Dissertations / Theses: 'Rural electrification'

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Liang, Tian Shen. "Rural Electrification in East Malaysia : Achieving optimal power generation system and sustainability of rural electrification projects." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192252.

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The objectives of this project are to propose improvements to one of the civil society organisations, Lightup Borneo, helping it to attain an optimal power generation system capable of supplying reliable and continuous electricity, as well as to achieve sustainability of rural electrification projects. The project spans six months; methodology includes desk research, field research, case study and simulation using HOMER. The review of government programmes provided references for accomplishing the project objectives. Kampung Mantapok was chosen as the subject of case study. Current system installed at this village only consists of 10 kW micro-hydropower system. Total electricity demand of the village is 53.72 kWh/d, with two daily peak load occurring at 11 am and 5 pm. Eight system configurations were derived based on two-level full factorial design and evaluated with HOMER. A system configuration consisting of 10 kW micro-hydro generator, 3 kW inverter and two units of 280 Ah battery was selected. Its COE and NPC are the lowest – RM 0.181 (US$ 0.045) and RM 46,230 (US$ 11,558) respectively. It has 0 % of annual capacity shortage and unmet load. When system cost increases, when river discharge reduces. COE reduces when electricity load, capacity shortage and battery lifetime increase. Villagers’ level of satisfaction and confidence, assuming to be inversely proportional to capacity shortage and unmet load, are equally important as the system cost. Current system has 5 % of capacity shortage and lower resiliency, indicating incapability of handling load growth and variations of river discharge. Improvements for current system are justified given the above facts. The upfront cost for improvements is 19 % of the capital cost of current system. The improved system also outweighs diesel-fuelled system by saving 11 tons of carbon dioxide emission and having 73 % lower COE and NPC. In order to achieve sustainability of rural electrification projects, four recommendations were proposed, namely integration of development programmes, establishment of community organizations, enhancing knowledge sharing and communication. Project findings are useful for Lightup Borneo’s upcoming projects, life-cycle analysis of power generation system and study of community-based electricity generation, as well as energy policy reform in Malaysia. Syftet med detta projekt är att föreslå förbättringar till en icke-statlig organisation i Malaysia, Lightup Borneo, för utformning av ett optimalt elproduktionssystem som kontinuerligt kan leverera el. Dessutom diskuteras hur hållbarhet kan uppnås i elektrifieringsprojekt på landsbyggden. Projektet har sträckt sig över sex månader, och inkluderar resultat från faktainsamling, fältarbete, samt en datorsstödd fallstudieanalys med hjälp av mjukvaran Homer. Statliga program för elektrifiering har undersökts, och verkar som referenser för genomförande av projektets mål. Kampung Mantapok valdes som föremål för fallstudien. Det system som för närvarande är installerat i denna by består endast av en 10 kW mikrovattenkraftverk med en enkel kontrollmodul. Byns totala elbehov är 53.72 kWh/d, med dagliga toppbelastningar kl 11 samt 17. Ett antal systemkonfigurationer, baserade på faktorförsök har utvärderas med HOMER. En systemkonfiguration bestående av en 10 kW mikrogenerator för vattenkraft, en 3 kW inverter samt två 280 Ah batterier valdes. I denna utformning erhölls det lägsta COE och NPC – RM 0.181 (US$ 0.045) respektive RM 46,230 (US$ 11,558). Denna konfiguration tillgodoser 100% av elbehovet på årsbasis. Systemkostnaden ökar då flödesuttaget från floden minskar. COE minskar när ellasten, kapacitetbrist och batteriets livstid ökar.Lika viktiga som systemkostnaden är bybornas tillfredsställelse och tillit till systemet för eltillförsel. Det nuvarande systemet har en 5%-ig kapacitetsbrist på årsbasis och visar sämre flexibilitet vad gäller att hantera varierande flöden och en framtida behovstillväxt. Därför är förbättringar i det nuvarande systemet motiverade. Investeringskostnaderna för förbättringar utgör 19% av investeringskostnaden för nuvarande system, men 11 ton koldioxid kan sparas genom minskat behov av diesel, och COE och NPC minskar med 73%. För att uppnå hållbarhet i elektrifieringsprojekt på landsbygden föreslås fyra rekommendationer: integrering av utvecklingsprogram, upprättande av samhällsorganisation per by, samt förbättrat utbyte av kunskap och kommunikation. Projektets resultat är användbara för Lightup Borneos kommande projekt, livscykelanalys av system för elproduktion och studie av samhällsbaserade elproduktion, och om energireform i Malaysia.

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Hollberg, Philipp. "Swarm grids - Innovation in rural electrification." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172846.

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Access to clean and affordable energy is a prerequisite for human development. In order to achieve access to sustainable energy for all innovation in rural electrification is needed. Decentralized renewable energy technologies in form of Solar Home Systems and Mini-grids possess the potential of electrifying a large number of rural households which cannot be connected to the national grid with local available energy sources. However, the deployment of Mini-grids is facing barriers such as a lack of private investments. By building on already existing SHSs swarm grids can enable households to trade electricity and use their excess electricity to supply additional loads. Swarm grids as an evolutionary bottom-up approach to electrification can overcome some of the obstacles regular Mini-grids face and play a vital role in improving electricity access. As part of this thesis a model has been developed which allows for simulating the electricity flow including line losses in swarm grids of any size on an hourly basis. The model facilitates the gaining of a better understanding for the impact global parameters (e.g. distance between households) have on the feasibility of swarm grids. A field trip to Bangladesh has been undertaken in order to obtain input data for simulating different cases in the model created. The simulations performed indicate that in a swarm grid the generated excess energy of SHSs which so far is wasted can supply the demand of households without SHS as well as commercial loads such as irrigation pumps. Overall the results point towards swarm grids being an innovation with the potential of improving rural electricity access by building on existing infrastructure.

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Admasu, Alemshet Ayele. "Solar PV based rural electrification in Rema rural village." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34340.

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Energy is a basic need for the overall growth and improvements of people’s living standard.But around 2 to 3 billion people in the world have no access to electric lighting. Like otherdeveloping countries the rural electrification in Ethiopia is very low and government takessome actions to promote the investment in these areas but due to economic constraints andlow level of technological advancement the growth is very low.This study focuses on solar PV based rural electrification, its impact on environment andsocio-economic development in Rema village. Three cases studies: typical households,small scale business center and public services are considered for systematic study.Interviews from villagers, existing energy system, literature data and HOMER software areused to calculate energy demand and cost of electrification. A comparison between theresults is carried out.According to the village survey the existing PV home system has a positive impact on a socioeconomic development of the village of Rema. Solar PV electricity can be used in generatingincomes. It is also used for climate mitigation by curbing CO2 emission and can be used forclimate adaptation by reducing the deforestation and facilitate carbon sequestration. PVbased electrification of health center and schools have played a vital role in improving thequality of services. The presence of refrigerator helped to have vaccines and medicines4preserved for different types of killer diseases. The teaching-learning process of schoolsimproved due the presence of electricity. The solar powered water supply in near areasreduced the time required for fetching water and made girls to focus on their education.Most villagers has positive attitude towards the technology but unsatisfied with the currentsystem size. The high level of technical skills required for maintenance and the small numberof solar technicians’ available in the village is also a problem reported in the village. HOMERsoftware is used to model the existing energy system and the required energy demandbefore PV based rural electrification and after PV based rural electrification. A new model isdeveloped depending on the villagers demand. . Modeling result shows that 3 kWP and 12kWP were found to be enough to fulfill the demand in clinics and schools with an initialinvestment of 18576 and 80704US$, respectively and a PV size of 165 Wp, 250 Wp and 350Wp is required for households with agriculture only, mixed and small scale business income,respectively. This led a requirement of initial capital of US$ 654, 1848 and 2339,respectively. However, these initial investments are unaffordable for most of the villagers.PV systems required for households with agriculture only, has lower investment per Wattthan others, while investment per Watt for small scale business has lower than householdswith mixed type. Therefore, the battery size plays an important role in the investment,operation and maintenance costs.The two main problems associated with solar PV in rural electrification are financial capabilityand technical problems. These problems can be curbed by loan arrangement and trainingthe villagers. But to make sustainable it must be used for income generating activities.

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Yadoo, Annabel Leonie. "Delivery models for decentralised rural electrification : case studies in Nepal, Peru and Kenya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610203.

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Salih, Nizam. "Renewable for Rural Electrification in Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117714.

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At the beginning of the 1970s, the industrial countries accounted for about 80%of world oil consumption. Today, they are down tolittle more than 50%. Already, China uses more totalprimary energy than United States. Developing countries are in the process ofconsuming a substantial amount of energydue to alarming growth, industrialization, urbanization etc. With a tight and volatile oil market, combined with sharply risingconsumption in emerging countries there is renownedconcerns about energy security. Various models are beingimplemented in these countries with the help ofdonors and local governments toenhance the use of renewable energy fora sustainable development. Use of renewable energy for rural electrificationhas not progressed as anticipated regardless of provisions of subsidies &other measurers by governments. InSri Lanka, the primary energy contributions in 2009 to nationalenergy supply were 51% from biomass, 44.8% from crude oil and petroleumproducts, and 3.6% from hydroelectricity and other renewable sources. The useof non-conventional energy resources, NCRE, (small-scale hydropower, biomass,biogas and waste, solar power and wind power) in Sri Lanka is of a relativelysmaller scale (<1%) and therefore its contribution is presently of lowsignificance in the macro energy picture. Regardless, the energy policydocument of the government of Sri Lanka has set a target to reach a minimumlevel of 10% of electrical energy supplied to the grid to be from non-conventionalrenewable energy in 2015. Inthis context, this study attempts to analyse the strengths and weaknesses ofthe existing financial and institutional models for renewable energydissemination for rural electrification in Sri Lanka and to recommend possiblemeasures needed for better financial and institutional models. In addition to aliterature survey, a questionnaire survey was carried out with power producers,financial institutions and government and non-government organizations in therenewable energy business to obtain their perception for better analysis.

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Vijayaragavan, Krishna Prasad. "Feasibility of DC microgrids for rural electrification." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-25850.

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DC system and DC microgrids are gaining popularity in recent times. This thesis suggests a method to state the workability of a DC based PV system using the softwares Simulink, PVsyst and HOMER. The aims of this project include suggesting a DC based architecture, finding out the performance ratio and a cost analysis. The advantages of the DC based system, the cost benefits associated with it and its performance will determine its feasibility. Not many softwares have the functionality to simulate DC based PV systems. PVsyst is considered as one of the most sought-out softwares for the simulation of PV systems. It can simulate a DC based PV system but has a lot of limitations when it comes to the architecture and voltage levels. Due to these factors, the results from softwares Simulink, Homer and PVsyst are used to calculate the performance ratio of the suggested DC system. The simulation of the DC system involves modelling of a DC-DC converter. DC-DC converters are used in HVDC transmission and are being considered for small scale and medium scale microgrids. The DC-DC boost converter is coupled with a MPPT model in Simulink. P and O algorithm is chosen as the MPPT algorithm as it is simple and widely used. The Simulink model of PV array and MPPT based boost converter provides the power output at the needed voltage level of 350V. The input for the Simulink model is obtained from the results of HOMER. The inputs include solar irradiation data and cell temperature. The same input data is used for the simulations in HOMER and PVsyst. The performance ratio is obtained by combining the power output from Simulink with the other aspects of the system from PVsyst. The performance ratio is done only for the month of January due to the limitations in Simulink. The performance ratio is found out to be 65.5 %. The cost estimation is done for the distribution and power electronics aspects of the system. It is found out that the cost associated with the conductors will have an impact on the total cost only if the conductors used for distribution is more in length. The cost associated with the power converters will make a difference in total cost only if the system is within the range of 100kW. The study shows the workability of the PV based DC system based on the above mentioned aspects

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Serdyn, J. J. "Electronic voltage regulator technology for rural electrification." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/903.

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Wijesinghe, Nadeera. "Rural Electrification - Sri Lanka: A Case study & Scenario Analysis." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17571.

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“Rural electrification” is a key element in the global energy development agenda. While being a developing country, Sri Lanka is enroot to achieve 100% of electrification at present. After the civil war ended in 2009 which lasted for more than 25 years, there has been much focus to fulfill the energy needs of the country. But the studies carried out to assess the impact of electrification are very much limited. This study focuses on meeting the gap of carrying out a scenario analysis of rural electrification and assessing the socio economic impact of electrification. The major focus has been given to see how energy system of a newly electrified village will vary over time. The research intends to identify how far the strategies used to implement a policy is realistic in the real world. Also the research extends to apply the proposed strategies to the energy model and analyze the behavior of the model. During the study a survey was carried out in a rural village in southern part of Sri Lanka and the data obtained were used to model the energy system of the village using a software called - LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System). The energy system is simulated under different scenarios to analyze if certain strategies in the policy have been implemented in the village. Two scenarios were energy efficient lighting and energy efficient cooking stoves. A total energy balance has been carried out for the target sample with an analysis of global warming potential of the activities of the target family. The total energy consumption variation with the electrification and the percentage of energy consumed as electricity over time has been analyzed. Further the socio economic impacts of electrification have been studied. The impact of agricultural usage and economic productivity with electricity has been studied. The qualitative measures like attitude changes, modernization & technology adaptation were addressed to the extent possible.

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Teferi, Tessema Girum. "Feasibility Study on Mini‐hydroelectric PowerPlant for Rural Electrification." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216377.

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Gaitan, Carlos. "Rural electrification in Bolivia through solar powered Stirling engines." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148079.

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This study focuses on the rural areas of Bolivia. The village investigated is assumed to have 70 households and one school. Electrical supply will be covered with the help of solar powered Stirling engines. A Stirling engine is an engine with an external heat source, which could be fuel or biomass for example. The model calculates the electrical demand for two different cases. One low level demand and one high level demand. By studying the total electrical demand of the village, the model can calculate a sizing for the Stirling system. However, for the sizing to be more accurate, more research needs to be done with regards to the demand of the village and the incoming parameters of the model. Den här studien fokuserar på landsbygden i Bolivia. En by som antas ha 70 hushåll och en skola är det som ligger till grund för studien. Byn ska försörjas med el med hjälp av soldrivna Stirling motorer. En Stirling motor är en motor som drivs med en extern värmekälla. Denna värmekälla kan vara exempelvis biomassa eller annan bränsle. Modellen som tas fram i projektet beräknar elektricitetsbehovet för byn för två nivåer, ett lågt elbehov och ett högt elbehov. Genom att studera det totala elbehovet över dagen kan modellen beräkna fram en storlek för Stirling systemet. För att ge mer noggranna svar, krävs dock att forskning utförs i byn som ska försörjas. Dessutom krävs en mer noggrann information om de ingående parametrarna i modellen.

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Spencer, David. "A study of rural electrification in South-East Asia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14468.

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Vannucchi, Claudia. "Indonesian Rural Electrification : What is the most sustainable solution?" Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291252.

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The Sustainable Development Goal n°7 is calling for a prompt response to guarantee affordable and clean energy for all. While the electrification rate is rapidly increasing around the world, much work still remains to achieve electricity access in remote areas or Non-Interconnected Zones, such as the numerous small islands that compose Indonesia. This thesis work sought to understand which standalone microgrid design would represent the most sustainable solution for a rural electrification challenge, where the final scope is to provide 24 h/d stable and reliable electricity connection to the local communities of Sulawesi, Indonesia. To achieve such a result, two diametrically opposed microgrid layouts are outlined in terms of renewables share: a Business As-Usual Scenario, in which the microgrid is powered by a standard diesel set, and an integrated renewable-based scenario, in which the microgrid envisions the implementation of biopower, PV system and Li-ion batteries as a storage option. A thorough comparison on a series of Key Parameter Indicators (KPIs), such as Carbon Footprint, Levelized Cost Of Electricity and job creation, led to the identification of the renewable-based scenario as the most sustainable option. This system layout resulted in a biomass powered electricity production covering 80% of the total electricity demand, with the remaining 20% supplied by solar power and storage means and a LCOE of 0.18 USD/kWh. At the price of a higher upfront cost than the one of BAU case, the renewable-based alternative entitles a higher profitability when compared to the business-asusual one, together with reduced carbon dioxide emissions and a higher number of jobs directly created. Hållbarhetsmål nr 7 kräver ett snabbt svar för att garantera överkomlig och ren energi för alla. Medan elektrifieringsgraden snabbt ökar runt om i världen, återstår mycket arbete för att nå elåtkomst i avlägsna områden eller icke-sammankopplade zoner, såsom de många små öarna som utgör Indonesien. Detta avhandlingsarbete försökte förstå vilken fristående mikronätdesign som skulle representera den mest hållbara lösningen för en elektrifieringsutmaning på landsbygden, där det slutliga utrymmet är att tillhandahålla 24 timmars stabil och pålitlig elanslutning till lokalsamhället Sulawesi, Indonesien. För att uppnå ett sådant resultat beskrivs två diametralt motsatta mikronätlayouter när det gäller andelen förnybara energikällor: ett Business As-Usual-scenario, där mikronätet drivs av en standarddiesel och ett integrerat förnyelsebaserat scenario, där microgrid ser implementeringen av biokraft, solcellssystem och litiumjonbatterier som ett lagringsalternativ. En noggrann jämförelse av en serie nyckelparametrar (KPI), såsom koldioxidavtryck, nivåiserad elkostnad och skapande av jobb, ledde till att det förnyelsebaserade scenariot identifierades som det mest hållbara alternativet. Systemlayouten resulterade i en biomassadriven elproduktion som täckte 80% av det totala elbehovet, med de återstående 20%som levereras av solenergi och lagringsmedel och en LCOE på 0,18 USD / kWh. Till priset av en högre kostnad i förskott än i BAU-fallet ger det förnyelsebaserade alternativet högre lönsamhet jämfört med det som vanligt, tillsammans med minskade koldioxidutsläpp och ett högre antal direkt skapade jobb.

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Schulze, David A. "The politics of power : rural electrification in Alberta, 1920-1989." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55642.

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Hirmer, Stephanie. "Improving the sustainability of rural electrification schemes : capturing value for rural communities in Uganda." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277685.

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This research investigates what rural villagers perceive as important and develops recommendations for improved electrification project implementation centring on user-perceived values (UPVs). UPVs capture more than the basic definition of value in the sense that they include benefits, concerns, feelings and underlying drivers that vary in importance and act as the main motivators in the lives of project beneficiaries as perceived at a given time. Low access to energy continues in rural sub-Saharan Africa despite significant investment by the development community. One fundamental reason is that energy infrastructure adoption remains low, as evidenced by the lack of project sustainability. To counter this, the challenge for energy project developers is to achieve sustainable long-term interventions through the creation of value for beneficiaries, rather than the traditional approach of focusing on short-term project outputs. The question of what is valuable to people in rural communities has historically not played into the design and diffusion of energy infrastructure development projects. This research drew on design and marketing approaches from the commercial sector to investigate the UPVs of rural Ugandans. To better understand the UPVs of rural villagers a new method, consisting of a UPV game and UPV framework, was developed. This method is suitable for capturing, understanding and mapping what rural populations perceive as important. Case study analyses were carried out in seven villages across rural Uganda. The case studies included the UPV game supplemented by non-energy-specific and energy-specific interviews with villagers. Additionally, interviews with experts were conducted to verify the UPV framework and to identify the gap between experts’ opinion and villagers’ perception of what is important. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the UPV game in deducing the values of rural villagers. The findings demonstrate a disconnect in the ability to accurately capture and design projects which resonate with and respond to the UPVs of recipients of rural electrification projects. A comparison between the villagers’ statements and experts’ opinion regarding what is most valuable to rural communities reveals striking differences that point to a fundamental misunderstanding of rural community UPVs which are likely to be contributing to widespread electrification project failure.

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Teferi, Tessema Girum. "Feasibility Study on Mini-hydroelectric Power Plant for Rural Electrification." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216985.

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Bawakyillenuo, Simon. "Rural electrification in Ghana : issues of photovoltaic energy technology utilisation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:579.

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Energy plays a pivotal role in human development. Not only is it sine qua non for national economic development, but it also provides services that enhance social development including, health and sanitation, education, potable water, cooking. In spite of this, at present, there are about two billion people without access to modern sources of energy, most of them in the rural areas of the developing world. Consequentially, the social and economic development of these two billion people hangs in the balance. In recent times, however, considerable advocacy has taken place in the academic and policy studies, environmental fora, and national agenda about solar PV energy technology serving as a panacea to the energy problems of rural populations in developing countries, especially Sub-Sahara Africa, whilst also helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Notwithstanding this great advocacy, the literature on the dissemination of this technology has been incomplete in fostering understanding on the discourses surrounding its low dissemination rates in rural Ghana compared to countries such as Kenya and Zimbabwe; the sustainability of installed solar PV systems; and the usefulness of solar PV in serving the needs of the rural poor. In resorting to an interdisciplinary approach (methodology and theoretical foundation), this study has explored the energy perspectives of Ghana, the dynamics of rural electrification and energy needs, and the interplay of processes and forces underpinning the adoption and non-adoption of solar PV in rural Ghana. Results of this study show that, Ghana has abundant renewable energy resources, especially solar radiation. However, the study further reveals that the resource base alone of solar PV technology is not the panacea to its successful dissemination and the energy needs of all in rural Ghana. Significantly, this study has shown that the adoption and non-adoption perspectives of solar PV in rural Ghana and the sustainability of installed solar PV systems, as well as the disparate levels of solar PV dissemination in Ghana, Kenya and Zimbabwe, are contingent on multi-dimensional circumstances. This stands in contrast to the majority of literature that often emphasise cost as the sole determining factor of the non-adoption of solar PV in most developing countries. Results of this study therefore have implications for rural energy supply policy approaches and other institutional arrangements on solar PV issues in Ghana.

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Hole, Kenneth. "Framework for Experimental Learning: Replicable Business Models in Rural Electrification." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25972.

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Lack of access to electricity is a significant hindrance to boost economic development, knowledge creation and health improvement in developing countries, specifically for people in rural areas. Even though governments play a key role in building infrastructure, they do not have the capacity or the financing to fulfill these needs. Thus entrepreneurs play a vital role by introducing solutions for electricity based on renewable energy. They are able to perceive the risk, willing to take it and able to develop customized functional solutions that also are based on sustainable business models. In this paper, the author does multiple case studies and the theoretical backbone consists of literature about business models, business model innovation, replication and literature describing the challenges in the context of bottom of the pyramid markets in developing countries. Based on the findings, the author has developed a conceptual framework for experimental learning, which clarifies the business model innovation process to enable replication in the context of rural electrification by community-level mini-utilities. Divided into two phases, the framework first describes the learning process and how the process of accumulating knowledge about the Arrow Core and developing rules are best conducted. It recommends a linear but iterative process, where the firm enters one village at the time and develops the needed sustainable local business model for each specific village. In doing so it accumulates knowledge both about the business model and the context, which it can then exploit to build a larger company through replication in the second phase. The contributions are twofold: the author first suggests a more dynamic approach than the existing business model innovation literature by developing a step-wise conceptual model. Second, this model has practical implications for entrepreneurs, describing the process that can be used in their own commercialization efforts.

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CAMACHO, CRISTIANE FARIAS. "METHODOLOGIC FOR ASSESSMENT OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3716@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR A realidade vivida pela população rural tem sempre surpresas a revelar e mais ainda quando se trata do meio rural não eletrificado. Este estudo examina uma parte da realidade do cotidiano vivido por propriedades rurais envolvidas no Programa de Eletrificação Rural Luz no Campo, mostrando o modo de vida das propriedades na fase anterior ao recebimento de energia elétrica. Através do data mining dos dados coletados na pesquisa de campo do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e da aplicação de técnicas de análise multivariada, tais como: Análise de Fatores e Análise de Cluster, este estudo possibilitará a visualização do modo de vida de propriedades não eletrificadas permitindo posteriormente a comparação com a chegada da energia elétrica que propiciará a avaliação do Programa de Eletrificação Rural. O modelo foi aplicado em dados de duas concessionárias de energia elétrica do Brasil usando dados horários coletados durante dois anos. The reality lived by the rural population has always some surprises to reveal, even more when it's about the not electrified rural domain. This research examines a part of the reality lived by homestead involved in the Rural Electrification Program Luz no Campo, showing their way of life in the previous phase of the electricity receipt. Through the data mining of the collected data in the field research in Mato Grosso do Sul state and with the application a varied of statistical multivariate techniques such as: Factors Analysis and Cluster Analysis, this research will provide the visualization of the way of life of non electrified properties allowing a later comparison with the data collected in the same properties, after the arrival of the electricity. This way, it will be possible to establish a formal evaluation of the Rural Electrification Program.

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Byrne, Robert P. "Learning drivers : rural electrification regime building in Kenya and Tanzania." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6963/.

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Rural electrification has been a long-standing objective in many developing countries. For decades, the assumption and practice has been to build centralised generating capacity and transmit the electricity over national grids. More recently, interest has grown in using PV (photovoltaic) technology as a solution to the problem of rural electrification. A private household market for PV has been developing in Kenya since 1984 and now has more than 200,000 systems installed, sold through this private market. Consequently, it is widely hailed as a success story among developing countries. Until recently, Tanzania had almost no household PV market, despite interest from a number of actors, including some of those who have been involved in enabling the rapid growth of the market in Kenya. However, sales of PV began to grow quite rapidly from the early 2000s and the trend appears to be gaining pace, with an estimated 285 kWp sold in 2007, having risen by 57% in one year. At the time of the research, there were two large donor-funded PV projects underway in the country. The research attempts to explain the dynamics of the two PV niches over the past 25 years using strategic niche management as its theoretical framework. It finds that the Kenyan niche has benefited more from donor support than is usually acknowledged. The thesis also makes theoretical and methodological contributions. It offers a way to connect first and second-order learning to expectations and visions concepts; dimensions expectations and visions; and presents a tool for systematic investigation of socio-technical trajectory developments. The thesis also suggests a number of ways in which the strategic niche management framework could be enhanced. These include stronger theorising about learning, and the incorporation of power, politics and risk into the theory.

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Randell, Jacqueline. "The role of rural electrification in the development of Sarawak." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12835.

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The introduction of electricity is widely perceived to bring socioeconomic and infrastructural improvements to the rural areas of developing countries. In Malaysia the rural electrification programme is a high profile demonstration of the Government's commitment towards socioeconomic development of the rural areas. Following substantial achievements in the rural electrification of Peninsular Malaysia, attention is now focussed on the economically and infrastructurally less-developed states such as Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. The thesis of this study was that the present form of rural electrification is largely inappropriate for the rural development of Sarawak. In response to a perceived need for specific policy-directed rural development research, the consequent aims of this study were to examine the developmental role of rural electrification in the state of Sarawak. Data colected using two extended field trips are presented and discussed in context. The progress of the various programmes is analysed and the significance of the introduction of electricity for life in the rural areas investigated. In addition, priorities and perceptions of the government, implementing authorities, local development administrators and villagers with respect to rural electrification are assessed. The study concludes that, despite government initiatives, acquisition of an electricity supply is a fairly low priority concern for many rural communities. However, the increase in self-esteem and confidence of the community which accompanies a perceived narrowing of the gap between standards of living in town and in the village, is more apparent than predicted. As an outcome of the study specific recommendations are proposed to tackle the electrification of remote settlements in Sarawak.

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Nsengiyumva, Anicet. "Cost comparison of hydropower options for rural electrification in Rwanda." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16960.

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The decision to develop a hydropower plant depends on several factors, which cost is the most significant. This thesis, entitled "Cost comparison of hydropower options for rural electrification in Rwanda" intends to show that the use of a large number of mini hydropower plants for electrification of sparse rural areas in Rwanda is the least cost option when compared to installing either a single small or large hydropower plants. This is done by considering rural households to be randomly distributed and the model composed by 98 rural villages having three different population densities is used to test the validity of the hypothesis. Three different hydropower options providing the same level of service to rural households were used for the cost comparison. The relationship between the electrification cost per household versus the population density is deduced. Many distribution technologies can be used in rural areas and the accurate selection of the appropriate distribution technology is the main concern as it affects the cost of the whole distribution system. The rural network should be carefully designed so that the sizing of conductors to be used for LV and MV network is properly done at a low cost. The high distribution cost depends largely on the size of power to be delivered. Based on these findings, the cost comparison of mini, small and large hydropower schemes for rural electrification in Rwanda is discussed.

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Coppez, Gabrielle. "Optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10274.

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Includes bibliograhical references. This project has the objective of creating a tool for feasibility assessment and recommendations of sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems in rural areas in South Africa. This involves the development of a tool which would analyse information input about the climate of the area and the load demand.

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Higuchi, Cristiane Aparecida Pelegrin [UNESP]. "Avaliação do programa “luz para todos”, implantado na cooperativa de eletrificação rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré - Ceripa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90469.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 higuchi_cap_me_botfca.pdf: 3411740 bytes, checksum: 927760eb8f275e46319878404d5bbaee (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A eletrificação rural constitui elemento de fundamental importância para o aumento da produção e aprimoramento do produto agrícola que conseqüentemente resulta num melhor nível de vida para o agricultor. Com novas e modernas tecnologias à disposição, o produtor rural tem a propriedade valorizada e pode buscar alternativas agrícolas para aumentar sua renda liquida e gerar empregos, além de estimular o mercado de produtos industrializados. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a evolução do Programa de Eletrificação Rural “Luz para Todos”, e apresentar os principais aspectos técnicos e sociais do programa, como veículo no desenvolvimento, referente aos pequenos produtores rurais na área de atuação da cooperativa de Eletrificação Rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré (CERIPA). Para tanto, foram analisados dados técnicos, financeiros e sociais, através de cadastros e planilhas, com o devido acompanhamento da implantação do Programa. Através destes dados, foi possível determinar índices técnicos e econômicos referentes à implantação do Programa e verificar a evolução do número de consumidores, a potência instalada, a energia faturada e receita bruta da cooperativa. Para a cooperativa, a implantação do programa promoveu um vetor de desenvolvimento, pois todos os consumidores atendidos, englobaram na massa de consumidores da cooperativa, tornando-a mais sólida e mais competitiva no mercado energético. Em apenas sete anos, no período de 2000 a 2006, a cooperativa teve um aumento de mais de 50% no número de ligações, dado este que se refletiu na carga instalada, triplicando o faturamento bruto. Pode-se notar no desenvolvimento deste trabalho uma forte omissão do governo com relação às metas estabelecidas e não cumpridas, onde se aplica simplesmente uma multa simbólica sobre o investimento não utilizado no programa. Não são levantados problemas... Rural electrification is an outstanding element for production increase and agricultural product improvement which, consequently, results in better life quality for the small farmer. With new and modern technologies available, the rural producer has his property valorized and is able to search for agricultural alternatives to rise his net income and generate employment, besides stimulating the industrialized products market. This work aims to evaluate the evolution of the “Electric Lighting for All” Program and present main technical and social aspects of the program, as a vehicle of development, referring to the rural small farmers at CERIPA Rural Electrification Cooperative of Itaí, Paranapanema and Avaré. It was analyzed technical, financial and social data through registers and sheets with the proper following of the Program implantation. From the data, it was possible to determine the technical and economic indexes related to the Program settlement and verify the increase in number of consumers, installed power, the invoiced electrical energy and gross income of the Cooperative. For the Cooperative, this Program settlement promoted a vector of development, since all the attended small farmers entered the cooperative, making it more solid and competitive in the market. From 2000 to 2006, the cooperative enhanced over 50% reflecting in the installed power, triplicating the gross income.It can be noticed in this work development high omission of the government concerning the established targets not accomplished, where a symbolic tip is simply applied over the investment not used in the program. Problems are not raised, targets are not questioned; the allowance is distributed only to justify a “political willing” with the citizen.

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Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard. "Sustainability and development impacts of off-grid electrification in developing countries : An assessment of South Africa's rural electrification program." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-30762.

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Previous studies have shown that provision of sustainable electricity supply to rural households is essential to bring development to off-grid populations. For this reason, most developing countries put large efforts into rural electrification programs to stimulate development and reduce poverty. However, to be sustainable these programs need to recover costs, which poses a challenge to remote low income populations. This often forces governments and other institutions involved in rural electrification to subsidize the electricity production. It also affects the choice of technology and places a barrier on the level of energy provided in line with the ability to pay for services. As a result of this, most programs have failed to achieve the desired objectives, as the technologies used often do not support income generating activities that could increase the payment capabilities of the beneficiaries and contribute to development. This thesis is focused on the rural electrification program of South Africa, the country in sub-Saharan Africa that has the highest access to electricity. It investigates the success elements that influence the sustainability of rural electrification programs and their contributions to socio-economic development. This was achieved by evaluating the South African program that provides solar home systems to off-grid communities, and a hybrid solar-wind mini-grid project in South Africa. The study also draw lessons from other rural electrification programs in neighbouring countries, i.e. an evaluation of a hybrid solar-diesel mini-grid system in Namibia, and a review of two systems, a hybrid solar-biomass mini-grid project in Botswana and a hydro mini-grid program in Lesotho. The study revealed that hydro based hybrid mini-grid systems provide the most cost effective way of bringing energy services to rural settlements. Regardless of technology, successful programs depend on adequate support from the government, implementation of a progressive tariff system that allows the high consuming high income earners and businesses, to cross subsidize the low consuming , low income users. It shows that it is more likely for rural electrification programs to survive if the design considers the existing businesses, population growth and the corresponding load increase. The thesis further shows that provision of sufficient energy to induce income generating activities is essential to decrease the need for subsidies and to ensure the sustainability of programs. In addition, availability of spare parts and a capable management team is essential for the successful operations and maintenance of these systems.

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Silva, Marcos Vinicius Miranda da. "Estrutura de Planejamento Energético para Pequenas Comunidades da Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-18012012-173625/.

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0 atendimento energético a pequenas comunidades rurais na Amazônia e extremamente incipiente, porque as políticas energéticas adotadas para a zona rural no Brasil priorizam apenas os aspectos técnico-econômicos, bem como a eletrificarao via conexão à rede. Com o advento do desenvolvimento sustentável, essa postura tem recebido muitas críticas, porque negligência os aspectos sócio-ambientais. Esta dissertação apresenta uma estrutura de planejamento energético, compatível com os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, para ser utilizada como mecanismo de avaliação de alternativas energéticas para pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. Nos quatro primeiros capítulos, desenvolvem- se análises críticas sobre o conceito de desenvolvimento, o contexto amazônico e a problemática energética rural. Com base nessas análises, identifica-se o desenvolvimento sustentável como a filosofia de desenvolvimento mais adequada para a Amazônia, porque ela prioriza o atendimento das necessidades básicas da população, e detecta-se que a carência energética amazônica a determinada pela implementação de políticas energéticas centralizadoras, que tern nos critérios técnico-econômicos, os únicos para viabilizar os programas de energização rural. Nos capítulos subsequentes, aplica-se a estrutura de planejamento energético elaborada, tendo como estudo de caso a comunidade do igarape Combu, localizada na Ilha do Combu, Município de Belém, Estado do Pará. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, destaca-se a necessidade da incorporação do planejamento energético nos programas de energização rural, visando identificar as alternativas de oferta mais adequadas, em termos econômicos e ambientais , a partir do conhecimento de hábitos e poder aquisitivo da população a ser beneficiada pelos programas de atendimento, para atender as demandas energéticas das pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. The energy supply for small rural communities in Amazon is extremely poor, because of the energy policies adopted for rural areas. These Brazilian policies prioritize only the economical and technical aspects, such as electrification from the electric grid. With the advent of sustainable development that posture has received some critics, because it ignores environmental and social aspects. This dissertation presents a framework for the energy planning, compatible with the precepts of sustainable development, to be used as an evaluation mechanism for energy alternatives in small communities from Amazon. The first four chapters show a critical analysis about the concept of development, the Amazon context and the rural energy problems. Based in these analyses, the sustainable development is identified as the philosophy more adequate for the Amazon, because it prioritizes the basic needs supply. The adoption of centralized energy policies, based on economical and technical criteria, are taken as responsibles for the lack of energy observed in Amazon. The last chapters apply the energy planning framework elaborated. The community of Igarape Combu, localized in Combu island, a district of Belem city, in Para State is taken as a study case. Among the conclusions, the work highlights the necessity of the energy planning incorporation for rural areas, in order to identify the more adequate alternatives, economically and environmentally sounding and based on people income and behave, aiming energy and basic needs supply for small communities from Amazon.

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Dharmala, Nikhilesh. "A decentralized energy option for rural electrification - Using polygeneration in India." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-163571.

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Electricity access is undeniably linked to equity and economic development especially among the rural communities. Clean cooking energy and safe drinking water are also essential for their socio-economic progress. When addressed in an integrated manner, interventions on these systems could have a wider impact. In this context, this study explores the feasibility and potential impacts of a polygeneration system that provides electricity, cooking gas and clean water to a rural village in India. Developed through a case study methodology, this thesis examines the potential of local resources for power generation and cooking. The system considers the use of electricity for water purification. With the help of a socio-economic survey and a field visit, the demand of electricity in the village is calculated. Based on the results from the resource estimation and demand survey, a polygeneration system with solar and biogas technologies has been designed using the techno-economic optimization software HOMER. The study also estimates ability and willingness to pay of the rural households for electricity. The willingness to pay estimate was based on a bidding game approach, and the influence of price and availability of existing fuels was also analyzed. Based on the existing socio- economic status and attitudes of the local population towards electricity use, potential impacts of polygeneration system on the lives of the villagers have been identified. The analysis concluded that a polygeneration system based on solar PV and biogas technologies is ideal for the village. The project has the potential to supply biogas to 60 % of the households. The levelized cost of electricity from such a system is calculated to be $/kWh 0.262, about five times higher than electricity paid by users connected to the national grid. Yet, the system provides an opportunity to bring energy and clean water services to the village where grid extension is unfeasible due to the particular topography of the region. With access to uninterrupted electricity, cleaner cooking fuels and clean water, the villagers are estimated to primarily benefit in terms of health, education, income generation, safety, entertainment, and comfort.

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Oama, Clint Arthur. "Hybrid Energy System for Off – Grid Rural Electrification(Case study Kenya)." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217001.

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The aim of this thesis study is to design a hybrid energy system comprised of wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries to provide electricity for an off - grid rural community in Kenya. Wind Measurements collected over six years from 12 locations in Kenya have been studied and one site selected for this project due to its wind potential, geographical location and socio-economic potential. The energy system is designed to cater for the electricity demand of 500 households, one school, one medical clinic and an irrigation system. The system will support up to 3000 people. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) is the software tool that has been used to simulate the hybrid system and analyze its results. The optimization has been carried out and presented according to cost of electricity and sensitivity graphs have been used demonstrate the optimization based on diesel price and wind turbine hub height.

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Correia, Joana Catarina, and Monica Novik Tennfjord. "Critical components of business models for renewable energy based rural electrification." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27262.

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The research question in this thesis is What are the critical business model components to prioritize in order for an early stage company to become viable when delivering renewable energy to the rural population of developing countries?. The research is conducted within the field of commercialization of renewable energy in developing countries. The research was chosen based on the authors desire to contribute to increase the success rate of emerging and existing renewable energy firms.Electricity is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity that the world faces today, and creates a room of opportunity for emergent and existing entrepreneurs. Still, as many as 1,4 billion people of the worlds population live without access to electricity and 2,5 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating. Most of who are people living in rural areas. In response, the United Nations have initiated collaboration in order to achieve universal access to modern energy services by 2030. As the public sector do not access the financial resources needed in order to meet this goal, the private sector plays a significant role. With $37 billion dollars being spent on poor-quality energy solutions each year, there is a great potential for entrepreneurs to run sustainable companies delivering widely needed innovative solutions. However, with rural renewable electrification being an emerging field of industry, and with the challenging conditions of this market, there is a need to build innovative business models in order to succeed. The authors have employed qualitative research with use of an exploratory multi-case study design, basing the investigation on literature and the Indian case companies: Mera Gao Power (MGP), Onergy and Applied Solar technology (AST). The authors interviewed the CoFounder and CEO of MGP, the CoFounder and CEO of Onergy as well as two additional employees and the long term employee of AST, ASTs manager of the Speed project, as well as their two partners, TARA and Nidan. From a literature review the authors have designed a theoretical approach including empirical data for the identification of critical business model components.The challenges with rural electrification, which are closely linked with the characteristics of the rural population in developing countries, can be categorized in the following: economic, legal, social and institutional challenges. For the entrepreneur it is important to design the business models in such a way that it responds to the external challenges. By applying business stage and business model theory, through looking at early stages and business model components in relation to the external challenges, the authors have developed a set of propositions as the answering the research question. The overall critical elements are shown to be partnership, investments and offering that enable customers to pay. Further the authors have identified additional elements that are also important in order for the entrepreneur to succeed. These are related to the offering and access of human resources. The identification shows that the criticality may be distinguished based on the entrepreneurs goals. The most important contribution of this research is to present how entrepreneurs need to prioritize their effort at an early stage in order to succeed when providing renewable energy to the rural population. Rural electrification is an emerging field of study and there has been limited focus on how offering meets the needs of the rural poor which in necessary in order to succeed in these markets. The authors believe that by presenting the critical and important elements of a business model in rural electrification the entrepreneur can get a guideline for designing a viable business. The finding of this study may facilitate further research by testing the propositions on more case companies from additional developing countries, providing a range of renewable energy solutions.

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Bastakoti, Badri Prasad. "Rural electrification and its contribution to peoples' livelihood diversification in Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429231.

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Saulo, Michael Juma. "Penetration level of un-conventional rural electrification technologies on power networks." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12941.

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Includes bibliographical references. The overall electricity access rate is still very low in most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The rate is even lower in rural areas where most of the population in these countries lives. One of the main obstacles to rural electrification (RE) is the high cost of laying the distribution infrastructure owing to the dispersed nature of loads and low demand. Thus, electrifying the rural areas needs to be considered holistically and not just on the financial viability. To reduce cost, it is important that un-conventional rural electrification (URE) technologies, which are cheaper than the conventional ones be explored. Un-conventional rural electrification (URE) technologies have been tried successfully in some parts of the world. However, the literature review showed that no work had so far been done with regard to maximum penetration level of these technologies on power transmission networks, especially the Capacitor Coupled Substation (CCS) and Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformers (ASVTs). These two technologies have the ability to tap power directly from high voltage transmission lines and convert it to distribution level single or three phase supply for the purpose of rural electrification. This thesis investigated the adoptability and maximum penetration level of sub-station based URE technologies in power transmission networks with regard to voltage quality, stability, and capacity constraints without steady and transient state voltage violation.

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Seres, Sandu. "Life cycle assessment of hybrid systems for rural electrification in Bolivia." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299637.

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Bolivia is a developing country in South America. Many rural communities still lack access to electricity. The extension of the National Grid System to all rural communities is not feasible due to economic and topographic challenges as well as the environmental problems that may arise. To tackle these problems, Off-grid solutions are implemented. Photovoltaic (PV) panels combined with batteries are a viable option for areas located close to the equator and high altitudes such as Bolivia. Almost always a controlled source of energy such as Diesel generators must complement the PV system due to the stochastic nature of solar energy. The use of fossil fuel can be detrimental to the environment and more environmentally friendly solutions are being investigated. The use of wood pellets in Stirling engines is a viable replacement for Diesel generators. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the environmental impacts caused by two Off-grid hybrid systems. The first one is composed of a Diesel generator, PV panels, and batteries. The second one is composed of a Stirling engine, PV panels, and batteries. The study area chosen for this work is the community El Carmen, Pando, in Bolivia. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model is carried out for the systems according to the 4 phases of the LCA methodology. First, individual LCA models for all midpoint impact categories are generated. Secondly, a comparative LCA between the two systems, both at midpoint and endpoint, is created. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the robustness of the models. The individual midpoint analysis of both systems showed that the controlled part of the electricity production (i.e., the Diesel generator and the Stirling engine) generated the greatest impact in the categories Global warming, Stratospheric ozone depletion, Ionizing radiation, Ozone formation, Fine particulate matter formation, Terrestrial acidification, Human carcinogenic toxicity, Land use, Fossil fuel scarcity, and Water consumption. All the processes related to the PV panels generated a greater impact in all Ecotoxicity categories (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater), Eutrophication (freshwater and marine), and Human non-carcinogenic toxicity. The midpoint results of the comparative LCA are inconclusive. Each system received higher scores in certain categories and lower scores in others. No firm conclusion could be drawn regarding the identification of the more environmentally friendly alternative. The Diesel/PV/Batteries system dominated the Global warming, Tropospheric ozone formation, Fine particulate matter formation, Terrestrial acidification, and Fossil resource scarcity categories. The Stirling/PV/Batteries system showed a greater impact on Stratospheric ozone depletion, Ecotoxicity, Eutrophication, Human carcinogenic toxicity, Human non- carcinogenic toxicity, and Mineral resource scarcity. The endpoint damage assessment showed that the emissions and midpoint categories described had a greater impact on Human health and Resource scarcity in the case of the Diesel/PV/Batteries system. On the other hand, the Stirling/PV/Batteries system caused greater damage to the Ecosystem category. The sensitivity analysis was conducted in two scenarios for each system. In the first scenario, alteration of fuel transport distance, no significant changes were detected in all endpoint categories. In the second scenario, alteration of Diesel/Stirling Contribution, the model showed an increasing trend (~30% for the first system and ~25% for the second one) in all categories when the contribution of the controlled part of the electricity production was increased. Bolivia är ett utvecklingsland i Sydamerika där många landsbygdssamhällen fortfarande saknar tillgång till elektricitet. En anslutning till det nationella kraftsystemet är inte genomförbar på grund av de ekonomiska och topografiska svårigheterna samt miljöproblemen som kan uppstå. För att ta itu med problemet måste decentraliserade lösningar hittas. Solcellspaneler i kombination med batterier utgör ett möjligt alternativ för avlägsna områden som befinner sig nära ekvatorn och vid höga höjder. Ett sådant system behöver dock ytterligare en kontrollerad energikälla för att tillgodose efterfrågan på grund av den ojämna tillgången på solenergi. Det vanligaste alternativet är dieselgeneratorer. Men förbränning av fossila bränslen påverkar klimatet och mer miljövänliga lösningar undersöks. Stirlingmotorer som använder träpellets skulle kunna ersätta dieselgeneratorn i kampen för en bättre miljö. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och jämföra miljöpåverkan av två hybridsystem. Det ena systemet består av en dieselgenerator, PV-paneler och batterier medan det andra systemet består av en Stirlingmotor, PV-paneler och batterier. Det utvalda studieområdet är samhället El Carmen, Pando, i Bolivia. En livscykelanalys (LCA) utförs för de två systemen enligt LCA-metodiken. Först, utförs individuella LCA för vardera system för alla påverkanskategorier vid midpoint. Sedan utförs en jämförande LCA mellan de två systemen för alla påverkanskategorier både vid midpoint och endpoint. Slutligen, utförs en känslighetsanalys för att testa systemens robusthet. Den individuella analysen vid midpoint för båda systemen påvisade att den kontrollerade delen av elproduktion, det vill säga dieselgeneratorn och Stirlingmotorn, genererade den största miljöpåverkan i kategorierna Global uppvärmning, Uttunning av ozonskiktet, Joniserande strålning, Bildning av marknära ozon, Bildning av partiklar, Försurning, Cancerframkallande humantoxicitet, Landanvändning, Brist på fossila resurser och Vattenförbrukning. Alla processerna kopplade till PV-elproduktionen genererade en större miljöpåverkan i kategorierna Ecotoxicitet (mark, söt- och havsvatten), Övergödning (såväl söt- som havsvatten) och Icke cancerframkallande humantoxicitet. Resultaten vid midpoint för den jämförande LCA är inte övertygande. Vardera system fick högre poäng i vissa kategorier men lägre poäng i andra. Ingen tydlig slutsats kunde dras angående identifieringen av det mer miljövänliga alternativet. Diesel/PV/Batteri-systemet dominerar kategorierna Global uppvärmning, Bildning av marknära ozon, Bildning av partiklar, Försurning och Brist på fossila bränslen medan Stirling/PV/Batteri-systemet påvisade större miljöpåverkan i kategorierna Uttunning av ozonskiktet, Ekotoxicitet, Övergödning, Cancerframkallande humantoxicitet och Brist på mineraltillgångar. Skadebedömningen vid endpoint påvisade att de redovisade utsläppen och midpoint- katergorierna har en större påverkan på människors hälsa och resursbrist i Diesel/PV/Batteris fall. Däremot påvisade det Stirling/PV/Batteri-systemet en större påverkan på ekosystemet. Känslighetsanalysen utfördes i två scenarier. I det första scenariot ändrades avståndet för bränsletransport. Ingen signifikant skillnad påvisades i någon av de tre endpoint- kategorierna. I det andra scenariot, Diesel/Stirling insats, påvisades en ökande trend (~30% för första systemet och ~25% för det andra) i alla endpoint-kategorier med ökandet av insatsen från den kontrollade delen av elproduktion.

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Williams, Nathaniel J. "Microgrid Utilities for Rural Electrification in East Africa: Challenges and Opportunities." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/873.

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Expanding access to electricity is central to development in East Africa but massive increases in investment are required to achieve universal access. Private sector participation in electrification is essential to meeting electricity access targets. Policy makers have acknowledged that grid extension in many remote rural areas is not as cost effective as decentralized alternatives such as microgrids. Microgrid companies have been unable to scale beyond pilot projects due in part to challenges in raising capital for a business model that is perceived to be risky. This thesis aims to identify and quantify the primary sources of investment risk in microgrid utilities and study ways to mitigate these risks to make these businesses more viable. Two modeling tools have been developed to this end. The Stochastic Techno-Economic Microgrid Model (STEMM) models the technical and financial performance of microgrid utilities using uncertain and dynamic inputs to permit explicit modeling of financial risk. This model is applied in an investment risk assessment and case study in Rwanda. Key findings suggest that the most important drivers of risk are fuel prices, foreign exchange rates, demand for electricity, and price elasticity of demand for electricity. The relative importance of these factors is technology dependent with demand uncertainty figuring stronger for solar and high solar penetration hybrid systems and fuel prices driving risk in diesel power and low solar penetration hybrid systems. Considering uncertainty in system sizing presents a tradeoff whereby a decrease in expected equity return decreases downside risk. High solar penetration systems are also found to be more attractive to lenders. The second modeling tool leverages electricity consumption and demographic data from four microgrids in Tanzania to forecast demand for electricity in newly electrified communities. Using statistical learning techniques, improvements in prediction performance was achieved over the historical mean baseline. I have also identified important predictors in estimating electricity consumption of newly connected customers. These include tariff structures and prices, preconnection sources of electricity and lighting, levels of spending on electricity services and airtime, and pre-connection appliance ownership. Prior exposure to electricity, disposable income, and price are dominant factors in estimating demand.

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Williams, Jada Bennette. "Strategies for Improved Microgrid System Selection for the Electrification of Rural Areas." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1437961472.

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Higuchi, Cristiane Aparecida Pelegrin 1977. "Avaliação do programa "luz para todos", implantado na cooperativa de eletrificação rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré - Ceripa /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90469.

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Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim Banca: Elias José Simon Banca: José Francisco Rodrigues Resumo: A eletrificação rural constitui elemento de fundamental importância para o aumento da produção e aprimoramento do produto agrícola que conseqüentemente resulta num melhor nível de vida para o agricultor. Com novas e modernas tecnologias à disposição, o produtor rural tem a propriedade valorizada e pode buscar alternativas agrícolas para aumentar sua renda liquida e gerar empregos, além de estimular o mercado de produtos industrializados. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a evolução do Programa de Eletrificação Rural "Luz para Todos", e apresentar os principais aspectos técnicos e sociais do programa, como veículo no desenvolvimento, referente aos pequenos produtores rurais na área de atuação da cooperativa de Eletrificação Rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré (CERIPA). Para tanto, foram analisados dados técnicos, financeiros e sociais, através de cadastros e planilhas, com o devido acompanhamento da implantação do Programa. Através destes dados, foi possível determinar índices técnicos e econômicos referentes à implantação do Programa e verificar a evolução do número de consumidores, a potência instalada, a energia faturada e receita bruta da cooperativa. Para a cooperativa, a implantação do programa promoveu um vetor de desenvolvimento, pois todos os consumidores atendidos, englobaram na massa de consumidores da cooperativa, tornando-a mais sólida e mais competitiva no mercado energético. Em apenas sete anos, no período de 2000 a 2006, a cooperativa teve um aumento de mais de 50% no número de ligações, dado este que se refletiu na carga instalada, triplicando o faturamento bruto. Pode-se notar no desenvolvimento deste trabalho uma forte omissão do governo com relação às metas estabelecidas e não cumpridas, onde se aplica simplesmente uma multa simbólica sobre o investimento não utilizado no programa. Não são levantados problemas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: Rural electrification is an outstanding element for production increase and agricultural product improvement which, consequently, results in better life quality for the small farmer. With new and modern technologies available, the rural producer has his property valorized and is able to search for agricultural alternatives to rise his net income and generate employment, besides stimulating the industrialized products market. This work aims to evaluate the evolution of the "Electric Lighting for All" Program and present main technical and social aspects of the program, as a vehicle of development, referring to the rural small farmers at CERIPA Rural Electrification Cooperative of Itaí, Paranapanema and Avaré. It was analyzed technical, financial and social data through registers and sheets with the proper following of the Program implantation. From the data, it was possible to determine the technical and economic indexes related to the Program settlement and verify the increase in number of consumers, installed power, the invoiced electrical energy and gross income of the Cooperative. For the Cooperative, this Program settlement promoted a vector of development, since all the attended small farmers entered the cooperative, making it more solid and competitive in the market. From 2000 to 2006, the cooperative enhanced over 50% reflecting in the installed power, triplicating the gross income.It can be noticed in this work development high omission of the government concerning the established targets not accomplished, where a symbolic tip is simply applied over the investment not used in the program. Problems are not raised, targets are not questioned; the allowance is distributed only to justify a "political willing" with the citizen. Mestre

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Xu, Yang. "Analysis of on-grid and off-grid cost for rural electrification in developing countries." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247889.

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Electricity is a fundamental energy carrier for modern life and for economic prosperity. All kinds of equipment use electricity as their power source, including domestic and industrial applications. There is a trend to adopting more electricity-based equipment in all areas. The modern power infrastructures can sufficiently supply most cities and developed areas. However, certain rural areas are still unable to get access to electric power due to the inconvenient locations or less developed economy. This makes the living conditions in such areas extremely inconvenient and further hinders the economic development in those areas.Electrification for rural areas has been a critical task for some developing countries. To accomplish this task, the options are limited to build a stand-alone power system or construct a power transmission line for the chosen location. A stand-alone power system has commonly been based on fossil fuel, such as a diesel generator, with low capital cost compared to a long connection, but with significant running cost of fuel. Recent improvements of renewable sources and storage, and more efficient loads, have made renewable sources much more competitive than before for a stand-alone electricity supply. The choice between different renewable energies depends on the local natural resources. It is a more flexible way to providing the electricity and a more efficient and environmental-friendly way since the energy loss caused by transmission is eliminated. On the other hand, the grid connection option involves building a transmission line to connect the rural area to the national grid, which is a more traditional approach to provide power. The cost of this method depends on the relative distance between the rural area and the nation grid.The choice between the above two mentioned electrification options is the first step when considering providing power to the rural area. This thesis focuses on the electrification for rural areas and comparing the above two methods, finding out the break-even point. It is of current interest as the technology for both options is changing, and the break-even is also changing.In this thesis, a mathematical model for on-grid electrification is proposed and simulated on MATLAB. The off-grid option is simulated by HOMER. The results show how the LCOE of on-grid and off-grid electrification as well as the off-grid configuration are affected by different parameters like the distance to grid, load demand level, PV cost, WT cost, storage cost, the diesel price and so on. By comparing the results, the break-even point of two options is also presented. Elektricitet är den viktigaste energibäraren för det moderna livet och för ekonomiskt välstånd. Många typer av utrustning använder el som sin kraftkälla, i hushållet såväl som I industrin, och det finns en tendens att öka användning av el inom alla områden. Moderna elnät levererar till de flesta städer och utvecklade områden. Dock har vissa landsbygdsområden fortfarande inte elförsörjning, på grund av svårtillgängliga områden och mindre utvecklade ekonomier. Detta gör att levnadsförhållandena i sådana områden är lägre än om man hade haft tillgång till el, och ytterligare hindrar den ekonomiska utvecklingen i dessa områden.Elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden har varit en viktig uppgift för vissa utvecklingsländer. Två extrema fall är att bygga ett fristående lokalt kraftsystem, eller att bygga nya kraftledningar för att ansluta till ett befintligt elnät. Ett fristående kraftsystem har historiskt sett typiskt berott på fossila bränslen, till exempel med en dieselgenerator, vilket ger lägre kapitalkostnad än en lång ledning, fast med betydande driftskostnader för bränsle. De senaste förbättringarna av förnybara källor och lagring, samt effektivare laster, har gjort förnybara källor mycket mer konkurrenskraftiga än tidigare för en fristående elförsörjning.Valet mellan de två ovannämnda alternativen är det första steget när man elektrifierar ett landsbygdsområde. Denna uppsats fokuserar på elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden och jämför dessa två metoder. Det är av aktuellt intresse eftersom tekniken för båda alternativen är i förändring.I denna uppsats, en matematisk modell för on-grid elektrifiering är föreslås och simuleras på MATLAB. Alternativet off-grid simuleras av HOMER. Resultaten visar hur LCOE av on-grid och off-grid elektrifiering såväl som nätverkskonfigurationen påverkas av olika parametrar som avståndet till rutnätet, lastbehovsnivå, PV kostnad, WT kostnad, lagerkostnad, dieselpriset och så vidare. Genom att jämföra resultaten, jämnpunkten av två alternativ är också presenterad.

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Mainali, Brijesh. "Renewable Energy Market for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: Country Case Nepal." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33201.

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The availability of abundant renewable resources, lack of fossil fuels and difficult geographical terrain for grid line extensions contribute to the advantages of renewable based decentralized rural electrification in Ne-pal. Solar home system (SHS) and micro-hydro are the most commonly adopted off-grid renewable energy technologies in the country. This dis-sertation examines the market of renewable energy based rural electrifi-cation within prevailing policy and programmes framework. The study verifies whether the market has been able to serve the poor in Nepal. It also captures the perception of various stakeholders (e.g. private sup-ply/installation companies, NGOs, financial institutions and the donor‘s programme) regarding the business, financing issues and the role of gov-ernment policy on the market development. In addition, the study dis-cusses and analyses renewable based rural electrification supply models, the economics behind rural electrification, market drivers and market distribution in the rural areas of Nepal. The financial mix in the off-grid rural electrification is generally charac-terized by subsidy, equity and credit. The study shows that awareness about renewable energy technologies and willingness to pay for electricity access has increased considerably. However, there is a huge financial gap between the cost of electrification and affordability among the poor. The distribution analysis shows there is significant increment in the extensive growth but decrease in the intensive growth rate of rural electrification thus indicating market expansion with uneven penetration among the ru-ral people. Solar PV technology is still not in the reach of the economic poor. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanisms have been perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification by the stakeholders, requiring innovation in the credit and subsidy delivery system so that a larger rural population can be given ac-cess to electrification. QC 20110502

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Maddur, Harish Santosh. "Access to Electricity in Rural India Tradeoffs and Interventions for Meaningful Electrification." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/486.

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This thesis investigates the engineering economics of interventions to reduce consumer inconvenience due to unreliable electricity supply in rural India. The work introduces and applies a novel approach to estimate interruption costs as loss in consumer surplus due to restricted consumption of electricity services. Chapter 2 reports an assessment that compares grid extension with distributed generation (DG) alternatives, based on the subsidies they will necessitate, and costs of service interruptions that are appropriate in the rural Indian context. Despite the inclusion of interruption costs, standalone DG does not appear to be competitive with grid extension at distances of less than 17 km. However, backing up unreliable grid service with local DG plants is attractive when reliability is very poor, even in previously electrified villages. Introduction of energy efficient lighting changes these economics, and the threshold for acceptable grid unreliability significantly reduces. Chapter 3 analyzes supply rostering (alternatively, “load shedding”) in metropolitan, small town and rural feeders in and around Bangalore city. The inequity in load shedding is analyzed through transfers due to differential tariffs between the urban and rural residential consumers, and the relief provided to BESCOM, through avoided procurement of additional supply from generators, because rural and small town feeders are load shed higher than Bangalore city. The values of the load shedding transfers are estimated to be in the range of Rs. 120-380/consumer-year from the rural consumers, and Rs. 220- 370/consumer-year from the small town consumers. The metropolitan consumers are found to be net beneficiaries. The viability of using smart meters to provide current limited but uninterrupted supply is investigated as one alternative to outright blackouts. Chapter 4 develops a broader theoretical framework that can be used to model consumer demand for electricity services with unreliable supply and adaptation. Demand for energy ‘services’ is modeled by incorporating time of use, duration and deferability. Supply reliability is disaggregated into its constituent dimensions– mean and variance of supply availability in times of high demand, and supply predictability, and their respective impacts on consumer welfare are discussed. Primary data collected from Karnataka inform the discussion, especially with backup adoption. New consumer-oriented reliability indices are proposed.

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Ellman, Douglas (Douglas Austin). "The reference electrification model : a computer model for planning rural electricity access." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98551.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 106-109). Despite efforts from governments and other organizations, hundreds of millions of people-primarily in Africa and South Asia-still have no electricity service. Electrification efforts have historically been focused on extension of the main electric grid, but technology developments have made off-grid power systems, such as microgrids and home systems, viable alternatives for some areas. Especially since rural electrification typically depends on limited subsidies, if universal electrification is to be achieved in a timely manner, smart planning is essential to ensure that resources are directed towards cost-efficient technical solutions. Since the areas requiring electrification are expansive, the technology choices are many, and experience with off-grid systems is limited, planners struggle to evaluate tradeoffs between technology choices and estimate project costs. This thesis demonstrates that computer models that can automatically produce cost-efficient designs to the individual customer level can provide significant value to the planning process. The development of such a model by the author and collaborators at MIT and Comillas University, called the Reference Electrification Model (REM), is described. REM uses a series of heuristics to process input data, identify areas better suited for on-grid or off-grid electrification, and produce technical designs for recommended grid-extension and off-grid projects. In addition to the current state of REM, the rationale for model design choices and recommendations for future developments are described. The process and results of a pilot application of REM to Vaishali District, in Bihar, India are also described. REM will only be useful if it is actually incorporated into planning processes. In this spirit, concepts for how models like REM can benefit the regulation of rural electrification are presented, with a focus on India. by Douglas Ellman. S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Cotterman, Turner. "Enhanced techniques to plan rural electrical networks using the Reference Electrification Model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111229.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2017. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-104). Although there have recently been many significant digital and technical advances in the electric power industry, rural electrification remains a pressing issue in the developing countries around the world. The International Energy Agency estimates that there are 1.2 billion people globally who lack access to electricity. Planning electrical networks to provide energy access to these primarily rural consumers is complicated by the lack of accurate data by electric utilities in these areas and the increased prevalence of microgrids and low-cost individual energy systems which challenges the traditional definition of energy services. Advanced computational planning tools can allow planners and policymakers to take resource constraints, environmental considerations, interactions between off-grid and traditional grid extension projects, and many other factors into account when designing rural electrification policies and plans. The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the development and application of the Reference Electrification Model (REM), a decision support tool which can help planners design optimal electrical networks for rural electrification purposes. In this thesis, I develop the functionalities of REM through several case studies. I also address the topics of estimating the electrification status of buildings and calculating the cost of upstream network reinforcements due to new load additions in the system. This research emphasizes the need for computational tools like REM to develop both feasible network designs as well as viable energy policies and regulations in order to advance efforts related to rural electrification and energy access around the world. by Turner Cotterman. S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Cho, Kyoung Suk. "Evaluation of the PV technology for rural electrification improvement : China market focus." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65798.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2011. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-87). Energy use, especially electricity, in China is rapidly growing, but China faced two challenges in developing new energy supply: global climate changes and unbalanced economic development between urban and rural regions. Considering its geographical limitation and climate change problem, electricity generation using renewable energy source will be useful. Among various renewable energy technologies, photovoltaic (PV) is the most viable option for the rural electrification in China. First, sunlight, which is source of energy for PV, is sufficient in rural regions in China. Second, technically PVs can be installed in various sizes and can be applicable to individual houses or towns. Third, the cost competitiveness of PV with low labor cost and scale of business is achieved. However, low income of rural population and low level of awareness are barrier to implement PV system in rural region. To solve the issues Chinese government intervention is necessary. In this thesis, we first reviewed rural electrification with various angles - market, PV price, PV applications, and technologies. Then more specifically we researched energy usage, PV industry and PV market in China. History of rural electrification activities and results of them in China are also presented. We analyzed China's success and failure factors of rural electrification through the value chain analysis, Porter's diamond model, and system dynamics analysis. We suggested the business strategy as to the level of government intervention based on the analysis. by Kyoung Suk Cho. S.M.

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Patel, Himal. "Techno-economic comparison of standalone microgrids for rural electrification in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29728.

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Rural electrification is a global problem that primarily affects developing countries. The people worst affected are people living in sub- Saharan Africa. There are number of reasons why rural electrification is generally low. People in rural areas generally live in small communities, located far away or from the grid or in geographically tough terrain. As a result, it is not financially viable to extend the grid to these areas and therefore they remain unelectrified. Another dictating factor, is the fact that people in these areas are generally poor, and therefore this discourages any investment from the private sector. This dissertation focuses on rural electrification in South Africa specifically. Most people in South Africa affected by not being electrified live in rural areas on the border between the Eastern Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal. As it is too expensive to extend the grid to these areas, off-grid options, such as microgrids were investigated. A large amount of research has been carried out on hybrid microgrids as a solution to rural electrification. However, a limited amount of research has been carried out on single source microgrids. Furthermore, South Africa is fortunate to have an abundance of solar, wind and microhydro resources, however, it is unclear which resource would be cheapest based on the location of the rural area. As a result, the aim of thesis was to analyse the impact of the strength of the resource when implementing a microgrid and comparing the three different renewable resources systems against one another. In order to carry out this analysis, three unelectrified villages were selected with each village located in an area of a strong resource, whether it be wind, solar or microhydro. i.e. one village was selected in an area with a strong solar resource, the second in an area with strong wind resource and the third in an area with strong microhydro resource. Once selected, a load for each village was modelled and the resource data for each village was obtained using open source sites. Solar-battery, wind battery and microhydro-battery systems were modelled for each village using HOMER. From the results it was clear that when comparing the same resource in each of the villages, then the strength of the resource did affect the levelised cost of energy i.e. the stronger the resource, the less the lower the cost of energy which was as expected. However, when comparing the solar, wind and microhydro system in each village against each other, it was apparent that the strength of the resource did not dictate the type of technology to be used in that area. It was found that wind systems were not suited to small scale generation, whilst microhydro was the cheapest technology in each village, however, its implementation may be deterred by non-technical issues such as the social and environmental impacts of constructing a dam. The cost of the solar system was comparable to microhydro only when the irradiation was above a certain level. As solar systems are easier and quicker to implement it is possibly the best system in general for rural areas in South Africa. Implementation of off-grid systems for rural electrification in South Africa is a viable option however, as the private sector is not incentivised to implement these systems, then government back in the form of grants and subsidies are required to implement these systems. However, as renewable technologies improve and get cheaper with time, this option to electrify rural areas is always becoming cheaper.

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Moore, Kevin L. "Lighting Up the Darkness: Electrification in Ohio, 1879-1945." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363379469.

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Suwannakum, Tawatchai. "Mini-grid system for rural electrification in the great Mekong sub-regional countries." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987579800/04.

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Borofsky, Yael. "Towards a transdisciplinary approach to rural electrification planning for universal access in India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98731.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015. Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 122-126). Around 30% of India's roughly 1.2 billion people lack access to electricity, largely in rural areas. National and state rural electrification efforts are predominantly focused on grid extension, but interest in off-grid systems, like solar home systems and microgrids, for rural areas has been growing. Little policy or regulation dictates off-grid electrification and detailed data about customers' needs are hard to access, making it difficult for planners to determine the best electrification mode for a given area. New planning approaches are needed in the face of these challenges. Technoeconomic planning methods typically dominate rural electrification planning, yet many obstacles face rural electrification planners that are not technoeconomic. This thesis posits that combining the best aspects of technocratic and communicative planning into a transdisciplinary planning methodology will allow planners in India to incorporate technoeconomic, socioeconomic, sociotechnical, social, political, and regulatory factors that influence rural electrification into a single comprehensive approach to regional rural electrification planning in India. I propose and demonstrate three elements of this overarching methodology. First, I attempt to elicit planners' perspectives on rural electrification planning priorities in India through semi-structured interviews (n = 6) and a pilot survey (n = 10). Second, I discuss the importance of understanding consumer electricity needs and demonstrate how electricity demand is both a technoeconomic and non-technoeconomic factor that influences rural electrification. Third, I show how a technoeconomic electrification planning model, called the Reference Electrification Model (REM), can illuminate the consequences of different assumptions about electricity demand on technology decisions for Vaishali District in the state of Bihar. This research emphasizes the variety of perspectives and dynamics that influence rural electrification planning and reflects on the challenges of developing a truly transdisciplinary rural electrification planning methodology for India. by Yael Borofsky. M.C.P. S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Sebitosi, A. B. "Application of advances in automotive technologies to electrification in rural sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9025.

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Includes bibliographical references. Continued lack of electriﬁcation in rural sub-Saharan Africa poses a major challenge. The consequences are well documented. Major research is required to redress the situation but the meagre ﬁnancial and energy resources are major hurdles. In the meantime elsewhere in the ﬁrst world, investment in research and innovation continue to attract investors. For example a massive automotive energy conservation research drive was initiated in the mid 1990's by a Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The PNGV advanced three important public policy objectives: environmental protection, energy security, and U.S. economic competitiveness. To achieve this mammoth challenge they proceeded by re-examining automotive energy conservation right from ﬁrst principles. Their centrepiece was a coordinated portfolio of hundreds of research projects by among others, 19 US Federal National Laboratories, United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), automotive parts suppliers, university research facilities and a range of stakeholders. These were subsequently augmented by similar efforts in Europe and Japan. The thrust of this work draws parallels between an automobile and a remote village to consider the adaptation of the new automotive technologies to rural electriﬁcation. The author further augments this by additional contributions in load modelling, mini distribution network loss minimisation and energy economy by appropriate system conﬁguration. The main issues that are shared by an automobile and a remote rural village can be revealed as ﬁnite energy resources without a supporting grid infrastructure, which must cope with, poor energy resource-to-need conversion technologies, adverse human factors, poor load factors, inefﬁcient appliances and poor storage technologies, among others. These must all interact to meet objectives on service quality and the environment. Furthermore, the expected economies of scale in the automotive industry should subsequently make the adoption of these technologies affordable for rural applications.

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Kunaifi. "Options for the Electrification of Rural Villages in the Province of Riau, Indonesia." Thesis, Kunaifi, (2009) Options for the Electrification of Rural Villages in the Province of Riau, Indonesia. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2070/.

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Currently over one million households in the Province of Riau in Indonesia, mainly in rural villages, do not have access to electricity. This dissertation was aimed to fill the gap of the lack of studies in exploiting local renewable energy resources to extend the reliable, affordable and sustainable electricity supplies for Riau’s rural villages. It identifies, designs, and analyses the feasible options that harness solar energy, hydrokinetic power from rivers and palm-biodiesel fuel for diesel generators. Along with a literature study, the HOMER simulation program was used as a technical design tool, and the I3A framework proposed by Retnanestri (2007) was adopted as a general design tool to enhance the sustainability of rural electrification programs (REPs) in Riau. Two options have been recommended to meet the future electrical load in a typical Riau rural village. The first option is a hybrid power system comprised of a photovoltaic array, Darrieus hydrokinetic turbines (DHTs), a back-up diesel generator, a battery bank, and an inverter. The second option consists of a diesel generator with biodiesel fuel. The first option met 100% of the load but the second option had around 20% capacity shortage. In the first option, the DHTs contributed 55% of the power output, indicating the viability of exploiting the river power in Riau. The first option had low O&M costs but its capital cost was high, while the second option had the opposite cost structure. The costs of energy (COEs) of both options were higher than the current electricity tariff in Riau, but would be lower than the COE of a diesel-only system. To enhance the sustainability of the REP implementations in Riau, it would be necessary to consider the Institutional issues related to Accessibility, Availability and Acceptability aspects, which simultaneously look at all features of the REP’s “hardware-software-orgware.”

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Holtorf, Hans-Gerhard. "Modelling of success of rural electrification through solar home systems in developing countries." Thesis, Holtorf, Hans-Gerhard (2016) Modelling of success of rural electrification through solar home systems in developing countries. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32388/.

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Approximately 20 % of the world’s population does not have access to electricity, thereby impeding a rise in their living standard. In the Sunbelt, Solar Home Systems (SHS) can supply the electricity demand required for some basic electricity services reliably and economically, where other options of electrification are failing. This research addresses the question how the success of Solar Home System (SHS) implementation can be measured by proposing a model of success. An interdisciplinary literature review was used to develop a preliminary model of success. Surveys of stakeholders involved in the implementation and use of Solar Home Systems were used to provide feedback and information on the various components of this model. Semi-structured as well as narrative interviews, participatory observation, and self-observation processes were used in these surveys, depending on the interviewee. The model developed involves key-stakeholders and their self-set goals, combined with the importance, and level of achievement, of these self-set goals. These components are combined to produce an overall measure of the success of a SHS implementation. Success factors are also used within the model to provide insight into the results obtained. The main stakeholder groups, and an example of their self-set goals (in parentheses) are the International Supply Chain (profit), the National Supply Chain (profit), Donors (social benefit) and Users (provision of energy services). While many aspects of the model can be relatively easily quantified, the measurement of the level of achievement of self-set goals was found to be a major challenge in the application of the model of success. One of the advantages of this model is that, as well as calculating the success of an overall SHS implementation, the success for each individual stakeholder can also be determined. The research highlights the complexity of measuring success of Solar Home Systems. However, this model is believed to be a better indicator of the success of a SHS implementation than the simple metric of the number of installed systems which is often currently used.

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Akarohid, Yuwadee. "Overview of IEC Recommendations for renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification." Thesis, Akarohid, Yuwadee (2017) Overview of IEC Recommendations for renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38682/.

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The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a universal company having a major mission to arrange International standards. IEC TS 62257 introduced herein is one of those series. It concerns about rural electrification which is further away from the national main power line. It is very expensive to get a few single users to utilise a grid to meet cost-effective. Therefore the stand-alone electrical systems are taken into account to serve better situations. In these days, rural electrification is played one of the important strategies to maximise comfort to those people in rural area as well as rural economic expansion. This thesis focuses on overview of IEC TS 62257. The project purpose concerns to five significant points. Firstly, to investigate and enable the choice of renewable energy based electrification systems to meet the requirements of customers in the field of decentralised rural electrification project. Secondly, to provide a technical specification for renewable energy and hybrid systems. Thirdly, to evaluate the minimum sufficient requirements, relevant to the field of application that is: renewable energy and hybrid off-grid systems corresponding to the high standard safety. Fourthly, to review the methodology in the standard IEC TS 62257 to achieve the best technical and economic conditions for acceptance, operation, maintenance and replacement of equipment and complete system life cycle. Lastly, to learn about the combination of diesel generator system and solar energy during the project. To attain an achievement of the five purposes as above mentioned, Rottnest Island case study was taken as an example of rural or remote Electrification in order to compare it with IEC TS 62257 series in term of similarity and difference between them. Although this project is completed, Rottnest power electrification is still a lot more to discover. Regarding to the most efficiency of the rural power project, the selection in which part of IEC TS 62257 should be taken to an appropriate consideration.

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Ohiare, Sanusi. "Financing rural energy projects in developing countries : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10462.

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The recent awareness created by the UN Secretary General on the need to provide universal energy for all by 2030, which culminated in the declaration of 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”, laid particular emphasis on the challenge of funding rural electrification in developing countries, and the need for innovative ways and financing options to be developed at national, regional and global levels towards achieving the ‘energy for all’ target of 2030. This research, as part of efforts towards remedying the rural electrification scourge of developing countries, particularly in Nigeria, provides financing options for rural electrification as far as the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) context is concerned. The study does this by first identifying appropriate least-cost electrification supply mode (Grid, Mini-grid and Off-grid), and estimating the financing requirement for providing universal energy access to rural Nigeria by 2030, using a spatial electricity planning model called the ‘Network Planner’. Results from this research shows that by the end of the seventeen year planning period (2013-2030), 98% of currently un-electrified communities will be viable for grid expansion, while only 2% will be mini-grid compatible. This is based on a proposed MV line extension of 12,193,060 metres or (12,193 kilometres), LV line length proposal of 711,954,700 metres or (711,954 kilometres), and an estimated total cost of US$34.5 billion investment within the planning period. More so, a total number of 28.5 million households are to be electrified by 2030, which is equivalent to an estimated 125million people to be provided electricity by 2030.The analysis was done for the 36 states of Nigeria and the entire country, using data from the 774 Local Government Areas of Nigeria. In addition to the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) of the FGN, which gets funding from yearly budgetary allocations from the FGN, fines obtained by NERC, surplus appropriation, interests accruing to the REF and donations from various sources, the following financing options were recommended for rural electrification in Nigeria: The establishment of a Renewable Energy Development Charge (REDC); The establishment of a Rural Electrification Fund Tax (REFT) Law; adopting rural electrification as part of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) for oil and other companies; Exploring the option of Crowd-funding; and Establishing a Renewable Energy Private Equity Fund in Nigeria.

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Pereira, Osvaldo L. Soliano. "Rural electrification and multiple criteria analysis : study of the State of Bahia, in Brazil." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7572.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural electrification'

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