verhoudings tussen uitings bloot.
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Germond, Paul Andre. "The rural-urban dialectic in pre-monarchic Israel : Israel vis-a-vis the Canaanites and the Philistines, ca. 1200 to 1020 B.C.E." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16402.
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Bibliography: pages 123-136.Using a historical materialist model of the rural-urban dialectic, this study is an analysis of the rural-urban articulation in Palestine c. 1200-1020 B.C.E., with particular reference to the aetiology of the conflict between the Israelite tribes and the Canaanites and Philistines. The model of the rural-urban dialectic which is developed in this thesis, posits that the relations between rural societies and urban societies in the ancient Near East were essentially antagonistic. Urban centers were sites of consumption rather than production. They were parasitic upon their rural hinterlands, extracting the produce of the village peasantry by means of enforced tributary relations. This extortion of the surplus product generated the conflict between the inhabitants of the rural areas and the city-dwellers. The resistance to such oppression by the peasantry engendered the class struggle in the ancient Near East, which took the form of conflict between the tribute exacting class, located in the cities, and the agrarian peasant class, located in the villages. The major thesis of this study is that the relations between the Israelite tribes and the Canaanites and Philistines can best be explained in terms of the rural-urban dialectic, which means that the conflict between the Israelite tribes and their urban neighbours was a manifestation of the antagonistic relations between rural and urban societies in the ancient Near East. The Canaanite and the Philistine societies were urban societies which existed as such by virtue of their ability to maintain tribute-extracting relations with the peasantry of their rural hinterlands. The Israelites, a tribal peasant society, were subject to this form of oppression to the extent to which they came under the orbit of Canaanite or Philistine power. The aetiology of the sustained conflict which pre-monarchic Israel experienced with the Canaanites and the Philistines lay in the relations of production imposed on them - relations which belong to the economic base of society - rather than in the realm of the superstructure, which includes the religious, political and ethnic aspects of a society. This conflict was expressed in religious, political and even ethnic terms, but had its source in the economic relations that existed between rural and urban societies in the ancient Near East.
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Schellhorn, Matthias. "Rural tourism in the 'Third World' : the dialectic of development : the case of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Environment, Society and Design Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080221.124834/.
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This thesis examines the effectiveness of tourism as an agent of rural development, focusing on culture and nature-based destinations in the 'developing world'. The village of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island, Indonesia, served as a case study.
Conservation agencies frequently support tourism development as a sustainable alternative to more extractive resource uses. Integrated conservation models, in particular, present 'eco'tourism as an effective instrument to enhance rural livelihoods while protecting the environment. Alongside international aid agencies, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) also promotes the sector for its poverty reduction potential in 'third world' countries. Rural communities hold concomitant expectations of tourism's socio-cultural development potential. Furthermore, 'eco'tourism functions as a growing niche market for the globally expanding tourism industry and local entrepreneurs. As such it fits well into the economic rationale that underpins neo-liberal market strategies. With such a diversity of interests at stake, the question "What kind of business is tourism?" has become more complex, critical and pertinent than ever before.
Informed by development theories and the sociology of tourism, this analysis focuses on the multiple dichotomies that characterise 'third world' tourism. In the case of tourism development in Desa Senaru, several paradoxical outcomes have been identified. The most profound of these is the 'social justice paradox' that describes the way tourism costs and benefits are distributed within a heterogeneous community of native residents and migrant settlers. While most of the case study's tourism attractions are part of the cultural heritage of the wetu telu Sasak hamlets, these derive few economic benefits and struggle to access the new development opportunities 'eco'tourism offers. Filtered and directed by historical political relations, several key barriers to a meaningful participation of these native people in the 'business of tourism' have been identified. These include the prevailing conditions of education, culture, ethnicity, socio-economy, location, mobility, skills and knowledge.
Expectations of 'eco'tourism as a 'soft' industry analysed vis-à-vis the global biosphere effects of air transport highlight the 'eco-paradox' of international tourism. The cleavage between the poverty-focused aid policies of the New Zealand Government and an integrated conservation project, whose benefits local elites have largely captured, illustrates the 'project paradox' of rural tourism development programmes.
In the 'development paradox' of cultural tourism, symbolic constructs of 'otherness' (such as 'aesthetic poverty') contrast with various development agendas; in their search for the 'real' traditional village, for example, the tourists reject all signifiers of material progress and modernity. Their curious gaze at the spiritual practices and everyday life world of the wetu telu villagers manifests opposite a recent history of state-sanctioned religious discrimination. Taken together, these paradoxical local outcomes emphasize the significance of power relations and political dimensions within the globally expanding 'business of tourism'.
Ethical considerations are an important aspect of this study as they contribute towards an 'ethic of development' that, so far, has found little theoretical resonance amongst scholars of tourism studies. To operationalise the ethical concerns raised, the thesis posits a model of a holistic approach to development. This recognises tourism as a complex open system.
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Nissabouri, Abdelfattah. "Le français tel qu'on le prononce à Casablanca : reflet des tendances actuelles de l'arabe marocain sur la prononciation du français." Rennes 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN20024.
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Notre but dans ce travail est d'étudier le phénomène linguistique connu sous le nom d'accent étranger chez des arabophones marocains parlant français. Dans le domaine de l'arabe marocain, la complexité de l'histoire du pays liée à la non moins grande complexité du terrain linguistique oriente d'une certaine manière l'évolution des parlers. Cette évolution se manifeste dans la dichotomie traditionnelle citadin bédouin qui, depuis la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle, est remise en cause par des phénomènes extralinguistiques tel l'exode rural et le "basculement" du Maroc intérieur vers le littoral. Pour mener à bien cette recherche, nous avons procédé en premier lieu à une analyse phonologique du français parlé par un informateur principal natif de Casablanca, vocalisme d'abord et consonantisme ensuite. Cette analyse a révélé deux types d'interférences phoniques : celles que font les arabophones en général et celles liées à la dichotomie en question. La deuxième grande partie de ce travail se veut résolument dynamique. Elle comprend deux mises au point : la première précise l'état de la recherche en phonologie de l'arabe marocain et permet d'esquisser le profil d'un dénominateur commun des parlers les plus connus (citadins). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons tenté de circonscrire dans le domaine dialectologique les marquages de type citadin et de type bédouin. Ensuite, nous avons cherche à repérer ces marquages chez des informateurs arabophones citadins et ruraux, issus de régions différentes du Maroc, en les invitant à répondre à un questionnaire phonétique bilingue pour constater que l'atténuation des caractéristiques phoniques respectives de leurs parlers peut se manifester dans leur prononciation du françaisOur objective here is to try to examine the linguistic phenomenon known as foreign accent with Arab-speaking French-speakers. With regard to Moroccan Arab, the complex nature of the country's history relating to the equally considerable complexity of the linguistic field determines in some way changes in speaking. The changes or developments are shown in the traditional way of opposing the city-dwellers to the Bedouins. Since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, however, certain extra-linguistic phenomena such as the drift from the land and the massive migration of the interior Moroccan inhabitants towards the coastal regions, are calling the issue into question. To carry out successfully the research work, we have first of all done a phonological analysis -the vowel system first, and then the consonant system, afterwards- of French spoken by a major informant, born in Casablanca. This analysis has brought to light two types of phonic interference : those of Arab-speakers in general and those relating to the (city-dweller Bedouin) opposition in question. The second main part of the research is resolutely dynamic. It comprises two main settings, the first of which specifies the nature of the research in Moroccan Arab phonology and enables us to outline the profile of a common denominator of the best-known speakings (i. E. , those of city-dwellers). Secondly, we have tried to explore, through dialectology, the typical characteristics of the city-dweller and those of the Bedouin. Further, we have tried to identify these characteristics with the city-dwelling as well as the rural
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Desrichard, René-Claude. "Le vocabulaire de la vie à la ferme dans l'ancien archiprêtré de Souvigny." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CLF20023.
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L'ancien archipretre de souvigny s'etend, sur la rive gauche de l'allier, de neuvy, au nord, en terre d'oil, a saint-germain-de-salles, au sud, en terre d'oc. L'etude du vocabulaire revele l'existence de parlers riches et varies, dans lesquels apparaissent des frontieres assez nettes. Pour ce qui est de la phonetique, nombre de traits d'oc ne se rencontrent que dans l'extreme sud de l'aire, limite au nord par bayet : participe passe masculin en (a), opposition entre masculin en (a) et feminin en (o), infinitif en a issu de -are, nombreuses diphtongaisons. Le consonantisme est lui aussi particulier : chute des consonnes finales, evolution de (p) dans (pr) intervocalique, mouillure, evolution de (k) ou de (g) initial. Pour le lexique, apparaissent deux frontieres qui opposent des paires de mots differents pour designer une meme chose. L'une, a monetay, separe le nord de l'aire du centre et du sud. L'autre, a bayet, oppose des mots employes dans le nord et le centre a des mots employes dans le sud. Enfin, des aires isolees, sans doute archaisantes, existent au centre du domaine. Ces remarques eclairent les processus d'oilisation et de francisationThe area formerly placed under the authority of the archpriest of souvigny stretches along the left bank of the river allier from neuvy to the north, in "oil" speaking territory down to saint-germain-de-salles to the south, in "oc" speaking territory. A study of the vocabulary reveals the existence of rich and varied forms of local speech with relatively clear-cut borderlines. As regards phonetics, many of the "oc"-language characteristics only occur in the southernmost part of the area limited to the north by bayet : masculine part participle ending in (a), masculine endings in (a) contrasted with feminine endings in (o), infinitive ending in -a stemming from -are, numerous diphtongs. The consonant system also has its characteristics : final consonants dropped, (p) altered into intervocalic (pr), palatalization, initial (k) or (g) altered. As regards the lexis, two dividing lines delimitate areas in which different words going in pairs are used to name the same things. One line, running through monetay marks the boundary between the north of the area and its central and southern parts. The second line, running trough bayet contrasts words spoken in the north and center with words spoken in the south. Besides, isolate areas with apparently archaic speech forms can be delimited in the centre of the zone. The study therein throws light on the way the "oil" dialects and french language gradually spread southwards
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Santos, Maria Augusta Costa dos. "Tornando-se um Assentado Rural do MST: uma análise psicossocial das idas e vindas do homem do campo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17024.
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This dissertação had for objective to understand as if agricultural one gives the process to become one seated, arguing the directions of this process for the citizens of this research, aiming at to raise subsidies to reflect on its potentiality citizen eor of perverse inclusion. For the referenciais of the Partner-historical Psychology of Vygotsky and the Nucleus of Psicossociais Studies of the Dialectic had been in such a way used Exclusion Social inclusion. The research was carried through in a Nesting, located in the Zone of Mata of the State of Alagoas, when 65 living citizens of this nesting had been interviewed in the first stage and in the second stage nine citizens, of which only seven had been valid for the purposes of the research and construction of histories of life of the citizens, since the interviewed others had been monossilábicos in its answers. The analysis was guided by the theoretical referencial created by Vygotsky, searching subtexto (affective-volitional base) of it speaks of the interviewed ones to understand the directions and meanings of if becoming one seated agricultural one of the MST. With this analytical procedure one arrived it the following units of felt: Work, Education, Religion and Leisure, all they perpassadas by the unit of bigger direction that is the land. From the results it was arrived conclusion that the citizens had searched the MST for survival necessity, e had been potencializados for the action during all the period of fight for the land and construction of the nesting.When becoming seated agricultural, they were desmobilizaram for the action, with the attitude to wait for the other for the resolution of the problems of the nesting, with few spaces and moments of collective convivência, with the productive work and commercialization of the agricultural products almost always restricted to the lot and the family (in detriment of the collective production). The only factor of mobilization is the religion. All these results point with respect to a form of perverse and precarious inclusion by means of the agricultural nesting, where they lack convivência spaces, allotment and affection; assistance technique adjusted for the production and commercialization of the products; precarious access to the system of public health; unglued education of the reality of the nesting; precarious access to the nesting through roads without asphalt and badly conserved and predominance of the directions proclaimed for religious institutions, that they take them to wait, now, for the land promised in the sky.
Esta dissertação teve por objetivo compreender como se dá o processo de tornar-se um assentado rural, discutindo os sentidos desse processo para os sujeitos desta pesquisa, visando levantar subsídios para refletir sobre a sua potencialidade cidadã e/ou de inclusão perversa. Para tanto foram utilizados os referenciais da Psicologia Sócio-histórica de Vygotsky e do Núcleo de Estudos Psicossociais da Dialética Exclusão/Inclusão Social. A pesquisa foi realizada em um Assentamento, localizado na Zona da Mata do Estado de Alagoas, quando foram entrevistados na primeira etapa 65 sujeitos moradores desse assentamento e na segunda etapa nove sujeitos, dos quais apenas sete foram válidas para as finalidades da pesquisa e construção das histórias de vida dos sujeitos, visto que os outros entrevistados foram monossilábicos em suas respostas. A análise foi orientada pelo referencial teórico criado por Vygotsky, buscando o subtexto (base afetivo-volitiva) da fala dos entrevistados para entender os sentidos e significados de se tornar um assentado rural do MST. Com este procedimento analítico chegou-se às seguintes unidades de sentido: Trabalho, Educação, Religião e Lazer, todas elas perpassadas pela unidade de sentido maior que é a terra. A partir dos resultados chegou-se a conclusão que os sujeitos buscaram o MST por necessidade de sobrevivência, e foram potencializados para a ação durante todo o período de luta pela terra e construção do assentamento.Ao tornarem-se assentados rurais, desmobilizaram-se para a ação, com a atitude de esperar pelo outro para a resolução dos problemas do assentamento, com poucos espaços e momentos de convivência coletiva, com o trabalho produtivo e comercialização dos produtos rurais quase sempre restritos ao lote e à família (em detrimento da produção coletiva). O único fator de mobilização é a religião. Todos esses resultados apontam para uma forma de inclusão perversa e precária por meio do assentamento rural, onde faltam espaços de convivência, partilha e afeto; assistência técnica adequada para a produção e comercialização dos produtos; precário acesso ao sistema de saúde pública; educação descolada da realidade do assentamento; acesso precário ao assentamento através de estradas sem asfalto e mal conservadas e predomínio dos sentidos apregoados por instituições religiosas, que os levam a esperar, agora, pela terra prometida no céu.
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Rousselet, Jean-François. "Victor Petrovitch Astafiev, un écrivain ruraliste ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAC030.
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Cette thèse présente la première monographie française sur le grand écrivain russe et sibérien Victor Astafiev. Peu traduite en français, son œuvre importante (15 volumes) est généralement considérée par la critique comme s’inscrivant dans la veine de la prose rurale qui se développa en Russie à partir des années 70. Cependant, la biographie de l’écrivain et la multiplicité des thèmes qu’il aborde (société, guerre, musique, sons et nature) impose une remise en question de cette interprétation. L’auteur de la thèse s’attache à analyser finement les textes mis en contexte, à étudier l’évolution et la spécificité linguistique de leur écriture pour situer Astafiev dans la tradition de la grande littérature russe et faire apparaitre la profondeur et l’actualité de ses écrits. Le volume II livre une série de traductions inédites, annotées et commentées, ainsi que les versions reconstituées de chansons dont les textes révèlent un trésor de la culture populaire de l’époqueThis thesis presents the first French monograph on the great Russian and Siberian writer, Viktor Petrovich Astafiev. His important work (15 volumes), little-translated into French, is generally praised by critics as taking place within the same framework of the Village Prose, which started growing in Russia from the seventies onwards. However, the biography of the writer and the multiple themes which he takes up (society, war, music, sounds and nature) call into question this interpretation. The thesis author attempts to carry out a shrewd analysis of the texts placed within their context and to study the linguistic development as well as the specificity of Astafiev writings in order to situate him in the tradition of the great Russian literature and to highlight the depth and the topicality of his work. The second volume delivers a whole series of unpublished translations, duly annotated and commented as well as restored versions of songs, the texts of which reveal a treasure of the popular culture in the context of that time
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Свеженко, Ганна Альбертівна. "Лексика на позначення погоди та природних явищ у діалектах британського варіанту англійської мови." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/1980.
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Свеженко Г. А. Лексика на позначення погоди та природних явищ у діалектах британського варіанту англійської мови : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 035 "Філологія" / наук. керівник О. І. Лужаниця. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 65 с.UA : Дипломна робота – 65 стор., 73 джерела. Об’єкт дослідження: є лексика діалектів Англії на позначенні концепту «погода» та «погодні явища». Мета роботи: полягає у зіставному аналізі лексики діалектів Англії на позначенні концепту «погода» та «погодні явища» та в виділенні їх особливостей. Теоретико-методологічні засади: для розв’язання поставлених завдань у роботі використано сукупність кількох методів: метод узагальнення й опису теоретичної бази та фактичного матеріалу, суцільної вибірки із наявного матеріалу, компонентного аналізу словникових дефініцій, порівняння й типологізації діалектів, приклади яких були математично підраховані. Отримані результати: одні й теж діалектні слова на позначення погоди та погодних явищ у Великобританії використовувалися на декількох територіях одночасно, але й є і географічні синоніми. За результатом практичного аналізу було створено корпус слів на позначенні поняття «погода» та «погодні явища» в діалектах Англії загальним обсягом в 324 одиниці. За частиномовним критерієм найбільш продуктивними є іменники (190), потім йдуть прикметники (166) та дієслова (148), найменш продуктивними є прислівники (20). Територіальні розбіжності у вербалізації погоди і погодних явищ у діалектах Англії майже відсутні. Закономірно, що на півночі холодніше ніж на півдні (лексем зі значенням сніг тут найбільше), тем не менш, і вітер та сніг не рідкі явища на півдні країни. В усіх діалектних групах найбільша кількість слів позначає погодне явище відоме як дощ та вітер. На сході та заході найбільше лексем які позначають вітер.
EN : Object of study: is a vocabulary of the English dialects to denote the concept of "weather" and "weather phenomena". Purpose of the work: is a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of the dialects of England on the designation of the concept of "weather" and "weather phenomena" and in highlighting their features. Theoretical and methodological foundations: a set of several methods were used to solve the tasks in the work: a method of generalization and description of theoretical base and factual material, continuous sampling of available material, component analysis of vocabulary definitions, comparisons and typologization of language clichés, examples of which were exemplified . Results: The same dialect words for weather and weather in the UK were used in several territories at the same time, but also have geographical synonyms. As a result of the practical analysis, a corpus of words on the notion of "weather" and "weather phenomena" was created in the dialects of England, totaling 324 units. By partial criterion, the most productive are nouns (190), followed by adjectives (166) and verbs (148), the least productive are adverbs (20). Territorial differences in the verbalization of weather and weather in the dialects of England are almost absent. Of course, in the north it is colder than in the south (lexemes with the value of snow are here the most), however, and wind and snow are not rare phenomena in the south of the country. In all dialect groups, the largest number of words indicates the weather phenomenon known as rain and wind. In the east and west, the most tokens are the wind.
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Kafu, Hazel Bukiwe. "Challenges in teaching IsiXhosa home language in rural Eastern Cape secondary schools." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26683.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges in teaching IsiXhosa home language in rural secondary schools. Learners from Grades 8 to 12 perform poorly in IsiXhosa grammar, essay writing, literature and oral work. The researcher sampled 40 learners from each of two senior secondary schools, eight parents and eight IsiXhosa subject specialists (two district based and six school based) to take part in the research. Data for this study were collected during cluster moderations in one of the secondary schools by using document analysis, interviews and questionnaires.
Qualitative and quantitative methods were used by the researcher to analyse IsiXhosa results from Grade 8 to Grade 12. Analysis of documents such as mark schedules and marks for formal and informal tasks gave evidence that learners perform poorly in grammar, literature, oral work and essay writing. Scarcity or non-availability of distinctions (levels 6 and 7) in Grade 12 final exams as well as in Grades 8 to 11 proves that the language demands special attention for its teaching and learning in the secondary classroom situation; the conclusions were therefore drawn and recommendations made.Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Curriculum Design and Development)
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Magagula, Constance Samukelisiwe. "Standard versus non-standard isiZulu : a comparative study between urban and rural learners' performance and attitude." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/383.
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Rakoma, Maletsepe Monica. "The implementation of the hermeneutic-dialectic methodology for an ABET needs assessment in a rural area of the Northern Province." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7626.
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M.Ed.A number of studies has shown that adult education is a matter of great concern in South Africa, and the Northern Province has been earmarked as one of the regions with which needs thorough redressing and restitution of equality. This is because this region is constituted of rural areas characterised by poverty, unemployment and lack of proper housing and infrastructure. Many adults, most of hem middle-aged, and teenagers are illiterate because they either missed out on school or dropped out of school. It therefore becomes important that, given the situation in the province, ABET centres and relevant programmes be established and provided in order to fight against illiteracy. The literature shows that good provision in adult education should go hand in hand with the identification and assessment of the needs of adult learners. Whatever investigation is made on the needs of adult learners, the social and cultural background of the learner should be considered because it is the context which guides and influences expression of their needs. This suggests that appropriate methods for conducting ABET needs assessment should be selected and used - methods which will adapt to the background of the adult learners. The aim of this study, therefore, is to describe the process of conducting a needs assessment for the development of a programme for adult learners using the hermeneutic-dialectic methodology, and simultaneously assessing the viability of this methodology for developing appropriate needs assessment instruments in rural areas of South Africa. This study was approached from a constructivist (interpretive) perspective. This perspective is one which asserts that there exists multiple realities which are socially constructed. Within this perspective, the hermeneutic-dialectic methodology is suggested as a way of conducting research. Using this methodology as a framework, the open interview method was used in order to elicit constructions of participants. It became evident that the hermeneutic-dialectic methodology may be one of the appropriate methodologies which can be used for conducting needs assessment in rural areas. This is because the methodology adapts to the social and cultural background of the adult learners.
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Gillespie, Judy Lillian. "Restructuring the child welfare dialectic : state-community interactions and communnity responses in the governance of child welfare in rural and remote localities." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18280.
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The challenges facing child welfare and child protection systems in the 21st century are resulting in efforts to restructure their governance across western industrialized nations, including Canada. These challenges must be situated within the historic and contemporary crises in the welfare state, as well as broader questions regarding the governance of child welfare in an era of budget cutbacks and introduction of decentralized planning and service provision. A key question concerns how to understand the evolving relationship between state and communities, and the impact of restructuring on state-community relationships. This research examines efforts to restructure the governance of child welfare in three rural and remote communities in northwestern Alberta following the devolution of child welfare responsibilities from the provincial government to Regional Child and Family Service Authorities. This examination is informed by a conceptual framework that views the governance of child welfare as a set of dialectic relationships among children, parents, communities, and the state. The concept of the dialectic highlights the mutually reinforcing relationships between these various elements that are simultaneously autonomous, (inter)dependent to some degree, and parts of a whole system, in this case the system that provides for child welfare. Relationships among these elements are characterized by tensions, contradiction and conflict, making the governance of child welfare complex, problematic and constantly changing. The research focuses on the relationship between state and communities and reveals the important roles played by local cultural, institutional, and economic factors in shaping state-community interactions relevant to the decentralization of child welfare governance. The research demonstrates the importance of understanding how the complexities of intra-community relations, and intra-community change affect the way communities relate to various levels and formations of the state as decentralized governance of child welfare is structured and applied. This finding suggests that the concept of "network governance," informed by participatory governance principles, can be helpful in developing policy frameworks that effectively address the variations and complexities inherent in decentralized child welfare governance, and the high degree of institutional flexibility such governance requires.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Mulaudzi, Phalandwa Abraham. "A linguistic description of language varieties in Venda." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27623.
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This thesis investigates the various language varieties of
Venda. In traditional descriptions, researchers were mainly
concerned with linguistic differences which characterised the socalled
Venda 'dialects'. These are spoken forms which are
mutually intelligible to one another and which occur within
identifiable regional boundaries. Each of these forms in turn,
is mutually intelligible to the so-called standard form, commonly
known as Tshiphani. Various factors contributed to the evolvement
of · the Venda dialects and, as this study shows, in some cases
these factors are historical in nature and in others, they are
determined by adjacent ethnic groups of people. The linguistic
differences which characterise each of these dialects are
identified and discussed.
It is then argued that the term 'dialect' is far too restricted
to account for the various spoken forms which characterise the
Venda language, and the term 'language variety' is introduced to
deal with the shortcomings of the traditional approach to
language differences. The nature of different spoken forms is
then discussed within the ambit of the definition of 'language
varieties'. This is a term used in general linguistic studies and
accounts for the many different forms that may characterise a
language.+ To this end, a detailed discussion is presented of the
social rural and urban varieties which are found in Venda. Some
of these varieties are secretive in nature, and are not generally
known to the general public. They include language varieties
which characterise various institutions such as murundu, vhutuka,
musevhetho, vhusha, thondo and domba . Then there are those
varieties which are referred to as 'open' rural varieties which
are not, generally speaking secretive in nature, for example
those which characterise traditional religious beliefs, taboo
forms, and those referred to as musanda and malombo. Finally,
reference is made to the language varieties which permeate urban
as well as rural areas, including those of divination, the
church, tsotsitaal, gender, a variety which is referred to as the
the linguistic restriction variety and finally the varieties used
in the courtroom as well as that used by politicians.African Languages
25
Brown, Qunita. "Exploring the scalar equivalence of the picture vocabulary scale of the Woodcock Munoz language survey across rural and urban isiXhosa-speaking learners." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1767.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)The fall of apartheid and the rise of democracy have brought assessment issues in multicultural societies to the forefront in South Africa. The rise of multicultural assessment demands the development of tests that are culturally relevant to enhance fair testing practices, and issues of bias and equivalence of tests become increasingly important. This study forms part of a larger project titled the Additive Bilingual Education Project (ABLE). The Woodcock Munoz Language Survey (WMLS) was specifically selected to evaluate the language aims in the project, and was adapted from English to isiXhosa. Previous research has indicated that one of the scales in the adapted isiXhosa version of the WMLS, namely the Picture Vocabulary Scale (PV), displays some item bias, or differential item functioning (DIF), across rural and urban isiXhosa learners. Research has also indicated that differences in dialects can have an impact on test takers’ scores. It is therefore essential to explore the structural equivalence of the adapted isiXhosa version of the WMLS on the PV scale across rural and urban isiXhosa learners, and to ascertain whether DIF is affecting the extent to which the same construct is measured across both groups. The results contribute to establishing the scalar equivalence of the adapted isiXhosa version of the WMLS across rural and urban isiXhosa-speaking learners. Secondary Data Analysis (SDA) was employed because this allowed the researcher to re-analyse the existing data in order to further evaluate construct equivalence. The sample of the larger study consisted of 260 learners, both male and female, selected from a population of Grade 6 and 7 learners attending schools in the Eastern Cape. The data was analysed by using the statistical programme Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis (CEFA) and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Exploratory factor analysis and the Tucker’s phi coefficient were used. The results indicated distinct factor loadings for both groups, but slight differences were observed which raised concerns about construct equivalence. Scatter plots were employed to investigate further, which also gave cause for concern. It was therefore concluded that construct equivalence was only partially attained. In addition, the Cronbach’s Alpha per factor was calculated, showing that internal consistency was displayed only for Factor 1 and not for Factor 2 for the rural group, or both factors for the urban group. Scalar equivalence across the two groups must therefore be explored further.
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Silo, Unathi Lucia. "An evaluation of group differences and items bias, across rural isiXhosa learners and urban isiXhosa learners, of the isiXhosa version of the Woodcock Muñoz Language Survey (WMLS)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3493.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Psychologiae - MPsychIn many countries defined by multilingualism, language has been identified as a great influence during psychological and educational testing. In South Africa (SA), factors such as changes in policies and social inequalities also influence testing. Literature supports the translation and adaptation of tests used in such contexts in order to avoid bias caused by language. Different language versions of tests then need to be evaluated for equivalence, to ensure that scores across the different language versions have the same meaning. Differences in dialects may also impact on the results of such tests.Results of an isiXhosa version of the Woodcock Muñoz Language Survey (WMLS),which is a test used to measure isiXhosa learners’ language proficiency, show significant mean score differences on the test scores across rural and urban firstlanguage speakers of isiXhosa. These results have indicated a possible problem regarding rural and urban dialects during testing. This thesis evaluates the item bias of the subtests in this version of the WMLS across rural and urban isiXhosa learners. This was accomplished by evaluating the reliability and item characteristics for group differences, and by evaluating differential item functioning across these two groups on the subtests of the WMLS. The sample in this thesis comprised of 260 isiXhosa learners from the Eastern Cape Province in grade 6 and grade 7, both males and females. This sample was collected in two phases: (1) secondary data from 49 rural and 133 urban isiXhosa learners was included in the sample; (2) adding to the secondary data, a primary data collection from 78 rural isiXhosa learners was made to equalise the two sample groups. All ethical considerations were included in this thesis. The results were surprising and unexpected. Two of the subtests in the WMLS showed evidence of scalar equivalence as only a few items were identified as problematic. However, two of the subtests demonstrated more problematic items. These results mean that two subtests of the WMLS that demonstrated evidence of scalar equivalence can be used to measure the construct of language proficiency, while the other two sub-tests that showed problematic items need to be further investigated, as the responses given by learners on these items seem to be determined by their group membership and not by their ability.
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Teixeira, Carina Sofia Nunes. "Calheta e Funchal: estudo dialetal e sociolinguístico de alguns regionalismos madeirenses (comparação da sua vitalidade nos dois concelhos)." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/1161.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo enquadra-se na área da Dialetologia e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, centrando-se na análise de alguns regionalismos madeirenses recolhidos no concelho da Calheta. Estes foram testados através de um questionário semânticolexical aplicado no mesmo concelho e no concelho do Funchal com uma amostra de cento e oito informantes, seis por freguesia, estratificados por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Para o tratamento dos dados usámos a metodologia quantitativa, recorrendo ao programa Microsoft Office Access, que nos dá conta do número de respostas e percentagens registadas, no que respeita ao conhecimento dos cinquenta e dois vocábulos estudados, tendo em conta os fatores de variação social (género, idade e escolaridade) e o fator geográfico (rural vs. urbano). Na análise qualitativa, elaborámos um glossário que sistematiza os significados indicados pelos informantes, registando as diferentes aceções e exemplos de uso dos vocábulos. Alguns destes podem ser classificados como arcaísmos, neologismos regionais e regionalismos usuais ou correntes, sendo que não confirmámos a existência de nenhum populismo, o que nos permite aferir a vitalidade dos regionalismos testados no Português falado nos concelhos da Calheta e do Funchal. Concluímos que a idade e a escolaridade influenciam o maior conhecimento dos vocábulos, ou seja, os falantes mais idosos com baixo grau de escolaridade, independentemente do concelho, mostram-se mais conservadores do que os adultos e do que os jovens. No entanto, o fator geográfico também se revelou pertinente, dado que os adultos e os jovens com ensino secundário e superior, respetivamente, do concelho da Calheta revelaram conhecer mais vocábulos do que os do concelho do Funchal. Apesar da crescente valorização do património lexical madeirense, verificamos que muitos regionalismos virão a desaparecer porque estarão a cair em desuso com as novas gerações.