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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural District Council'
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1
Chilunjika, Alouis, Edson Mutema, and Buhle Dube. "Impediments to effective Councilor oversight at Nkayi Rural District Council in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Law and Public Policy 2, no. 2 (September 27, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0202.137.
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The paper seeks to examine and unpack the factors that are militating against councilor oversight at Nkayi Rural District Council. Councilor oversight is a crucial function for promoting and enhancing transparency, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency in Zimbabwean local authorities. Despite the existence of councilor oversight, local authorities in Zimbabwe continue to face operational, regulatory and oversight challenges. To establish the factors militating against effective councilor oversight at Nkayi, the respondents were purposively selected and the research used both primary and secondary data. The study established that low academic qualifications among councilors, councilors terms of office, political affiliation and partisanship and limited timeframes as the key impediments to effective councilor oversight at Nkayi Rural District Council.
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Clark, Gordon. "The future of rural communities: the district council view." Journal of Rural Studies 6, no. 2 (January 1990): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(90)90017-3.
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Ottewill, Roger. "Parish Councils in the Rural District of Basingstoke: The First Twenty Years 1894 to 1914." Hampshire Studies 74, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2019007.
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To what extent were the high expectations and enthusiasm surrounding the establishment of parish councils in 1894 sustained? An attempt is made to answer this question by considering the experiences of those parishes which constituted the rural district of Basingstoke and were large enough, in terms of their population, to have a council during the period 1894 to 1914. Although the picture which emerges is a varied one it would seem that, with certain exceptions, parish councils did not fully realise their early promise. Nonetheless in rural areas they have afforded a mechanism for highlighting local issues and, wherever possible, resolving them either directly or by bringing pressure to bear on other bodies.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey, Emmaculate Ngwerume, and Charles Massimo. "Contribution of the Bindura Community Share Ownership Trust to Rural Development in Bindura Rural District Council of Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v4i4.6624.
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This research analysed the contribution of the Bindura Community Share Ownership Trust (BCSOT) to Bindura Rural District Council (BRDC) in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe. Key informant interviews and the survey questionnaire were used for primary data collection while secondary sources such as the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act of 2007 and Statutory Instrument of 2010 which established the Community Share Ownership Trusts were analysed. The research found that 45 projects had been embarked on by the BCSOT. These projects included water, health, education and roads. It concludes that these projects had greatly contributed to rural development in Bindura Rural District Council. The respondents indicated that if CSOTs are to succeed, there should local community involvement in the identification of projects. The research recommended that the BCSOT should also establish small to medium enterprises and other income-generating projects in order to improve rural livelihoods.
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Mutizwa-Mangiza, N. D. "Rural local government finance in Zimbabwe: The case of Gokwe District Council." Public Administration and Development 12, no. 1 (February 1992): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230120109.
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Mandara, Christina Geoffrey, Carja Butijn, and Anke Niehof. "Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania." Water Policy 15, S2 (November 1, 2013): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.014.
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This paper addresses the question of whether community management in water service delivery affects the sustainability of rural water facilities (RWFs) at village level, in terms of their technical and managerial aspects, and what role capacity building of users and providers plays in this process. Empirical research was conducted in nine villages in the districts of Kondoa and Mpwapwa, in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. The results reveal that sustainability of RWFs is in jeopardy and that villages far from the District Council headquarters experience numerous technical and management problems. The national water framework does not clearly define the roles of the key actors at the district, village and household levels. District Water Departments do not have enough resources to render the services needed adequately and in a timely manner. In all the villages studied there were no local technicians trained for basic operation and maintenance. This implies that the concept of community management cannot be taken at face value; its actual meaning needs to be specified in order to offer a realistic and feasible option in the decentralization of rural water provision. With regard to capacity development, we recommend establishing workshops for clusters of villages to repair breakdowns and coordinate spare parts.
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Khalid, Aliya, Uzma Aashiq, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, and Syed Salman Hassan. "Impact of Vocational Training on Economic Empowerment of Youth in Rural Areas of Punjab." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i2.76.
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The current study was conducted to evaluate the role of Punjab Vocational Council in promoting empowerment of youth in rural areas of District Bhakkar. It was a case study of vocational training institutes working under Punjab Vocational Training Council (PVTC). Out of 06 vocational training institutes of District Bhakkar, 03 institutes were selected as sample, 180 pass-out trainees were selected from these institutions by using stratified random sampling method. It was a quantitative research, hence survey method was used to gather information from the respondents. Study findings clearly demonstrated that vocational training plays a vital role in improving economic status of youth and has not only increased their income, but has also increased their food, education and health expenditures as well. Study indicated that majority of respondents were involved in income generating activities and were able to add in their monthly family income. Chi-square tests confirmed that vocational training had a significant impact in enhancing economic conditions of youth in rural areas.
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Patrick, Mbyemeire, Byabashaija Deusdedit, Tumwesigye Mathias, Mbabazi Lawrence, Kahara M. Amos, and Afikwu-Abba C. Abodaya. "Community Participation and Rural Development in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda." Journal of Asian Development 2, no. 2 (September 20, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v2i2.10041.
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<p>This article assessed the correlation between community participation and rural development in Bushenyi District. Utilizing survey cross sectional research design, a close ended questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect information which was utilized to respond to the research questions on how community participation relates to rural development in Bushenyi District in Western Uganda. Data was analyzed employing descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, tables and bar graphs. The researcher used Pearson linear correlation coefficient to establish the relationship between the variables under study. The study revealed that there was a significant positive and strong relationship between community participation and rural development in Bushenyi District. The researcher recommends that there is need to empower local council committees to be able to make decisions that are tailored to their local circumstances that can always steer up development. The government in Uganda should augment on the conditional and unconditional grants to local governments in order to help local government officials mobilize and sensitize the populace for self reliance and self help projects.</p>
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Njunwa, Kelvin M. "Employee’s Motivation in Rural Local Governments in Tanzania: Empirical Evidence from Morogoro District Council." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 4 (December 6, 2017): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i4.12240.
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Human resources apart from other resources in an organization are the most valuable resource for effective organizational performance. Organization either public or private is highly depends on employee’s performance and commitment towards achieving organizational goals. Employee’s commitment is associated with employee’s motivation at workplace and depends highly on how management treats employees. The purpose of this paper was to analyze employee’s motivation in rural Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. The case study design was employed in which Morogoro District Council (MDC) was randomly selected as a study case. The sample size of the study was 55 employees from management, middle and lower levels. The methods of data collection used includes, Interview and self-administered questionnaires and observations. Data collected was analyzed through Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS). The study revealed that employees in local governments are not motivated in both financial and non financial aspects. Employees are dissatisfied with low salaries, lack of promotion and career development, poor training program, working environment, poor communication, unfair treatments and political interferences. The study recommends for the central government to improve salaries to employees, ensure fair promotion based on merits, invest in employee training and development, secure low rates loans, improve communication and relations between management and employees as well as to minimize political interference to local government employees by elected officials.
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Utit Sangkharat, Wanchai Dhammasaccakarn, Udomsak Dechochai,. "The Implementation of Concrete Areas of the Community Organization Councils for self-governance of Local Communities: A Case studies of the community organization councils in Na Wae Sub-district, Chawang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Thailand." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.961.
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This article is a part of research study on The Implementation Of the Community Organization Councils for self-governance: A Case studies of community organizations councils in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Thailand, Which aims to study the Implementation of Concrete Areas of the community organization councils To promote self-governance knowledge of local communities The researcher gave an example of the community organization councils in Na Wae Sub-district, Chawang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Thailand. Which is the prototype area of this research By using participatory action research methods. The results of the research onThe Implementation of Concrete Areas of the Community Organization Councils for self-governance of Local Communities: A Case studies of the community organization councils in Na Wae Sub-district, Chawang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Thailand found that It is a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences among development partners, including government, private and public sectors who are members of community organizations, which have a number of driving activities, both on issues, problems and social capital such as customs and traditions, community services, community rights in resources and environment, organic farming systems in the community, community welfare fund systems, and Community financial institutions etc. And There are new community organizations According to the policy of the agency And government policies such as civil servant shops, Rural Solidarity Group etc. and It is an important strategy to Implementation the community organization council for self-governance in the future. This will be the growth and strength of the Thai citizen movement to another level.
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Madhovi, Trust. "The Impact of Social Accountability Mechanisms on Fiscal Management Challenges Facing Goromonzi Rural District Council, Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.16825.
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This paper examines the impact of social accountability mechanisms on the fiscal management challenges facing local government bodies in Zimbabwe. The paper hypothesises that there is a positive relationship between the use of social accountability mechanisms or tools by local authorities and the effectiveness of their fiscal management policies to mobilize more revenue for service delivery. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods are adopted in gathering and analysing data from central government officials, Goromonzi Rural District Council employees and members of the public. The results of the study reveal that the local government body faces a number of fiscal management challenges that include a shrinking tax base, non-payment of taxes, resistance to successive budgets; lack of implementation; lack of monitoring and evaluation. Council has implemented participatory budgeting to deal with some of these challenges. While results show a significant improvement in tax collection, some of the challenges have persisted. The paper proposes some recommendations useful to central government, policy makers, civil society organisations, local government officials and the general public. The paper manages to demonstrate that the implementation of social accountability tools can have positive impacts on the fiscal management challenges facing local governments.
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Матвієнко Т. О. "ПОВІТОВІ ТА ВОЛОСНІ ЗЕМСТВА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ПІД ОКУПАЦІЄЮ БІЛЬШОВИЦЬКОЇ РОСІЇ." World Science 2, no. 10(38) (October 31, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31102018/6186.
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The consequences of Bolshevik Russia aggression into Ukraine in late 1917 - early 1918 for the volosne and district zemstvos of the Ukrainian People Republic (UPR) zemstvos are analysed. The UPR was proclaimed by the Central Council on 7 November 1917 in response to the violent takeover by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd. At its territories where Bolsheviks seized power they transferred power to the councils they controlled. Local governments – zemstvos – existing here – were regarded by them as incompatible with the objectives of the socialist revolution and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat. Typically, the Bolsheviks eliminated zemstvos leaders from their positions, and dissolved rural assemblies. For some time they used the economic apparatus of zemstvos management. However, the "revolutionary expediency" very soon prevailed over common sense and zemstvos as local population authorities were eliminated.
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Khalili, Soroush, Pegah Moridsadat, and Hamid Soltaninejad. "Toward Sustainable Rural Ecotourism Evolution: The Case Of Kiskan, Iran." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-133.
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In Iran, due to the multiplicity, diversity and cultural-natural potential of rural areas, developing ecotourism is accepted as a key solution to sustainable rural development. The government putting strong emphasis on analysing the capacities and obstacles of promoting rural tourism in order to making effective strategies. Kiskan Rural District (KRD) in Kerman Province has great potential for ecotourism development to diversify rural economy, employment and income generation. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the rural ecotourism situation of KRD through SWOT analysis. It is an applied research that uses documentary and field methods including observation, unstructured interview and a questionnaire to data gathering. A group of local managers, counting Village Council Members and Rural Mayors, were selected by snowball sampling method. To this end, the status of rural ecotourism in KRD is determined and the weight of each of the four SWOT factors is measured. Results show that KRD ecotourism development strategy is «SO» (aggressive), which should exploit the strengths to take advantage of the available opportunities.
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Maponya, Phokele, Versity Kekana, Grany M. Senyolo, and Sonja L. Venter. "SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKET PARTICIPATION OF HORTICULTURAL SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE ALFRED NZO DISTRICT, EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 50, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00421.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the socioeco- nomic factors influencing market participation of horticultural smallholder farmers in the Alfred Nzo district. Cross-sectional data was collected by the Agricultural Research Council and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in Janu- ary 2014 from 48 horticultural smallholder farmers in Alfred Nzo district using a structured questionnaire. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that market participation was influenced by access to market information, type of road and availability of transport to market. The empirical results will be useful for horticulture farmers, marketers and policy makers in developing efficient production and marketing strategies. The government and pri- vate sector should establish a model specific to the actual needs of smallholder farmers of the Alfred Nzo district, which should include improvement of roads to farming sites and a well- coordinated and efficient transporting system which must be designed specifically for smallholder farmers in the district.
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Gamede, Vangeli Wiseman. "Cultural implications for learners’ effectiveness as governors of schools in rural South Africa." South African Journal of Education, no. 40(3) (August 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40n3a1655.
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The South African Schools Act, 84 of 1996, articulates the establishment of School Governing Bodies, which authorises stakeholders such as parents, educators and learners to participate actively in decision-making processes pertaining to school governance. The Act further stipulates that learners, through the Representative Council of Learners, should be afforded full opportunity to participate in crucial decisions by the broader governing body. The reason for undertaking the study reported on here was triggered by the concern raised by various authors about the high level of ineffectiveness of learners as governors of schools in South Africa. This study explored and analysed the significance of culture in relation to learners’ effectiveness as governors of schools in rural South Africa. A qualitative research approach, based on a purposive sampling method and interviews, was espoused by engaging members of the Representative Council of Learners in certain selected high schools of the Harry Gwala district in KwaZulu-Natal. The findings of the empirical study investigation divulged that culture was one of the main impediments to learners’ effective school governance in the rural South African setting. The study recommends the intervention of the Department of Education, with the view of creating an environment conducive to active learner participation in school governance in rural areas.
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Novakovsky, L., I. Novakovska, O. Bredikhin, M. Stetsiuk, and L. Skrypnyk. "Risks and problems of forming united territorial communities in Ukraine." Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.066.
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Aim. To determine the specifi cities of uniting territorial communities at the national and regional levels during the process of power decentralization, to generalize the experience of its legal and organizational provisions, the practice of reforming local self-government in the EU member states, to estimate the risks of decentralization in Ukraine in general and in rural area in particular, and to establish the directions of its development at the fi - nal stage. Methods. Monographic, mathematical-statistical, cartographic, abstract-logical, comparative, analytical analysis. Results. The work conducted during the fi rst stage of decentralization reform (2014–2018), was esti- mated by the Council of Europe as the most successful reform in progress in Ukraine. As of January 01, 2015, 85.2 % of territorial communities were located in rural areas, where agriculture is the prevailing kind of the popula- tion’s activity. Thus, power decentralization and reforming local self-governance refers to rural population, fi rst and foremost. However, the study has confi rmed that the implementation of reforming remedies has been restrained, as the main provisions of decentralization have not been enshrined in the Constitution, there are no defi nite plans on developing united communities, it is impossible to overcome the removal of local councils from managing land resources beyond the boundaries of settlements, the reform is being blocked by regional and district state authori- ties. Conclusions. Current system of rural population settlements, characterized by a considerable number of small villages, the specifi city of territorial organization of power (40 % of local councils have less than 1,000 residents) and village and town budgets, subsidized for almost 50 %, are prerequisites of uniting communities as the only way of forming sustainable local self-governance. The centralization of authorities by the executive branch regarding governance over territories, low spreading of local self-governance and absence of land resources in communal ownership, fi nancial limitedness of councils prove that without principal changes in the current position, most ter- ritorial communities will still remain unsustainable in legal, organizational and fi nancial aspects. The experience of implementing decentralization tasks in regions demonstrates that the level of organizational and explanatory work and control over reforming should be enhanced considerably. The issues of regulating the division of mountainous territories and setting higher bonuses and benefi ts, improving budget limits of the communities via taxation system, enhancing the role of cities of regional signifi cance as centers of united territorial communities should be settled at the legislative level. At this stage, the risks of implementing decentralization in Ukraine are as follows: the impos- sibility of completing the plan of implementing the remedies of its second stage without amending the Constitution, unclear mechanisms of implementing the remedies of reforming local self-governance, because regional councils are too politicized, while state regional administrations perform functions, non-relevant for them, and resist; the absence of promising plans of social and economic development of territorial communities restrains the process of substantiating their capability and the terms of implementing decentralization; ignoring the requirements related to needless district councils in cases called «one district – one community»; absence of actions in terms of determining the boundaries of communities or changing the boundaries of districts; absence of work in refl ecting the process of land division by ownership forms in the State Cadaster; untimely solving the problems of human resources for executive bodies of territorial communities and delegating relevant authorities to them.
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Filonenko, Yu, and O. Filonenko. "On the question of administrative-territorial reform." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.9.
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The necessity and urgency of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine are underlined. The main factors which should be taken into account during the changing of administrative-territorial structure of the state are named. The most actual questions, related to conducting administrative-territorial reform, are named and shortly analyzed. From the point of view of the authors, some measures which could quickly improve financial state of now existing rural communities and their management before the full implementation in life of proposed by the power reforms are suggested. In the transition from administrative-command to market economy there was a significant reduction in production or full stop of existing enterprises in small settlements. This has resulted in a sharp decrease in revenues to the local budgets, total unemployment and a significant reduction in the population. In such circumstances, life itself dictates necessity of changes and the question of effective management of administrative and territorial units and preservation of their infrastructure becomes extremely important. The most important thing is to determine, what changes are needed and which improvements in the life of communities they are able to provide in the short term. On the one hand, the radical changes envisaged by the new legislation should be made or the regions should be eliminated, and after enlargement of districts, counties should be created together with eliminating regional and district administrations. On the other hand, existing rural communities should be enabled to control the resources which belong to them but, due to various reasons, are not controlled by them. In our opinion, reforming the administrative-territorial structure should take into account the natural, economic, historical, ethnic, cultural, social and other factors, which are currently affecting the socio-economic development of the existing communities and which will seriously influence the socio-economic life of the newly formed associations of citizens in the future. Works of many professionals in the fields of social and economic geography, public administration, regional economics, etc. are dedicated to the research of characteristics of administrative-territorial reform of our country. Processing of these publications has shown that many of the problems associated with reform are not investigated enough and this issue will be extremely important for the government, academics and citizens of Ukraine for a long time. The purpose of this research aims to highlight the specific characteristics and problems of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine. The objective is connected with implementation of the following tasks: evaluation of socio-economic situation of the currently existing rural communities; identification and analysis of the most appropriate for the citizens and government conditions of communities’ formation; studying the opportunities for citizens to obtain material and financial resources. Reforms of administrative-territorial structure have already been conducted in many European countries. Our country is also facing this problem: being a part of the former USSR, its administrative-territorial structure has been repeatedly changing (some administrative-territorial units disappeared, the new ones appeared; boundaries of regions and districts changed as well as their number). Inefficiency of administration in Ukrainian regions is so obvious, that immediate and decisive actions are required. The question is how reformation will be conducted and how positive would it be from the point of view of state and regional management and social-economic life of communities. Of course, the country’s leadership insists on “voluntary” radical changes. To make these changes there are a necessary legislative framework, agreement on financing, the orders of the government and regional administrations, etc. But there is another way, for example, to eliminate regions, to enlarge districts, to create counties, to shorten the apparatus in rural councils and to keep only the heads of these councils. Those persons who apply for the position of the head of the council, should be at the same time registrated as a candidates for deputies of the county council. In the case of election, they would lead the community and represent them at the district level. In addition, all the resources which belong to now existing rural communities, but are not controlled by them because of different reasons, should be immediately transmitted to their disposal. It will create conditions for their financial independence. To sum up, a conclusion is obvious, that the main problem is not about the area and structure of administrative and territorial units, but about the effectiveness of management in communities and counties as well as about efficiency of their economic activities. There is every reason to believe, that even now, before the complete implementation of administrative-territorial reform, on condition of reduction of staff working in rural councils, empowering heads (village elders) with powers of district (county) deputies and transmission of real financial sources to the hands of the community, there are all possibilities to improve the financial condition of existing rural communities significantly.
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Mseti, Elias, and Eliza Mwakasangula. "Planning for Education Development Projects: Experiences from the Application of O&OD Approach in Kiroka Ward, Morogoro Rural District." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.14305.
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Participatory planning has been regarded as an approach to enhance development through popular participation of local people in setting local plans and preferences. In an effort to make participatory planning a reality, the Tanzanian government through President's Office Regional Administration and local government (PO-RALG) introduced Opportunities and Obstacles to development (O & OD) with the aim of promoting bottom up planning process. The O&OD approach was thus designed to promote community initiatives in the planning process as well as accelerating achievement of national development goals as per Tanzanian Development Vision 2025. Therefore, this approach functions as an essential approach to identify community preferences for developing local plans. Nevertheless, the empirical research shows that despite this initiative, the planning process is still top down. The O & OD has not realized the intended objective. This study, therefore, examined the Planning for Education Development Projects by drawing experiences from the Application of O&OD Approach in Kiroka Ward in Morogoro Rural District. The study used a case study design, drawing a total sample of 94 respondents including 14 key informants, 10 members of village council and 70 community members. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants; simple random sampling was used to select members of the village council and that snowball sampling was used to select community members. Primary data were collected through interviews, questionnaire and direct observation. NVIVO software for qualitative data analysis was used to analyze the in depth interviews while the questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS computer software. The quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages which were presented in the form of tables and figures. The study found that, Education Development Planning (EDP) process started at the school committees, village council and village assembly. EDP in the two villages was made by community leaders. Community members were involved at the implementation stage. Therefore EDP did not follow O&OD approach. This shows that participation for education planning in Kiroka and Kiziwa is conducted by leaders this affected education project since most of the projects were not implemented as villagers were not involved.
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Fatima, Yasmin. "Demographic Data for SCSP Mobile Health Care Programme Conducted in the Rural Area of Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, no. 01 (March 30, 2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202101.
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Introduction: Demography is the statistical and mathematical study of the size composition and spatial distribution of human populations. In this article we focused on some demographic data such as age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits which may help to assess the socio economic and health status of the population. Methods: This is an observational and descriptive study, where data collected using a pretested, predesigned questionnaire/screening form to assess the demographic information i.e. age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits, provided by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine(CCRUM), Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Delhi. Sample size was not calculated as all the patients who were coming to OPD were included in the study and all patients were assured of confidentiality of the details collected and patients provided data willingly. Inclusion criteria for the study included all the patients of either sex of any age group attending OPDs in five adopted villages, i.e. Kurana, Kalkheda, Bagoniya, Toomda and Dhammarra during July 2019 to March 2020 at SCSP Mobile Healthcare Programme, Clinical Research Unit, Bhopal. Results and Conclusion: Collected and compiled data exhibits that the Scheduled Castes population visited the OPDs belongs to a low socio-economic group and are mainly small farmers and landless labourers. The percentage of the female population who visited the OPDs was more which reveals that due to the excessive burden of work and poor nutritional diet they are more susceptible to have an illness. Literacy level was fair among population with 19.16 % illiterate. Tobacco chewing is seen more prevalent among the participants. Poverty and less availability of food have led to unsatisfactory dietary habit, though literacy is considerable in these villages.
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Amakye, Kingsford Gyasi. "Understanding community development in Sekyere Central District, Ghana." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 4, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-017-0042-9.
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Community development is fundamentally about the development of community involving a sense of common identity, capacity and purpose. It can take the form of unpaid active citizenship with community members organizing themselves and taking on leadership roles. Community development emphasizes empowerment, equality, social justice, participation and representation. This means that community development is fundamentally concerned with decision-making processes affecting users, community-based agencies and services. It is premised on a ‘bottom-up’ approach, which means enhancing the capacity of communities to determine goals and to pursue issues of importance to them, and to make decisions affecting their lives, for example, the direction of services and the allocation of funds. In Ghana, governments under the various regimes, the community members themselves, and NGOs have promoted the CD practice in several ways since independence in 1957. Preceding governments in Ghana through the Department of Community Development have played a central role in the exercise of CD work. Community development has not been thoroughly investigated in SCDA. This paper gives a clear understanding of CD in SCDA. This paper seeks to assess how the local communities take part in the siting, planning and implementation of development projects in their communities. Further it explores community development projects in the district and how projects are financed in the district. Finally, investigates the obstacles that impede the realization of community development process. This paper was carried out using a mixed method approach. Four area councils in SCDA were randomly selected for this work. These were taken from a total of 10 different local communities spread across the four area council. The study reveals that facilities in terms of education, health, potable water, roads rehabilitation, sanitation and rural electrification have improved tremendously (Fieldwork 2015). The study recommends that policies should be geared towards agriculture to improve the lives of the people in the district since the district is agrarian in nature.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF THE FATE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p20.
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The article is devoted to the constitutional and legal issues of local government organizations. The main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government, which, in the period of the industrialization of the country, focused on the further strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus, the deployment of the so-called “Soviet democracy” and the fight against bureaucratic defects. However, such a situation as a whole was not typical of the Soviet system. That is why the Bolsheviks attempts to attract the poor sections of the rural population. However, success in this direction was caused not so much by the strengthening of the Soviet economy as a whole, but by the opportunity for the rural poor to plunder wealthy peasants, which had developed because of the dictatorship of the proletariat existing in the USSR. Subsequently, the Bolshevik Party raised the issue of organizing special groups of poverty or factions for an open political struggle to attract the middle peoples to the proletariat and to isolate wealthy peasants (the so-called “kulaks”) during the elections to the Soviets, cooperatives, etc. With the onset of socialist reconstruction, there was a need to organize poverty, because it was an important element and the establishment of “Soviet democracy in the countryside.” The Stalin Constitution of 1936 transformed the Soviets. From 1918, they were called the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies, and now, with the entry into force of the Stalin Constitution, the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. This transformation of the Soviets reflected the victory of the socialist system throughout the national economy, radical changes in the class composition of Soviet society, and a new triumph of “socialist democracy”. In addition, the “victory of socialism” in the USSR made possible the transition to universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. On December 24 and 29, 1939, citizens of the Soviet Union elected their representatives to the local Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. 99.21 % of the total number of voters took part in the vote. The election results are another testament to the growing influence of the Bolshevik Party on the population of the Soviet Union, which has largely replaced the activities of the Soviets themselves, including the local ones. Holding elections to the regional, regional, district, district, city, village and settlement councils of workers’ deputies completed the restructuring of all state bodies in accordance with the Stalin Constitution and on its basis. With the adoption in 1977 of the last Constitution of the USSR, the councils of workers’ deputies were renamed the councils of people’s deputies. In 1985, the last non-alternative elections were held for 52,041 local councils, and in 1988, their structure became more complicated: there were presidencies organizing the work of regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city and rayon in the cities of Soviets. People’s Deputies. Within the framework of the city (city subordination), village, and town councils, this work is carried out directly by the heads of the designated Councils. On December 26, 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR introduced regular amendments to the Constitution of the USSR, which formally abolished the Presidencies, but did not prohibit their existence. On September 5, 1991, the Constitution of 1977 was effectively abolished. Finally, it happened after December 26, 1991, when the USSR actually ceased to exist. Thus, existing in the USSR during the period of socialist reconstruction and subsequent transformations that began with the processes of industrialization and ended as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the model of local government organization remained ineffective due to its actual replacement by the activities of the governing bodies of the ruling Communist Party. Keywords: Local Government; the system of Councils; local Councils; Council of Deputies of the working people; Council of People’s Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Рідей, Н. М., Ю. А. Кучеренко, and Т. В. Теліжинська. "Оцінка соціо-економічного розвитку сіл Іванівка і Цвіжин Іванівської сільської ради Вінницького району Вінницької області." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.03.20.
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Проведено соціо-економічне оцінювання базових і аґ-реґованих показників – захищеності життєвого рівня,демографічних та інфраструктурних показників, забез-печення людськими і інтелектуальними ресурсами, до-ходів населення, житлового і транспортного забезпе-чення та рівня безробіття. Встановлено типи сільськихпоселень за кількістю мешканців. Визначено індекси заінтеґрованими (базовими) та аґреґованими показникамисоціального й економічного розвитку сільських поселеньІванівської сільської ради Вінницького району Вінницькоїобласті та встановлено рівень і стан соціо-економічного розвитку сільських населених пунктівпротягом 2012–2014 років.
We carried out socio-economic evaluation of basic and aggregate indicators – protection of living standards, demographic and infrastructure indicators, providing human and intellectual resources, income, housing and transport provision and the level of unemployment. Types of rural settlements are established by the number of inhabitants. Indexes are determined for the integrated (basic) and aggregate indicators of social and economic development of rural settlements Ivanivka village council of Vinnytsia district of Vinnytsia region, the level and conditions of socio-economic development of rural areas during 2012–2014 are set.
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Nikonov, Vadim V., and Ivan V. Sidorov. "Teaching of the law of god in the zemstvo primary schools in Gzhel folk craft in the 1880s." Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya), no. 2, 2020 (2020): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2218-8711-2020-2-118-126.
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The article deals with the teaching of the Law of God (Religious Education) in the primary schools of Gzhel traditional folk craft at the end of the XIX century, located on the territory of Bogorodsky district of Moscow province. The Law of God was a compulsory subject in all primary and secondary schools of pre-revolutionary Russia, and the process of developing the most effective methods of its teaching in primary rural schools took place at the end of XIX century. The article shows how Bogorodskaya Zemstvo Council participated in the development of primary education in the County, and what actions it took.
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Shabani, Josephine Michael, Iddagiovana Kinyonge, Hadija Kweka, Selemani Mbuyiya, Ahmed Makemba, and Godfrey Mbaruku. "Sustainability of health benefits: Challenges faced by councils health management teams in sustaining comprehensive emergency care services after project phase out. The case of Rufiji, Kilombero and Ulanga districts." Journal of Hospital Administration 4, no. 4 (April 28, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v4n4p1.
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Background: Attention to the sustainability of health intervention programs is increasing not only in developing countries but also in developed countries together with international development agencies. However, consensus on operational definitions of sustainability and determinants of sustainability is still at an early stage. While much progress has been made in the development of successful interventions to promote health, too few interventions achieve long term sustainability. Implementation of EMPOWER project in collaboration with World Lung Foundation (WLF) have increased accessibility of comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) by upgrading health centers which were formerly not providing CEmOC services in the three rural districts in Tanzania. Although the WHO standards of CEmOC coverage in the project districts was above the requirement, but accessing these health facilities which provides CEmOC was so difficult due to various factors like geographical (mountains, rivers, seasonal roads), locations of these health facilities (like in one district the it was located at a corner of the district), unreliable referral system and poor functionality of these health facilities especially in terms of emergency preparedness etc. all these factors lead to less/poor accessibility to CEmOC. The upgraded facilities include Kibiti in Rufiji district, Mlimba in Kilombero district, Mwaya and Mtimbira in Ulanga district. Objective: To explore challenges of sustaining upgraded health centers and impact on service utilization after project phase out among rural communities in Tanzania.Methods: Purposeful criterion-based selection of the upgraded health centers (those providing CEmOC) was used in the three districts two years after project phase-out. Secondary data analysis of the quantitative data which was collected during and after the project was done. The following services were assessed; total number of facility deliveries, average number of cesarean section (CS), ante natal care (ANC) attendance, post natal care (PNC) attendance, family planning (FP) use and partograph to monitor the progress of labor. Qualitative data involved key informant interviews of council health management teams (CHMT) and facility in charges.Monitoring data, evaluation and observation of various CEmOC and MNCH related indicators were also done. Four upgraded health centers (Mwaya, Mtimbira, Mlimba and Kibiti) were used as case studies to generate learning reported in this paper.Results: Two years post project, the utilization of most of the services like number of deliveries and CS performed better and were maintained in upgraded health centers which receive regular assistance (Mwaya and Mlimba) than Kibiti health center which received minimal support. Health workers remained committed to sustain the practices promoted in the interventionsdespite of the noted challenges.Conclusions: Benefits of introduced health innovations such as upgrading of health centers for CEmOC can only be sustained if a sustainability strategies are integrated at early stages of project design and carried forward in routine district health planning processes.
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Novikov, V. S., and Yu V. Nevshupa. "Assessment of the implementation of the youth policy of Novotitarovsky rural settlement." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (May 23, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2020-1-23-30.
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In the materials of the publication, the authors evaluated the implementation of the youth policy of Novotitarovsky rural settlement. Determined the outcome of the contribution of youth in socio-economic, sociopolitical and cultural development of the area, the directions of the youth policy, implemented by the youth Council in the rural settlement Novotitarovskoy MO Dinskoy district; the analysis of financial resources allocated for the implementation of the Program “Youth” for youth policy development; the proposed activities in the framework of the “Youth” the following actions are assumed. The authors, after analyzing the implementation of youth policy I propose the following: to consider youth policy as a contribution to the future generation; municipal authorities suggested that the structure of the Administration, “Department of youth”, and to implement a set of measures for implementation of the directions of formation and development of youth policy, improving the efficiency of existing activities aimed at youth development in the municipality.There is no conflict of interests.
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Western, Liz, and Alan Pilgrim. "Learning as We Go: Catchment Management in the Urban Rural Fringe." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2001): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002524.
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The Swan Mundaring Community Catchment Project (SMCCP) was a three year Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) funded partnership project between the Wooroloo Brook Land Conservation District Committee, the Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council, the City of Swan, the Shire of Mundaring and Agriculture WA. The project was established in 1997 in response to a clear community demand for catchment-based coordination for existing initiatives and the recognised advantages of a strategic approach to future catchment management activities.The SMCCP was one of the key Landcare initiatives of the Shire of Mundaring's Environmental Management Strategy. The success of the catchment project and a broad range of other Landcare and environmental initiatives within the shire was recognised in September 1999, when the Shire of Mundaring was awarded the biennial Telstra Local Government State Landcare Award. In addition a local community group, the Hovea-Parkerville Community Conservation Group was equal winner of the State Living Streams Award, sponsored by the Water and Rivers Commission. These awards are testimony to the ongoing commitment of the community and the Shire of Mundaring to valuing and protecting the environment.
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SARWAR, GHULAM, FARIDA MANZUR, and IMTIAZ HAMID. "SERVICES AND PRACTICES OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN A RURAL AREA OF FAISALABAD." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2385.
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Objectives: (1) To determine the mode of services being rendered and practices done by the health care providers of the study area. (2) To identify various socio-demographic factors about the health care providers. A health care provider provides preventive, curative, rehabilitative and spiritual health services to the community. Health care is being provided by not only the registered and qualified doctors, but also by non-qualified non-registered and inexperienced persons in Pakistan. Methodology: A total of 57 health care providers from the union council 42 area in district Faisalabad were included. A pre-tested questionnaire to know about the services and practices of the individuals was served upon them to collect the relevant data. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Union council 42 area in district Faisalabad. Period: 2008. Results: Out of 57, 30 (52.63%) were males and 27 (47.37%) were females. Most of them, 18 (31.6%) were above 49 years of age. 51 (89.47%) were practicing in the private; whereas, only 2(3.51%) in the public sector. Most of the individuals, 21 (36.8%) were LHW and only 2(3.5%) were doctors or medical assistants; 3(5.3%) were dispensers, 9(15.8%) were hakeems and 7 (12.3%) homeopaths. Most of them, 40(70.2%) were matriculates and 14(24.6%) graduates. Only 20 (35.1%) were having certificates and 11(19.3%) were diploma holders. Further, only 2(11.76%) out of 57 were registered with PM&DC and Punjab Medical Faculty. 30 (52.6%) individuals were rendering curative and only 5 (8.8%) preventive services. None of the health care providers was rendering laboratory, x-ray or ultrasound services. Most of the individuals, 36 (63.2%) were practicing allopathy and 7(12.3%) homeopathy way of treatment. Further, most of the professionals, 45 (78.95%) were not doing any surgery. As regards sterilization, the most 8(66.7%) were practicing boiling of instruments. Most of them 47 (82.45%) were giving injections to the patients, however, using disposable syringes, and 27(57.4%) were disposing of the syringes by cutting the needles to dump. 20 (42.55%) were referring their patients to DHQ Hospital and 47 (82.46%) were keeping the record. Conclusions: Qualified medical professionals were scarce in the locality. However, allopathic system of medicine was being widely practiced. Only LHWs were providing curative services with proper training to deliver first aid services.
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Lupindu, A. M., and J. Nzalawahe. "Knowledge Levels Match Control Practices of Cerebral Coenurosis by Pastoral Community in Iringa District Council, Tanzania." Tanzania Veterinary Journal 38 (August 30, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v38i1.3s.
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Cerebral coenurosis is a disease of small ruminants which causes economic loss worldwide. Different studies in Tanzania have reported the cause, transmission, signs, prevalence, risk factors and control measures of cerebral coenurosis. Transfer of this research-based information to livestock keepers may influence practicability and efficacy of intervention. The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge levels and control practices of coenurosis by pastoralists in Iringa district. A total of 267 respondents were interviewed on livestock management practices, knowledge, losses and coping strategies of coenurosis. The average knowledge score on coenurosis detection (definition, hosts, signs, and diagnosis, including postmortem) was 90.3%. In contrast, knowledge on infection cycle and control was zero, implying that respondents were completely not informed about etiology, transmission and control of coenurosis. Involvement of dogs in coenurosis cycle was not known to respondents such that they all gave head of sheep and goats to dogs while 82.8% had never dewormed their dogs. About 83% of respondents experienced at least, one cases of coenurosis in the last 12 months. There was no formal coenurosis control program, but heating the head of sick animal with hot iron, selling, slaughter, treatment with antibiotics, or local herbs and doing nothing were the reported management strategies. Lack of knowledge on the cause, transmission and control of cerebral coenurosis may be associated with inappropriate animal management and control of coenurosis in pastoral community in Iringa rural District, including transmission facilitating practices. A coenurosis training package is recommended to farmers before intervention program is instituted.
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N., Seema B. "Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in rural Koppal: a study from teaching hospital, Koppal, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173605.
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Background: Anemia is the nutritional deficiency disorder and 56% of all women living in developing countries are anaemic according to World Health Organization. India has the highest prevalence of anaemia and 20% of total maternal deaths are due to anemia. To determine the prevalence of anemia and factors influencing its causation among pregnant women. Methods: This is the study of 1769 pregnant women which was conducted in a rural population of Koppal district, Karnataka, India, from June 2016 to November 2016 i.e. a period of 6 months. This longitudinal prospective observational study was conducted in the district hospital of Koppal. Anemia was classified as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) criteria. The diagnosis of anemia was undertaken by peripheral blood smear examination and standard hemoglobin estimation by shale’s method.Results: The average age of pregnant women was 23.5 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. Most of the women belonged to below poverty line (BPL) families (84.6%) and Hindu religion (98%). Regarding education, 28.9% were illiterates. The mean haemoglobin level was found to be 8.95. Prevalence of anemia was 96.5% among the pregnant females in this region of rural Koppal. Out of these 22.47% had mild anemia, 56.30% had moderate anemia, 14.98% had severe anemia and 2.73% very severe anemia according to ICMR classification of anemia.Conclusions: High prevalence of anemia among pregnant women indicates anemia to be a major public health problem in the rural community and indicates strict implementation of National Nutrition Anemia prophylaxis programme. Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, birth interval, and gravida contribute to this high prevalence.
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Nannozi, Victoria, Eric Wobudeya, and Jacqueline Gahagan. "Fear of an HIV positive test result: an exploration of the low uptake of couples HIV counselling and testing (CHCT) in a rural setting in Mukono district, Uganda." Global Health Promotion 24, no. 4 (May 27, 2016): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916635079.
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Background: Couples HIV counselling and testing (CHCT) is a key preventive strategy used to reduce the spread of HIV. In Uganda, HIV prevalence among married or cohabiting couples is 5.6%, compared to 2.2% among those never married. CHCT can help ease disclosure of HIV positive status, which in turn may help increase opportunities to obtain social supports and reduce new infections. The purpose of this study was aimed at exploring the possible reasons for the low uptake of CHCT in Mukono district, a rural in setting in Uganda. Methods: The study was conducted in two sub-counties in a rural district (Mukono district) using a descriptive qualitative research design. Specifically, we conducted four focus group discussions and 10 key informant interviews. We also interviewed 53 individuals in couple relationships. Data were collected mainly in the local language Luganda and English, all data were transcribed into English and coded for emergent themes. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Mengo Hospital Research Review Board and from the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology. Results: Fear of a positive HIV test result emerged strongly as the most significant barrier to CHCT. To a lesser extent, perceptions and knowledge of CHCT, mistrust in marriages and culture were also noted by participants as important barriers to the uptake of CHCT among couples. Participants offered suggestions on ways to overcome these barriers, including peer couple counselling, offering incentives to couples that test together and door-to-door CHCT testing. Conclusion: In an effort to improve the uptake of CHCT, it is crucial to involve both females and males in the planning and implementation of CHCT, as well as to address the misconceptions about CHCT and to prioritise CHCT within health care systems management.
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Prabhune, Akash Gajanan, Biwesh Ojha, and Aparna Manoharan. "Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among rural South Indian population." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185282.
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Background: Objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of self-reported and undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes cases in rural south Indian population.Methods: The study was carried as secondary analysis of the data collected in our Health management information system (HMIS) as a part of our health systems initiative in Alakkudi gram panchayat, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. We analysed the fasting glucose and post prandial glucose values of 1307 individuals form our database to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes as per the cut off recommended by Indian Council of Medical Research 2018 diabetes diagnostic criteria. We also presented the descriptive analysis of demographic features, risk behaviour, anthropometric data along with personal and family history of all the individuals analysed in this study. The secondary data retrieved from the HMIS system was free of any personal identifiers.Results: The self-reported prevalence of diabetes among adults in the village was 6.88% (90 out of 1307). The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes among adults of Alakkudi village was 12.85% (168 out of 1307) and the prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes among adults of Alakkudi village was 8.03% (105 out of 1307). Proportion of undiagnosed cases of diabetes in the village was 53%.Conclusions: The proportion of undiagnosed cases of diabetes is quite high in rural India and the proportion of prediabetes is also higher. It is the need of the hour to create awareness regarding diabetes and prediabetes amongst the rural India population and increasing health systems efforts for regular community-based screening among the rural Indians.
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Tilt, Bryan. "The Political Ecology of Pollution Enforcement in China: A Case from Sichuan's Rural Industrial Sector." China Quarterly 192 (December 2007): 915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007002093.
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AbstractThis article uses a case study approach to examine the processes and consequences of pollution enforcement in an industrial township in rural Sichuan. China's national pollution emissions standards are relatively strict, but enforcement is the responsibility of some 2,500 Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) within municipal and county governments. EPB officials exercise considerable discretion in prioritizing and carrying out enforcement activities, but exactly what factors influence regulatory behaviour within EPBs is poorly understood. Data for the article are drawn from interviews with EBP officials, township government officials, industrial managers and local residents, as well as a review of township and district financial records and pollution enforcement records. In this case study, EPB enforcement priorities and actions were guided by State Council directives and State Environmental Protection Administration policy, but citizen complaints and media exposure regarding polluting factories also played a key role, and action culminated in the forced closure of township factories. The article uses political ecology as an analytical framework for understanding how pollution enforcement is shaped by the competing values, goals and priorities within the EPB and the administrative unit in which it operates. This is crucial in China, where the decentralized nature of environmental oversight requires an examination of both policy formulation and implementation. The implications of pollution enforcement on rural enterprises for ecological health, fiscal revenue and rural development are also discussed.
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Amanat, Tanzeela, Naima Nawaz, Ashfaq Ahamd Maann, Khalid Mahmood Ch, Ijaz Ashraf, Saira Akhtar, and Gulfam Hasan. "WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 08 (August 10, 2015): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.08.1163.
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Livestock production is of paramount importance in minimizing the vulnerabilityof poor and marginalized people in remote rural areas. Women play an active role in managingand care taking of the herd by participating in different activities of livestock management. Thegrowing population is exerting pressure on all the resources and in future, it is expected that thelivestock demand will also increase for fulfilling the demands of masses. Due to women’s crucialrole in livestock management activities, they are more susceptible to zoonotic diseases. Thezoonotic diseases are becoming a threat by becoming responsible for the death of 2.2 millionpeople every year and majority of the victims belong to developing countries. Objectives: Tofind out health related issues while participating in livestock management activities. StudyDesign: Survey. Period: 2011-2012. Methods: The present study was conducted in rural areasof district Toba Tek Singh. One Union Council (UC) and three villages from the selected UC wereselected by using simple random sampling technique. The sample size of the study was 120respondents of rural females having forty respondents from each village. Results: The studyrevealed that majority of the respondents was involved in grazing and fodder cutting activitiesand they are satisfied with their role. It was also noted that the highly educated respondents weremore secure from diseases than that of less educated and illiterate respondents. Conclusion:It is the sole responsibility of the government and public sector department to run campaignregarding livestock diseases to whom human are susceptible so that the risks regarding thissituation may be minimized.
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Leck, Hayley, and David Simon. "Local Authority Responses to Climate Change in South Africa: The Challenges of Transboundary Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072542.
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Recent progress and innovation are testament to the willingness of municipal authorities to address climate change. However, urban regions worldwide exhibit an immense diversity of conditions, capabilities and responses to the challenges of changing climatic conditions. While separated by politico-administrative borders, adjacent municipalities within such regions are connected through biophysical, politico-economic, and social systems likely to be reconfigured under changing climatic/environmental conditions. Yet, to date, politico-administrative borders have largely determined the parameters of local government climate change adaptation strategies, with insufficient attention to the role of inter-municipal collaboration, especially between neighbouring rural, peri-urban and urban municipalities, for co-ordinating such policies and interventions. Within a multi-level governance framework, this paper considers the recent evolution of climate agendas in the eThekwini (formerly Durban City Council) metropolitan municipality and the adjacent Ugu (predominantly rural) district municipality on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal province (KZN), South Africa, focusing particularly on cross-border collaboration within the greater city region. The challenges were investigated by means of 53 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with municipal, regional and local authority association staff in November 2009, March 2012, and August 2017. Our core argument is that weak inter-municipal collaboration, particularly between urban, peri-urban and rural areas within metropolitan and functional city regions, has been a significant impediment to realizing transformative adaptation within such regions. The experiences of these two contiguous yet contrasting municipalities represent a microcosm of the dramatic discontinuities and inequalities on all variables within adjacent urban metropolitan and rural contexts in South Africa and beyond. Despite promising recent signs, the challenges of inter-municipal collaborative action are therefore formidable.
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Saqib, Najam. "Willingness to Pay for Primary Education in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.27-51.
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Highly subsidised public schools are the principal provider of education in the rural areas of Pakistan. Steady growth of school age population over time coupled with stagnant public funding has put enormous pressure on this system. The alternative of cost recovery through user charges has its own critics. They argue that introduction of tuition fees would substantially reduce the already small representation of low-income households in primary schools due to high price elasticity of their demand for schooling. Moreover, the revenuegenerating potential of this policy may also be limited due to same reason. The present study uses a discrete choice random utility model of household utility maximising behaviour to evaluate feasibility and consequences of introducing user fees in primary schools in rural Pakistan, particularly with reference to above criticisms. The demand function for school enrolment derived from this model allows us to test the hypothesis that price elasticity of demand for schooling varies with income. It also provides estimates of the parameters of the utility function needed for measuring parents’ willingness to pay for their childrens’ education if money generated from tuition fees is reinvested in education. The estimated demand function takes into account total price of education, including opportunity cost. Estimation results show that price elasticity of demand for school enrolment is higher for lower-income groups. Hence school enrolment of the poorest children would bear the main brunt of user fees policy. Children’s gender and age, father’s education, presence of T.V. in the household, and community variables like the presence of an elected district council member, electricity, and public transport in the village turn out to be significant influences on the probability of primary school enrolment. Willingness to pay for education is lower for poorer households and can generate revenues to cover only a fraction of the cost of running a school. Hence the need to search for other sources of financing primary education in rural Pakistan.
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Amin, Muhammad Shafquat, Inayat Thaver, and Muhammad Imran. "Factors Affecting Uptake of Routine Immunization Among Children Age 12-23 Months in District Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Frontier Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v2i1.32.
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AbstractBackground: Vaccination prevents significant amount of childhood deaths around the globe. Pakistan is vaccinating children through EPI since 1978 against 10 diseases. Pakistan is facing difficulties in achieving goal of vaccine coverage due to multiple factors. Researches reveal that human resource, poor equipment and training of health care personnel are important for successful immunization programme. Current study was conducted to assess the routine immunization coverage among children of age 12-23 months in Rahimyar Khan district, Punjab, Pakistan and to identify factors that affect uptake of routine immunization in Rahimyar Khan district, Punjab, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study which was conducted in Rahimyar Khan from Oct 2016-Jan 2017. A total of 378 mothers having children of age 12-23 months were interviewed through structured questionnaire. Total 12 (six rural and six urban) Union Councils of district Rahimyar Khan were selected through random sampling. For household selection, random area of union council was selected, and bottle was rotated to select first house, then every Nth (5th) house were approached for sample until required sample size was obtained. Data was analysed by SPSS 22.0. Chi Square test was used to explore association between independent variables and outcome variable.Results: A total of 378 mothers of children age 12-23 months were interviewed. About 66.10% children were found fully immunized. Measles- II vaccine coverage was 60.8% while 78% were immunized against BCG vaccines. Mother’s educational status, occupation and father’s educational status, occupations were observed to the significantly affect the immunization coverage of children. The monthly household income, age of children and area of residence also significantly affected the immunization coverage of children. Other factors such as the child gender, ethnicity, religion, type of family and number of children did not significantly affect the immunization coverage. Majority of respondents’ perception were place of delivery and community health workers play role to enhance the vaccination coverage.Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority (66.10%) of children were completely immunized within recommended time. The reasons of vaccine refusal and lower immunization coverage areas can be countered by overcoming the factors such as place of delivery, theory of knowledge, general public motivation and well-planned infrastructure at National and local level.
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Miedviedieva, O. O. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of drainage systems within the Desantne Village Council in Kiliya district of Odessa region." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202002-252.
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Relevance of research. Irrigated agriculture in the steppe regions of the southern Ukraine was naturally accompanied by negative phenomena. Among the most significant of them is flooding on agricultural land as a result water imbalance of the active water exchange zone when using irrigation. A significant part of this water as filtration losses from the irrigation network and directly when watering land goes to the aeration zone and reaches the surface of groundwater, increasing its supply. As a result, the groundwater level increases, the amplitude of which increases depending on the depth of groundwater, the intensity of irrigation, the distance from the irrigation network, the method of irrigation and other factors. In recent years, the number of actually irrigated areas located on irrigated lands is significantly reduced and at the same time the area of "dry" drainage is increasing. Therefore, one of the most pressing problems for today is the analysis of the condition of drainage and discharge network throughout Ukraine. Thus, the purpose of the research is to study the drainage and discharge network of the south-west of Odesa region to determine the current condition and prospects for its further use. The objectives of the research include monitoring of groundwater levels for the period of 1991 - 2019, determining the condition of the drainage and discharge network within the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region. Theoretical methods of scientific research were used: monitoring, observation, analysis, survey, evaluation, comparison, generalization. The results of the study of closed drainage systems in the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region showed that their effectiveness is insufficient. Recently, due to the cessation of irrigation at the research and production sites, groundwater level has fallen below the drains, the drainage has stopped operating and has been in a dry condition for a long time. The groundwater level in the drainage areas was at the depths of mainly 3.5-4.3 m. 24% of the inspection wells were destroyed, and 38.6% of them had no reinforced concrete cover rings. For a long time the closed horizontal drainage has been in unsatisfactory technical condition.
Main conclusions: Drainage on irrigated lands should optimize the water-salt regime of soils, while moisture and salt reserves during the growing season in the root zone should be strictly dosed and ensure high crop yields as well as suitable hydrogeological and reclamation conditions on irrigated lands and adjacent areas. Introduction of large-scale parcellation of land and the land of reclamation funds as well as paid water use should not lead to the deterioration of the technical condition of the collector-drainage network.
Drainage systems, as a means of groundwater level reducing, are especially relevant in land reclamation and flood protection of rural settlements. In the southern regions of Ukraine this problem was dealt with by Bayer R., Zelenin I., Lyutaev B., Miedviediev O., Miedviedieva O., Romashchenko M., Savchuk D. and others. Most systems were built on irrigation arrays in the Soviet times, ie 30-50 or more years ago. Redistribution and parcellation of agricultural land have led to the decline of the systems and the deterioration of their efficiency. Such works allow to analyze the operation of each drainage systems and make reasonable conclusions about their further use in terms of economic and environmental feasibility.
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Chidakwa, Patience, Clifford Mabhena, Blessing Mucherera, Joyline Chikuni, and Chipo Mudavanhu. "Women’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: Gender-skewed Implications on Agro-based Livelihoods in Rural Zvishavane, Zimbabwe." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 27, no. 2 (June 2020): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521520910969.
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Climate change presents a considerable threat to human security, with notable gender disproportions. Women’s vulnerability to climate change has implications on agro-based livelihoods, especially the rural populace. The primary purpose of this study was to assess women’s vulnerability to climate change and the gender-skewed implications on agro-based livelihoods in rural Zvishavane, Zimbabwe. A qualitative approach that used purposive sampling techniques was adopted. Data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews with 11 de jure and 9 de facto small-scale female-headed farmer households. Two focus group discussions with mixed de facto and de jure small-scale female-headed farmer households were also conducted. Five key informant interviews were held with departmental heads of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Gender and Community Development; the Agriculture Technical Extension Service Department; the Livestock Production Department; the Runde Rural District Council and the Meteorological Services Department. Gendered effects were noted in terms of increased roles and responsibilities for women. Observations showed that there was an increase in distances travelled by women to fetch water owing to a depleted water table. Climate-induced migration of men due to depleted livelihoods in rural areas has also increased roles and responsibilities for women. The traditional male responsibilities assumed by women included cattle herding and ox-driven ploughing. This study concluded that adaptation strategies towards vulnerability to climate change have to be gender-sensitive and area-specific. This study also recommended that response programmes and policies meant to curb existing gendered vulnerabilities should be informed by evidence because climate-change effects are unique for different geographical areas. Moreover, adaptation activities should be mainstreamed in community processes so as to reduce the burden on women and increase sustainability opportunities.
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Kumar, Channaveerachari Naveen, Prabhat Kumar Chand, Narayana Manjunatha, Suresh Bada Math, Harihara Nagabhushana Shashidhara, Vinay Basavaraju, Jagadisha Thirthalli, et al. "Impact Evaluation of VKN–NIMHANS–ECHO Model of Capacity Building for Mental Health and Addiction: Methodology of Two Randomized Controlled Trials." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 6_suppl (December 2020): S80—S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620969066.
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Background: Bridging the alarming treatment gap for mental disorders in India requires a monumental effort from all stakeholders. Harnessing digital technology is one of the potential ways to leapfrog many known barriers for capacity building. Aim and Context: The ongoing Virtual Knowledge Network (VKN)–National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)–Extension of Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) (VKN–NIMHANS–ECHO: hub and spokes model) model for skilled capacity building is a collaborative effort between NIMHANS and the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Centre, USA. This article aims to summarize the methodology of two randomized controlled trials funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the VKN–NIMHANS–ECHO model of training as compared to training as usual (TAU). Methods: Both RCTs were conducted in Karnataka, a southern Indian state in which the DMHP operates in all districts. We compared the impact of the following two models of capacity building for the DMHP workforce (a) the VKN–NIMHANS–ECHO model and (b) the traditional method. We use the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) statement to describe the methods of these two trials. Trial 1 is to evaluate the “Effectiveness of addition of Virtual-NIMHANS–ECHO tele-mentoring model for skilled capacity building in providing quality care in alcohol use disorders by the existing staff of DMHP districts of Karnataka.” Hub for trial 1 was set up at NIMHANS and the spokes were psychiatrists and other mental health professionals headquartered in the district level office. Trial 2 assesses the implementation and evaluation of the NIMHANS–ECHO blended training program for the DMHP workforce in a rural south-Indian district of Karnataka state. The hub for trial 2 was set up in the district headquarter of Ramanagaram. Hub specialists are DMHP psychiatrists, whereas spokes are the non-doctor workforce (including auxiliary nurse midwives [ANMs] and accredited social health activists [ASHA] workers) medical officers of primary health centers. The location of the HubHub differs in these two studies. Both trials are funded by the ICMR, Government of India Discussion: Both these trials, though conceptually similar, have some operational differences which have been highlighted. If demonstrated to be effective, this model of telementoring can be generalized and widely merged into the Indian health care system, thus aiding in reducing the treatment gap for patients unable to access care.
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Mathebula, Rifumuni Nancy, Tawanda Runhare, and Nylon Marishane. "A Critique of the Democratic Functionality of the School Disciplinary Committee Structures within a South African Rural Setting." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0017.
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The South Africans Schools Act mandates institutional policy duty bearers such as the school governing bodies (SGBs) and school disciplinary committees (SDCs) through which education stakeholders such as school principals, teachers, parents and learners to democratically formulate and implement school policies. The effectiveness of these bodies in carrying out their responsibilities in most cases is left to speculation. Based on a case study of high schools in a rural district setting in South Africa, this paper reports on the extent to which SDCs are democratically constituted and function in conducting their responsibilities. A qualitative approach was employed to gather data from a purposeful sample of 53 participants at two secondary schools that comprised 10 SGB members, 10 school management team (SMT) members, 9 SDC members, 10 Representative Council of Learners (RCL), 4 class teachers and 10 previously disciplined learners (PDLs). Focus group and individual interviews were the primary data gathering instruments but were complemented by document analysis to cross-check participants’ narratives where necessary. Results indicated that the discharge of the SDC responsibilities was largely undemocratic in both composition and functioning, and therefore unjust in disciplining learners who acted outside school rules. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that the policy duty bearers in school institutional management structures such as the SMT, SGB, RCL and SDC should first be inducted on school policies, roles and responsibilities on assumption of duty.
Received: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
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Matongera, Trylee Nyasha. "The effects of relief food aid on food production and consumption patterns of communal farmers in Chigodora community, Case study: Zimbabwe." Review of Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v2i3.73.
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<p>The research study focuses on the effects of relief food aid on food production and consumption patterns of communal farmers in Chigodora Ward 15, Mutare District. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design. Data collection instruments used in this research study included questionnaires, interviews as well as published documents. Questionnaires targeted households in selected villages. The researcher used a cluster sampling strategy in selecting villages and random sampling technique was used to select households from the selected villages. Interviews targeted key informants such as the Agritex Extension Officer, Mutare Rural District Council Social Services Director, and Chitakatira Health Care leader, Ward 15 Councilor, Plan International Selection Director and The Village Heads. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling technique. The researcher found out that relief food aid beneficiaries in Chigodora Ward 15 receive maize, beans, cooking oil and porridge on a monthly basis. Plan international is the only humanitarian organization which supplies food in the community. Since the involvement of food aid agencies in Chigodora, production of indigenous crops such as finger millet, sorghum and rapoko decreased. New crops such as peas are now grown. The major factors driving the persistence of relief food are HIV and AIDS, climate change, lack of fair distribution of farming inputs, the restructuring of the agricultural system and dependency syndrome. Short term impacts of relief food aid on food production and access include impacts on local taste, promotes laziness and compromises access to local foods. Long term impacts mentioned were, overall decrease in food production, disincentives on farmers to produce and exposure to low quality and unsafe products. The suggest the government of Zimbabwe needs to adequately assist and empower communal farmers to produce enough food from their fields through modern technologies as well as providing farmers with loans for inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and equipment to improve productivity.</p><p> </p>
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White, E., A. Wilson, S. A. Greene, W. Berry, C. McCowan, A. Cairns, and I. Ricketts. "Growth Screening and Urban Deprivation." Journal of Medical Screening 2, no. 3 (September 1995): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139500200308.
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Objectives — To assess the effect of urban deprivation on childhood growth in a modern British society by analysing data from a regional growth survey, the Tayside growth study. Setting — The Tayside Region in Scotland, which has three districts with distinct socioeconomic status: Dundee (D, urban city), Angus (A, rural), and Perth (P, rural and county town). Subjects and methods — Height and weight of 23 046 children (>90% of the regional childhood population) were measured as part of a child health surveillance programme, by community health care workers at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 years. Height standard deviation score (calculated against Tanner) and body mass index (BMI-weight (kg)/height (m)2) were calculated for each child by a central computer program; mean height standard deviation score and BMI standard deviation score were calculated for each measuring centre (school, health clinic). A deprivation score for each centre was calculated from the prevalence of single parent families; families with more than three children; unemployment rate; the number of social class V individuals; the percentage of council houses. Results — Mean height standard deviation score for Tayside was 0·11. An intra-regional difference was demonstrated: mean height standard deviation score (SD) D = 0·04 (1·0); A = 0·14 (1·1); P = 0·21 (1·1); P<0·002. There was a positive association between short stature and increasing social deprivation seen throughout Tayside (P<0·05), with a strong association in Dundee primary school children (r = 0·6; P<0·001). Analysis by district showed that the association was significant only above the age of 8 (P<0·004). There was no relation between BMI and social deprivation. Conclusions — In an industrialised developed society, urban deprivation appears to influence height mostly in late childhood, and this association should be taken into consideration in the clinical management of short stature. Height seems to be a better physical indicator of urban deprivation, and hence an index of childhood health, than BMI.
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Mkoma, Rahel Nasoni, and Charles Tinabo Rwekaza. "Decentralization in Tanzania: Perceptible Efficiency and Effectiveness in Management of Community Health Care, Free Basic Education and Public Private Partnership." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2021-0006.
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Abstract Decentralization has been a means to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs. Tanzania has undergone a reform through decentralization by devolution (D by D) and shifted relative power to lower levels of government known as local government authorities. The purpose is to improve the management of local government affair including the management of community health, free basic education and the management of contracts through public-private partnership. The objective of this paper is to review and analyse on how D by D has enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs in Tanzania. Data were collected through reviewing different documents including published journal articles, unpublished Master and PhD thesis/dissertations, government reports and online materials. Efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs are enhanced by D by D as there are improvements in the management of the community health fund as the number of households enrolled is consecutively increasing in the past five years from 543,328 in 2012/2013 to 2,251,055 in 2017/2018giving a total of 13,506,330 beneficiaries out of the total population. In the management of free fee basic education, head masters, mistress and head teachers in Singida and Ruangwa districts are successful in overcoming the challenges of free fee basic education while there is improved community participation in the management of management of contracted services in Ulanga district council. This paper recommends for reviewing and analysing how D by D has enhanced management of waste collection, the use of Government electronic Payment Gateway (GePG) in revenue collection and the efficiency and effectiveness of Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency (TARURA).
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Yadlovska, Olha. "UKRAINIAN ISSUES AND SUPPORT OF CENTRAL RADA IN KHERSON PROVINCE." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.11.
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The article highlights and analyses the attitude of the public of the city of Kherson and Kherson Governorate to the events of 1917–1918, including the period of activity of the Ukrainian Central Rada, the attempt to fight for power by the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks’ resistance to the process of becoming Ukrainian forces. Attention is paid to the characteristics of the meetings, congresses of the region, which were aimed at demonstrating the attitude of the political forces and local authorities of the Kherson region to the main state-political acts of the period — the Universals of the Central Rada and the reaction to the Temporary Instruction to the General Secretariat of the Provisional Government in Ukraine. During the mentioned period, the Kherson District Meetings, the Regional Congress of Farmers and the Provincial Ukrainian National Congress were held. In general, representatives of these meetings supported the Central Rada and the autonomy of Ukraine. The opposition to the Ukrainian issue was the Kherson Revolutionary Council, the Council of Rural Deputies of the Kherson province, negatively held the Ukrainian congresses, and also opposed the broad representation of national minorities at these meetings. Attention is drawn to the political activity of the city community, in particular, the city government, as well as officials authorized by heads of public institutions of the city. The main directions of activity of national Ukrainian forces are described: Unions of Ukrainian national organizations, “Ukrainian House”, which later became “Enlightenment” and others. It is noted that the Kherson public supported the activities of the Central Rada, demanded the inclusion of the Governorate under the jurisdiction of the General Secretariat, opposing the Provisional Instruction of the Provisional Government. The Ukrainian forces of the Kherson province were at the organizational stage of activity.
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Lee, Joan. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Sustainable Agriculture Research, Vol. 6, No. 2." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n2p185.
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Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 2Aftab Alam, Vice President Agriculture (R&D), Edenworks Inc. New York, United StatesAhmed Ghannam, University of Strasbourg, FranceAnchal Dass, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), IndiaBed Mani Dahal, Kathmandu University, NepalBernard Palmer Kfuban Yerima, University of Dschang, CameroonBeye Amadou Moustapha, Rice Research Center, Cote d'IvoireDariusz Kulus, University of Technology and Life Sciences, PolandGunnar Bengtsson, SwedenInder Pal Singh, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University (GADVASU), IndiaJoanna Henryks, University of Canberra, AustraliaJose Antonio Alburquerque, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), SpainJunjie Xu, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United StatesKatarzyna Panasiewicz, Pozna? University of Life Sciences, Department of Agronomy, PolandManuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), PortugalMohammad Valipour, Payame Noor University, IranRam Niwas, District Institute of Rural Development, IndiaShengfei Zhou, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United StatesSilviu Beciu, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, RomaniaStefano Marino, University of Molise, ItalyVishwambhar Prasad Sati, Government KRG Post Graduate College, India
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Ugryumova, M. V., and M. V. Fomenko. "Documenting the prevention and struggle of the Moscow zemstvo with cholera in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/14.
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Based on the analysis of archival materials and periodical zemstvo publications, the process of documenting the work of zemstvo institutions in the Moscow province in the prevention and control of cholera epidemics in the second half of the XIX early XX centuries is studied, and documents on the activities of individual County zemstvos are considered. Various groups of archival documents from the collections of the Central state archive of Moscow are analyzed, which comprehensively reveal the difficulties of fighting and preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of the population of the Moscow province in the second half of the XIX century at the beginning of the twentieth century: minutes of meetings of zemstvo assemblies, divisions of the zemstvo responsible for fighting epidemics (first of all, the Sanitary Bureau of the Moscow zemstvo), acts of inspections of the rural population, memoirs of zemstvo doctors, epistolary documents (memories are of primary importance, including personal records of the Governor F.V. Dzhunkovsky, the head of the Moscow zemstvo sanitary Bureau P.I. Kurkin). The results of the formation and development of documentation support for Moscow zemstvo epidemiological medicine in the system of General national health care, aimed at comprehensive protection of public health, its protection and preservation, are summarized. Stressed the paramount importance of the collection of the Moscow provincial Council and district zemstvo in Moscow province, deposited in Central state archive of Moscow, to recreate a complete picture of the formation and development of zemstvo medicine in the Moscow province.
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Sivakumar, Thanapal, Jagadisha Thirthalli, C. Naveen Kumar, and Chethan Basavarajappa. "Community-Based Rehabilitation for Persons with Severe Mental Illness in a Rural Community of Karnataka: Methodology of a Randomized Controlled Study." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 6_suppl (December 2020): S73—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620971203.
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Background: Task shifting has been recommended as a strategy to reach out to persons with mental illness and bridge the treatment gap. There is a need to explore task-shifting using existing health staff like Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). Aim and Context: ASHAs are involved in ongoing community-based rehabilitation (CBR) program run with a public–private partnership over the last 5 years at Jagaluru Taluk (an administrative block) in Davanagere district (Karnataka, India). This article aims to summarize a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine whether CBR delivered by ASHAs is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) control group in reducing disability associated with severe mental illness (SMI). Method: A group of proactive ASHAs is already working with us for a follow-up of persons with SMI. For the study, we would allocate areas that are currently not being covered proactively by ASHAs randomly in a 1:1 ratio via computer-generated randomization list to receive either ASHAs delivered CBR arm or TAU control group. A sample size of about 100 in each arm is enough to identify an effect size of 0.5 in total IDEAS score between the intervention and control arms with a power of 90% and an alpha of 0.05. We use the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) statement to describe the methods of the trial. Result: The study has been approved by the institute ethics committee and registered with CTRI (CTRI/2019/08/020585 dated 6th August 2019). The recruitment of subjects is ongoing. The patients will be followed up for 1 year and assessed. The trial is funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India. Discussion: The results of the study will be helpful from a public health perspective in delivering cost-effective and replicable CBR for persons with SMI through ASHAs. If the model turns successful, this could be expanded throughout the state/country. This would go a long way in bridging the huge treatment gap.
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Bhuller, Sharan. "Dedicated researcher brings cancer care to rural communities." Advances in Modern Oncology Research 2, no. 5 (October 29, 2016): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/amor.v2.i5.180.
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<div>As an ardent cancer researcher, Dr. Smita Asthana has a vision to create wider awareness on cancer and its prevention, and aims to work on translational research to benefit the general public through the implementation of evidence-based research. “I have been associated with the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR) and Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICPO) since November 2004 and have progressed over a period of time from being a staff scientist to the current role of a senior scientist,” says Dr. Asthana, who is presently with NICPR’s Biostatistics and Epidemiology division.</div><p> </p><p>“I have been working in various positions that deal with the design, execution, and evaluation of medical projects. Recently, we have concluded two major cervical cancer screening projects and conducted a screening of 10,000 women in rural areas,” she tells AMOR. One project, funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, was carried out 100 km west of New Delhi in the rural town of Dadri “as part of an operational research to see the implementation of VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (visual inspection with Lugol's iodine) screenings with the help of existing healthcare infrastructure,” she explains.</p><p> </p><p>As a leading researcher in cervical cancer screening, she completed an Indo-US collaborative project on the clinical performance of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test, used as a strategy for screening cervical cancer in rural communities, with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation via the international non-profit global health organization PATH. “The primary objective of the project was to observe the performance of careHPV, a new diagnostic kit, in a rural setup,” she says.</p><p> </p><p>CareHPV is a highly sensitive DNA test, which detects 14 different types of the human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer, providing results more rapidly than other DNA tests and is designed especially for use in clinics that lack reliable clean water or electricity. It is an incredibly cost-effective option for low-resource countries seeking to develop national cervical cancer screening and treatment programs according to PATH.</p><p> </p><p>“Both projects were completed successfully and brought out research conclusions in the form of national and international publications,” Dr. Asthana says. In addition to the projects, she had also developed health education materials to create cervical cancer awareness among the women of rural Indian community, while providing training to auxiliary nurses and midwives for cervical cancer screening.</p><p> </p><p>Dr. Asthana graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery from King George Medical College (KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, before pursuing her Doctor of Medicine (MD) in Community Medicine from Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Kanpur, India. Throughout her career, she has published over 40 articles in national and international journals. As a result of her hard work and dedication toward the medical field, she has been awarded first prizes for oral presentation in international conferences such as Indian Cancer Congress (ICC 2014) and Asia Oceania Research Organisation on Genital Infections and Neoplasia (AOGIN 2012).</p><p> </p><p>She is an active member of various scientific associations and societies such as the Indian Association for Cancer Research (IACR), Indian Society for Medical Statistics (ISMS), Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM), and International Epidemiological Association (IEA). In her effort to provide impactful messages via research publications, she is currently working on remodeling the cancer registry data, which includes a diversified field for incidence of childhood cancer, breast and cervical cancer, trends of major cancer, cancer burden in Northeast of India, among other things.</p><p> </p><p>According to Dr. Asthana, her vision is the utilization of voluminous cancer registry data to produce comprehensive reports in the form of research communication to give a clearer picture of different cancer burden in various Indian registries. “I have also proposed a project for establishing cancer registry at NICPR, which was approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in principle, but we are currently still waiting for funding,” says the medical scientist.</p><p> </p><p>Focusing on the area of cancer epidemiology and research methodology, Dr. Asthana has faced many challenges commonly encountered by any researcher with a vision to improve medical research. “Gradually, with time and experience, I have overcome these limitations and I now conduct research methodology workshops to help clinicians have a better orientation toward research,” she says. Dr. Asthana is the coordinator of research methodology workshops, which is a series of training courses that started in 2007. Training courses/workshops are being conducted on a regular basis — two to three times a year at ICPO — and on an invitation basis, she has held workshops at other institutions such as her previous visit to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in Malaysia to train 30 PhD students.</p><p> </p><p>“The main aim or idea is to educate scientists/researchers and medical faculties about the basics of research methodology, which consist of descriptive statistics, statistical analysis, and clinical trial sampling, as well as research protocol development and scientific reporting/writing,” she elaborates. “The curriculum was formed and executed in such a way that new scientists gain an overall knowledge on how a research project should be planned, executed, and the results communicated,” she adds. The courses, according to her, are targeted for medical faculty members, medical post-graduate students, undergraduate students, and PhD students with a basic science background from various medical institutions.</p><p> </p><p>As a researcher with almost 14 years of experience in medical research, her passion for research does not end there. Dr. Asthana has also ventured into various other new areas that are currently lacking presence in India and other low- and middle-income countries. One such area is palliative care, where she has undergone specialized training in palliative care from the Indian Association of Palliative Care. Additionally, Dr. Asthana is working on a global systematic review project that studies smokeless tobacco attributable risk for oral cancer. She further adds, “As an officer in the district technical support team and in collaboration with World Health Organization, I have devoted quite some time in serving the rural community for leprosy monitoring.”</p><p> </p><p>When asked for her opinion about the future of cancer research, Dr. Asthana believes that targeted therapy is the future of cancer therapy, as it kills only cancer cells and not normal cells, which leads to lesser side effects. “However, the major concern is the cost of it,” she says, “and it doesn’t appear to be affordable in the near future.” Hence, “developing countries like India should focus on the prevention of cancer through the modification of risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyles,” she concludes.</p>
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Marišová, Eleonóra, Zuzana Ilková, Lucia Palšová, and Kristína Mandalová. "Legislation of Renewable Energy Sources In Slovakia / Legislatívna Úprava Obnoviteľných Zdrojov Energie Na Slovensku." EU agrarian Law 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0011.
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Abstract Growing renewable energy plants on agricultural land and its further energy usage presents a significant importance for implementing long-term strategy of Slovakia in the area of acquisition and use of renewable energy sources (RES). Renewable energy plants together fulfil the objectives of Europe 2020 strategy and contributes to diversification of energy resources. The paper draws on the EU and national legislation regulating RES. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC are analysed. Broadly, the topic of the renewable energy resources is integrated in Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020. More specifically, Biomass Action Plan 2008- 2013, Strategy of higher use of the renewable energy resources in Slovakia and Strategy of energy security of Slovakia till 2030 have been adopted. Sustainable use of agricultural land, its management and use, as well as the protection of its quality and functions are regulated by Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the protection and use of agricultural land and amending the Act no. 245/2003 Coll. on integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and amending certain acts as amended which came into the force 1. May 2004. Act. No. 57/2013 Coll. with is in effect from 1 April 2013, establishes the principles and procedure for the establishment of plantations of fast-growing trees on agricultural land. Slovak legislation introduced a register for fast-growing trees in Slovak territories at each district office, Land and Forest Department in Slovakia (72). The survey at registers shows that this legislation promoted the farmers to start to use marginal land for fast-growing trees.
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Mlauzi, Obey. "SITTING ON A TIME BOMB IS THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT BY NOT ADDRESSING EFFECTIVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN RURAL DISTRICT COUNCIL TO AID SERVICE DELIVERY: A CASE STUDY OF MATEBELELAND SOUTH PROVINCE IN ZIMBABWE." Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24105/gjiss.6.3.1704.
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