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Cobbinah, J. E. "Barriers in community participation and rural development." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5263.
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The concept of participation seems to reflect in most development programmes that involve people at the grassroots level. In Ghana, the introduction of the decentralization programme in the late 1980s that aimed at promoting effective, comprehensive and rapid development, more especially in the rural areas also adopted participatory approach. The approach led to the introductory of district assembly system which was to enhance the involvement of people at the grassroots in participatory activities. However, since the introduction of the decentralisation system to promote grassroots level participation, the people are still inactive and the level of involvement in development decision-making still remains weak. To clearly understand these problems, the thesis has aimed at answering the following research questions; how are rural people involved in participatory practice in the development activities in their area; what barriers affect and hinder the active participation of rural people and how could these be addressed? Answers to those questions helped to examine the nature of participation at the grassroots level; understand how the district assembly adopt participatory practice and to ascertain the nature of barriers that hinder effective participatory practice. Using a case study approach for the investigation, an interpretivists and constructivists were the philosophical underpinnings of the investigation. The data was gathered through the use of focus group discussions and one-to-one informal interviews. It was observed that, participation continues to reflect in most rural development programmes, but there are key barriers that still continue to hamper the effectiveness of participatory practice. Power relations, threats, intimidations and more especially the use of juju and witchcraft which never featured in most development literature are among the major barriers that continue to weaken local people readiness to actively participate. Most rural people feel threaten to participate for the fear of being bewitched or killed through the use of juju, witchcraft or black magical powers. Without critically and effectively addressing those bottlenecks and barriers, and put community members at the pivot of decision-making, the use of outsiders' knowledge and ideas alone to address the problems of participation with the hope of improving the lives of the rural people will not yield any significant result.
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Ibrahim, Mohammed Kebiru. "Off-farm sector participation in rural Nigeria." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658000.
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Majority of the population in rural Nigeria like in other developing countries are poor peasants and hugely dependent on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. The high incidence of poverty is attributable to the challenges confronting agricultural production which has resulted in dwindling income from on-farm sources. The state of on-farm production and the increasing popularity of the off-farm sector has changed the status of a significant rural population from on-farm specialised to of farm diversified households. Such adjustment is expected to have an impact on poverty status and income distribution. The current study therefore examined the factors that drive household's participation in off-farm sector activities in rural Nigeria and assessed its effect on their poverty status and rural income inequality using data of rural households obtained from the RIGA database. Employing the probit models, the empirical results reveal that the participation decisions of rural household Me influenced mainly by human and social capital characteristic" farm production factors and locational characteristics. Based on the assumption that the participation decision is two-part, an analysis of the intensity of participation in the off farm activities using the double hurdle model shows that beside the categories of variables identified under the participation decision, labour market conditions and 8-%et status of households play n· major role in determining the intensity of off-farm work. The result, obtained from employing the propensity score matching and the FGT poverty measure Lo assess the effect of off-farm income on the expenditure outcome and poverty status of rural households, respectively show, significant effect on the welfare of rural households. Results reveal that income obtained from undertaking off-farm wage and self employment activities significantly contributes to enhancing the expenditure and poverty status of rural households. Specifically, of-farm income contributed to reducing the incidence, depth and severity of poverty.
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Sebolai, Bridget. "Rural women's participation in commercial farming in Tweespruit." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20466.
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This study assesses the challenges confronted by rural women participating in small-scale commercial farming in Tweespruit, a rural town of the Free State Province. A qualitative, descriptive and explorative study was used for the study, and data was collected using focus group discussions during August 2015. The study found that rural women farmers are extremely challenged, as they are inadequately equipped as farmers, and they do not receive adequate aid from government or other entities, to enable them to turn their form of farming from subsistence farming to a more beneficial, commercialized form of farming. As a result, the study made the following recommendations. Firstly, the government should intensify programmes and strategies aimed at assisting rural women involved in farming activities. Secondly, it should also assist these farmers with training, especially in modern farming technologies, so as to grow their business into a commercialized form of farming. Finally, it was recommended that government facilitates these farmers to obtain funding from foreign donors to further grow their business.
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Echeverri, Rebecca Chloe. "Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation a rural perspective /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/echeverri/EcheverriR0507.pdf.
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Pacillo, Grazia. "Market participation, innovation adoption and poverty in rural Ghana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61392/.
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Agricultural commercialisation via increased market participation and innovation adoption has been widely argued to reduce poverty. However, empirical evidence suggests that both of these are persistently low in developing countries. Recent analyses suggest that different types of transaction costs and social capital may influence both market access and innovation adoption decisions. This thesis investigates these two factors in agricultural commercialisation and poverty reduction. Using data from three GLSS survey rounds, Chapter 1 investigates the determinants of the decision to sell as well as the decision of how much to sell, focusing on the role of transaction costs. The empirical analysis is carried out at household level and for a specific crop (maize). A Heckman two-step model is used to control for self-selection into market participation, using measures of fixed transaction costs as identifier variables. The overall results, although generally consistent with previous literature, show an unexpected positive relationship between remoteness and market participation, which might reflect peculiarities of Ghanaian crop marketing systems. Chapter 3 investigates the relationship between social capital and innovation using primary data on 305 Ghanaian farmers collected during field work in 2012 (described in Chapter 2). The chapter analyses innovation (the decision to adopt, its timing and intensity) at crop level, focusing on a non-traditional cash crop, exotic varieties of mango. The analysis investigates the role of different types of social capital, both in disaggregated and aggregated forms. The results suggest that social capital should not be overlooked in the innovation process, supporting recent evidence that there exists a positive relationship between the “know-who” and adoption dynamics. Finally, Chapter 4 investigates the impact of innovation adoption on objective and subjective measures of poverty. Matching techniques are used to estimate the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated, using primary data. The results show that adoption does not impact objective poverty but it does have a significant positive impact on self-perceived poverty status.
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Colliver, Kelly. "Factors Influencing Participation in Screening Mammography Among Rural Women." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1461074904.
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Msutu, Ntombethemba Lungisa. "Evaluation of community participation in a rural development project." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1665.
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People have their own different understanding of the meaning of participation. Thus cannot put one meaning to participation. As a woman who grew up in the rural areas for most of my life, I have witnessed the problems in most of the rural development projects. I have first ‐ hand experience of how the unavailability of these projects has affected the rural communities at large, at the same time, I have witnessed how those who have managed to get some of these projects started have benefitted more ways than one way in these rural development projects. Some of these projects have become a success and some have failed dismally. What contributed to the success or failure of these very important projects needs to be examined. More importantly, the level of community participation needs to be evaluated. Relatively few studies have been conducted to evaluate community participation in rural development projects. Some, if not most of the remote villages in the Eastern Cape Province are still without those basic necessities the government has promised, such as the building of houses and provision of clean water. Another sad story is that not enough is done to educate and empower rural communities about their basic rights and needs. Hence, one of the focal points to the study is to scrutinize the level of participation of the community, as some may be suffering from ignorance, apathy and lack of motivation. to scrutinize their level of participation (community participation). As some may be suffering from ignorance, apathy and lack of motivation.
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Ben-Ayed, Morched. "People's participation in a rural development program in Tunisia : a case study /." MU online access free, to others for fee Free online access, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/preview?3052144.
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Lackey, Douglas Eugene. "Participation in rural health development : a case study in Kenya." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2479/.
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Achieving active participation of community members in community-based health care programmes (CBHC) is a challenging and complex task. It is also a criterion for successful programming and is promoted as a universal truth and requirement for primary health care development. Nevertheless, most CBHC programmes admit that more needs to be done to achieve satisfactory levels of community involvement. Thus, a better understanding is required as to why success in community involvement has been in most part, elusive. The thesis uses a historical perspective to examine the emergence of participation in the period prior to and during the community development era in Africa and the post-independent period in Kenya. The emergence of participation and it's progression as an international health strategy in the 1980's and 1990's within WHO, a leading international organisation promoting community involvement in health is critically examined. At the community level, people's perception and understanding of community participation and an analysis of how they participated in the case study CBHC programme provided an operational assessment of community participation. A particular focus was community contributions as a mechanism of participation. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to examine in rural Kenya the socio-economic and institutional support factors which can potentially enhance or limit participation of community members in rural community-based health development programmes. The main socio-economic factors examined were education, income, group membership and domestic factors such as harmony in the household and women's time. The roles of local structures and support personnel such as community health volunteers (CHVs), health committee members (HCMs) and local leaders in promoting participation were also analysed. The method used was interviews with a sample of these respondents. Based on the case study research results, the thesis draws conclusions on the factors that appear to be most significant in relation to community participation. The importance of education, group membership and regular monthly visits by CHVs were identified as particularly significant factors. A more informed understanding of these relationships will enable health planners in designing integrated programme strategies which can help promote broader community participation in health development programmes. An awareness of these factors and their inter-relationships by operational-level health staff will enable them to enhance community participation when developing and implementing community-based health care programmes.
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Boakye-Agyei, Kwame. "Fostering civic engagement stakeholder participation in rural projects in Ghana /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4543.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 233. Thesis director: Susan Crate. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-232). Also issued in print.
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Bobillier, Claude Walter. "Education for community participation in rural development in the Sahel." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020162/.
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McWilliam, Robert. "Public participation and rural planning : Texada Island, a case study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25466.
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This thesis examines various approaches to public participation within rural planning. It deals with the roles rural residents, in unincorporated areas of British Columbia, can play in local planning. The thesis argues that effective planning in such areas only occurs if a rural planning approach, which considers distinctive rural characteristics, is applied to the planning process. Such planning generally requires the active involvement of rural people.
To accomplish this objective a model is constructed of how rural residents participate in planning. Its theoretical framework is developed from a review of the available literature on rural planning and public participation. The model is then used to examine a specific area--Texada Island--which was selected because of its recent experiences with planning. The model identifies four main approaches to rural planning: planning 'of a rural community; planning 'for' a rural community; planning 'with' a rural community; and planning 'by' a rural community. The thesis argues that all of these approaches can meet the criteria that define rural planning, but they differ significantly on the objectives for the planning process, and the roles the local residents perform. The model also contains four categories of public participation: public information; data collection; citizenship training; and involvement in decision making. This thesis defines public participation as the means whereby the general public interact with decision makers, beyond elections, to ensure public decisions reflect their objectives. Within the context of this definition the four categories are seen as being the main avenues that rural people have for participation in planning.
When the types of participation were applied to the various rural planning approaches a number of observations about the involvement of rural people in planning became apparent. These characteristics were reinforced when the Texada Islanders' experiences with planning were examined. The model and the Texada example both demonstrated that even within the constraints inherent in the various types of planning there were opportunities to enhance the level of public involvement. The author takes the position that these possible improvements are significant to the planning process since there is a positive linear correlation between increased public participation and the effectiveness of the planning process.
The relationship between public involvement and planning is demonstrated through the analysis of rural planning approaches. Planning 'of' a rural, community may produce some short term results but it is incapable of providing any long term direction because the planning process is too divorced from the aspiration of the local residents who have considerable ability to frustrate external objectives even when they have little ability to take the initiative. Planning 'for' a rural community generally fails because the issues that the planning exercise is attempting to deal with are examined from the perceptions of 'outsiders'. Planning 'with' a rural community is limited because the planning process is dominated by the 'experts' who also see issues through a different set of perceptions. Planning 'by' the rural community approach is the approach that the thesis claims can succeed when the others fail. Its success is related to its correlation to rural values; its emphasis on local resources, which expands the usually limited resources available for any rural planning; and the fact that it deals with planning as part of a larger process of rural development. Rural development avoids the frequent segregation of planning and implementation and permits the planning to become an ongoing process which allows for adjustment and elaboration as required.
Advocating a need for planning 'by' rural communities is not done with any naive assumptions about its success being assured. This approach can produce the most enduring results, but it also exacts the highest costs in terms of effort and its existence is dependent on a continuing commitment by the rural residents who are in control of the planning process. But this commitment is a requirement for rural development where change is achieved by the active participation of affected people.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Keung, John Kam-Yin. "Public participation in planning in developing countries." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278529.
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Erickson, Julie B. "Decentralization and Hospital Governance in Rural Paraguay." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76995.
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This study explores hospital board governance, particularly the dimensions of accountability, transparency and civic participation, within Local Health Councils (LHCs) in two locations in rural Paraguay. The democratization and decentralization efforts of the Paraguayan federal government in the last 20 years resulted in creation of the LHCs, but little research has been conducted on how these entities are now working in comparison to the expectations envisioned for them. This study examines LHC member understanding and practices by conducting semi-structured interviews with council members in two different locations. I reviewed relevant Paraguayan law and compared LHC member responses with the legal expectations of the role of the LHC and council member responsibilities. I also reviewed several health council organizational documents, such as rules and procedures, financial statements and by-laws, with the same intent. Using interpretive social science methods, I analyzed this data in conjunction with the information I gathered through participant-observation during my Peace Corps service in one of the communities examined here. This study finds that local health councils face numerous challenges to governance, including member role confusion, few implemented planning and oversight processes, weak systems of accountability and a lack of resources and support given to LHCs, creating a great challenge to meet expectations set out for them by federal law.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Bradley, Victoria Jane. "Community participation and the village appraisal process in rural England : a case study of Northamptonshire." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30724.
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A realist approach is developed to enable a detailed interpretation of the process of village appraisals at the national and local level, focusing upon the wider national structures and the ways these are shaped by the distinctive characteristics of individual localities and the people and groups who live there. This study focuses on the county of Northamptonshire, which has a long history of self-help and where village appraisals have been taken up with particular enthusiasm.;Given the shift towards local governance in the past two decades, and a growing emphasis on individual and community responsibility and procedures such as the village appraisal which mobilize local skills and resources and empower rural communities from the structures of government, the study involves a detailed investigation of the relationships which currently exist between the statutory authorities and local communities with specific reference to the village appraisal. Further research using participant observation of over 30 steering group meetings in three case-study villages, supported by a survey of over 300 households and 40 interviews with parish councillors and steering group members, gave detailed insights into the means by which local people were availed of the opportunity to participate in the village appraisal process and to shape its content and structure.;The key conclusions indicate that significant tensions are evident in the attitudes of local government agencies, particularly in how they might participate in the village appraisal process and what forms that participation should take. At the local level, the notion of participation, seen as an integral part of rural life, is shown as illusory with most villages and villagers choosing not to become involved. As a result most appraisals are conducted by small elites within the village, often with the token involvement of the population through a questionnaire survey.
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Soto-Torres, Brenda. "Multiattribute evaluation of participation in perinatal care in rural Puerto Rico /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924928.
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Ho, Chiew-siang. "Legitimacy and participation in rural Post-Mao China : cases from Anhui /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B32020260.
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Ho, Chiew-siang, and 何秋祥. "Legitimacy and participation in rural Post-Mao China: cases from Anhui." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015417.
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Valderrama, Camilo. "Power and Participation in Rural Development : A case study of Mozambique." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517610.
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This study on power and participation in post-conflict settings analyzes a rural development project in Mandimba District of Northern Mozambique. The purpose is to gain understanding of the dynamics and possibilities of participatory approaches for increasing the influence of previously excluded actors in decision-making processes. The methodology for this study reflects two broad yet intertwined approaches. For the first component, the Mozambique in-depth case study research, I draw on my role as a participant observer as well as other more traditional field research approaches. A variety of qualitative methods were used for the collection of the information, including review of documentary sources, participant observation, key informant and focus group interviews. The initial data collection lasted about eight months in different phases between 1998 and 1999. In Mozambique, but also in subsequent years, my approach drew upon principles of reflective practice, where I learned not only through the study of others, but through reflections on my work as a practitioner in conflict areas being studied. This latter approach was particularly important when triangulating and extending the findings from the Mozambique study to other war-torn settings in which I later worked in Kosovo, Pakistan and Chad and when reviewing documented experiences in participatory processes in Afghanistan and East Timor. A 'power over' and 'actor oriented' approach informed data collection and analysis of the information. The findings show that inclusive participatory approaches may fail if they do not address power. They may sideline power asymmetries and fail to set rules of involvement for actors within the project. In addition, structural and functional factors related to the project frame can enhance or constrain participation. The finding also shows that the inflexibility of the project frame constrains actor engagement in decision-making processes. The theoretical implication of this research calls for an approach to power rooted in the mix of conflict and consensual understanding of power. Practical implications point towards a greater emphasis on 'decision ruling', i.e. setting the 'rules of the game' for decision-making in participatory processes.
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Conway, Timothy Hugh. "Poverty, participation and programmes : international aid and rural development in Cambodia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325138.
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Wong, Chau Ying. "Participation and empowerment : an ethnography of Miao women in rural China /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202003%20WONG.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-134). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Abdel, Rahman Soheir M. "Development intervention and women's participation : a case study in rural Egypt /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9809671.
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van, den Bosch Inge. "Beyond Education : Perspectives of rural graduate Filipinas on labor market participation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145064.
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The Republic of the Philippines is an example country when it comes to gender equality within education. However, this trend does not persist when it comes to female labor market participation. Current research shows that a mere 53,4% of all Filipinas are currently employed in the labor market against 81% of their male counterparts, indicating a wide engendered gap. This study investigates why so few of the highly educated female population find gainful employment by studying the perspectives of university graduate students in the rural province of Antique through the use of a wide range, quantitative survey across three universities, and 9 qualitative in-depth interviews. By using Nussbaum and Sen’s capability approach, an inventory of both known and new barriers is made, which are organized in the following categories: barriers on the supply side of the labor market, barriers on the demand side of the labor market, and other barriers. Revealing those barriers that have not been researched before contributes to the existing body of knowledge on impediments that hinder graduating Antiqueñas to enter the labor market. The hindrances as described and discussed in this thesis can be used to improve gender sensitive policies that have the ability to expand freedoms, capabilities, and functioning for Antiqueñas, but also for Filipinas in general, since the barriers; lack of good and productive vacancies, (early) motherhood, a wide gender wage gap, unpaid family work, patriarchic views on traditional female roles, and a divide in male and female jobs are all barriers that hinder Filipinas on a national level.
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Toan, Dang Ngoc. "Participation and development : a case study of a rural water supply and sanitation project in Daklak province, Vietnam /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18710.pdf.
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Amungwa, A. Fonteh. "Participation, networking and privatisation in agricultural extension in Cameroon." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301910.
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Simeunovic, Sara Lynn. "Female Democratic Agency: Lessons from Rural Haiti." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87531.
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Rural Haiti provides an excellent case to study the human security crisis threatening women. Haitian women are often single mothers, leading average households of 4-6. In elected positions, female leadership is seldom recognized. With only 3.5% of parliament comprised of female leaders, policies decided at the state level seldom address the challenges women face in the countryside (HDI, 2017). Haiti has the highest mortality rate for children below the age of 5 and expectant mothers in the Western Hemisphere (WHO, 2017). This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles, both her life and her child's are threatened.
Yet the human security crisis is not all we can learn from rural Haiti. We can also examine the unique ways women have chosen to respond to this crisis and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. This fact invites us to consider the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are potentially making in Haiti. Famn chay are traditional birth attendants who assist mothers in their home deliveries. They are also first responders in times of crisis, providing meals to hungry families and using their collective resources to benefit children in need. Some famn chay, I suggest, are promoting an innovative form of democratic agency through their local community council, konsey kominote. Such form of agency does not focus on formal mechanisms of representation. Instead, threatened by growing social and income inequalities, this particular group has chosen to organize to address the human security crisis currently threatening women in rural Haiti.MA
The human security crisis threatening women and children in rural Haiti has motivated Haitian traditional birth attendants known as the famn chay, to generate a response relative to the crisis and generate social change. This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles in childbirth, both the life of her and her child’s are threatened. Women in rural Haiti also face gender and economic inequalities. Despite these realities, the famn chay have chosen to mobilize and create what is known as a konsey kominote. Konsey kominote are community groups found throughout rural Haiti and are a key entry points for citizen engagement for many rural Haitians. This study seeks to examine the unique ways the famn chay have chosen to respond to the crisis through their konsey kominote and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. The historical roots of female gender discrimination stretch as far back as Haiti’s independence. By researching the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are making in Haiti, we can begin to discover the potential for female democratic agency existing in rural Haiti.
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Gannitsos, Irene. "Popular participation for municipal development planning in rural Bolivia, limits and constraints." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35890.pdf.
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Salegio, Julius. "Agroforestry participation, a comparison of organizational levels in two Salvadoran rural communities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60492.pdf.
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Karim, K. M. Rabiul. "Gender ideology, microcredit participation and marital violence against women in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4659047X.
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Bowyer, Timothy James. "Popular participation and the state : democratising the health sector in rural Peru." Thesis, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407877.
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Green, Willie III. "The Impact of City-County Consolidation upon Political Participation within Rural Georgia." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2016. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/42.
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Previous studies of urban consolidations suggest that black and female political participation is negatively impacted by city-county consolidation. However, researchers know little regarding the impact of consolidation upon minority political participation within rural counties. This study examines the belief that blacks and women are negatively impacted by consolidation. This study examines pre- and post-consolidated data for selected forms of political participation for blacks and women over a 19-year period for three rural consolidated governments in the state of Georgia. Three significant findings emerged from this study. First, the results suggest that black political participation actually increases within rural consolidated governments. Secondly, female political participation does seem to be adversely impacted by rural consolidations. Lastly, this study found that the political participation of the general electorate had increased over the study period. A number of possible explanations for the findings are noted and the implications of consolidation for black and female political participation within rural consolidated counties are discussed.
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Pritchard, Diana Jane. "Popular participation in Sandinista Nicaragua : a case study of two rural cooperatives." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1275/.
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This thesis provides a detailed examination of the processes of participation which developed during the years of the Sandinista Government in Nicaragua (1979-90) and is based on extensive fieldwork on two rural cooperatives. Whereas the predominant analysis of the experience of popular participation during the period has emphasised structural level phenomena, here an attempt is made to combine actor-oriented and structural-historical approaches in order to identify the key factors which operated to shape the development of local participation. In such a way the thesis stresses how micro-level factors - life experiences, subjective meanings and group dynamics - interacted with macro-level processes. The thesis starts by identifying the dimensions and theories of popular participation which relate to its objectives, intensities and outcomes, in order to frame the research questions. The period studied is then contextualised with a history of Nicaragua, establishing the authoritarian conditions which marginalised the majority of Nicaraguans from economic development and political processes. Next, the thesis examines Sandinista political theory, the channels of popular participation and the macro-level factors which restricted its development. It also describes how the cooperative movement evolved during the period of Sandinista rule as an expression of the peasant movement in the context of state paternalism. The main analytical body of the thesis starts by providing background details about the two case studies. Then it details and compares the participatory processes underway within the cooperatives, focusing on the assembly, leadership and women; the different intensities of participation; and the social factors influencing it. These processes are evaluated qualitatively and it is demonstrated that despite apparent limitations, participation enhanced the social, political and psychological power of cooperative members although in different, uneven and contradictory ways. The thesis concludes that although the participation of peasants in national level structures was restricted, the objective conditions created by the FSLN contributed to the qualitative empowerment of individuals incorporated into cooperatives. International comparisons, theoretical and policy implications are finally noted.
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Vilas, Boas Ana Alice. "The nature of participation in farmers' organisations in the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325214.
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Lohitwisas, Snong. "Rural Women and Development: A Study of Factors Affecting Participation of Rural Women in Nonformal Education Programs in Thailand." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332700/.
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This study identified and analyzed factors which affect the participation of rural women in nonformal education programs. These factors were linked to the national program for rural women. Document analysis and unstructured interviews of policy personnel were used to describe national policies for educational programs for women, the status of women's participation in those programs, and issues that influence women's education. Participant observation and unstructured interviews were employed to obtain data in the field study of Baan Kha Klang village. Forty-two women in the village, 21 who had participated and 21 who had not participated in nonformal education programs within the past year, were randomly selected as subjects.
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Lamb, Maxwell, Sean Vinh, Chandler Parris, Emily K. Flores, and KariLynn Dowling-McClay. "Impact on Student Attitudes through Participation in Interprofessional Student Teams at a Remote Area Medical Event in Rural Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2020/presentations/18.
Full textAbstract:
Interprofessional teamwork is being adopted as the best way to care for patients, but it is also important to determine how future healthcare providers view this model of patient care. What are their attitudes and beliefs after having the opportunity to work in an interprofessional team? The primary objective of this study was to determine changes in health profession students’ attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration through participation in a Remote Area Medical (RAM) event in rural Appalachia. Researchers hypothesized that working in interprofessional teams positively impacts students’ attitudes toward interprofessional practice. To explore these variables, RedCap was utilized to collect demographic information, generate a pre/post survey matching code, and administer previously validated interprofessional education (IPE) questionnaires to RAM clinic student volunteers (representing five ETSU health sciences colleges and various undergraduate programs) before and after the event. Students were allowed to voluntarily complete the pre-survey online prior to participating in the event or at sign-in and the post-survey at sign-out or online after the event. The Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised Instrument, Version 2 (SPICE-R2), which is validated for use in pre- and post-surveys, utilized 5-point Likert-type questions (strongly disagree to strongly agree) to evaluate students’ perceptions of their role on the team and the team’s impact on healthcare and patient outcomes. The Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale-Revised (ICCAS-R), which is only validated for use in post-surveys, required students to simultaneously evaluate their ability to perform tangible interprofessional team skills before and after the event using 5-point Likert-type questions (poor to excellent). At the event, students were placed into interprofessional teams to provide care to patients. Faculty members from a variety of professions provided leadership to the teams and guidance as needed. The pre-survey had 107 responses and the post-survey had 108 responses. However, after matching the pre- and post-surveys with student-generated codes, there were 70 valid matched responses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. There were no statistically significant changes in SPICE-R2 IPE constructs from the pre-survey to post-survey. However, high pre-survey scores indicated that this student cohort already had a high level of appreciation for interprofessional teams, with mean scores of 4.5 out of 5 for teamwork, 4 out of 5 for roles and responsibilities, and 4.36 out of 5 for healthcare outcomes. The mean overall composite score on the ICCAS-R increased from 3.65 out of 5 on the pre-event portion to 4.03 out of 5 on the post-event portion (p < 0.001) , indicating that students increased their self-evaluated ability to perform tangible skills used in the interprofessional team through participation in the RAM clinic. Findings of this research may allow educators in both classroom and healthcare settings to better understand how hands-on IPE experiences influence students’ interprofessional attitudes and beliefs.
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Weir, Sharada. "The determinants of school enrolment in rural Ethiopia : attitudes, returns and resources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309981.
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Romanillos, Palerm Juan Antonio. "Public participation in environmental impact assessment : an empirical-theoretical analysis framework." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8341.
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Mtelera, Prince. "“Exploring barriers to citizen participation in development: a case study of a participatory broadcasting project in rural Malawi”." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016360.
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In Malawi, as in many newly-democratic countries in the developing world, donor organisations and NGOs have embarked on projects aimed at making reforms in governance which have generated a profusion of new spaces for citizen engagement. This thesis critically examines one such project in Malawi against the backdrop of a democratic nation emerging from a background of dictatorial regime. For thirty years, until 1994, Malawi was under the one-party regime of Kamuzu Banda which was characterised by dictatorial tendencies, in which participatory processes were non-existent and development was defined in terms of client-patronage relationships between the state and society (Cammack, 2004: 17). In 1994, however, Malawi embraced a multiparty system of government, paving way to various political and social reforms, which adopted participatory approaches to development. Drawing on a number of literatures, this thesis seeks to historicize the relationship which developed during the pre democracy era between the state and society in Malawi to underscore its influence on the current dispositions displayed by both bureaucrats and citizens as they engage in participatory decision making processes. This is achieved through a critical realist case study of a participatory radio project in Malawi called Ndizathuzomwe which works through a network of community-based radio production structures popularly known as ‘Radio Listening Clubs’(RLCs) where communities are mobilised at village level to first identify and define development problems through consensus and then secondly engage state bureaucrats, politicians, and members of other relevant service delivery organisations in making decisions aimed at resolving community-identified development problems (Chijere-Chirwa et al, 2000). Unlike during the pre-democracy era, there is now a shift in the discourse of participation in development, from the participation of ‘beneficiaries’ in projects, to the more political and rights-based definitions of participation by citizens who are the ‘makers and shapers’ of their own development (Cornwall and Gaventa, 2000). The findings of this thesis, however point to the fact that, there remains a gap between normative expectations and empirical realities in that spaces for participation are not neutral, but are themselves shaped by power relations (Cornwall, 2002). A number of preconditions exist for entry into participatory institutions as such entry of certain interests and actors into public spaces is privileged over others through a prevailing mobilisation of bias or rules of the game (Lukes, 1974: I)
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Mangokwana, Andries Mphoto. "Makgotla : a vehicle for development in rural communities?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14278.
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Bibliography: leaves 136-141.This is an exploratory study using a qualitative approach. This study attempts to explore the nature of makgotla found in the rural community of Ramokgopa. It examines the structure and operation, nature of services rendered, successes, areas of concern as well as the role of makgotla played in community development. The primary objective was to assess the viability of makgotla as a vehicle for development in rural communities. Data was collected via in-depth interviews, and using a community-forum approach. Eleven headmen/key members and five consumers of services were selected for interviewing. Two community meetings were also held for the same purpose. The study found that makgotla have taken initiatives and efforts to develop their own community. This is in spite of the fact that there are areas of concern like gender sensitivity that need to be addressed. The study concludes with some recommendations, one of them being that local government officials be made aware of the presence of makgotla and how best to engage in a dialogue which will reap benefits for the community.
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Granville, Melissa Ann. "Building sustainable rural Kansas initiatives: assessing community participation in wind energy decision-making." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3955.
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This study reports on the results of a triangulated inquiry into the processes and outcomes of wind energy decision-making in Kansas. Specifically, key informant interviews were conducted with local stakeholders and decision-makers in three Kansas counties. In the same counties, focus groups were conducted with community members. Finally, state-level stakeholders, including government officials, wind industry representatives and advocacy group representatives were interviewed about their perceptions regarding community collaboration in wind energy decision-making. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach to thematic analysis. Results were discussed in terms of emergent themes within counties or groups and as a result of cross-cutting analyses. Thematic analysis led to the development of a communication grid with axes for consultation and information that impact satisfaction with wind energy decision-making and the sustainability of communities and Kansas‟ wind energy industry. Four paradigms, three actual and one theoretical, emerged from the data and prior research. Implications for sustainable wind development in Kansas are discussed.Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Elliot School of Communication
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Dissanayake, H. M. Mallika, and n/a. "People's participation in rural development in Sri Lanka : the case of Anuradhapura district." University of Canberra. Administrative Studies, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060704.163914.
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This thesis deals with the question of people's participation in rural development in Sri Lanka
with specific reference to the district of Anuradhapura.
When we consider people's participation in rural development it is essential to understand the
meanings attached to the concepts of development, rural development, participation and
decentralization. Therefore, Chapter 2 of this thesis concentrates on these concepts.
The nature and degree of people's participation depends in great part on the socio-economic and
cultural aspects of the people who live in the region or the area. Therefore, Chapter 3 deals with
the significance of the rural sector in Sri Lanka and investigates income levels, nutritional status
and employment, the village society, and the socio-cultural patterns of Sri Lanka. This chapter
especially considers the socio-economic and cultural situation which effects people's participation
in Sri Lanka.
The importance of rural development is discussed in Chapter 4. This chapter explains the scope
of rural development in Sri Lanka. In this case the chapter concentrates on the history of rural
development, decentralization, and integrated rural development programmes. Also it describes
the organizations which already exist in the rural sector in Sri Lanka.
Chapter 5 discusses Anuradhapura district as a case study and it mainly deals with the situation
and basic features, such as agriculture, economy, population, education and labour force. Also, it
describes the administrative structure of the district with special attention to political structure,
Kachcheri and divisions, other departments and the Buddhists temple.
Institutional capacity and effective participation in Anuradhapura district is discussed in Chapter
6 in order to analyse the effectiveness of organizations in the district. To achieve this objective
Chapter 6 discusses the integrated rural development project in Anuradhapura district and the
reasons for people's non-participation in it.
The thesis concludes that people's participation is an essential ingredient of successful rural
development in Sri Lanka but there are a number of constraints. Some recommendations to
promote the people's participation are given in the conclusion.
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Aazami, Mousa. "The process and outcomes of people's participation in rural development projects in Iran." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408099.
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Bynum, David Otto. "Increasing volunteer participation in a need meeting ministry in rural churches and communities." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.
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McGrath, Siân. "Public participation in policy networks : land reform and sustainable rural development in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24944.
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This thesis focuses on local community involvement in policy-making and implementation; in the context of land reform and sustainable rural development in Scotland. In 1998, the new Scottish Parliament introduced a varied package of proposals for reforming the legal framework governing how land is owned and managed in Scotland. The objectives for this land reform package were to improve local communities’ access to decision-making: and break down the land-based barriers to rural development. This research uses the land reform package as an active example of public access to policy decision-making. It begins with a brief historic account of the public pressure for land reform in the 19th and 20th centuries. This demonstrates that negative impacts on local communities’ development opportunities have historically motivated grassroots action for land reform in Scotland. This research takes a policy network approach to understanding how decisions about land use and ownership are made in post-devolution Scotland. I interviewed members of the national network of groups and individuals that tried to influence the outcome of the land reform policy process. This study demonstrated that the traditionally dominant landed lobby has lost ground, but that it would still take time before direct community interest representatives are fully equipped to take advantage of Scotland’s more accessible Parliamentary decision-making system. The next stage of the research involved four case studies of local communities’ participation and development opportunities in four estates; each owned by an example of the four major categories of land owner in Scotland: private, community, conservation NGO and the state. These studies focused on how policy implementation networks provide communities with access to decision-making and development at the local level.
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Patrício, Patrícia Cartes. "Investigação de metodologias de planejamento participativo em três assentamentos de reforma agrária, no estado do Paraná." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2367.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
tese_patricia_cartes_patricio.pdf: 5632426 bytes, checksum: 4a6b87b5bc65e95b85cbb8a6c23e0e06 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-12-20This thesis aimed to identify components in participatory planning methodologies....
Esta tese teve como objetivo identificar componentes em metodologias de planejamento participativo....
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Bangwanubusa, Theogene. "Participation of rural communities in development policy and practice : the South African experience and its relevance for Rwanda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52986.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLIAH ABSTRACT: Several indispensable variables for effective community development include, among others: development skills, networking and partnership, and community participation in the development project life cycle. The study aimed to derive relevant lessons about these factors for Rwanda from the South African community development experience. A literature study was first undertaken on key concepts such as participation, rural community, development, and policy and practice. Literature on principles and policies guidelines for community development in both the South African and Rwandan contexts was also reviewed. Within the perspective of comparative analysis, the socio-political and historical backgrounds of both countries served as the basis of criteria for selecting four case studies. From South Africa, three case studies were selected from both the apartheid and post-apartheid periods. One postapartheid study was regarded as unsuccessful and one was successful. The third is a successful ongoing case that straddles the apartheid and post-apartheid periods. From Rwanda, a postgenocide ongoing case was selected on the grounds of its perceived success. A comparative analysis was undertaken of practical results and the South African experience provided actual relevance for Rwanda in specific ways. In complete contrast to the current view that community driven development depends on the political context, the study shows that it depends rather on a number of objective principles for active community participation. What is demonstrated is that community driven development cannot be adequately supported by the developer-centred, consultation, and blueprint approaches because they fail to inspire active community participation. Nor can community participation be seen merely as cheap labour or superficial involvement. Instead, it implies empowering the community with development skills that enable people to acquire more choices and gain control of their community life. To achieve such empowerment, the study stresses the need for a shift toward the bottom-up approach to the planning and implementing of rural-based development projects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie onmisbare veranderlikes vir doeltreffende gemeenskapsontwikkeling sluit, onder andere, die volgende m: ontwikkelingsvaardighede, netwerk en vennootskap, en gemeenskapsdeelname aan die lewensiklus van die ontwikkelingsprojek. Die studie het gepoog om relevante lesse omtrent hierdie faktore vir Rwanda af te lei uit Suid-Afrika se ondervinding ten opsigte van gemeenskapsontwikkeling. 'n Literatuurstudie oor sleutelbegrippe soos deelname, landelike gemeenskap, ontwikkeling en beleid en praktyk, is eers onderneem. Literatuur oor beginsels en beleidsriglyne vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling in sowel die Suid- Afrikaanse as Rwandese omgewings is ook bestudeer. Binne die perspektief van vergelykende analise, het die sosio-politiese en historiese agtergrond van albei lande gedien as die basis van die kriteria waarvolgens vier gevallestudies gekies is. Drie Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudies is uit die apartheids- en die post-apartheidsera gekies. Een post-apartheidstudie is as onsuksesvol beskou en een as suksesvol. Die derde geval is 'n suksesvolle, voortgaande een uit die apartheidsera en daarna. Uit Rwanda is 'n voortgaande geval uit die era na die volksmoord op grond van sy sigbare sukses gekies. 'n Vergelykende analise van die praktiese resultate is onderneem, en die Suid-Afrikaanse ondervinding het op spesifieke maniere wesenlike toepassings vir Rwanda verskaf. In algehele teenstelling met die huidige opvatting dat gemeenskapsgedrewe ontwikkeling afhang van die politieke omgewing, wys hierdie studie dat dit eerder van 'n aantalobjektiewe beginsels vir aktiewe gemeenskapsdeelname afhang. Wat gedemonstreer word, is dat gemeenskapsgedrewe ontwikkeling nie voldoende deur ontwikkelaargesentreerde, konsultasie- en bloudrukbenaderings ondersteun kan word nie, aangesien hulle nie daarin slaag om aktiewe gemeenskapsdeelname te inspireer nie. Net so kan gemeenskapsdeelname nie bloot gesien word as goedkoop arbeid of oppervlakkige betrokkenheid nie. Dit impliseer eerder die bemagtiging van die gemeenskap met ontwikkelingsvaardighede wat mense in staat stelom meer keuses te bekom en om beheer oor hulle gemeenskapslewe te verkry. Die studie beklemtoon dat, ten einde hierdie bemagtiging te bereik, daar 'n skuif moet plaasvind na die benadering waar die gemeenskap betrokke is by die beplanning en implementering van landelikgebaseerde ontwikkelingsprojekte.
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Moyo, Phoebe Michelle Zibusiso Sandi. "An assessment of community participation in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) development projects in Zimbabwe: the case of Bulilima and Mangwe Districts, Matabeleland South." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007232.
Full textAbstract:
Since the mid 1970s there has been an increasing effort to adopt community participation as a necessary instrument for people driven development. NGOs and governments have come to use this participatory approach not only to empower local people, but also to give them a platform to plan and implement their own development projects. However in Zimbabwe, the government has failed to fund most projects and it has created a gap for NGOs to provide most, if not all services in rural communities. NGOs have been seen as better institutions to facilitate development projects and to engage local people to actively participate in development issues. Community participation is a central component in development projects as the projects respond to the people’s needs and that local people are in full control and ownership of these projects. This study is an assessment of community participation in NGO development projects in Zimbabwe. The study investigates the extent of community participation in development projects and it is guided by the Participatory Development (PD) theory. Research findings reveal that community participation is minimal in development projects of Bulilima and Mangwe districts in Zimbabwe. Local people are just passive participants of the development projects who are told what to do. The local people’s contributions and influences are sidelined in the planning and decision-making processes; instead these are made by the rural elite who plan and make decisions on behalf of the local people. It is the view of this study that the purpose of community participation is to create opportunities for local people to participate in planning, decision making, implementation, allocation and distribution of resources. The development projects should be responsive to the people’s needs. Similarly, participatory development just like community participation is a process whereby communities are given the opportunity to determine their future in terms of their needs and resources. In this regard, it is relevant that rural communities actively participate in planning, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects. By so doing, the projects become not only successful but also sustainable.
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Pappoe, Matilda Ethel. "Household participation in health development : some determining factors." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41220.
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This dissertation has explored the problem of a yawning gap between policy and the implementation of lay participation in health development activities in Ghana, using data from 577 households in 22 rural communities.A Health Systems model has been applied to data, to explain relationships and four sets of variables--household need for health services, predisposing attributes, participatory patterns, enabling factors--on household use of available health facilities and services.
Overall, results indicate a complex interdependence of factors which influence modern health services use. A multiple regression procedure identifies the presence of children under 5 years, the household's perception of its influence in the community, household participation in community health-related activities, household socio-economic and educational levels, to be significantly related to services use. Results suggest that Need for services is Not a sufficient condition for the Use of available health services.
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Pak, Vicheth. "Understanding rural parent-school-community partnerships in Cambodia: practices, communications andrerceptions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50178726.
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Child-Friendly School has been adopted as a national policy for basic education in many developing countries and UNICEF has also adopted the policy as an international framework for basic education. In Cambodia, the practice has now gone up to lower-secondary schools. Dimension 5 of this policy encompasses school openness to community participations which include those of parents and other important members of the community such as elderly, clergymen, village chiefs, and NGO representatives. What is not often heard of in many schools is the extent to which and through what means the stakeholders communicate about their children‘s education. Recognizing this gap, this research was devised to explore current practices and channels of communication that the stakeholders have advocated in Cambodia.
This research employed a mixed research design in which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Five teachers, eight key informants and two student representatives were purposefully selected for semi-structured interview, while 33 parents and 33 students were also purposefully recruited for self-administered (face-to-face) questionnaires. In addition, field observation, document analysis, and focus group discussion were also employed in this study.
The study found that the current practices of parent-school-community partnerships have not met the desired outcomes of CFS‘s dimension 5 yet. More attention should be placed on attracting parental and community involvements. For example, reconstructing the existing mechanisms such as SSC and SC for better involvement, more school‘s effort to reach out to parents and more attention from national level on policy and law on parent-teacher relation are needed.published_or_final_version
Education
Master
Master of Education
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Riutta, Satu. "Empowering the Poor? Civic Education and Local Level Participation in Rural Tanzania and Zambia." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04242007-010341/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. William Downs, committee chair; Michael Herb, Carrie Manning, committee members. Electronic text (465 p. : col. ill., col. maps) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 5, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 370-397).