Journal articles: 'Rural Environment Protection Scheme'

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Emerson, Harriet J., and Desmond A. Gillmor. "The Rural Environment Protection Scheme of the Republic of Ireland." Land Use Policy 16, no. 4 (October 1999): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8377(99)00018-6.

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WHELAN, JACKIE, and JOHN FRY. "THE LACK OF SEA TO SUPPORT AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES IN IRELAND'S RURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION SCHEME." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 01 (March 2011): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211003808.

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Proposals specifically aimed at environmental benefits or enhancements are often exempt from environmental assessment, despite evidence that they can be counter-productive. This is true of agri-environmental schemes where local farm-scale actions are expected to generate large-area cumulative effects on water quality, biodiversity or landscape. Evidence suggests benefits of schemes have often been assumed rather than planned for, necessitating ex-post assessment to justify continuance. This paper argues the need for the Irish Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS) to be assessed using SEA. REPS promoted a range of small-scale improvements in a bottom-up approach intended to reflect several high-level policy objectives primarily concerning environmental protection. The paper is based on analysis of "landscape protection" under the REPS from inception in 1994 until its phasing out period in 2015 when all participants will have completed their plans. The paper investigates how linking SEA to REPS had potential for harmonising with other policy objectives and therefore avoiding administrative duplication. Comparison with the Water Framework Directive suggests opportunities to connect different environmental procedures.

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Van Rensburg, Tom M., Eithne Murphy, and Paul Rocks. "Commonage land and farmer uptake of the rural environment protection scheme in Ireland." Land Use Policy 26, no. 2 (April 2009): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.04.002.

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Gorman, Monica, Joe Mannion, Jim Kinsella, and Pat Bogue. "Connecting environmental management and farm household livelihoods: The Rural Environment Protection Scheme in Ireland." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 3, no. 2 (June 2001): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jepp.76.

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Finn, J. A., and D. Ó hUallacháin. "A review of evidence on the environmental impact of Ireland's Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS)." Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2011.19.

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Hynes, Stephen, and Eoghan Garvey. "Modelling Farmers’ Participation in an Agri-environmental Scheme using Panel Data: An Application to the Rural Environment Protection Scheme in Ireland." Journal of Agricultural Economics 60, no. 3 (September 2009): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2009.00210.x.

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O’Neill, B. J., M. J. Drennan, and P. J. Caffrey. "Effects of extending the grazing season in beef production systems." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004981.

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The cost of grazed grass is less than half that of grass silage (O’Kiely, 1994) and incomes from beef production are low and largely dependent on EU support schemes. Thus the income from beef production could be incresed by reducing feed costs through increasing the proportion of grazed grass in the diet and optimising the use of the various support schemes. The objective of this two-year study was to examine the effects on the performance of yearling cattle of turnout to pasture three weeks earlier than normal. This was examined within two suckler beef production systems. One was a standard system similar to that outlined by Drennan (1993) and the second was compatible with the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS).

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Helden, A. J., A. Anderson, and G. Purvis. "Grassland arthropod species richness in a conventional suckler beef production system and one compatible with the Irish agri-environment scheme (REPS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011479.

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Grassland management practices, such as grazing, strongly affects the biodiversity of grassland arthropods; increasing grazing intensity causes a general decline in species richness (Morris, 2000). One of the aims of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) is to conserve and enhance biodiversity within Irish agricultural land (Feehan et al., 2002). In order to determine the effectiveness of this aspect of REPS, one must compare the relative biodiversity of grassland under REPS with that of conventionally managed grassland. Aiming to determine whether species richness was higher in REPS-compatible compared with a standard system of management, we measured the species richness of grassland arthropods within two contrasting grassland treatments within an experimental study of suckler beef production.

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Murphy, Geraldine, Stephen Hynes, Eithne Murphy, and Cathal O’Donoghue. "An investigation into the type of farmer who chose to participate in Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) and the role of institutional change in influencing scheme effectiveness." Land Use Policy 39 (July 2014): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.015.

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Zhang, Yaoguang, Di Dong, Ling Xu, Zhiwen Miao, Wenhui Mao, Frank Sloan, and Shenglan Tang. "Ten-year impacts of China’s rural health scheme: lessons for universal health coverage." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 4 (April 2021): e003714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003714.

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China has made profound progress in advancing universal health coverage (UHC) over the past two decades. New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) was initiated in 2003 to provide health insurance coverage to rural population. Its benefit packages and cost-sharing mechanism have changed significantly over time. This study aims to assess the impact of changing NCMS policies on NCMS enrollees’ service utilisation, medical financial burden and equity between 2003 and 2013. Data are from China National Health Services Survey (NHSS) which is conducted every 5 years. We used the subsample of NHSS that were enrolled in NCMS in 2003, 2008 and 2013. From 2003 to 2013, we found increased service utilisation and an elimination of inequity in service utilisation with respect to income. Contradicting prior findings of increasing financial burden after the NCMS implementation, we identified significant protective effect of NCMS against financial risks, and a reduction in percentage of households with high medical expenditure in the middle-income and high-income quintiles. The rural residents from the low-income groups have high financial risk, therefore, should be the priority target for future reforms. In pursuit of UHC globally, many countries struggle to provide good coverage to the disadvantaged rural population and balance between the competing priorities of various UHC dimensions. Our trend analysis revealed China’s two-stage approach with NCMS reform that first focused on expanding population coverage, then on service coverage and financial risk protection. This path could potentially be replicated in other middle-income and low-income countries to pave the way for UHC.

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Daly, Karen, Marion Breuil, Cathal Buckley, Cathal O’ Donoghue, Mary Ryan, and Catherine Seale. "A review of water quality policies in relation to public good benefits and community engagement in rural Ireland." European Countryside 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2017-0006.

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Abstract This paper examines current recreational water use in the rural landscape in Ireland and reviews current EU policies and national regulations aimed at protecting water quality and the wider environment under agri-environmental schemes. Specifically, we review policy instruments that protect water for recreational use, their impacts and the challenges they pose for rural development against current requirements to increase public awareness and participation. In Ireland, there is limited experience in public participation in water quality protection and restoration and we highlight how this can be addressed by focussing on the specific contribution of water quality in rural areas in relation to the provision of recreational ecosystem services. These services provide the infrastructure for much of Ireland’s rural tourism sector. In this context, emerging participatory approaches to policy implementation are also assessed as national and local government prioritise community engagement for the second cycle under the EU Water Framework Directive.

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Mukangendo, Mecthilde, Manasse Nzayirambaho, Regis Hitimana, and Assumpta Yamuragiye. "Factors Contributing to Low Adherence to Community-Based Health Insurance in Rural Nyanza District, Southern Rwanda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (December 18, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2624591.

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Background. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes are an emerging mechanism for providing financial protection against health-related poverty. In Rwanda, CBHI is being implemented across the country, and it is based on four socioeconomic categories of the “Ubudehe system”: the premiums of the first category are fully subsidized by government, the second and third category members pay 3000 frw, and the fourth category members pay 7000 frw as premium. However, low adherence of community to the scheme since 2011 has not been sufficiently studied. Objective. This study aimed at determining the factors contributing to low adherence to the CBHI in rural Nyanza district, southern Rwanda. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine health centers in rural Nyanza district from May 2017 to June 2017. A sample size of 495 outpatients enrolled in CBHI or not enrolled in the CBHI scheme was calculated based on 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence interval. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of low adherence to CBHI. Results. The study revealed that there was a significant association between long waiting time to be seen by a medical care provider and between health care service provision and low adherence to the CBHI scheme (P value < 0.019) (CI: 0.09107 to 0.80323). The estimates showed that premium not affordable (P value < 0.050) (CI: 0.94119 to 9.8788) and inconvenient model of premium payment (P value < 0.001) (CI: 0.16814 to 0.59828) are significantly associated with low adherence to the CBHI scheme. There was evidence that the socioeconomic status as measured by the category of Ubudehe (P value < 0.005) (CI: 1.4685 to 8.93406) increases low adherence to the CBHI scheme. Conclusion. This study concludes that belonging to the second category of the Ubudehe system, long waiting time to be seen by a medical care provider and between services, premium not affordable, and inconvenient model of premium payment were significant predictors of low adherence to CBHI scheme.

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Nguyen, Ha T. H., Yogesh Rajkotia, and Hong Wang. "The financial protection effect of Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme: evidence from a study in two rural districts." International Journal for Equity in Health 10, no. 1 (2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-4.

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Deb, Surajit. "Social Protection Network Across Indian States." Social Change 51, no. 3 (September 2021): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211032937.

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This contribution of the Social Change Indicators forms the eleventh part of the series. Over the last three segments, we have been focussing on the social and economic challenges arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The topics previously covered were on the themes of vulnerable households across social classes, poverty and migration and living conditions for social distancing. In this part, we highlight the spread of the social protection network in various states of India. Aspects such as the percentage of households having a below poverty line (BPL) card, percentage of households having a health scheme or health insurance, percentage of households having a bank or post office account, Aadhaar card saturation, percentage of families/persons covered under the targetted Public Distribution System, percentage of Aadhaar-seeded ration cards, allocation of work under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and the number of fair price shops per thousand population in 2021 have been examined. The required data has been collected from the Aadhaar Saturation Report provided by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the Food Grain Bulletin of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ration Card Dashboard of the National Food Security Act, the public data portal of MGNREGA and the Fourth Round of the National Family Health Survey’s state volumes.

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Huxedurp, Leonie M., Guðný Þ. Pálsdóttir, and Nanda Altavilla. "Risk-based planning for water recycling in an Australian context." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.058.

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Australia has seen an unprecedented proliferation in large scale water recycling schemes since the late 1990s. This has been driven by a recent decade of drought, policies to encourage water efficiency in new homes and buildings in urban areas, and to reduce pressure on rain-fed water supplies by replacement with alternate water sources in rural areas. Underpinning these drivers are principles of economic and environmental sustainability and protection of public health. National guidelines for recycling of treated sewage, released in 2006, replaced an approach using prescriptive end point water quality targets, with a 12-step risk-based framework for the planning and operation of Australian water recycling schemes. Essential to this risk-based approach is an understanding of the sewage treatment system and assessing the risks in the catchment, the treatment process, distribution system and end use environment. Inherent also in this process is the identification of critical control points with tangible operational targets for pre-empting, preventing and correcting off-spec conditions before they derail a scheme. Validation of systems through microbial log reduction targets for indicator viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, differentiated according to end use and expected exposures, may be obtained through treatment, site controls or a combination of both. Drawing on case studies from the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld), this paper gives insight to preventative risk management of water recycling schemes with typical risk profiles. Some advantages and disadvantages of the guideline approach are considered. The information paints a picture of the industry's risk management obligations in the planning phase and may be of use to practitioners in other regions where planning for safe and sustainable water recycling is developing.

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Mukhtar, Umar, Zhangbao Zhong, Beihai Tian, Amar Razzaq, Muhammad Naseer, and Tayyaba Hina. "Does Rural–Urban Migration Improve Employment Quality and Household Welfare? Evidence from Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114281.

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Urban migration unlocks new employment opportunities for rural dwellers in a productive manner. This study assessed the quality of employment of migrant workers, and its effect on rural households’ welfare. To this end, we used primary data collected from the four major districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. These data include 504 immigrant and non-immigrant families in rural areas, and 252 migrant workers in urban destinations. We use IV probit and two-step sequential estimation methods for the empirical analysis. The study provides new insights for migration in Pakistan. First, migrant workers are better off in their new urban settings in terms of improved incomes and living conditions, but their social protection status is still poor. Second, the results of the employment quality models show that migration is a successful strategy for rural households to improve the quality of their employment. In addition, the characteristics of migrants and native households affect the relative improvement in the quality of employment and migrants’ conditions. Third, the results of the propensity score matching technique suggest that migration has a positive impact on rural households’ income, and these impacts are more pronounced in large cities. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should invest in quality education in rural areas, and ensure that social security schemes are provided for migrant workers in urban areas.

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Richter, Dominik, Nadine Goeppert, Björn Zindler, and Nico Goldscheider. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended particles and E. coli in a complex surface-water and karst groundwater system as a basis for an adapted water protection scheme, northern Vietnam." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02356-6.

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AbstractKarst aquifers in subtropical regions are characterized by high variability of water availability and quality due to changes associated with rainy and dry seasons. An additional challenge for water management is the combination of surface-water and karst groundwater systems since high spatiotemporal dynamics cause high variability of water quality. In these cases, adapted protection strategies are required. In this study, a protection approach for the catchment of a river-water diversion point in a rural area in northern Vietnam is developed. The variability of water quality was evaluated by rainy and dry season synoptic surveys of suspended particles and microbial contamination at 49 sites and time series at three sets of paired sites under constant hydraulic conditions. The anthropogenic land-use activities in the catchment were mapped to identify potential contamination sources and to highlight the challenging combination of surface-water and karst groundwater management. The analyzed data indicate differences in water quality between the dry and rainy seasons and a higher influence on water quality from land use than from hydrologic conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest a high risk of contamination resulting from residential areas, agriculture, and livestock farming, and reveal the necessity of implementation of appropriate measures such as restricted farming and the hook-up of buildings to municipal sewage disposal. Finally, the data show that water quality can be improved by adjusting water withdrawals by the time of day. The applied methods can be transferred to other surface-water and karst groundwater systems in similar subtropical environments.

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Erős, Veronika, and Tamás Biró. "Renewable energy resources in Hungary – solid biomass utilization in terms of necessity and opportunity." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2010): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/3-4/12.

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In the 21st century a country’s success significantly depends on how it can solve the problems (supply safety, growing prices, climate change, etc.) induced by the application structure of the fossil energy sources with the means of energy saving, energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable energy resources. The utilization of renewable energy sources has positive effects on five key areas: environment protection, energy policies, fulfilment of EU expectations, agriculture and rural development and on the whole of the national economy. The bioenergy – beside fulfilling the national economic aims – it is putting up the value of the role of agriculture and rural development. The role of agriculture is multi-functional in the process. The agricultural sector has an important task in the area of bioenergy to ensure the proper quality and quantity of raw materials for the increase of bioenergy utilization. This also means new sales perspectives and opportunities for the producers. Above all this, the agricultural policy aims for the agriculture and the rural development segment to be the unambiguous winner of the new bioenergy sector and for most of the available profit to stay with the agricultural sector, with the rural players. For this reason encouraging the raw material production it wishes to encourage the producer their primary process and their local utilization. One of the fundamental objectives of the measures is that agriculture should go beyond the raw material production and take steps towards processing and utilization. The multifunctional role in the product chain might mean extra income and more added value for the producers and the active players in the process. The other objective is to promote the local utilization, the scatter of the environmentally friendly energy sources in rural areas, to change the energy is “lying on the ground unutilized” principle while local processing and promoting the utilization, to achieve a lower energy dependency and to optimize and disseminate cost efficient solutions. To realize all this means a great task and a huge challenge for the agricultural government as well as the rural societies and micro regions but might lead to a successful rural development. The range of the tools and measures to fulfil the aims might be very broad, from the regulating instruments to the various subsidies, coordination and dissemination tools. Part of the subsidy schemes are direct production-type of subsidies (the so called direct payments, for example the area based subsidies) and the other main forms are the investment-type subsidies which are for technology development, promotion of competitive production and local processing and for establishing a green energy industry. In the period of 2007-2013 the key elements of the development schemes were drafted in the frame of the New Hungary Rural Development Programme (ÚMVP) and the Environmental Energy Operational Program (KEOP). The available raw materials and the conditions are taken into consideration while designing the development schemes because a successful realization of a product chain means the assurance of the inputs and outputs. The starting point of determining the development direction is the principle of an operation which is sustainable and economical on the long run. In addition such developments are considered reasonable which are viable on medium and long term and bring numerous rural development, environmental and societal returns.

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Kirby, Mark F., Bryony Devoy, and Robin J. Law. "ENSURING THE MOST APPROPRIATE OIL SPILL TREATMENT PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE – A REVIEW OF TOXICITY TESTING AND APPROVAL ISSUES IN THE UK." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-829.

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ABSTRACT Oil spill treatment products in the UK are a key option in response scenarios. It is recognised that their appropriate usage can significantly reduce net environmental impact. However, the approval process for products in the UK is strictly regulated and all must undergo an approval process before they can be used in UK marine waters. This requires the product to pass both efficacy and toxicity assessments. The toxicity assessment comprises a ‘Sea and ‘Rocky Shore’ test and is primarily based on a toxicity comparison between mechanically dispersed oil (untreated) and oil under the same conditions but treated with the product. The premise being that the addition of product should not significantly increase the toxicity of the oil alone. The current toxicity and efficiency testing protocols have been in place for 30 years and the last review of the scheme took place in 1993. The UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) are the regulatory body and have launched another review of the scheme during 2007 to establish whether the process continues to provide the most appropriate means of ensuring that safe and effective products are available to UK responders. The review will take the form of a wide ranging public consultation. Particular issues that are being considered include; the continued requirement for products to pass both toxicity assessments; the need to test dispersants as a type 2 (water-diluted) or type 3 (neat) separately; the need to approve products for specific use against different oil types, especially heavier fuel and weathered oils; the need to take into account the fact that many modern dispersants are effective at lower product:oil ratios than used in the current test process; the performance of products under different conditions of salinity and/or temperature; the need for specific test development for other product types (e.g. surface cleaners) or to make the process more efficient (e.g. combined efficacy and toxicity test). The UK Government wishes to ensure that responders have the option of selecting the best product for tackling each oil spill scenario providing that environmental protection is not compromised. It is intended that the outcome of the review will be to facilitate this even more so than at present. This paper will describe the background to the issues being considered in the review, why they may be significant and will give a preliminary overview of initial conclusions.

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Ndayambaje, Benjamin, Hellen Amuguni, Jeanne Coffin-Schmitt, Nancy Sibo, Martin Ntawubizi, and Elizabeth VanWormer. "Pesticide Application Practices and Knowledge among Small-Scale Local Rice Growers and Communities in Rwanda: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234770.

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Background: Agriculture contributes a third of Rwanda’s GDP and is the main source of income for rural households, with 80% of the total population involved in crop and/or livestock production. The Government of Rwanda established the Muvumba rice project in 2011 amidst a policy shift towards rice as a national staple crop. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides by local, low-income rice growers has raised concerns about potential human, animal and ecosystem health impacts as pesticide distribution and application are not strictly regulated. Although pesticide use can directly influence farmer health and ecosystems, little is known about small-scale farmers’ pesticide application practices and knowledge. We aimed to assess local application practices and understanding of pesticides to identify gaps in farmers’ knowledge on safe pesticide use and deviations from established standards and recommended practices. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of observations of pesticide practices and interviews with 206 small-scale rice growers in Nyagatare District, Rwanda, in March 2017. Descriptive statistical analyses (sample means, standard deviation and range) were performed, and we evaluated the association between farmers’ personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their education level and literacy status. Results: Over 95% of observed farmers did not comply with minimum standards for safe pesticide use, and 80% of respondents reported that they stored pesticides in their homes without personal protection measures. Education and literacy level were not significantly associated with PPE use. Additionally, 90% of respondents had experienced adverse health effects after using pesticides including intense headache, dizziness, stomach cramps, skin pain and itching, and respiratory distress. All respondents also reported animals in and around the rice scheme (cattle, birds, and fish) behaving abnormally or with signs consistent with pesticide exposure in the six months preceding the study, which may be linked to pesticide-contaminated water. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates potential for high exposure to pesticides for farmers, their families, and animals sharing rice-growing or downstream environments and points to the need for training on safe and effective pesticide use.

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Preweda, Edward. "The impact of linear investments on the spatial structure of agricultural regions." E3S Web of Conferences 86 (2019): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600011.

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Linear investments cause irreversible changes in the existing shape and way of using the land located alongside it. In the case of the construction of the highway, these lands are mostly located in rural areas and prior to construction, they were used mostly in agriculture. Losses resulting from such investments affect the natural environment and landscape. Along the impact zone wind conditions change, also exhaust emissions and noise increase. Investors try to avoid the design of wide protection zones of greenery, due to the cost of buying a larger area of land and they usually use it only when it is necessary. Severe ecological losses result from land degradation, disturbances in the drainage system and changes in water relations. Such investments also have a negative impact on the profitability of agricultural holdings, in particular organic farms. The market value of land adjacent to the motorway is also decreasing. Often, on both sides of the motorway there remain land with a small area, access to the ground is difficult or even impossible. In order to reduce the negative impact of linear investments on the spatial structure of agricultural areas, infrastructure integration is carried out. The implementation of consolidations related to the construction of motorways in Poland is not a common and frequent phenomenon, which lacks concrete plans and schemes of actions. The paper presents the objectives of consolidation in the area of the village of Szczepanow in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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He, Wei. "Sustainable Rural Tourism Development and Environment Protection." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2893.

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With the fast development of rural tourism, there have been increasing damages and destructions to the ecological environment and tourism resources of country-based scenic spots. As a result, the dilemma between economic development and environment protection restricts the sustainable development of rural tourism. In view of this, this paper analyzes the relationship between environment protection and the sustainable rural tourism development and summarizes how the former will positively influence the latter.

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Yong, Seung-Lim, and Sang-Ho Lee. "Fingerprinting Scheme for Contents Protection in Mobile Environment." KIPS Transactions:PartC 15C, no. 3 (June 30, 2008): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstc.2008.15-c.3.167.

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Al-Maruf, Abdullah, Sumyia Akter Mira, Tasnim Nazira Rida, Md Saifur Rahman, Pradip Kumar Sarker, and J. Craig Jenkins. "Piloting a Weather-Index-Based Crop Insurance System in Bangladesh: Understanding the Challenges of Financial Instruments for Tackling Climate Risks." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158616.

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Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to extreme climate events. With over 60% of its population living in rural areas, over a third of which lives under the poverty line and depends on agriculture, these climate stresses constitute a major challenge. The traditional financial instruments, e.g., microcredit and relief programs, continue today. However, how climate risk can be tackled through innovative financial instruments focusing on agriculture farms and farmers is crucial. Considering this issue, the Sadharan Bima Corporation and the Bangladesh Meteorological Department joined forces in 2014 to launch a $2.5 million three-year pilot project on weather-index-based crop insurance (WIBCI) executed by the Financial Institutions Division of the Bangladesh government’s Ministry of Finance. This study examined the basic strategy of this pilot project, the major challenges confronted, and possible solutions for creating a successful weather-index-based crop insurance scheme in Bangladesh. We relied on key informant interviews, informal discussions, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with the major stakeholders of the WIBCI pilot. These showed the WIBCI pilot to be a promising initiative that still faces problems from limited weather data, a costly business operations system, farmer insurance illiteracy, and fatalism, as well as problems with designing insurance products and recruiting qualified personnel. We compared this WIBCI pilot against the challenges of other projects, recommending best practices for a viable weather-index-based crop insurance system. The insurance mechanism of this study may apply to other vegetation sectors of Bangladesh, e.g., forest plantation or agroforestry for protecting natural resources from natural disasters.

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Bobde, Sarita. "STUDY OF CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF RURAL RURAL DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3252.

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Human life is influenced by environment. Healthy and clean environment are the basis of human life. So Pryavarncasnrkshnpratyeknagrikkaktrtwy Hakprashut Preritkiyajatahanksururgaupakrnonkanirmankrunkagrelu Avanwyavsayikupyogkrna, Pratisnrkshnatmkprvritikavicaskrayajatahankis study Pricitkrwakrpryavarnsnrkshn organic Ketikrna, Avanpryavarnpradusncaswathe Prpdnewaleprbavon to Pratijagrukkrsmajmencarykrne a Smajasevisnstha Dwaraapanemahilaprsikshnarthioncopryavarnsnrkshn single study done by Rupmenbahy inspection, Sacshatkaranusuchi, Avloknanusuchikapryogkiagyakprduttoncasnklnvisyvshubisleshnvidhi the Menupakrn and by external inspection The presentations were systematically interpreted qualitatively, interviews were discussed. The results showed that the Barli Institute is peaceful, clean, pollution-free, geophysical and environmental, conditions, green and open, clean environmental environment, environmental protection, environmental protection, environmental protection, environmental protection in the environment. मनुष्य का जीवन पर्यावरण से प्रभावितहोताहै।स्वस्थ एवंस्वच्छपर्यावरणमानव जीवन काआधारहैं । इसीलिए पर्यावरणकासंरक्षणप्रत्येकनागरिककाकत्र्तव्य है।प्रस्तुत एकल अध्ययन में एक समाजसेवीसंस्था द्वाराअपनेमहिलाप्रषिक्षणार्थियोंकोपर्यावरणसंरक्षण के प्रतिजागरूककरसमाजमेंकार्यकरने के लिए प्रेरितकियाजाताहैं।सौरऊर्जाउपकरणोंकानिर्माणकरउनकाघरेलू एवंव्यावसायिकउपयोगकरना , जैविक खेतीकरना, एवंपर्यावरणप्रदूषणकास्वाथ्य परपडनेवालेप्रभावों से परिचितकरवाकरपर्यावरणसंरक्षण के प्रतिसंरक्षणात्मकप्रवृतिकाविकासकरायाजाताहैं।इस अध्ययन मेंउपकरण के रूपमेंबाह्य निरिक्षण, साक्षात्कारअनुसूची, अवलोकनअनुसूचीकाप्रयोगकियागया।प्रदत्तोंकासंकलनविषयवस्तुविश्लेषणविधि द्वारा किया गया एवं बाह्य निरिक्षण द्वारा प्राप्त प्रदत्तों को व्यवस्थित कर गुणात्मक रूप से व्याख्या की गयी, साक्षात्कार की विवेचना की गयी। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि बरलीसंस्थान षांत, स्वच्छ, प्रदूषणरहितभौगोलिक एवंपर्यावरणीय, स्थितिहै ,हरियाली एवं खुलास्वच्छपर्यावरणीय वातावरणमहिलाप्रषिक्षणार्थीयोंमेंपर्यावरणसंरक्षण के प्रतिसंरक्षणात्मकप्रवृत्तिकाविकासकरप्रषिक्षणाथियोंमेंपर्यावरणसंरक्षणकाप्रायोगिकअनुभवप्रदानकरतीहंै।

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Wang, Juan, Hong-Wei Zhou, Yi-Xiong Lei, and Xin-Wang Wang. "Financial Protection Under the New Rural Cooperative Medical Schemes in China." Medical Care 50, no. 8 (August 2012): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e318249d8bf.

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Liu, Kehao, Ming Cao, Nan Fu, and Jing Ma. "A scheme of memory privacy protection in cloud computing environment." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 20, no. 4 (July 9, 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11859-015-1097-6.

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Zhang, Bao Liu, Hong Luo, and Zheng Qing Wang. "Advice on Rural Ecological Planning and Environment Protection of Bengbu City." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1153.

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With analyzing the rural ecological environment protection status and pollution sources of Bengbu City, the problems in the rural environmental protection work will be pointed out, including the out-dated regulatory regime, poor implementation of environmental policy, low motivation of environmental protection and other major issues. With applying ecological planning thoughts, advice including village eco-positioning and ecological agriculture development for rural planning will be proposed. For the environmental protection measures, relative suggestions such as increasing the effective monitoring of rural environment; strengthening the infrastructure construction, promoting clean production efforts and innovating market-oriented means of propaganda will be put forward to achieve rural sustainable development.

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Li, Xiao. "Study on Protection Ways of Biodiversity in Rural Environment Construction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 252 (July 9, 2019): 042020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042020.

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Liu, Ding Hao. "On Constructing the Long-Term Strategic Mechanism for Rural Environment Protection." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3968–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3968.

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Since China has a vast rural area, and a large rural population, and the environmental problems are quite complex, a long-term strategic mechanism should be constructed to realize effective rural environment protection and treatment.

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WEI, Hai Min. "Studies of Ecological Environment Management in the New Countryside Construction Progress." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1143.

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In order to build the rural ecological civilization, and promote the building of a new socialist countryside, we must attach importance to rural environmental protection. By analyzing the water pollution, soil pollution and solid waste pollution situation in the new countryside construction progress, this paper indicate that three major reasons of the rural ecological environment multiple pollution are pollution-intensive industries rapiddly transferring to rural, excessive use of chemicals and unreasonable use of land, and finally conclude ecological and environmental protection measures: improve the rural ecological environmental protection policies, regulations and standards system; strengthen the government's role in the management of the ecological environment; establish a sound environmental management system in rural areas; and increase environmental publicity, education and training efforts.

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Priftis, Kostas N., Michael B. Anthracopoulos, Alexandra Nikolaou-Papanagiotou, Vasiliki Mantziou, Athanasios G. Paliatsos, George Tzavelas, Polyxeni Nicolaidou, and Eva Mantzouranis. "Increased sensitization in urban vs. rural environment ? Rural protection or an urban living effect?" Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 18, no. 3 (May 2007): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00514.x.

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Lee, Hoonjung, Hasoo Eun, and Heekuck Oh. "User-oriented key management scheme for content protection in OPMD environment." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 58, no. 2 (May 2012): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2012.6227451.

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Nan, Wang, Zhao Banghong, and Yang Haifen. "A Research on Impacting Factor of Rural Environment and Environment Protection Awareness of Famers." Energy Procedia 5 (2011): 2623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.341.

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Feng, Bing, and Ming Hui Hu. "Study on Ecological Environment Protection and Sustainable Development Strategy in Characteristic Rural Areas." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1383.

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Many ecological environment problems appeared in Chinese characteristic rural areas, such as living environment pollution, arable land area decrease, declining social fertility and rural industrial pollution. Based upon the analysis and induction of these problems, this article puts forward relative strategies on ecological environment protection and sustainable development, including constructing regional ecological landscape structure, promoting ecological agriculture, improving the rural infrastructure, developing the rural tourism, strengthening rural enterprises management, improving rural dwellers environmental awareness level and so on. Furthermore, it conducts a purposive study on Longji area in Guangxi Province.

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Li, Ze Xin, and Min Chen. "Reflections on Ecological and Environmental Construction of New Rural Program in Underdeveloped Areas." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3602.

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Underdeveloped rural areas have good but very vulnerable ecological environment, so the environment protection should be given priority in new rural construction. Based on the problems that rural areas have faced in ecological environment, some thoughts are given in this paper on ecological and environmental: ①To solve the conflicts between the development of rural economy and ecological environment protection, the development of eco-industry can be a key solution. ② For the point that people of underdeveloped areas live in scattered and small scale groups, which leads to difficulty in facility arrangements, some proposals are put forward on the construction of living environment in underdeveloped new rural areas.

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Wang, Jing Hua, and Chun Yan Zhong. "Research on Rural Waste Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1810.

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With the deepening of China's new socialist countryside construction, rural ecological environment has been paid more and more attention. This paper applies the system engineering theory to analyze rural waste comprehensive utilization by taking Xi Baidian Village, Pinggu District of Beijing which is a representative and ongoing pilot village of circular agriculture as an example. The whole village domain system is divided into three subsystems: breeding system, farming system, living environment system. Through overall investigation the paper analyzes the rural waste production and current situation and anatomizes the waste comprehensive utilization measures, using effect and the existent problems. The countermeasures and development directions of waste comprehensive utilization and rural environmental protection are proposed.

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Xiao, Qi. "Research on Monitoring and Protection of Water Environment in Rural Areas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 1084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1084.

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This article first introduces the current situation of heavy metal pollution and heavy metal detection technology, and selected the voltammetry as the principle of detection system in electrochemical stripping. At the same time, introduces the related content of wireless sensor network. According to project requirements, design a set of heavy metal functional modularity, automation instrumentation, module power supply system which can meet the applicable to different working environment; for the need wireless sensor networks, proposes a design of wireless network node; finally, in the waterway system in laboratory environment test and heavy metal concentration detection test experiments show that the instrument, this system can meet the design requirements.

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Tang, Xianqiang, Qingyun Li, Min Wu, Wenjian Tang, Feng Jin, Jonathan Haynes, and Miklas Scholz. "Ecological Environment Protection in Chinese Rural Hydropower Development Practices: A Review." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223, no. 6 (January 21, 2012): 3033–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1086-8.

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Cui, Qiushi, and Yang Weng. "An environment-adaptive protection scheme with long-term reward for distribution networks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 124 (January 2021): 106350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106350.

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Meng, Chong, Hua Yin, Fan Li Kong, and Yu Li. "Roles of Rural Contiguous Improvement Measures on the Non-Point Source Pollution Control in Rural Area in China." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.687.

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Nowadays, agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main pollution source of water environment, especially for drinking water. Water sources protection has become a major problem in national economy and people's livelihood. Rural contiguous improvement project, including rural drinking water source protection, rural domestic sewage treatment, rural living garbage and livestock industry pollution treatment, can not only improve rural living environment, but also effectively reduce the non-point source pollution source of the water sources. A case study in north China showed that, after rural contiguous improvement, the amount of pollution source reduced significantly, so as to protect and improve the environmental quality of water source reserve effectively.

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Yi, Wei Hong, Zheng Yan Chen, and Feng Rong Ma. "Study on Environmental Protection Planning of Datong Town in Daqing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.413.

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With development of small towns, the shortage of water resources and deterioration of water environment, soil and water loss, low vegetation coverage problem is becoming more and more serious, the ecological environment of small town is more and more pressure, restricting the development of small town economy and society is increasingly clear. Because a plan for environmental protection is a basic work of environmental remediation, so a rational environmental planning will speed up local economy and urban development. Firstly, the paper evaluates the status of water environment, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment and solid waste discharge. Secondly, the paper sets Datong town environmental protection planning target and divides the environmental function. Final, the paper proposes the effective measures to synthetically managing the rural environment, developing and utilizing the rural energy, Protecting and building the agricultural ecological environment.

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Truong, Toan-Thinh, Minh-Triet Tran, and Anh-Duc Duong. "Chebyshev Polynomial-Based Authentication Scheme in Multiserver Environment." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3579705.

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Nowadays, communication technologies are more and more strongly advanced, such as 4G or 5G. There are many useful online applications, and one of them is the telecare medical information system (TMIS). If the TMIS is widely deployed, patients and doctors will have more frequently connection. Clearly, this enhances our quality of life. One of the most important modules securely constructing this convenient TMIS is the user-authentication scheme. We should prevent user identity and related information from the adversary’s eavesdropping. Therefore, the authentication scheme could provide user anonymity and concern some kinds of attacks, such as impersonation or password-guessing attacks. Common solutions are a combination of hash function and public-key cryptosystem (RSA or elliptic curve cryptosystem, ECC), but current schemes do not consider identity protection as one main task necessary for medical information environment. In this paper, our results consist of some important analyses of previous works and a multiserver user-authentication scheme suitable for TMIS using Chebyshev polynomial with two models: random oracle and BAN-logic.

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Chen, Yan, Lisheng Zhao, Yubing Fan, and Bingxue Xie. "Does the New Rural Pension Scheme improve residents’ livelihoods? Empirical evidence from Northwestern China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0250130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250130.

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The sustainable development of pension systems has been investigated from a financial perspective worldwide. However, the pension adequacy and its effect on the sustainability of a national pension system are still understudied. Using actual replacement rate and modified living standards replacement rate, this study empirically evaluates whether China’s New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) grants enough livelihood protection for the rural residents in the Northwestern China. The results show that the NRPS fails to meet the basic needs of the elderly people (i.e., age of sixty years or older) or the middle-aged people (forty-five to fifty-nine years old), while it only provides limited protection for the young people (sixteen to forty-four years old). These findings suggest that the current NRPS benefits are very low in the Northwestern China and policy reforms should be further implemented to improve the sustainable development of the New Rural Pension Scheme.

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Chatterjee, Shankar. "Convergence of Assets under MGNREGS: Case from Amritsar District of Punjab." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 9, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v9.v1.p2.

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Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a historic rural development Act aims to guarantee the 'right to work' through passing an Act in the Parliament. The Act while in implementation is known as Scheme so it is known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). MGNREGA/MGNREGS is a powerful instrument for ensuring inclusive growth in rural India through its impact on social protection, livelihood security and democratic empowerment. In this note, a case where convergence of assets was initiated is presented from Dalam panchayat, Harshe Chinna block of Amritsar district. The study was carried out during first week of August 2017 by visiting the area.

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Shaikh, Muhammad Fawad, Sunny Katyara, Zahid Hussain Khand, Madad Ali Shah, Lukasz Staszewski, Veer Bhan, Abdul Majeed, Shoaib Shaikh, and Leonowicz Zbigniew. "Novel Protection Coordination Scheme for Active Distribution Networks." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 2312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182312.

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Distribution networks are inherently radial and passive owing to the ease of operation and unidirectional power flow. Proper installation of Distributed Generators, on the one hand, makes the utility network active and mitigates certain power quality issues e.g., voltage dips, frequency deviations, losses, etc., but on the other hand, it disturbs the optimal coordination among existing protection devices e.g., over-current relays. In order to maintain the desired selectivity level, such that the primary and backup relays are synchronized against different contingencies, it necessitates design of intelligent and promising protection schemes to distinguish between the upstream and downstream power flows. This research proposes exploiting phase angle jump, an overlooked voltage sag parameter, to add directional element to digital over-current relays with inverse time characteristics. The decision on the direction of current is made on the basis of polarity of phase angle jump together with the impedance angle of the system. The proposed scheme at first is evaluated on a test system in a simulated environment under symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults and, secondly, as a proof of the concept, it is verified in real-time on a laboratory setup using a Power Hardware-in-loop (PHIL) system. Moreover, a comparative analysis is made with other state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate the performance and robustness of the proposed approach.

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Lee, Sung-Yong, and Sang-Soo Yeo. "Efficient Secret Sharing Data Management Scheme for Privacy Protection in Smart Grid Environment." Journal of Digital Policy and Management 11, no. 12 (December 28, 2013): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdpm.2013.11.12.311.

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Shih, Tzay-Farn, Chin-Ling Chen, Bo-Yan Syu, and Yong-Yuan Deng. "A Cloud-Based Crime Reporting System with Identity Protection." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020255.

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Criminal activities have always been a part of human society, and even today, in a world of extremely advanced surveillance and policing capabilities, many different kinds of crimes are still committed in almost every social environment. However, since those who commit crimes are not representative of the majority of their community, members of these communities tend to wish to report crime when they see it; however, they are often reluctant to do so for fear of their own safety should the people they report identify them. Thus, a great deal of crime goes unreported, and investigations fail to gain key evidence from witnesses, which serves only to foster an environment in which criminal activity is more likely to occur. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes an online illegal event reporting scheme based on cloud technology, which combines digital certificates, symmetric keys, asymmetric keys, and digital signatures. The proposed scheme can process illegal activity reports from the reporting event to the issuing of a reward. The scheme not only ensures informers’ safety, anonymity and non-repudiation, but also prevents cases and reports being erased, and ensures data integrity. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is designed to be robust against abusive use, and is able to preclude false reports. Therefore, it provides a convenient and secure platform for reporting and fighting crime.

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Xia, Siyi. "The Construction of the Protection Mechanism of Rural Landscape in the Process of Urbanization." Probe - Environmental Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/pes.v3i1.1388.

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<p>With the accelerated development of urbanization, China’s rural landscape is declining. To create a “beautiful countryside”, the first thing is to protect the existing rural landscape. There are three aspects that need to be <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">considered </span>to structure the protection mechanism of rural landscape. Cultivated land is an essential part of the rural landscape. It is the basis of protecting the existing cultivated land in the countryside to establish and implement the cultivated land protection system. Rural cultural landscape is the cultural embodiment of the integration of rural society and natural environment. It should follow the principles of integrity, living and authenticity to protect the macro ecological environment and micro internal elements of the cultural landscape. Ecological conditions are closely related to the livability of the human settlement environment and cultural attribute of rural landscape. The construction of ecological civilization requires the government to take the lead and the masses to support, and then balance the benefits between ecologic and economic in the urbanization development.</p>

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Liu, Aijun, Maurice Osewe, Huixin Wang, and Hang Xiong. "Rural Residents’ Awareness of Environmental Protection and Waste Classification Behavior in Jiangsu, China: An Empirical Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 8928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238928.

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Achieving waste classification and environmental protection awareness assists in enhancing the rural ecological environment, improves the quality of the rural residents’ life, and augments the rate of reusing resources within the rural setups. In order to study the factors influencing rural waste classification and environmental protection awareness, we conducted a project among rural residents of Jiangsu, China. We used both the logistic regression model and the ordinary least squares model to achieve the goals of this paper. Similarly, we found that the households’ level of education influenced the rural residents’ decision to classify waste and to protect the environment regarding whether a household consists of a village cadre; the availability of public waste collection facilities; the distance between households and the waste collection points; whether the waste is picked, assorted, and collected locally; and the cost of waste disposal. In light of all these factors, we recommended that the authorities should increase the rural residents’ waste classification and environmental protection awareness. Also, through the local government, the national government should strengthen and sustain rural waste disposal funds. Finally, there should be stringent laws and regulations outlining the role of the rural residents regarding waste classification and environmental protection awareness.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural Environment Protection Scheme'

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