Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural journalism'

La relación entre el periodismo y turismo es compleja e interesante. Siendo el Perú un país turístico por naturaleza (ya que muchas culturas florecieron en el país dejando demasiados vestigios importantes) resulta necesario analizar el trato periodístico hacia esta actividad económica: cómo se plasma una ciudad o localidad nacional, bajo qué criterios o con qué profundidad y criticidad se intenta retratarla. Se parte de esta premisa para analizar el programa televisivo “Reportaje al Perú”, el cual cuenta con más de 18 años de vigencia en la pantalla chica peruana. Ante ello, resulta pertinente analizar el discurso de dicho producto televisivo, ya sea tanto por la representación que realiza de la ciudadanía así como del trato que realiza hacia las distintas localidades visitadas y de sus respectivos imaginarios. También se toma de partida los distintos tipos de periodismo en el campo del turismo: periodismo de viajes y turístico. Existen dos maneras claras de trato periodístico sobre la actividad económica, por lo que resulta necesario definir en cuál categoría se encuentra el programa conducido por Manolo Del Castillo. Asimismo, bajo los conceptos de nueva ruralidad, naturaleza, cultura y representación, se busca dar una clara perspectiva de cómo realiza el trato periodístico este programa bandera del turismo en la televisión nacional.
The relationship between journalism and tourism is complex and interesting. Peru being a tourist country by nature (since many cultures flourished in the country leaving too many important vestiges) it is necessary to analyze the journalistic treatment towards this economic activity: how a city or national locality is shaped, under what criteria or with what depth and criticality it is tried to portray it. This premise is used to analyze the television program "Reportaje al Perú" (Report to Peru), which has been on the Peruvian small screen for more than 18 years. In view of this, it is pertinent to analyze the discourse of this television product, either because of the representation it makes of the citizenry as well as the treatment it makes towards the different localities visited and their respective imaginaries. It also takes as a starting point the different types of journalism in the field of tourism: travel journalism and tourism. There are two clear ways of journalistic treatment on economic activity, so it is necessary to define in which category is the program conducted by Manolo Del Castillo. Also, under the concepts of new rurality, nature, culture and representation, it seeks to give a clear perspective of how the journalistic treatment makes this flagship program of tourism on national television.
Tesis

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
131 p.
This thesis explores how six commercial local newspapers based in the towns of Swellendam, Bredasdorp, Caledon and Gansbaai are reporting on gender and HIV/AIDS in ways that may help to shift specific attitudes as well as to generate appropriate community responses. The overall aim of the study is to advance theories around the location of commercial news media in the development context. It also aims to inform and empower development workers and activists on the opportunities or pitfalls in engaging with rural local media to advance their development goals. In most prior studies into the nature of gender or HIV/AIDS reporting in the media in South Africa, the focus has been exclusively on mainstream corporate and/or urbanbased media titles and very little investigation has been done into the performance of small ruralbased media. The study employs two methods of data collection namely, a quantitative content analysis of newspapers and structured interviews with the editors of the papers, and a sample group of government employees and community activists in the respective towns. The structured interviews provide a qualitative dimension to the content analysis, bearing in mind the dangers of quantifying media content and making isolated judgements on the actual context of journalistic practice. Through the interviews, the researcher has been able to explore the extent to which the perceptions of the media editors visavis a public interest role with respect to gender and HIV/AIDS actually differs from the quantitative evidence of their performance and the perceptions of key informants in their communities. The findings of the study suggest that local rural media hold out great hope with respect to the advancement of development communication goals through commercial media platforms. The editors in the four towns have established organic connections with their community, albeit tenuous, but which extend into the ranks of development workers in their towns. The data from the content analysis suggests that women enjoy high visibility in the pages of their local papers, and they are most likely to be portrayed as positive achievers than as women encountering violence. The tenuous nature of the connections between editor and community are most starkly evident around the issue of HIV/AIDS, with coverage of this being very low despite much work being undertaken in the community to deal with the pandemic. With respect to the issue of gender, there was demonstrable evidence from actual examples of content, that showed on the one hand the capacity to motivate for change in women's lives, but also on the other hand a danger of reinforcing attitudes that compound women's oppression. The study offers recommendations to a range of roleplayers to ensure, firstly, the continued survival of local rural newspapers, and also support in building capacity to see these papers mature into journalism products that are integrative and transformative.
Ford Foundation and the Media Development and Diversity Agency

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The print media, especially newspapers, play an important role in providing information in any society. In the rural communities of South Africa, information available to the people is scanty. Growth of a newspaper is necessary if a newspaper is to fulfil its duties. The Zoutpansberger and Mirror are two of the few local newspapers that circulate in the Far North Region of the Northern Province. The Zoutpansberger, which started in 1985, has experienced negative growth in the various departments of the newspaper, while the Mirror, which started in September 1990, has experienced slow growth. Several factors have been responsible for this. Therefore, there was a need to examine and compare the factors that have affected the growth/development of the newspapers over ten years. The aims and objectives of the study are to examine and compare the factors that affect the growth and development of the Zoutpansberger and Mirror, give suggestions to facilitate future growth and the best ways of utilising the available resources. A literature survey was carried out to get the perspectives of other researchers. Data was collected after conducting personal interviews, using the interview schedule. It was analysed and interpreted with the use of graphs and charts. The findings reveal that economic, social, cultural and geographical factors affect the growth of the newspaper. A few recommendations have been given to highlight ways in which the paper can make full use of the available resources.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die drukmedia, in die besonder koerante, speel 'n belangrike rol in die oordrag van inligting in enige samelewing. In die plattelandse gemeenskappe van Suid-Afrika is die beskikbare inligting karig. Vir 'n koerant om sy pligte na te kom, is dit nodig dat die koerant groei. Die Zoutpansberger en Mirror is twee van die plaaslike koerante in die Verre Noorde-streek van die Noordelike Provinsie. Die Zoutpansberger, gestig in 1985, het negatiewe groei In verskeie afdelings ondervind, terwyl die Mirror, gestig in September 1990, stadige groei ondervind het. Verskeie faktore is hiervoor verantwoordelik. Daar was daarom 'n behoefte om die faktore te ondersoek wat die groei van die koerante oor 'n tydperk van tien jaar beïnvloed het. Die doel van die studie is om die faktore wat die groei en ontwikkeling van die Zoutpansberger en die Mirror geraak het, te ondersoek en te vergelyk en om voorstelle te gee wat toekomstige groei en optimale benutting van beskikbare bronne kan bewerkstellig. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen om die perspektiewe van ander navorsers te betrek. Data is ingesamel nadat persoonlike onderhoude gedoen is met behulp van die onderhoudskedule. Dit is geanaliseer en geïnterpreteer met behulp van grafika en kaarte. Die bevindinge bring aan die lig dat ekonomiese, maatskaplike, kulturele en geografiese faktore die groei van die koerant beïnvloed. Enkele voorstelle is gemaak om moontlike maniere te belig waarop die koerant die beskikbare bronne ten volle kan benut.

Conjointement à une carrière de poète puis de romancier, l'écrivain-paysan bourbonnais Émile Guillaumin commence dès 1898 une carrière de journaliste qui prendra de plus en plus d'importance dès 1908 et surtout après la première guerre mondiale lorsqu'il abandonne le genre romanesque. Il cherche alors à informer et « élever », selon ses propres mots, la classe paysanne. Cette élévation prend une forme originale : il s'agit d'initier au « vrai par le bien ». La formation morale est en effet selon lui indispensable pour hisser la classe paysanne au niveau de la nouvelle classe moyenne urbaine (fonctionnaires, artisans). C'est que les paysans sont les grands oubliés de l'idéal républicain d'égalité, à l'écart des lois sociales, dans leurs campagnes reculées, loin du progrès, du confort apportés par les grandes découvertes du début du siècle ; Guillaumin cherche donc à éveiller grâce à ses articles de presse une conscience paysanne afin d'affirmer la nécessité d'améliorer les conditions de vie à la campagne. L’échec amer de l'action syndicale, l'exode rural, compris à l'inverse des politiques et des divers observateurs, le maintien de l'illettrisme dans les campagnes, les conséquences douloureuses de la première guerre mondiale qui provoquent une défiance massive vis-à-vis des cultivateurs, vont tenir Guillaumin dans l'idée qu'il faut poursuivre l'éveil des consciences rurales. Pour vaincre les préjugés selon lesquels les paysans sont ignares, rustres et inférieurs, il faut leur imposer de se former personnellement, de se « redresser » ; il faut également dénoncer et retourner les préjugés courants dont sont victimes les travailleurs de la terre
While having a carrier in poetry and novels, the bourbonnais countryman-writer Émile Guillaumin begins in 1898 a journalist carrier which will be more and more important from 1908 and above all after the First World war and his giving-up novels. He then wants to inform people and “elevate”, as he says, the countrymen class. This elevation has a peculiar concept: introduce people to « the true from the good ». A moral education is indeed according to him essential in order to make the countrymen class stand with the new urban middleclass (civil servants, artisans). Indeed, countrymen have been outcast from the republican ideal of equality, far from the social laws, in their isolated countryside, far from the progress, the comfort brought by the industrial improvements made at the begining of the century; that’s why Guillaumin aims at awaking thanks of his press articles, a rural consciousness in order to affirm the need of improving the life standards in the countryside. The bitter failure of union action, the rural flight, understood unlike the politicians and the different experts, the illiteracy keeping on in the countryside, the painful consequences of the First World war provoking a massive mistrust against farmers, will lead Guillaumin to the idea of a need to keep on awaking the rural consciousness. In order to overcome the prejudice of ignorant, rude and inferior farmers, they have to be educated themselves, to “stand up”; it is also necessary to show up and turn off the common against the countrymen

Este trabalho tem como temática central os discursos jornalísticos sobre patentes de biotecnologias, com especial atenção à questão do monopólio de sementes. Considerando o jornalismo como modo de conhecimento e campo discursivo, o objetivo é compreender como a revista Globo Rural produz sentidos e problematiza a questão das patentes de sementes. O estudo também discute as concepções de sociedade e natureza implicadas nos discursos analisados. O olhar empreendido na investigação parte dos saberes propostos pelo Jornalismo Ambiental, o qual – mais que informar – tem caráter educativo e contribui para o empoderamento dos sujeitos. O trabalho é operacionalizado através de noções provenientes da Análise do Discurso de matriz francesa. O referencial teórico-metodológico permite observar as Formações Discursivas (FDs) presentes nos textos, as quais são delineadas a partir da literatura empreendida sobre ambiente, ciência e tecnologia. Na esteira da busca pelos sentidos possíveis presentes em Globo Rural, o estudo averigua se há memória discursiva que irrompe dos discursos sobre patentes de sementes. A pesquisa indica a presença de duas FDs: a Tecnocrática e a Ecológica. A primeira é predominante e se relaciona com saberes que mobilizam a ciência, o mercado e a modernidade. Também na FD Tecnocrática, percebe-se uma memória que remete à Revolução Verde e à instauração do capitalismo na agricultura. A maioria dos textos revela uma concepção de natureza apartada da humanidade, na qual a primeira está a serviço da outra, pois é inferior e deve ser melhorada. A pesquisa indica que o jornalismo praticado legitima uma única forma de ver e sentir o mundo, carecendo de pluralidade. O Jornalismo Ambiental é então uma alternativa necessária, pois atua em consonância com os saberes que respeitam a diversidade biológica e cultural do planeta.
This paper has as central theme the journalistic discourses on patents for biotechnology, with special attention to the issue of seeding monopoly. Considering journalism as a way of knowledge and discursive field, the goal is to understand how the Globo Rural magazine produces senses and discusses the issue of seeding patents. The study also discusses the conceptions of society and nature involved in the analyzed discourses. The look undertaken in the study of the knowledge proposed by the Environmental Journalism, which - more than inform - has educational character and contributes to the empowerment of individuals. The work is operationalized through notions from the French headquarters of Discourse Analysis. The theoretical and methodological framework allows us to observe the Discursive Formations (FDs) present in the texts , which are outlined taken from the literature on environment, science and technology. In the wake of the search for possible meanings present in Globo Rural, the study must consider whether there discursive memory that outbreaks the discourses on seeding patents. Research indicates the presence of two FDs: The Technocratic and the Ecological. The first is predominant and relates to knowledge that mobilize science, the market and modernity. Also in FD Technocratic, we can see a memory that goes back to the Green Revolution and the establishment of capitalism in agriculture. Most of the texts reveals a conception of nature apart from humanity, in which the first is at the service of the second, because is inferior and must be improved. Research indicates that journalism practiced legitimizes a unique way of seeing and feeling the world, lacking plurality. The Environmental Journalism then it is a necessary alternative because it acts in line with the knowledge that respect the biological and cultural diversity of the planet.

In Malawi, as in many newly-democratic countries in the developing world, donor organisations and NGOs have embarked on projects aimed at making reforms in governance which have generated a profusion of new spaces for citizen engagement. This thesis critically examines one such project in Malawi against the backdrop of a democratic nation emerging from a background of dictatorial regime. For thirty years, until 1994, Malawi was under the one-party regime of Kamuzu Banda which was characterised by dictatorial tendencies, in which participatory processes were non-existent and development was defined in terms of client-patronage relationships between the state and society (Cammack, 2004: 17). In 1994, however, Malawi embraced a multiparty system of government, paving way to various political and social reforms, which adopted participatory approaches to development. Drawing on a number of literatures, this thesis seeks to historicize the relationship which developed during the pre democracy era between the state and society in Malawi to underscore its influence on the current dispositions displayed by both bureaucrats and citizens as they engage in participatory decision making processes. This is achieved through a critical realist case study of a participatory radio project in Malawi called Ndizathuzomwe which works through a network of community-based radio production structures popularly known as ‘Radio Listening Clubs’(RLCs) where communities are mobilised at village level to first identify and define development problems through consensus and then secondly engage state bureaucrats, politicians, and members of other relevant service delivery organisations in making decisions aimed at resolving community-identified development problems (Chijere-Chirwa et al, 2000). Unlike during the pre-democracy era, there is now a shift in the discourse of participation in development, from the participation of ‘beneficiaries’ in projects, to the more political and rights-based definitions of participation by citizens who are the ‘makers and shapers’ of their own development (Cornwall and Gaventa, 2000). The findings of this thesis, however point to the fact that, there remains a gap between normative expectations and empirical realities in that spaces for participation are not neutral, but are themselves shaped by power relations (Cornwall, 2002). A number of preconditions exist for entry into participatory institutions as such entry of certain interests and actors into public spaces is privileged over others through a prevailing mobilisation of bias or rules of the game (Lukes, 1974: I)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation analyzes and interprets the image of the Brazilian rural middle propagated by the media, in specific the Veja Magazine, printed Brazilian mass media. The analyze unit choused was the information weekly magazine that have the most public in Brazil, the Veja Magazine, studied through years of 2004 to 2005. This option have relation with the proposes of this work, that are to verify the Brazilian rural image showed to an heterogenic public but not necessary linked with the rural middle. The study wants to show the important role of the mass communications media that deals with the journalistic information in a task of mediate the reality conceptions. This study agrees with the researches that show us that the mass communications media are a tool able to exercise some influence in the messages ideas from the receivers. This analyze used the idea of symbolic power and its relationship with the language and its interactions mediate like elements that explain the news production process in a hypothetical of settings scheduling and news framings. This research, begins with the idea that the rural can be better understood in the nowadays, by the light of the concept of multifunction in the agricultural activity. So, the intention was to identify the main subjects that have relationship to the rural middle in the journal messages, but mainly the way how it is categorized, caricatured or appreciated. To it, a search have done to try to find ways to justificate and to base the journalistic messages that help to show a kind of rural representation. The reflection explore better objectived elements, like the analyze of the selection and the placement of the messages in the news, and valorized elements in the content of the message itself, like the photography ones and the font function in the text. The data in this study shows the mass media like a tool of sense mediation and power socially legitimate, able to inform and form its frames produced about the rural middle.
Esta dissertação analisa e interpreta a imagem do meio rural brasileiro veiculado pela mídia, especificamente, a revista Veja, mídia noticiosa impressa. A unidade de análise escolhida foi a revista semanal de informação de maior circulação nacional, a Revista Veja, pesquisada ao longo dos anos 2004 e 2005. Esta opção condiz com os propósitos deste trabalho, de verificar a imagem do rural mostrada a um público heterogêneo e não necessariamente vinculado ao meio rural. A pesquisa tem como pressuposto o importante papel dos meios de comunicação de massa que lidam com a informação jornalística na tarefa de mediar as concepções de realidade. Este estudo situa-se na perspectiva das pesquisas que consideram os meios de comunicação de massa como instrumentos capazes de exercer algum efeito sobre as concepções dos receptores das mensagens. Para a análise tomou-se como base o conceito de poder simbólico em sua relação com a linguagem e as interações mediadas como elementos que explicam o processo de produção de notícias dentro da hipótese do agenda setting e do enquadramento das notícias. Nesta pesquisa, partiu-se da idéia de que o rural poder ser melhor entendido hoje, à luz do conceito de multifuncionalidade da atividade agrícola. Buscou-se, assim, identificar os principais temas relativos ao meio rural nas mensagens jornalísticas, mas principalmente o modo como ele é categorizado, caricaturado ou valorado. Para isso, recorreu- se à procura de artifícios de justificação e fundamentação da mensagem jornalística que ajudam a revelar um tipo de representação do rural. A reflexão explora elementos de caráter mais objetivo, como a análise da seleção e disposição das mensagens no noticiário, além, de elementos valorativos presentes no conteúdo da própria mensagem, como as fotográficas e função das fontes no texto. Os dados depreendidos deste estudo mostram a mídia como um instrumento de mediação de sentido e poder socialmente legitimado, capaz informar e formar a partir dos enquadramentos que produz sobre o meio rural.

The research addresses how an understanding of the fundamentals of economics will better inform general journalists who report on issues or events affecting rural and regional Australia. The research draws on practice-based experience of the author, formal economics studies, interviews with news editors from Australian television news organisations, and interviews from leading economists. A guidebook has also been written to help journalists apply economic theories to their reporting. The guidebook enables reporters to think strategically and consider the 'big picture' when they inform society about policies, commodity trade, the environment, or any issues involving rural and regional Australia.

This study examines how the Swedish local newspaper Skånska Dagbladet portrays therural places of Sweden. The purpose is to see how the Swedish countryside is portrayedby a rural newspaper, as opposed to an urban newspaper. The study is based on thepaper Landsbygd i medieskugga (Rural areas in the Shadow of the Media)It is a quantitative study that both examine the differences in coverage between theurban municipalities and the rural municipalities, but also examines differences in thecountryside between the main village and the more rural areas. 18 papers from 3different weeks spread out over the year were examined. Every text on news placeconcerning the 17 municipalities that Skånska Dagbladet covers were counted andsorted. Then 4 municipalities; Eslöv, Hörby, Sjöbo and Ystad, were selected as ruralmunicipalities and further examined.The study finds that there are few differences in topic between city and countryside.Crime and accidents are the greatest subject in both places. Second biggest topic isamusement. The countryside municipalities have one news text more per day. There is abalance between reporting possibilities and reporting problems. The characters thatappear the most in the articles are people in a position of power. However, the ordinarycitizen is more likely to be the main character in a text.It is suggested that more studies are needed on what it is that determines if a journalistleaves the newsroom to write a news story. Studies of the patterns of the allocation ofnews subjects are also needed.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major social and public health issue in the United States, particularly in rural locations. However, little is known about the context in which IPV occurs in rural areas. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the ways in which rural communities consider gender norms and the implications that might have for coverage and discussions of IPV. Since rural community newspapers have a uniquely important point of access by reporting on local news in a way that is not done by any other media source, newspaper content was analyzed. A content analysis was conducted of ten weekly, rural community newspapers in Iowa over one year, and comparisons were made with the state's largest paper, the Des Moines Register. The content analysis examined gender roles in articles, photographs and photograph captions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with editors of most of the same rural community newspapers. Editors were asked about their community culture, gender roles within the community, and their awareness and knowledge of IPV. The dissertation was conducted through the framework of feminist positions on gender and violence, and also examined the nature of discussions surrounding gender roles and IPV in rural community newspapers photographs, through the concept of gender display, which considers how gender, power and subordination are reflected through mediated images. Additionally, news gatekeeping theory, which examines the way that newspapers operate within their communities and make day-to-day decisions about how to cover certain topics was used as a framework to guide the semi-structured interviews with editors. Results of the content analysis revealed that while IPV was rarely discussed, gendered coverage reflected traditional ideals of femininity and masculinity, although not to the extent expected. The content analysis analyzed various forms of gender display in photographs of men and women in their occupations, community and social roles. Overall, rural communities experience gender disparities, but this was in subtle representations of power differences in newspaper photographs. Results of the interviews indicated that rural community editors rarely think of gender roles within their community. When editors did talk about gender roles, the word "traditional" was frequently used, and most editors felt that men still held the majority of prominent positions within the community, while women also worked outside of the home, usually in less powerful jobs. Interviews indicated that rural community members have a very active role in the gatekeeping process.

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Esta dissertação estuda a Comunicação rural pública no Estado de São Paulo. Primeiramente, foi elaborada uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória para compreender esse cenário considerado relevante para o Brasil. Em seguida, o estudo de caso para conhecer a comunicação exercida pela Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do estado de São Paulo (SAA), por meio da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral (CATI) e do Centro de Comunicação Rural (CECOR), responsáveis pelo conteúdo jornalístico produzido e divulgado para o público rural ou interessados pela área. A pesquisa apresenta os veículos de comunicação mais utilizados por esse órgão público para informar e entreter os produtores rurais. Analisamos o site, o boletim online, Catálogo de Publicações e a Revista Casa da Agricultura.
This dissertation studies public rural communication in the state of São Paulo. First it created a bibliographical research to understand this scenario considered relevant to Brazil. Then the case study to know the communication exercised by the Secretary of Agriculture of the State of São Paulo (SAA) through the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATI) and Rural Communication Center (CECOR), responsible for content journalistic produced and released to the public or interested in the rural area. The research shows that the media most used by this government agency to inform and entertain the farmers. We have analyzed the site, the online newsletter, Publications Catalogue and Magazine House of Agriculture.

Appalachian people have faced stereotyping of their culture and region in popular culture, news media, and art for generations. For more than 150 years, images of the region have been extracted by outside media makers and disseminated widely, solidifying the “hillbilly” stereotype in the national lexicon. This study focuses on such images in reality television shows about Appalachia, and seeks to determine whether or not those images, and the proliferation of them, has an impact on the ways in which Appalachian people understand and accept their own culture.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research explores the speech of a Brazilian and regional open TV program in order to identify which language was used to broach issues in Science and Technology. The corpus is made of an extract based on the 2006 TV program broadcast Caminhos da Roça created and broadcasted since 2002 by EPTV Ribeirão (Empresas Pioneiras de Televisão) a Rede Globo affiliate in Ribeirão Preto/SP. The proposal was to analyse what is concerned to the form, language and journalistic s issues and subjects that specifically deal with Science and/or Technology s issues directed to agrobusiness and had also shown any contact between the researcher and the farm citizen. This qualitative nature study has used the methodology of Speech Analysis on the French Line (SA) and has identified S&T as a quite present subject in Caminhos da Roça. It has also been testified that though there is much dissemination S&T there is no study pattern of these issues and the approach varies in each episode; besides the fact that science is shown as a way of technology directed to the field. The used language by Caminhos da Roça deals with Science and Technology issues and it is mostly clear and simplified, moreover, the most present speech is defined as a mixture of technologic, informative and pedagogic.(AU)
Esta pesquisa examina o discurso de um programa televisivo regional brasileiro de canal aberto para identificar qual é a linguagem utilizada na abordagem de assuntos de Ciência e Tecnologia. O corpus compõe-se de um recorte baseado nas exibições do ano de 2006 do programa televisivo Caminhos da Roça - criado e exibido desde 2002 pela EPTV Ribeirão (Empresas Pioneiras de Televisão) afiliada da Rede Globo em Ribeirão Preto/SP. A proposta foi analisar, em relação ao formato, à linguagem e aos conteúdos as matérias jornalísticas que tratam especificamente de assuntos de ciência e/ou tecnologia voltadas para o agronegócio e que tenham mostrado algum contato entre pesquisador e cidadão do campo. Este trabalho, de natureza qualitativa, empregou a metodologia de Análise de Discurso de linha Francesa (AD) e identificou C&T como um assunto bastante presente no Caminhos da Roça. Constatou-se ainda que, embora haja muita divulgação de C&T não há um padrão de aprofundamento desses assuntos e que a abordagem varia de edição para edição, além da ciência ser mostrada em forma de tecnologia que se aplica ao campo. A linguagem empregada pelo Caminhos da Roça para o tratamento de assuntos de Ciência e Tecnologia é, predominantemente clara e simplificada e o discurso mais encontrado se define como uma mescla entre o tecnológico, o informativo e o pedagógico.(AU)

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This Thesis aims to analyze the relationship of journalistic discourses with the movements of territorialization in the Cerrado. One of the main assumptions is the understanding that ownership and capture of the territories includes their meanings. Then, in the contemporary world, the territorialization relates also to what is reported by the vehicles of journalism and communication, which select, edit and broadcast news. These institutions are not loose in the world: are part of the networks that make up part of the dispute, and most of them follows the logic of power and capital. In the condition of a territory in a dispute material and symbolic, the Cerrado is wrapped by problematic that transposing the degeneration of the biome and ways of life when interconnect up to what it is meaning. This fact implies on the perception that the processes of territorialization in Cerrado permeate there senses, thare are made and disseminated through discourses and images nothing neutral, that integrate many networks, such as economic, ideological, political, power, media, journalism and communication. This fact implies on the perception that the processes of territorialization in Cerrado permeates the meaning, that are made and disseminated through discourses and images nothing neutral, that integrate many networks, such as economic, ideological, political, power, media, journalism and communication. By appropriating and signify the Cerrado, communication vehicles interfere in its territorialization. The main problem of the Thesis relate to the contemporary dramas of the territory of the Cerrado, involving multiple dimensions of power that range from badges historically built on unknown and contempt, also the recent mythologised processes which strengthen the production of a stray thought, based on hegemonies concentrators. The research had the newspaper O Popular as the main clipping, but also analyzed the discourses about the Cerrado present in the magazine A Informação Goyana (1917 – 1935) and the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, among other periodicals printed less recurring the whole of analysis. The dialectical and historical materialism was used as a guide for analyzing and processing of the information. The research, which was qualitative approach, used the following research methods: bibliographical research, desk research, content analysis and discourse analysis. The plurality of methods has been established from the object itself and its problematization; since it was intended to identify the journalistic discourses about the Cerrado, and especially to see how the discourses were meant and what relations with the movements of territorialization established. The findings point to a new dimension of globalized Cerrado – wrapped in disputes, intrigues and dramas; immersed in networks of communication and journalism possessed of rationalities and systems of signs which, when spread, generates stray thought: at the same time that promote a compliment to the economism and developmentalism, denounce the degradation. This contradiction, which is treated even by journalistic vehicles, confuses the meanings of the Cerrado and has no contributions to the synthesis necessary for the formation of less aggressive movements of appropriation and capture the territory of the Cerrado.
A presente Tese teve como objetivo analisar a relação dos discursos jornalísticos com os movimentos de territorialização no Cerrado. Um dos principais pressupostos está na compreensão de que a apropriação e a captura dos territórios envolvem seus significados. Portanto, no mundo contemporâneo, a territorialização relaciona-se, também, ao que é noticiado pelos veículos de jornalismo e de comunicação, que selecionam, editam e difundem notícias. Essas instituições não estão soltas no mundo: compõem redes que fazem parte da disputa; sendo que a maioria delas acompanha as lógicas do poder e do capital. Na condição de um território em disputa material e simbólica, o Cerrado está envolto em situações que transpõem a degeneração do Bioma e dos modos de vida, ao se interligarem ao que dele é significado. Isso implica na percepção de que os processos de territorialização no Cerrado perpassam por seus sentidos, que são produzidos e disseminados por meio de discursos e imagens nada neutros, que integram diversas redes, tais como as econômicas, ideológicas, políticas, de poder, midiáticas, jornalísticas e comunicacionais. Ao apropriarem o Cerrado e o significarem, os veículos de comunicação interferem na sua territorialização. As principais problemáticas da Tese relacionam-se aos os dramas contemporâneos do território cerradense, envolto em múltiplas dimensões de poder que englobam desde insígnias historicamente edificadas no desprezo e desconhecimento, aos recentes processos mitificadores que fortalecem a produção de um pensamento disperso, alicerçado em hegemonias concentradoras. A pesquisa teve o Jornal O Popular como principal recorte, mas, também, analisou os discursos sobre o Cerrado presentes na Revista A Informação Goyana (1917- 1935) e no Jornal O Estado de São Paulo, entre outros periódicos impressos menos recorrentes no conjunto da análise. O materialismo histórico e dialético foi adotado como guia de análise e tratamento dos dados. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, utilizou a pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, análise de conteúdo e análise de discurso como métodos de investigação, análise e sistematização dos dados. A pluralidade de métodos foi estabelecida a partir do próprio objeto e das suas problematizações, uma vez que se pretendia identificar os discursos jornalísticos sobre o Cerrado, e, sobretudo, perceber como eles eram significados e quais relações com os movimentos de territorialização estabeleciam. As conclusões apontam uma nova dimensão do Cerrado globalizado – envolto em disputas, tramas e dramas; imerso em redes de jornalismo e de comunicação possuidoras de racionalidades e sistemas de signos que, quando disseminados, geram pensamento disperso: ao mesmo tempo em que promovem um elogio ao desenvolvimentismo e ao economicismo, denunciam a degradação. Tal contradição, que sequer é tratada pelos veículos jornalísticos, mitifica e confunde os significados do Cerrado e não contribui com a síntese necessária para a constituição de movimentos menos agressivos de apropriação e captura do território cerradense.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global economic conditions are forcing donor and development agencies to reduce aid to developing countries and communities. This reduction is resulting in less developmental programmes for disadvantaged communities. To ensure that developmental programmes are implemented successfully and cost effectively, implementing agents will have to ensure that they improve their developmental communication. It is also becoming important that those who are to benefit from developmental programmes convey or identify exactly what their needs are. There should be very little speculation from development agencies about what the needs of the disadvantaged are. It is becoming necessary to review current developmental tools, methods and systems, and also to explore what other measures can be applied to ensure that speculation or time and money wasting exercises are eliminated. This study attempts to look at two things that will influence effective development communication. The first is to examine if community radio is still as an efficient developmental communication tool as perhaps two decades ago. Secondly, it looks at the possibility to tailor-make information for those who need develop, especially in the context of evolving technology.

The social spread of mass communication has allowed the emergence of new current textual genres. Among them, the histories of life, which are published by an agricultural cooperative journal and are read in the rural environment of the regions west, north-west and north of the state of Santa Catarina. This study aims at describing such genre, in special, the evaluative language that characterizes the histories of life. It also aims at testing the feasibility of the Appraisal Theory to be applied to the Portuguese Language and the use of computer tools to this kind of analysis. For such, a corpus of 23 pieces of histories of life published in 2005, which were analyzed under the categories of field and ideational content (Halliday, 1997), rhetorical movements (Swales, 1990) and attitude and voices in the journalistic speech (Martin e White, 2005). For complementary analysis from the histories of life reading, we applied our corpus to the tools of the software WordSmith, which provided data on the lexical frequency and terms occurrence in the linguistic context. Contextual information on the genre was gotten through interview with producers and consumers of histories of life and of the participative observation in the place of production of the journal. The results indicate that the rhetorical movements of history of life are, on one hand, strictly dependent on the production context of the interviews and, on the other hand, on the communicative objectives of the genre. The ideational content is identical in all the texts, focusing in the process of economic growth of the character. Concerning evaluative language, the histories of life mainly approach judgment rates, either explicit or implicit, based on social positive esteem, which are intensified by the use of the adverbs ever and never as well as connotative language. The most noticeable in the genre is the voice of the correspondent, in which authorial judgments of social esteem are present. This way, through these language resources, the histories of life consolidate its rhetoric objective that is to provide an example of farmer to the other farmers, aiming at the keeping the man in the countryside and the agricultural productivity increase.
A difusão social dos meios de comunicação de massa tem propiciado o surgimento de novos gêneros textuais na atualidade. Entre eles, estão as histórias de vida, que são publicadas por um jornal de cooperativa agropecuária e circulam no meio rural das regiões oeste, extremo-oeste e planalto-norte do estado de Santa Catarina. Este estudo procura descrever esse gênero, em especial, a linguagem avaliativa que o configura. Também visa a testar a viabilidade da Teoria da Valoração quando aplicada à Língua Portuguesa e o uso de ferramentas computacionais nesse tipo de análise. Para tanto, foi selecionado um corpus composto por 23 exemplares das histórias de vida, publicados no ano de 2005, o qual foi analisado sob as categorias de campo e conteúdo ideacional (Halliday, 1997), movimentos retóricos (Swales, 1990), índices de atitude e vozes do discurso jornalístico (Martin e White, 2005). Para complementar a análise decorrente da leitura das histórias de vida, utilizamos as ferramentas do programa computacional WordSmith, que forneceu dados sobre freqüência lexical e ocorrência dos termos no contexto lingüístico. Informações contextuais sobre o gênero foram obtidas através de entrevistas com produtores e consumidores das histórias de vida e de observação participante no local de produção do jornal. Os resultados indicam que os movimentos retóricos das histórias de vida são, por um lado, estreitamente dependentes do contexto de produção das entrevistas e, por outro, dos objetivos comunicativos do gênero. O conteúdo ideacional dos textos, por sua vez, é idêntico em todos os exemplares, centrando-se no processo de crescimento econômico do personagem. Em relação à linguagem avaliativa, as histórias de vida compreendem principalmente índices de julgamento, tanto explícitos quanto implícitos, baseados em estima social positiva, os quais são intensificados pelo uso dos advérbios sempre e nunca e de linguagem conotativa. A voz predominante no discurso do gênero é a voz do correspondente, na qual estão presentes julgamentos autorais de estima social. Assim, por meio desses recursos de linguagem, as histórias de vida concretizam seu objetivo retórico que é o fornecimento de um exemplo de agricultor para os demais agricultores, visando à permanência do homem no campo e ao aumento da produção e da produtividade agrícola.

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FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO
We search understand in this work how are processed the relations between journalism, scientific divulgation and education, in their different nuances and strategies whose echos and reflections are extended to school context. We have like general objective to demonstrate the perspectives, possibilities and contributions in these relations. We still aim: to analyze the different strategies of scientific divulgation, perceiving how these relations are manifested in the discourses and practices of the school context. Like proceeding, we adopt the qualitative research (bibliographic, documental and empirical), having like instruments: the analysis of scientific divulgation texts (journalistic reporting and divulgation articles); the fulfillment of semi-structured interviews with teachers and students and the proposition of drawings to the students of the Rede Pública Municipal de Educação de São Luís - MA. To analyze the data generated by the research, we proceeding with orientations of discourse analysis. The complexity of these relations has requisitioned interdisciplinary reference, enveloping the theoretical and methodological contributions from the researches of Communication, Education and Scientific Divulgation. In this way, we search support in Bourdieu (1997, 1997a), Rodrigues (2001) and Traquina (1993a, 2005) to treat of the discussions about journalistic field. To approach the scientific divulgation in their different spaces and activities as well as their approximations with the field of education, we search sustenance in Gomes (2001), Oliveira (2002), Massarani and Moreira (2002a) and Zamboni (2001). And to analyze the different nuances, strategies and representations in the school context we have like base: Andrade and Martins (2006), Bakhtin (2000), Gouvêa (2005), Orlandi (2007) and Studart (2008). We ascertain that the discourse of scientific divulgation assumes a heterogeneous form in their different contexts and vehicles of divulgation, reconfiguring itself conform the realities where appears, thus, in the educational context, it is important search ways to interpret these productions and the reflections that can accrue of this use like a stimulus to learning. We observe the presence of mediatic products in the school compass, between these the magazines of scientific divulgation inside of the practices fulfilled in space of classroom. We emphasize the importance of a social environment that can favor the readers formation, because the children get articulate others senses to the texts read, stimulating their cognitive development and creative capacities. In this way, it is necessary to promote the insertion of different activities of scientific divulgation (and with more frequency) in the school context, their contributions can offer an enrichment (in the sense of problematization) of the matters worked in the school space confronting them and/or complementing them.
Buscamos entender, neste trabalho, como se processam as relações entre jornalismo, divulgação científica e educação, em suas diferentes nuanças e estratégias, cujos ecos e repercussões se estendem ao contexto escolar. Temos como objetivo geral demonstrar as perspectivas, possibilidades e contribuições nestas relações. Visamos ainda: analisar as diferentes nuanças do discurso e as diferentes estratégias de divulgação científica, percebendo como estas relações se manifestam nos discursos e práticas do contexto escolar. Como procedimentos, adotamos a pesquisa qualitativa (bibliográfica, documental e empírica), tendo como instrumentos: a análise de textos de divulgação científica (matérias jornalísticas e artigos de divulgação); a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com professores e estudantes, e a proposição de desenhos aos estudantes da Rede Pública Municipal de Educação de São Luís - MA. Para a análise dos dados gerados na pesquisa, procedemos às orientações da análise do discurso. A complexidade destas relações requisitou um referencial interdisciplinar, envolvendo as contribuições teórico-metodólogicas das pesquisas em Comunicação, Educação e Divulgação Científica. Desse modo, buscamos apoio em Bourdieu (1997, 1997a), Rodrigues (2001) e Traquina (1993a, 2005) para tratar das discussões sobre o campo jornalístico. Para abordarmos a divulgação científica em seus diferentes espaços e atividades, bem como suas aproximações com o campo da educação, buscamos sustentação em Gomes (2001), Oliveira (2002), Massarani e Moreira (2002a) e Zamboni (2001). E, para analisar as diferentes nuanças, estratégias e representações no contexto escolar, temos como aporte: Andrade e Martins (2006), Bakhtin (2000), Gouvêa (2005), Orlandi (2007) e Studart (2008). Constatamos que o discurso da divulgação científica assume uma heterogeneidade nos seus diferentes contextos e veículos de divulgação, reconfigurando-se conforme as realidades onde surge, assim, no contexto educacional, cabe buscar formas de interpretar essas produções e as repercussões que podem advir de sua utilização enquanto estímulo à aprendizagem. Observamos a presença dos produtos midiáticos no âmbito escolar, entre estes as revistas de divulgação científica, dentro das práticas realizadas no espaço da sala de aula, e ressaltamos a importância de um ambiente social que favoreça a constituição de leitores, visto que as crianças conseguem articular outros sentidos aos textos lidos, estimulando seu desenvolvimento cognitivo e capacidades criativas. Nesse sentido, é necessário promover a inserção de diferentes atividades de divulgação científica (e com mais frequência) no contexto escolar, tendo em vista as contribuições que podem oferecer ao enriquecimento (no sentido de problematização) dos assuntos trabalhados no espaço escolar, confrontando-os e/ou complementando-os.

In eastern Kentucky, as in much of central Appalachia, current local storylines narrate the frictions and contradictions involved in the structural transition from a post-WWII Fordist industrial economy and a Keynesian welfare state to a Post-Fordist service economy and Neoliberal hollow state, starving for energy to sustain consumer indulgence (Jessop, 1993; Harvey, 2003; 2005). Neoliberalism is the ideological force redefining the “societal infrastructure of language” that legitimates this transition, in part by redefining the key terms of democracy and citizenship, as well as valorizing the market, the individual, and technocratic innovation (Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999; Harvey, 2005). This project develops a perspective that understands cancer prevention and control in Appalachiaas part of the structural transition that is realigning community social ties in relation to ideological forces deployed as “commonsense” storylines that “lubricate” frictions that complicates the transition.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Considerando Kovach e Rosenstiel (2004) para quem os jornalistas devem fornecer informaÃÃes por meio de uma escrita atraente e envolvente, esta pesquisa reflete sobre as estratÃgias discursivas aproximativas, usadas pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, durante a cobertura da Campanha pelas Diretas JÃ. Tendo como referÃncia metodolÃgica a anÃlise do discurso, da tradiÃÃo francesa, foram analisadas 88 reportagens da editoria de polÃtica da Folha de S. Paulo, publicadas entre 13/01/1984 e 26/04/1984. Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se, especificamente: identificar as estratÃgias discursivas aproximativas utilizadas durante a cobertura; ver como essas estratÃgias ajudaram a despertar o interesse pela temÃtica, popularizando a Campanha e por fim, verificar como a escolha por essas estratÃgias ajudaram a estabelecer laÃos de cumplicidade entre o jornal e o seu leitor, durante as Diretas JÃ. Ao final da anÃlise, inferiu-se, dentre outros resultados, que: a Folha de S. Paulo priorizou as reportagens escritas sob uma perspectiva literÃria; a sentimentalidade foi enfatizada em praticamente todas as reportagens analisadas; a presenÃa explÃcita do repÃrter nos textos ajudou a construir um laÃo de cumplicidade entre os leitores e a Folha; e o destaque dado Ãs histÃrias de vida de pessoas comuns, na grande maioria moradores das periferias das grandes cidades, contribuiu para que o cidadÃo-comum se reconhecesse como participante-ativo da Campanha. Concluiu-se, tambÃm, que as estratÃgias discursivas utilizadas contribuÃram para estimular a participaÃÃo da sociedade brasileira contribuindo para que a mobilizaÃÃo fosse adotada como uma manifestaÃÃo popular e nÃo puramente polÃtica.
Considering Kovach and Rosenstiel (2004) for whom the journalists must supply information by an attractive and involving writing, this research reflects on the aproximant discursive strategies used for the periodical Folha de S. Paulo, during the covering of the Campaign for the Diretas JÃ. Having as metodological reference the analysis of the speech, of Freench tradition, 88 news articles of the editorial of politics of the Folha de S. Paulo, published between 13/01/1984 and 26/04/1984, was analized. With this research, it was objectified, specifically: to identify the use of the aproximant discursive strategies during the covering; to know how these strategies helped to arouse the interest for the thematic, popularizing the Campaign and finally, to verify as the choice for these strategies had helped to establish complicity ties between the periodical and its reader, during the Diretas JÃ. At the end of the analysis, it was inferred, amongst other results, that: Folha de S.Paulo prioritized the new articles written under a literary perpective; the sentimentality was emphasized in practically all the new articles analyzed; the explicit presence of the reporter in the texts helped to construct to a complicity ties between the readers and the Folha; and the prominence given to histories of life of common people, most of them living of the peripheries of the big cities, contributed so that the citizen-common recognized himself as an active participant in the Campaign. It was also concluded, also, that the use of the discursive strategies had contributed to stimulate the participation of the Brazilian society contributing to the mobilization was adopted as a popular manifestation and not politics only.

Med avstamp i dagens medielandskap och med tanke på att dagstidningar dragit ned på journalister och särskilt journalister på lokalredaktioner de senaste tio till femton åren, så har syftet med den här uppsatsen varit att studera hur de kvarvarande lokalredaktörerna i Västerbottens inland ser på sin roll, vad som driver dem samt vilka utmaningar och möjligheter de har i sitt arbetsliv på daglig basis. Kvalitativa intervjuer gjordes med alla sju lokalredaktörer som just nu arbetar i Västerbottens inland och sedan analyserades deras uttalanden genom teorier kopplade till lokala medier och demokrati, ett medielandskap i förändring samt yrkesroll och identitet. Studien visar att lokalredaktörsrollen är komplex med flera motsägelser. Deras ideal och ambitioner hamnar i konflikt med deras faktiska arbetssituation. Medan de drivs av starka demokratiska ideal i sitt arbete, så känner de att de inte har tillräckligt med tid för att göra grävande journalistik eftersom mycket av deras tid går åt att bevaka minst två kommuner var. De uttrycker också att den kommun där de inte bor inte får lika mycket bevakning som de skulle vilja och att den blir något bortglömd, hamnar i medieskugga. Flera av lokalredaktörerna är välkända på den plats de bor och jobbar och vissa människor känner en stark koppling till tidningen på grund av dem. Många av dem har också svårt att gå ur sin roll när de är lediga. Samtidigt så uttrycker lokalredaktörerna att de inte har samma kontakt med läsarna som tidigare. De är nära, men samtidigt distanserade från sina läsare.
Based on the current situation in the media and the fact that newspapers have cut down on journalists over the last ten to fifteen years, especially those located in small, remote areas, the main purpose of this thesis was to study how all the remaining local editors in rural Västerbotten think of their role and what their driving forces are as well as what challenges and opportunities they face in their everyday work life. Qualitative interviews were conducted with all the seven local editors who currently work in rural Västerbotten and then analyzed through theories of local journalism and democracy, a media landscape in constant change, journalistic profession and identity. The results showed that their role is complex and has plenty of contradictions. Their driving forces and ambitions conflict with their work situation. While they are driven by high democratic standards in their work, they feel that they don’t have enough time for investigative journalism as a lot of their time goes to reporting from at least two municipalities each. They also express that the one municipality where they don’t live doesn’t get as much coverage as they would like and is somewhat forgotten. A lot of them are well known in the place where they live and work and some people feel a close connection to the newspaper because of them. Many of them also have difficulties stepping out of their role in their spare time. At the same time, they express that they don’t have the same contact with readers like they used to. They are close but at the same time distanced from their readers.

Jusqu'a tres recemment, l'afrique noire n'avait pas developpe un systeme propre d'ecriture. Pourquoi l'ecriture, dont l'un des berceaux historiques est precisement l'afrique (les hieroglyphes egytiens et les systemes meroiques), n'a pas touche l'ensemble des peuples africains en devenant un moyen courant de communication. Nous reflechirons sur cette interrogation. Cependant, notre reflexion ne sera centree que sur l'actualite et l'avenir le plus proche de l'ecrit considere comme le facteur positif du developpement economique et social des pays africains. En effet, l'entree plus ou moins brutale d'une afrique de la parole dans un monde moderne dont le systeme de connaissances, les techniques et les relations politiques, economiques et culturelles sont en grande partie, fondes sur la "chose ecrite" ne peut etre que problematique. C'est cette problematique du passage de l'oralite a la scriptualite que nous nous proposons d'examiner. Ou plusq exactement, comment integrer, dans la vie meme des individus et des communautes, la nouvelle dimension que represente le recours a l'ecriture. Nous nous interrogerons donc sur les consequences de la presence de cette nouvelle technique de communication (l'ecrit) dans les structures politiques, economiques, sociales, relationnelles des peuples a travers l'etude de la presse rurale au niger
Upto very recently black africa had developed neitter it's aun system of writing nor the massive habit to consuming the "written thing", even of foreign import. Why indeed, writing, of which africa is one of the historical birth places, has not been extended to all the poeples of africa, as a current means of communication ? the absence of phonographic writing in the traditional african civilizations can be explained by the very structures of traditional societies and other forms of natural writing such as tattooing, toponymy, anthroponymy. . . But our discussion shall be focused on the present and the near future of writtenconsidered as a positive factor of economic and social development of african peoples. We propose to examine the difficulties encountered by the passage from orality to scriptuality ; how to operate this passage, become necessary today, due the new conditions of existence in the african communities ; how to integrate in the life of individuals and communities, the new dimension represented by resorting to the writing. We shall discuss the consequences of this new technic of communication, in the political, social, economic structures of african people through the study of the rural press in niger

The purpose of this essay is to examine and compare the news covering of Swedens three biggest cities (the metropolitan areas) and their surrounding areas with the covering of the rest of the country (the provincial areas) in two daily national newspapers, Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The aim has been to answer the following questions:- What amount of the news coverage in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter concern the metropolitan areas compared to the provincial areas, and how do these two newspapers differ in the news covering of these areas?- Is there a difference in the news articles size and content, depending on weather they concern the metropolitan or the provincial areas?- How has the balance between news concerning metropolitan and provincial areas changed over the recent 20 years?The theories used in this study are News values, the media commercialization and Popular Journalism, and The Agenda Setting Theory. The method that has been used is a Quantitative Content Analysis.Despite the essays hypothesis, that the news coverage in the two newspapers would be dominated by material from the metropolitan areas, the result showed that a majority of the examined articles concern the provincial areas. It also showed that Aftonbladet has a bigger percentage of provincial news than Dagens Nyheter. The result also pointed towards the conclusion that the metropolitan areas and the provincial areas are similarly represented in the news, regarding the articles’ sizes and content.The overall conclusion in this study is that the fact that the provincial areas are being overrepresented in the examined newspapers news coverage ought to mean that the consumers of these papers are probable to get a wide, true image of what is Sweden, considering the Agenda setting theory and it’s view on how the media’s priorities will become important to the public.

O presente trabalho apresenta o processo de produção do livro-reportagem Guerreiras: histórias de mulheres para-atletas nunca antes contadas. A obra compõe-se de perfis de cinco para-atletas da cidade de Uberlândia. Amanda Sousa do halterofilismo; Daniele Martins da bocha; Gisele Ferreira do goalball; Joana Silva do atletismo e Laila Suzigan da natação são as protagonistas do livro-reportagem. Guerreiras tem como objetivo ser um espaço de divulgação do trabalho das esportistas, visando o empoderamento das pessoas com deficiência que são invisíveis à nossa grande mídia.
This work aims to show the production process of the reporting book Guerreiras: histórias de mulheres para-atletas nunca antes contadas. The work is based in five para-athletes profiles: Amanda Sousa (Weighlifting); Daniele Martins (Boccia); Gisele Ferreira (Goalball); Joana Silva (Athletisme) and Laila Sozigan (Swimming) are the protagonists from the reporting book. Guerreiras:has as objective to be an disclosure space of these athletes work aiming the disabled people empowerment that are invisible to our big media.
Dissertação (Mestrado)

This study examines the value of travellers’ written records of their trips with specific reference to the journals of five French travellers who visited Scotland between 1780 and 1830. The thesis argues that they contain material which demonstrates the merit of journals as historical documents. The themes chosen for scrutiny, life in the rural areas, agriculture, industry, transport and towns, are examined and assessed across the journals and against the social, economic and literary scene in France and Scotland. Through the evidence presented in the journals, the thesis explores aspects of the tourist experience of the Enlightenment and post -Enlightenment periods. The viewpoint of knowledgeable French Anglophiles and their receptiveness to Scottish influences, grants a perspective of the position of France in the economic, social and power structure of Europe and the New World vis-à-vis Scotland. The thesis adopts a narrow, focussed analysis of the journals which is compared and contrasted to a broad brush approach adopted in other studies.

In this thesis I address the research question: 'How has the Internet delivered pluralism by promoting structural diversity and/or content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry?' Structural diversity is defined here as diversity in newspaper ownership and content diversity as the diversity of views published by individual newspapers. Central to the thesis is the notion of pluralism, the belief that the news media should provide a range of views and opinions, contradictory as well as complementary, to allow informed citizens to effectively take part in the democratic process. The newspaper industry in this country, however, is controlled by a powerful press oligopoly across a range of markets, a situation believed to greatly limit pluralism. A review of newspaper ownership and circulation from 1986 to 2002 shows that, as at 2002, four newspaper owners are the sole occupants of Australia's national and capital city newspaper market. Seven owners are predominant in Australia's regional daily newspaper market, although just three owners controlled 69 per cent of the market's circulation in 2002. Two owners controlled 69 per cent of Australia's suburban newspaper market in 2002. Similar trends were seen in the country's Saturday newspaper and Sunday newspaper markets. In all markets except the regional daily newspaper market, News Limited is the dominant newspaper owner. Australian Provincial News and Media is the dominant owner in the regional daily newspaper market with a 27 per cent share of circulation in 2002. Australia's concentrated newspaper ownership structure has led to a number of formal inquiries into diversity in the industry since 1980. In this thesis I review two of these inquiries, the 1991-92 House of Representatives Select Committee on the Print Media (the Print Media Inquiry) and the 2000 Productivity Commission Inquiry into Broadcasting, to determine (among other things) the nature of and the relationship between structural and content diversity as they apply to Australia's newspapers. (By virtue of major media groups' involvement in the Productivity Commission's inquiry - particularly News Limited, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and, to a lesser extent, Rural Press - this inquiry, although broadcast-oriented, considered Australia's newspaper industry at length.) This review shows both inquiries were clear on how they saw this relationship - structural diversity is necessary for content diversity. However, the Print Media Inquiry suggested it was almost impossible to guarantee structural diversity in the nation's newspaper industry. The Productivity Commission, meanwhile, said that while it accepted content diversity was not inconsistent with media ownership concentration, it was more likely to be achieved where there was diverse ownership. With the relationship between structural and content diversity in mind, and the Print Media Inquiry's and the Productivity Commission's beliefs that new entrants in the newspaper industry were unlikely in the short term, I examine the suggestion that the Internet has the potential to increase structural diversity in Australia's newspaper industry by allowing new players to efficiently enter the industry via the World Wide Web. The extent to which this might occur is determined by a study of 18 Australian newspaper websites with one argument being that if established newspapers find the transition online relatively easy, then independent online-only news sites might be similarly established. Mings and White's four online news business models - a subscription model, advertising model, e commerce-based transactional model and partnership-based model - are used as a framework to examine the study's results. The study shows Australia's experience mirrors international experience in terms of the growth of newspapers online and in terms of their lack of profitability. It shows that 28 per cent of the newspapers surveyed maintained their circulation while offering free online news content, while a further 33 per cent registered circulation increases. Advertising revenue increased for seven of the nine newspaper websites containing advertising, suggesting that, for some Australian newspapers at least, gaining online advertising (as opposed to gaining overall profitability) has proved successful. And while the survey shows little evidence of Australian newspapers using the transactional model in any real sense, it does show that Australian newspapers are forming local online partnerships with other media and non-media businesses to facilitate their online activities. The study's key finding is that of the 18 newspapers surveyed, just two websites were profitable. This finding is consistent with literature that highlights a lack of commercially viable independent online news ventures both in Australia and internationally. While considerable hopes were held that the Internet would introduce more structural diversity into Australia's newspaper industry, I argue that the Internet's commercial imperatives, as they apply to newspapers, have to a large extent precluded it from adding structural diversity in the industry. In these circumstances, it may be that the only viable way of increasing content diversity in the nation's newspaper industry is to increase the availability of diverse information sources to journalists. I propose that one way to do this is via the Internet. The extent to which this is occurring is determined by a survey of Australian journalists' Internet use, the survey results showing that 97.4 per cent of the journalists who responded now use the Internet regularly, including 97.5 per cent of newspaper journalists. But most journalists who responded use the Internet as a preliminary research tool and as a way to check facts rather than as a means of accessing diverse news sources. The respondents' top five Internet uses, for example, are to e-mail work colleagues, to undertake preliminary research, to access media releases from websites, to verify facts and to search other news organisations' websites. They access major news organisation websites most frequently, followed by government websites, university/research institution websites and corporate/company websites. The least frequently accessed websites are those that could conceivably provide the alternate views demanded by pluralism: online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey shows the types of websites Australian journalists most frequently access are linked to the credibility they give to information contained on those websites. Major news organisation websites are seen as providing the most credible information, followed by university/research institution websites and government websites. Websites perceived as providing the least credible information were those that host online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey also shows Australian journalists have not embraced online reader interaction to any extent, lessening the likelihood that readers will be able to provide journalists with more diverse news sources. Less than 20 per cent of journalists interact with readers via the Internet and less than 10 per cent use this interaction to create or follow up news stories. The survey does provide results that support source diversity, however. It shows that almost a third of Australian journalists have obtained additional news sources via the Internet. The Internet has also allowed more than 40 per cent of journalists to access individuals or groups that they would not otherwise have accessed. The survey also shows that journalists who have had experience working in the online media environment consistently use the Internet more productively, in terms of diversity, than other journalists. It is these journalists that interact online with readers more, that participate in online discussion groups more and that appear more willing to seek online information from non-traditional sources such as independent news websites and the websites of private individuals or groups. Journalists with online media experience also represent the group that has most sought training in online journalism and online media practice and that most believes the Internet will play an increasingly important role for journalists and news consumers in the future. At present, the survey suggests, journalists with this online media experience comprise just 19 per cent of Australian journalists. But as the number of journalists with online media experience increases in the workforce, these journalists' greater acceptance of the Internet may then assist in greater source diversity leading to greater content diversity in Australia's news media. The studies of newspaper websites and journalists' Internet use suggest and support differing diversity models. In this thesis I propose two models for diversity, the first drawn from views espoused by the Print Media Inquiry and the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Broadcasting. This model (below) sees a one-to-one correspondence between structural and content diversity and assumes that to increase the diversity of views available to the public, the number of media outlets must similarly be increased. The argument that the Internet can provide media pluralism by permitting new players to enter the media market relatively easily, an argument tested by my study of Australian newspaper websites, is commensurate with this model. The second model is based on my inquiries into journalists' Internet use and proposes a method of increasing content diversity within a fixed media ownership structure. This model (below) acknowledges that journalists produce content mostly via traditional news sources, but proposes this content can be increased and/or changed, with an emphasis on more diverse information, via non-traditional news sources obtained via the Internet. The success of this model, however, is predicated on journalists' acceptance of online information as a viable news source. The implication for journalism is that established journalistic norms and practices, which can limit online-supported content diversity, need to be overcome. Overall, the results of my inquiries suggest the answer to the research question is that the Internet has so far delivered little in terms of structural and content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry. However, the Internet's potential to do so remains, particularly if independent online-based media ventures find ways to become commercially viable and if journalists adopt the technology as a means of finding more diverse news sources.

In this thesis I address the research question: 'How has the Internet delivered pluralism by promoting structural diversity and/or content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry?' Structural diversity is defined here as diversity in newspaper ownership and content diversity as the diversity of views published by individual newspapers. Central to the thesis is the notion of pluralism, the belief that the news media should provide a range of views and opinions, contradictory as well as complementary, to allow informed citizens to effectively take part in the democratic process. The newspaper industry in this country, however, is controlled by a powerful press oligopoly across a range of markets, a situation believed to greatly limit pluralism. A review of newspaper ownership and circulation from 1986 to 2002 shows that, as at 2002, four newspaper owners are the sole occupants of Australia's national and capital city newspaper market. Seven owners are predominant in Australia's regional daily newspaper market, although just three owners controlled 69 per cent of the market's circulation in 2002. Two owners controlled 69 per cent of Australia's suburban newspaper market in 2002. Similar trends were seen in the country's Saturday newspaper and Sunday newspaper markets. In all markets except the regional daily newspaper market, News Limited is the dominant newspaper owner. Australian Provincial News and Media is the dominant owner in the regional daily newspaper market with a 27 per cent share of circulation in 2002. Australia's concentrated newspaper ownership structure has led to a number of formal inquiries into diversity in the industry since 1980. In this thesis I review two of these inquiries, the 1991-92 House of Representatives Select Committee on the Print Media (the Print Media Inquiry) and the 2000 Productivity Commission Inquiry into Broadcasting, to determine (among other things) the nature of and the relationship between structural and content diversity as they apply to Australia's newspapers. (By virtue of major media groups' involvement in the Productivity Commission's inquiry - particularly News Limited, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and, to a lesser extent, Rural Press - this inquiry, although broadcast-oriented, considered Australia's newspaper industry at length.) This review shows both inquiries were clear on how they saw this relationship - structural diversity is necessary for content diversity. However, the Print Media Inquiry suggested it was almost impossible to guarantee structural diversity in the nation's newspaper industry. The Productivity Commission, meanwhile, said that while it accepted content diversity was not inconsistent with media ownership concentration, it was more likely to be achieved where there was diverse ownership. With the relationship between structural and content diversity in mind, and the Print Media Inquiry's and the Productivity Commission's beliefs that new entrants in the newspaper industry were unlikely in the short term, I examine the suggestion that the Internet has the potential to increase structural diversity in Australia's newspaper industry by allowing new players to efficiently enter the industry via the World Wide Web. The extent to which this might occur is determined by a study of 18 Australian newspaper websites with one argument being that if established newspapers find the transition online relatively easy, then independent online-only news sites might be similarly established. Mings and White's four online news business models - a subscription model, advertising model, e commerce-based transactional model and partnership-based model - are used as a framework to examine the study's results. The study shows Australia's experience mirrors international experience in terms of the growth of newspapers online and in terms of their lack of profitability. It shows that 28 per cent of the newspapers surveyed maintained their circulation while offering free online news content, while a further 33 per cent registered circulation increases. Advertising revenue increased for seven of the nine newspaper websites containing advertising, suggesting that, for some Australian newspapers at least, gaining online advertising (as opposed to gaining overall profitability) has proved successful. And while the survey shows little evidence of Australian newspapers using the transactional model in any real sense, it does show that Australian newspapers are forming local online partnerships with other media and non-media businesses to facilitate their online activities. The study's key finding is that of the 18 newspapers surveyed, just two websites were profitable. This finding is consistent with literature that highlights a lack of commercially viable independent online news ventures both in Australia and internationally. While considerable hopes were held that the Internet would introduce more structural diversity into Australia's newspaper industry, I argue that the Internet's commercial imperatives, as they apply to newspapers, have to a large extent precluded it from adding structural diversity in the industry. In these circumstances, it may be that the only viable way of increasing content diversity in the nation's newspaper industry is to increase the availability of diverse information sources to journalists. I propose that one way to do this is via the Internet. The extent to which this is occurring is determined by a survey of Australian journalists' Internet use, the survey results showing that 97.4 per cent of the journalists who responded now use the Internet regularly, including 97.5 per cent of newspaper journalists. But most journalists who responded use the Internet as a preliminary research tool and as a way to check facts rather than as a means of accessing diverse news sources. The respondents' top five Internet uses, for example, are to e-mail work colleagues, to undertake preliminary research, to access media releases from websites, to verify facts and to search other news organisations' websites. They access major news organisation websites most frequently, followed by government websites, university/research institution websites and corporate/company websites. The least frequently accessed websites are those that could conceivably provide the alternate views demanded by pluralism: online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey shows the types of websites Australian journalists most frequently access are linked to the credibility they give to information contained on those websites. Major news organisation websites are seen as providing the most credible information, followed by university/research institution websites and government websites. Websites perceived as providing the least credible information were those that host online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey also shows Australian journalists have not embraced online reader interaction to any extent, lessening the likelihood that readers will be able to provide journalists with more diverse news sources. Less than 20 per cent of journalists interact with readers via the Internet and less than 10 per cent use this interaction to create or follow up news stories. The survey does provide results that support source diversity, however. It shows that almost a third of Australian journalists have obtained additional news sources via the Internet. The Internet has also allowed more than 40 per cent of journalists to access individuals or groups that they would not otherwise have accessed. The survey also shows that journalists who have had experience working in the online media environment consistently use the Internet more productively, in terms of diversity, than other journalists. It is these journalists that interact online with readers more, that participate in online discussion groups more and that appear more willing to seek online information from non-traditional sources such as independent news websites and the websites of private individuals or groups. Journalists with online media experience also represent the group that has most sought training in online journalism and online media practice and that most believes the Internet will play an increasingly important role for journalists and news consumers in the future. At present, the survey suggests, journalists with this online media experience comprise just 19 per cent of Australian journalists. But as the number of journalists with online media experience increases in the workforce, these journalists' greater acceptance of the Internet may then assist in greater source diversity leading to greater content diversity in Australia's news media. The studies of newspaper websites and journalists' Internet use suggest and support differing diversity models. In this thesis I propose two models for diversity, the first drawn from views espoused by the Print Media Inquiry and the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Broadcasting. This model (below) sees a one-to-one correspondence between structural and content diversity and assumes that to increase the diversity of views available to the public, the number of media outlets must similarly be increased. The argument that the Internet can provide media pluralism by permitting new players to enter the media market relatively easily, an argument tested by my study of Australian newspaper websites, is commensurate with this model. The second model is based on my inquiries into journalists' Internet use and proposes a method of increasing content diversity within a fixed media ownership structure. This model (below) acknowledges that journalists produce content mostly via traditional news sources, but proposes this content can be increased and/or changed, with an emphasis on more diverse information, via non-traditional news sources obtained via the Internet. The success of this model, however, is predicated on journalists' acceptance of online information as a viable news source. The implication for journalism is that established journalistic norms and practices, which can limit online-supported content diversity, need to be overcome. Overall, the results of my inquiries suggest the answer to the research question is that the Internet has so far delivered little in terms of structural and content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry. However, the Internet's potential to do so remains, particularly if independent online-based media ventures find ways to become commercially viable and if journalists adopt the technology as a means of finding more diverse news sources.

MA (Linguistics)
Department of Communication and Applied Languages Studies
The question of the use of languages in radio broadcasting is of particular importance in multilingual communities in Vhembe district of Limpopo province. The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) issues broadcasting licenses, and further regulates conditions of implementation of these licenses. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which community radio stations in Vhembe district adhere to ICASA language policies and guidelines stipulated in their licenses. Literature was drawn from government language policy documents (Acts, rules and regulations), broadcasting legislative framework manuals (ICASA), government gazettes, books, journals, magazines, and newspapers. The design for the study is exploratory, whereas the target population comprised of seven (7) community radio stations, fifteen (15) radio programmes, and station managers of community radio stations in the Vhembe district. Purposive sampling was used to select three community radio stations, three programmes per station and station manager of each sampled station. Non-participant observation, documents analysis and tape recorder were used as instruments for data collection, whereby the researcher observed, recorded a total of (nine) 9 talk format programmes. The researcher further analysed documents (broadcasting licenses and programme schedules), from sampled radio stations, to examine stipulated language quotas by ICASA. Lastly, the researcher employed unstructured interviews to collect data from the station managers of community radio stations, in the Vhembe district. The sampled data was analysed through qualitative content analysis and interpreted subsequently. Findings from data analysis determined that community radio stations partially adhere to the policies stipulated in their licenses.
NRF