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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural exodus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Halsey, R. John. "Youth Exodus and Rural Communities." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 19, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v19i3.571.

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One of the common characteristics of rural communities globally, and especially those in the developed countries of the world, is the exodus of youth in search of 'greener pastures'. Alston and Kent (2003) argue that "[t]he lack of meaningful full-time work in rural areas is one of the main reasons for young people leaving rural communities" (p. 6). Limited post-secondary education and training is another significant reason for the exodus of youth from rural areas. Often added to this is a gender imbalance, where young females leave rural areas at a higher rate than young males. There are also challenges associated with the education of Indigenous youth so they have choices about their cultural identity, employment opportunities and personal fulfilment.

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2

Cai, Fang. "The Great Exodus." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2017-0178.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the process of rural labor reallocation and unfolds its growth effect through sufficiently supplying human resources, preventing diminishing return to capital, and increasing labor productivity. Design/methodology/approach The author surveys literature and statistics related to the subject to comprehensively picture the 40-year course of the shift and reallocation of agricultural surplus labor. Findings In the past 40 years, reforms in relevant areas have eliminated institutional barriers deterring labor mobility and allowed agricultural laborers to exit from low-productivity farming employment, migrate beyond rural-urban boundary and across regions, sectors, and ownerships, and enter higher productivity employment in non-agricultural sectors. As a result, resources allocative efficiency has been substantially improved, contributing a significant part to labor productivity growth and thus economic growth of the Chinese economy as a whole. Social implications To sustain this source of economic growth as far as China completes its transition from upper-middle income status to high-income status, deepening reforms is urgently needed. The author provides policy suggestions for further reform. Originality/value This paper enhances people’s understanding of the Chinese economic reform and its nature of efficiency and inclusion.

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3

Heitor, Teresa Valsassina, and Jorge Gonçalves. "Êxodos e emigração:." Êxodos e Migrações 4, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24168/revistaprumo.v4i6.1180.

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The region of Lisbon experienced, from the mid-20th century, successive waves of immigration and internal migration that profoundly altered its socio-territorial configuration. Rural exodus, the forced return of the Portuguese colonists, during and after the wars of independence in the former colonies, and immigration spurred by major public works financed by the European Community, are the most striking examples. Since that time, the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has never ceased facing great challenges in housing provision. The article seeks to describe the impacts of these exodus and migrations, which are distinct in intensity and shape, but reveal how housing supply has remained the weakest pillar of the Portuguese Social State.

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4

FONSECA, Wéverson Lima, Wéverton José Lima FONSECA, Augusto Matias de OLIVEIRA, Gleissa Mayone Silva VOGADO, Gioto Ghiarone Terto e. SOUSA, Tiago de Oliveira SOUSA, Severino Cavalcante de SOUSA JÚNIOR, and Carlos Syllas Monteiro LUZ. "CAUSES AND RURAL EXODUS AFTERMATH IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL." Nucleus 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278.1422.

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5

Johansson, Mats. "Young women and rural exodus – Swedish experiences." Journal of Rural Studies 43 (February 2016): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.04.002.

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6

Parry, Luke, Brett Day, Silvana Amaral, and Carlos A. Peres. "Drivers of rural exodus from Amazonian headwaters." Population and Environment 32, no. 2-3 (October 23, 2010): 137–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0127-8.

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7

Domatob, Jerry Kombia. "Radio Cameroun and Rural Exodus :·Policy and Problems." Présence Africaine 135, no. 3 (1985): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/presa.135.0022.

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8

Domatob, Jerry Komia. "Radio Cameroun and Rural Exodus: Policies and Problems." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 36, no. 2 (October 1985): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001654928503600204.

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9

MUELLER, CHARLES C., and GEORGE MARTINE. "Modernização da agropecuária, emprego agrícola e êxodo rural no Brasil - A década de 1980." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 17, no. 3 (September 1997): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571997-0897.

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RESUMO O artigo examina os efeitos das mudanças significativas na política agrícola do Brasil durante a década de 1980, sobre a capacidade de suas áreas agrícolas modernas de gerar empregos e reter a população rural. Isso foi feito identificando grandes zonas de rápida expansão e modernização agrícola e observando as mudanças na década, no emprego agrícola e na população rural. Foi possível constatar que as áreas de agricultura moderna no Centro-Sul do país e nas savanas (“cerrados”) do Centro-Oeste geraram muito poucos empregos ou experimentaram declínios de mão de obra agrícola. Além disso, a população rural de todas essas áreas experimentou reduções. No Centro-Sul as quedas foram bastante expressivas, mas mesmo nos cerrados ocorreram reduções significativas. Portanto, ao contrário do que se poderia esperar das mudanças na política agrícola decorrentes da crise dos anos 1980, a agricultura brasileira continuou a expulsar mão-de-obra rural e população. Porém, no período esta expulsão foi mais seletiva, restringindo-se principalmente a áreas agrícolas dinâmicas. No resto do país, ao contrário do que ocorreu nos anos 1970, a emigração rural ou foi pequena ou houve retenção de população. Na verdade, esse padrão contrastante de migração tornou possível uma redução geral da migração rural no Brasil na década de 1980.

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10

Runcie-Pinney, Estelle. "War's End?… What Now? The Second World War from a woman's point of view." Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000702.

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‘War's End’ must of necessity be linked with war's beginning and the years between. The exodus from North Queensland to the south (mainly Brisbane) after the fall of Singapore, and the transition from a rural environment to city living, offers a unique insight into war's effect and aftermath from a woman's point of view. This exodus south, which swelled the ranks of women in a burgeoning industrial and martial clime, wrought enormous social upheavals never before experienced in living memory.

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11

LYNCH, EDOUARD. "Interwar France and the Rural Exodus: The National Myth in Peril." Rural History 21, no. 2 (September 22, 2010): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000038.

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AbstractInterwar France saw itself as a rural nation. The First World War, won in the muddy earth of the trenches, elevated the image of the ‘peasant soldier’ to a symbolic height. But paradoxically, it was during this period that the urban population overtook the rural. Against this backdrop, references to the noxious consequences of rural migration increased in frequency and virulence. The condemnation of rural migration was part of the celebration of a French national identity rooted in the past, the earth and other key agrarian values, such as thrift, hard work and property ownership. French peasants are perceived to be the last bearers of this value set. In other European countries too, the same ideological debate was at play. In Italy and Germany, in particular, the regimes were faced with a similar dilemma, championing a racially pure, rural, identity rooted in the past, whilst embracing a modernising revolution. Their parallel attempts at aligning these two ideas are richly suggestive.

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12

Keeler, Andrew, and Warren Kriesel. "School Choice In Rural Georgia: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026432.

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AbstractPrevious empirical studies of school choice have been at the national level, or have focussed on northeastern states. We estimate the demand for private education in rural Georgia, using proportion of private school attendance as an indicator variable. We find that income, tuition, race and school quality are important choice determinants. The results provide useful information for rural school administrators, and suggest that a tuition tax credit would have to be substantial to cause a significant exodus from public schools.

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13

Zeppelini, Caio Graco, Ianei Carneiro de Oliveira, Poliana Mascarenhas de Abreu, Ann Katelynn Linder, Romulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves, and Federico Costa. "Wildlife as Food and Medicine in Brazil: A Neglected Zoonotic Risk?" Pathogens 13, no. 3 (March 2, 2024): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030222.

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The practice of consuming wild fauna in Brazil is both culturally and socioeconomically questionable. Wild animals and their byproducts are sought for nutritional, medicinal, and/or supernatural reasons, with some taxa (e.g., songbirds) being kept as pets. This practice is concentrated in traditional and rural communities, as well as the rural exodus populations in large urban centers, maintained both by cultural preferences and for their role in food safety in part of the rural exodus community. A total of 564 taxa are known to be sold in wet markets in Brazil, with birds, fish, and mammals being the most commonly listed. There is great zoonotic outbreak potential in this consumption chain given the diversity of species involved (with several listed being known reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens), invasion of wild environments for hunting, unsanitary processing of carcasses, and consumption of most/all biotopes of the animal, as well as the creation of favorable conditions to cross-species pathogen transmission. Given its socioeconomic situation and the global trends in disease emergence, there is a risk of the future emergence of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in Brazil through wildlife consumption.

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14

Nacife, Jean Marc, Frederico Soares, and Gustavo Castoldi. "Cluster Analysis Referring to Rural Enterprises of Sugarcane Local Productive Arrangement (LPA) in Quirinópolis, Brazil." International Journal of Business Administration 10, no. 5 (August 21, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v10n5p1.

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In Brazil in recent decades, the the dynamics of land use widened the agricultural frontier for sugarcane cultivation by modifying and replacing intensively traditional and pasture crops. It is proposed to examine the aggregating characteristics of rural enterprises that are part of the sugarcane agribusiness productive arrangement, evaluating their profiles, providing a more effective understanding of their socioeconomic sustainability. The quantitative approach was adopted applying statistical tests for variable selection and multivariate statistical techniques (cluster analysis) to evaluate rural enterprises. The results indicated two clusters with peculiar profiles, and the average distance between farm and agribusiness (± 22 km) and succession capacity (± 2.5 points) of both are similar. The other variables were discrepant (P <0.05), in cluster 1 the very negative rural exodus (-48%) and in cluster 2 positive (23%). Operating costs in relation to compensation for Cluster 1 was 61%, much higher than cluster 2 with 6% on average. It was concluded that through cluster analysis that the contract variables and the size of the establishment are the most significant factors directly influencing the rural exodus and production costs. These observations contribute to the creation of sectorial policies for the use of land and regional economic development, as such imply in a theoretical consolidation of precepts on the sugarcane expansion, as such also imply, under the perspective of the rural practice, in elements for the improvement in planning the agricultural enterprise.

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15

Santos, Maria Aparecida Nascimento, Sayonara Cotrim Sabioni, and Fabrício Pereira Silva. "Êxodo rural dos agricultores familiares na região do Catongo no município de Itajuípe/Bahia." Revista Campo-Território 13, no. 31 (December 30, 2018): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rct133109.

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16

Brown, David K., and Briant Lindsay Lowell. "Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of Nineteenth-Century Rural Communities." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 4 (July 1988): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072720.

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17

Friis, Erik J., and Briant Lindsay Lowell. "Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of 19th Century Rural Communities." International Migration Review 23, no. 3 (1989): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546454.

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18

Ma, Ting, Rui Lu, Na Zhao, and Shih-Lung Shaw. "An estimate of rural exodus in China using location-aware data." PLOS ONE 13, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): e0201458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201458.

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19

LARGAT, Dr Malika, Dr Dalal FARID, and Dr Saif Eddine CHETTAH. "Rural Housing Programs as a Panacea for Rural Exodus in Algeria, Case of El Khroub’s Municipality." International Journal of Innovative Studies in Sociology and Humanities 7, no. 5 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2456-4931.0705001.

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20

Machline, Elise, and Moshe Schwartz. "Demographic Decline in a Rural Periphery." International Journal of Rural Management 13, no. 2 (October 2017): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005217721007.

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As early as the industrial revolution, rural depopulation occurred in all Western countries due to the attraction of cities and declining agricultural employment. In Israel, that decline accelerated after the mid-1980s of the last century. However, the proportion of rural households in Israel has declined less than in France, which this study uses for comparison. The small size of Israel has allowed young families to inhabit the countryside while working in nearby cities. Such rural urbanization has not happened in Israel’s periphery, such as the Eshkol region (western Negev), where bad public transportation makes it harder to commute to Beer Sheva or Tel Aviv. Nowadays, low birth rate, ageing population and progressive depopulation characterize the Eshkol region. This study looks at the authorities’ coping with the ‘rural exodus’ comparing it to that of French authorities in the Limousin peripheral region.

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21

Chaudhary, Deepak. "The implication of ‘Smart Village’ in Nepal: Sustainable rural development perspective." Journey for Sustainable Development and Peace Journal 1, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsdpj.v1i1.52595.

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The main objective of the study is to discuss the importance of ‘smart villages’ in Nepal considering it would enhance rural and local development. The analytical review literature of both theoretical and empirical data and documents and observation as methods are adopted for the study. The majority of the population in Nepal resides in rural areas. Similarly, rural-urban migration is common. There is a wide gap between rural and urban in terms of infrastructure development and poverty. The rural population stands for 27 % of poverty, which is higher than the urban (15%). Many parts of the local levels face a lack of infrastructure, poor public services, and technologies. The exodus of youth from villages has resulted in decreasing agriculture production. Considering topography, population, limitation of land, and migration trends; the concept of smart villages is rational and it will have evident implications for rural development. The concept of smart villages will sustainably enhance the rural economy, minimizing the rural-urban economies gap.

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22

Nemec, Gloria. "The redefinition of gender roles and family structures among Istrian peasant families in Trieste, 1954–64." Modern Italy 9, no. 1 (May 2004): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940410001677485.

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SummaryFrom 1942 to the late 1950s, about 240,000 Italians fled from Istria and Dalmatia, territories included in the new Yugoslav Federal Republic. The last movement of population took place after the London Memorandum in 1954, when the portion of territory closest to Italy (‘Zone B’) was given to Yugoslavia. About 40,000 Italians took part in this last exodus, and most of them were peasants wishing to settle in Trieste. The article describes the adaptation of social behaviours and gender roles among Istrian peasants as they faced new urban realities and modernization in the exodus. Oral sources, personal memoirs, literature and other documents are used to reconstruct the process by which rural communities moved from pre-war stability to change and transformation as they integrated within urban society in Trieste. In this process, gender and familial roles were significantly affected and redefined.

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23

Llorent-Bedmar, Vicente, Verónica C. Cobano-Delgado Palma, and María Navarro-Granados. "The rural exodus of young people from empty Spain. Socio-educational aspects." Journal of Rural Studies 82 (February 2021): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.014.

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24

Chase, Jacquelyn. "Exodus Revisited: The Politics and Experience of Rural Loss in Central Brazil." Sociologia Ruralis 39, no. 2 (April 1999): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00100.

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25

Bernardo, Luciana Virginia Mario, and Maycon Jorge Ulisses Saraiva Farinha. "Continuity of rural family properties by generation transfer." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 14, Supl. 1 (December 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2021v14supl.1.e8053.

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Discussions concerning rural family succession have occurred more frequently due to different factors such as rural exodus, an aging rural population and loss of existing knowledge in a farm when there is none. We propose to analyze publications on succession in rural properties, highlighting its relationship with rural development. For this, the proposal of Fink (2010) was used as a framework for the systematic review of peer-reviewed journals. One can identify that succession in rural space is a complex action that occurs in different ways, and is influenced by individual issues. Moreover, in many cases, the current manager finds it difficult to understand the need to reduce and subsequently stop his/her work activities so that the successor can continue the management of the property. Moreover, succession planning is necessary in order to achieve a greater success in this process. Succession contributes to the continuity of traditional activities in the rural space, that is, food production.

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26

Deschacht, Nick, and Anne Winter. "Rural crisis and rural exodus? Local migration dynamics during the crisis of the 1840s in Flanders (Belgium)." Explorations in Economic History 56 (April 2015): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2014.11.001.

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27

Lehner, Márcio Luís, and Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento. "Tsow hope, reap progress: young people strengthening the rural." Concilium 24, no. 8 (May 1, 2024): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3331-24h40.

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This study aims to analyze the perspectives and opportunities for rural young people to remain in their communities. The approach consists of carrying out a systematic review of Brazilian scientific literature to offer an overview of recent national research on rural youth. A search was carried out on the Capes Periodicals Portal, from 2019 to 2023, resulting in 23 articles, which were categorized into three main groups. The study categorized 23 articles into three main groups. The first, with ten studies, explored perspectives and permanence of rural young people, addressing motivations for staying or leaving, participation in social movements and female exodus. The second category, with seven studies, focused on formal education, including agricultural technological teaching and Alternation Pedagogy. The third category, with six studies, addressed opportunities such as courses, training, employment, income and rural microcredit. A double movement stands out in the rural world, with young people remaining or migrating to urban centers, highlighting the need for public policies that meet the demands of rural youth.

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28

Xin, Li, and Fei Liu. "Modeling Urban Exodus Dynamics Considering Settlers Adaptation Time and Local Authority Support." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (December 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9954702.

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While there has been much work analyzing the effects of urban exodus on rural areas' development, particularly in improving these localities' access to better services and decent quality of life, models to date lacked important features such as adaptation time effect on ongoing agricultural projects of new settlers reflecting real difficulties related to individuals abilities. In this article, we show that newcomers individual abilities, educational backgrounds, motivation, and so forth are crucial to promote the development of rural areas and facilitate the relocation or return of a certain group of people in their region of interest. Using a systemic approach, we present a model of urban exodus based on constant delay differential equations considering the local authority and population support and the time needed before the successful settlement of newcomers in the region. Furthermore, we estimate that adaptation time was responsible both for successful settlement increase and failure decrease. To reflect this, we incorporate delay terms in both the successful settlement and failure differential equations. We performed a qualitative analysis of the proposed system and show in numerical simulation that newcomers should be selected in function of their skills and experiences to accelerate their successful settlement, achieve overall socioeconomic development and improve the quality of life and well-being of the inhabitants.

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29

Cheng (鄭藝超), Christopher. "Looking Beyond Ruins." Journal of Chinese Overseas 15, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 234–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341403.

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Abstract Many qiaoxiang in southern Fujian and Guangdong appear derelict, but documenting the material heritage and interviewing people about its social significance reveals another image. The homeland of Overseas Chinese was not only found to be significant for the diaspora but serves as an enduring reminder of a grassroots-based modernity in rural China. The qiaoxiang effectively became a transnational legacy of migration from southern China that has undergone the following stages of transformation: exodus-led emergence of a remittance landscape, sudden abandonment, and sometimes revival. Today, it has become a “repository” or “living museum” where tourists and scholars alike can visit and ponder how humans adapted to post-rural life.

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30

Wang, Chenxi. "The Dilemma of Socialization of Children Left Behind in Rural Areas of Ethnic Minority Areas and its Solution." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 9, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/9/20230352.

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Due to our rapid socio-economic development, this wave has ushered in a massive exodus of surplus rural labor to work. It has contributed significantly to China's social and economic development. However, due to problems such as China's historical dualistic urban-rural institutional structure, migrant workers who go out to work wander between urban and rural areas. Leaving their children behind in the countryside has created a social problem in the form of children left behind. To a large extent, children left behind in rural areas are prone to socialization difficulties such as psychological isolation and anxiety, quality of thought, and poor academic performance. This paper is based on six ethnic minority counties in Guizhou and investigates the problems of left-behind children in rural areas, interviewing them carefully. Based on the situation of rural left-behind children, this research analyzes their socialization problems, from learning to making suggestions to solve their growth problems, hoping to provide countermeasures to solve the growth problems of rural left-behind children in the best way.

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31

Paula, José Fabiano de, and Leonidas Roberto Taschetto. "O GLOBAL E O LOCAL NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE: Percepções do fenômeno do êxodo rural no Extremo Oeste Catarinense." Cadernos de Pesquisa 26, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v26n1p189-205.

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Este artigo analisa a influência do Global no Local em relação ao fenômeno do êxodo rural, tomando como referência a macrorregião do Extremo Oeste Catarinense-SC, Brasil. A pesquisa é qualitativa com delineamento bibliográfico, de tipo estudo de caso, com utilização de anotações de caderneta de campo, entrevistas estruturadas e focalizadas. O aporte teórico se fundamenta em Santos (1992, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2012). A globalização, como modelo hegemônico, interfere no Lugar, assim como o Local pode influenciar o Global. No embate dessas forças que poderiam ser complementares emerge o antagonismo entre Campo e Cidade. As comunidades rurais do recorte espacial estabelecido, representados especialmente por uma parcela de pais e filhos, reforça a ideia de superioridade do Global sob o Local nessa região, utilizando-se, para isso, de fatores econômicos e socioculturais conscientes ou inconscientemente, entre esses sujeitos, inclusive, na área da educação.THE GLOBAL AND THE SITE IN CONTEMPORANEITY: perceptions of the phenomenon of the rural exodus in the Extreme West CatarinenseAbstract: This article analyzes the influence of Global on the Local in relation to the phenomenon of the rural exodus, taking as examples the macroregion of the Far West Catarinense-SC, Brazil. The research is qualitative with a bibliographical design, of a case study type, with the use of field book annotations, structured and focused interviews. The theoretical contribution is based on Santos (1992, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2012). Globalization, as a hegemonic model, interferes in the Place, just as the Local can influence the Global. In the clash of these forces that could be complementary, the antagonism between Campo and Cidade arises. The rural communities of the established spatial clipping, represented especially by a portion of parents and children, reinforce the idea of superiority of the Global under the Place in this region, using, for this, of economic and sociocultural factors, consciously or unconsciously, among these subjects , including in the area of education.Keywords: Place. World. Space. Exodus of the Field. Extreme West Catarinense.EL GLOBAL Y EL LOCAL EN LA CONTEMPORANEIDAD: percepciones del fenómeno del éxodo rural en el Extremo Oeste CatarinenseResumen: Este artículo analiza la influencia del Global en el lugar en relación al fenómeno del éxodo rural, tomando como referencia la macrorregión del Extremo Oeste Catarinense-SC, Brasil. La investigación es cualitativa con delineamiento bibliográfico, de tipo estudio de caso, con utilización de anotaciones de cuaderno de campo, entrevistas estructuradas y focalizadas. El aporte teórico se fundamenta en Santos (1992, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2012). La globalización, como modelo hegemónico, interfiere en el lugar, así como el local puede influir en el Global. En el embate de esas fuerzas que podrían ser complementarias emerge el antagonismo entre Campo y Ciudad. Las comunidades rurales del recorte espacial establecido, representadas especialmente por una parcela de padres e hijos, refuerza la idea de superioridad del Global bajo el local en esa región, utilizando, para ello, de factores económicos y socioculturales conscientes o inconscientemente, entre esos sujetos incluso en el ámbito de la educación.Palabras clave: Local. Global. Espacio. Éxodo Rural. Extremo Oeste Catarinense.

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32

Battino, Silvia, Salvatore Lampreu, and Ainhoa Amaro García. "La valorización turística de las áreas rurales y el papel del Atlas de los Caminos de Italia." PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 20, no. 3 (2022): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2022.20.046.

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The rural areas in Italy are made up of small municipalities that despite being extensive in area are sparsely populated. These marginal areas are affected by problems such as rural exodus, loss of tradi‑ tions, abandonment of the territory, etc. Despite this, in these small centers there is a rich cultural and environmental heritage that can be exploited to create new socio‑economic opportunities through tourism. Among the main tools used to achieve these goals are cultural itineraries. This article aims at analysing the potential of routes for the sustainable development of rural areas through the Digital Atlas of the paths of Italy. The methodology is based on the theory of the original Italian government programme and an in‑depth analysis of the Santa Barbara route, in Sardinia. This work confirms that itineraries are useful for rural areas development, if there are unified rules and if the ICTs are implemented.

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33

Knieć, Wojciech, Tomasz Marcysiak, and Elwira Piszczek. "Polish Rural Non-Governmental Organizations During the Covid-19 Pandemic." European Countryside 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2023-0017.

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Abstract This article describes the extent and nature of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activities of communitybased organisations in rural Poland. The analytical foundation of the study is the research carried out in 2021 on a sample of three hundred and thirty-three rural NGOs. The negative and positive impact of the pandemic on the activities of these organisations were noted. Negative phenomena include a significant slowing down of existing tasks, abandonment of the completion of projects, an exodus of volunteers and active members. The bottom-up organised activity of the rural third sector during the pandemic also brought about noticeable positive phenomena: a widening of the activity field of organisations by new dimensions, an expansion of the cooperation network of rural organisations, and a significant increase in the appreciation of civic activity as a result of the speed and flexibility of self-help activities.

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Friis, Erik J. "Book Review: Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of 19th Century Rural Communities." International Migration Review 23, no. 3 (September 1989): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300334.

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Gaggio, Dario. "Before the Exodus: The Landscape of Social Struggle in Rural Tuscany, 1944–1960." Journal of Modern History 83, no. 2 (June 2011): 319–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659062.

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Smith, T. B. "Assistance and Repression: Rural Exodus, Vagabondage and Social Crisis in France, 1880-1914." Journal of Social History 32, no. 4 (June 1, 1999): 821–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/32.4.821.

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Martinez-Puche, Antonio, Salvador Martínez Puche, Francisco Javier García Delgado, and Xavier Amat Montesinos. "The representation of the rural exodus in Spanish cinema (1900-2020): evolution, causes and territorial consequences." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 77 (January 26, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo.19337.

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Rural depopulation has been a constant feature of contemporary Spanish history and has been amply studied from the perspective of geography. Recently, however, there has been considerable media attention given to the consequences of internal migration. Behind the alarming demographic statistics lies a nexus of processes which have been reflected in the cinema since its beginning. This paper explores these processes at work in the rural sending environment and receiving urban destination through an analysis of six representative Spanish films. The fictional representation through film of a complex reality provides insights into the internal and contextual keys to understanding the phenomenon of ‘empty Spain’ or ‘hollowed-out Spain’. The films illustrate the persistence of two conflicting ideas (the rural and urban), divergence about what constitutes development and the quality of life, and the processes leading to ‘demotanasia’.

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Linares, Olga F. "Going to the City … and Coming Back? Turnaround Migration Among the Jola of Senegal." Africa 73, no. 1 (February 2003): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.1.113.

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AbstractThe Jola of Lower Casamance in southern Senegal are involved in ‘turnaround’ (or circular), rural to urban migration. Using data from three Jola communities located in different geographical and cultural sub-regions, this article compares the dynamics of migration among the villages and explores variations along gender and generational lines. Special emphasis is placed on the number of young unmarried girls and boys who return to the village during the rainy season to help their parents with agricultural work. It has been argued that the movement of people from the countryside to the city has had a negative effect on local food production. ‘Turnaround migration’ mitigates to some extent the impact of the rural exodus on rural communities. It has important implications of its own for the future of agriculture in the various Jola sub-regions.

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Crognier, E. "Consanguinity and social change: an isonymic study of a French Peasant Population, 1870–1979." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 3 (July 1985): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015753.

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SummaryThe evolution of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymic method is studied in a rural canton of mid-France, using data divided into 10-year intervals of 6277 marriages recorded in the civil registers between 1870 and 1979. The results show a strong diminution of the values of F from 1930 onwards, probably related to the drop in population due to exodus from rural areas. The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient observed in three large occupational groups (farmers, craftsmen and labourers) shows that after 1930 it was only the farmers who maintained the low positive values of F. The coefficient of genetic relationships by isonymy (Ri) calculated among the principal occupational groups shows their community of origin, which is still perceptible today.

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Perz, Stephen G. "The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization and Reform in Brazil." International Migration Review 34, no. 3 (2000): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675947.

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Perz, Stephen G. "The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization and Reform in Brazil." International Migration Review 34, no. 3 (September 2000): 842–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400308.

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Sorlin, Pierre. "‘Stop the rural exodus’: images of the country in French films of the 1950s." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 18, no. 2 (June 1998): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439689800260121.

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Beltrán Tapia, Francisco J., and Julio Martinez-Galarraga. "Inequality and Growth in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Regional Data (Spain, 1860–1930)." Social Science History 44, no. 1 (2020): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.44.

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ABSTRACTThis article measures inequality at the provincial level in Spain for different benchmark years between 1860 and 1930. It then empirically assesses the relationship between economic growth and inequality. The results confirm that, although growing incomes did not directly contribute to reducing inequality, at least during the early stages of modern economic growth, other processes associated with economic growth such as the rural exodus to urban and industrial centers, the demographic transition, and the spread of literacy, among others, notably improved the situation of the bottom part of the population.

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Calas, Bernard. "La violence et ses conséquences urbaines à Kampala." Politique africaine 42, no. 1 (1991): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1991.5472.

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Urban consequences of uganda violence. Between 1966 and 1986, increasing tummoils and civil wars spoilt Uganda. Urban consequences of these events have been very wide. Insecurity stopped rural exodus, prunned up urban elites and broke down its economic basis. Thus all urban residents werre forced to be involved in survival strategies built upon corruption, illegality, «laisser-faire» and security reflexes. More than fightings, these strategies speeded the physical decay of Kampala. Since 1986, NRM tries to impulse a new urban way of life as opposed to the past trends.

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Navarro-Valverde, Francisco, Eugenio Cejudo-García, and José Antonio Cañete Pérez. "The Lack of Attention Given by Neoendogenous Rural Development Practice to Areas Highly Affected by Depopulation. The Case of Andalusia (Spain) in 2015–2020 Period." European Countryside 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0022.

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Abstract How are the problems of depopulation being faced by the Local Action Groups (LAGs) and the LEADER approach? What kinds of proposals are being pointed out to tackle young people’s exodus, the economic depression, the physical and virtual distances, and the marginality from the political and economic centers by these local public-private partnerships to the areas having the more worrying situations? Andalusia, a southern region of Spain, has many municipalities with these severe devepopulation problems. According to this aim, the Local Development Strategies documents (LDSs) of the LAGs for 2015–2020, have been reviewed. The predominance of the top-down approach has limited the attention given to face the rural depopulation. It is relevant to note, as well, the reduced presence of specific objectives and projects to combat depopulation in these deep rural areas. The last finding is that these municipalities with extreme depopulation have been left aside; as no solution placed. Definitely, as empty areas to promote rural development. Depopulation concept and depopulation areas have been forgotten for neoendogenous rural development practices.

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Bernasconi, Edoardo L. G. "Learning from the douar. Michel Écochard and the modern invention of the semi-rural Moroccan habitat." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196304002.

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At the end of WWII, after roughly thirty years of French colonialism, Morocco was facing a tremendous economic boom, but also an alarming rural exodus to the industrial cities on the coast which, in turn, had to deal with overpopulation and the phenomenon of the bidonvilles. At first, the article retraces the studies on traditional Moroccan urban, semi-rural, and rural settlements, carried out by Michel Écochard at the Service de l’Urbanisme from 1957 to 1951. Learning from local dwelling customs, the Service conceived a modern urban block model aimed at bringing wholesomeness to urban bidonvilles, as well as modernity in the countryside to stem the migrations. The essay then analyses the Service’s typological studies on the courtyard housing unit, the basic cell of the urban fabric, and compares this with analogous coeval designs, influenced by Écochard’s ideas, realized both in Morocco and worldwide. The final goal is to form a genealogy of architectural designs that, reinterpreting from time to time the courtyard house, can show the existence of a direct relationship between rural landscape, dwelling modes, and modern architecture.

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Mhadhbi, Fatma, and Claude Napoléone. "Does Agricultural Intensification Enhance Rural Wellbeing? A Structural Model Assessment at the Sub-Communal Level: A Case Study in Tunisia." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 16054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316054.

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We examined the impact of agricultural intensification on the wellbeing of rural communities in a developing country on a sub-communal scale. To measure the interactions within this complex causal relationship, a statistical approach was applied, using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) in its formative structure. Using PLS-PM to simultaneously relate the measured variables (manifest variables) and conceptual variables (latent variables), while incorporating other variables, such as the bioclimate and demography, we characterized the spatial structure of the links between intensive agriculture and wellbeing. The aim was to facilitate government intervention aiming to improve the wellbeing of rural households, while avoiding cumbersome and costly surveys when the scope of public action is extended to a region or a country. Our findings show that the generalization of the productivist system is not always appropriate in developing countries. In our case study, employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors is insufficient to accommodate the rural exodus. In such situations, agricultural intensification leads to poverty and migration to the areas of production and increases disparities in social wellbeing in rural areas.

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Almeida, Maria Antónia. "The use of rural areas in Portugal: Historical perspective and the new trends." Revista Galega de Economía 29, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.2.6750.

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The Portuguese landscape and its rural areas are the result of thousands of years of human presence, particularly since the late nineteenth century, when protectionist public policies were put in place to promote food self-sufficiency. During the Estado Novo regime, four main agricultural policies were enforced: wheat campaigns, internal colonization, agricultural hydraulic systems and reforestation. Nevertheless, there was a massive rural exodus, starting mainly in the 1960s, which resulted in the depopulation of 80 per cent of the territory. Nowadays, less than 20 per cent of the Portuguese population inhabits interior regions. This demographic change presents huge socio-economic challenges. Recently there have been new trends, based on land concentration and super intensive monoculture, which are incompatible with central and local governments’ policies and strategies to reverse depopulation. The sustainability of Portugal’s rural world, its landscape and the quality of life of its population are at risk. Four items were identified in this article: eucalyptus and pine forests, olive plantations, greenhouses and mining.

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Ragadics, Tamás. "Long-term Family Support." Family Forum 13 (January 27, 2024): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ff/5303.

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East Central European rural areas face diverse challenges of social transformation: rural exodus, ageing, poverty and segregation take effect on countryside as parallel phenomena. Problems are connected with the transformation of agriculture, with the lack of services and the negative trends of migration. In spite of several supportive governmental and EU-projects, lower level of rural life standard and deepening social gaps are existing and deepening problems in post- socialist countries. ”Emerging Settlements” Programme is a new, long-term social programme of Hungarian government targeting the support of families and help children „from conception to labour market”. This unique project is implemented by church-based organizations in the most underdeveloped 300 Hungarian settlements. This paper aims to describe the main elements of proceeding programme on the base of project documentation and interviews with co-working social experts. Based on local experiments we highlight some critical viewpoints for developing supporting interventions, displaying the meaning of social participation of church organizations.

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Lüpke, Friederike. "At the Margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses." African Research & Documentation 109 (2009): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016472.

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According to estimates, Africa hosts about 2,000 of the approximately 6,000 languages of the world. This number makes the continent one of the hotspots of linguistic diversity. Essential description (i.e. grammars, dictionaries) and documentation (i.e. audio and video speech data and their annotations) is not even available for some of the largest among them. The overwhelming majority of African languages, irrespective of their endangerment status, have received only very little or no linguistic attention to date, despite the fact that many of them are spoken by millions as a first or second language. In addition, a large number of African languages are spoken by small-scale rural communities and can be classified as endangered on diverse grounds, ranging from displacement due to wars or climate change to rural exodus for socioeconomic reasons.

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