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1
Mahoney, Elizabeth D. "Return Migration: A Study of College Graduates Returning to Rural U.S. Homes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MahoneyED2009.pdf.
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Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.
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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.
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Hjort, Susanne. "Socio-economic differentiation and selective migration in rural and urban Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of social and economic geography, Umeå universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-25780.
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McLean, Beverly Marie. "The Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Turnaround in the Pacific States (California, Oregon, and Washington): Labor Migration Flows and Economic Deconcentration." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1287.
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This dissertation examines the turnaround of labor force migration patterns in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington in the 1970s. The focus of the dissertation is the simultaneous phenomena of economic deconcentration and employment migration in nonmetropolitan counties during the turnaround period. The theoretical approach of the research draws from the disciplines of economics, geography, and sociology to develop a model that addresses what attributes of areas attract labor migration flows. The study specifies that labor migration is a function of economic activities, the environment, and accessibility. The research focus is the role that economic and noneconomic factors play in attracting labor migration flows. The spatial focus is the counties in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The temporal focus of study is the period between 1965 and 1975. The results of the research affirm the complexity of migration modelling. A test of equality of coefficients of the different periods investigated show significant differences between the turnaround and preturnaround models. The data results show just a few of the noneconomic factors are a major determinant of the nonmetropolitan turnaround. The model results show several unexpected results. Several of the coefficients in the models have the opposite sign of what originally was expected. Another unexpected outcome of the research is the apparent symmetry of labor in-migration and labor out-migration coefficients. A formal test for symmetry, however, shows the models are significantly different. This study finds that the economic deconcentration process in the Pacific states is not one in which metropolitan growth spilled over into the nonmetropolitan counties. Rather both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties simultaneously experienced deindustrializing (a decline of manufacturing employment and growth of service employment). The service related employment activity has a major influence on employment growth in the Pacific states. Although employment change does not show a significant influence on labor migration flows, labor migration does show a significant influence on employment growth in several of the model results.
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Wu, Zhongmin. "Regional unemployment, rural-to-urban migration and the economic reforms of China." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390677.
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Qian, Wenbao. "Rural urban migration and its impact on economic development : a case study in China." Thesis, City University London, 1994. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7707/.
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In 1990, a research project called "Rural Surplus Labour and its Employment Exploration" was set up in China, undertaken by the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of agriculture and the Development Centre of the State Council. From February to July 1992, I visited Shuangmiao Village in Qianshan County, Anhui Province, Xlanfeng Village and Kangle Village in Dingxi County, Gansu Province, Tianliao Village and Xiting Village in Changnan County, Zhejiang Province and, Longgang Zhen in Wenzhou Region, Zhejiang Province, where I conducted a questionnaire survey among 300 households. The model built up in this thesis is a multi-disciplinary model based on the author's documentary research in the disciplines of sociology/anthropology and development economics. My particular focus and my critique concerns two sociological theories illustrated by Revanstein and Lee and two economic models inferred by Lewis and Todaro, which have been widely quoted in the literature of migration. There are altogether six chapters. The first chapter is a review of the literature of internal migration both in developed and developing countries, and a brief introduction to and critique of the four migration models. The main task of the second chapter is to hypothesise a set of social/anthropological and economic variables and their relationships to the internal migration decision, and to build up a multi-disciplinary internal migration model. In the third and fourth chapters, a detailed description of the field study in the five villages, one town and one city is given and a qualitative analysis follows. The fifth chapter is the quantitative analysis, testing the model to see whether or not there is correlation between the hypothesised independent variables and the making of the internal migration decision. Finally, a conclusion and some proposals for further research are given in the sixth chapter.
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Welch, Matthew. "Rural urban migration in developing countries : a survey of economic theory and empirical evidence." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5678.
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Bibliography: leaves 57-66.This survey focuses on the theoretical and empirical aspects of rural-urban migration as a determinant of the observed rapid urbanisation in developing countries. The theoretical work covers the neo-classical as well as alternative economic theories of migration. The empirical component covers work on the determinants of migration and attempts to test the economic theories. The more recent modelling and simulation techniques of the computable general equilibrium models (CGE) are then discussed and their merits assessed.
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Murphy, Rachel Anne. "Rural-urban migration and return flows : social and economic transformation in rural China in the post-Mao era." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621708.
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Kani, Felix C. "Shocks, macroeconomic policy and economic growth performance in Zambia, 1964-90 : an econometric analysis." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318503.
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Public opinion tends to look at Zambia as some mythical land of promise, predestined to enjoy for years to come the same sort of economic bliss as during the copper price boom of 1964 -75. But there can be little doubt that one of the most striking facts of Zambia's economic history since 1964 has been poor macroeconomic performance. Since the mid 1970's Zambia's economy has experienced negative economic growth, high unemployment, rapid inflation and a weak balance of payments. This problem is crucial in the context of two-gap models. This thesis discusses the main facts about this worrying development and advances a line of argument which may well account for most of the observed facts. Prior to the Third Republic Zambian politicians tended to blame external forces for the current problems. My main contention is that that is wrong Economic difficulties arose from a combination of policy failures: growth of 'nonmarketable output', the government's politically induced tendency for crisis management, coupled with its well known propensity to delay taking corrective action, against a background of difficult initial conditions. However, since this is a thesis, both the scope and the method of investigation are limited by the time allowed for the study. What we do is to use historical data and use econometric analysis to shape my arguments, and to make them plausible. Inadequate domestic savings reflected in investment slumps, coupled with foreign exchange shortages, are shown to be the ultimate constraint on economic growth performance. The new government's liberal attitude and the fact that there is export potential in the economy offers some hope for success but the thesis draws attention to the structural rigidities which will remain a major constraint to export diversification in the short to medium term. In the long run, non-traditional exports would have to grow by some 30 percent annually if they were to become the new engine of growth. We stress that success will depend crucially on the government's macroeconomic policies being both conducive to the promotion of investment spending and supportive to the objective of restoring viability in the balance of payments.
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Sugur, Nadir. "Small firms in a developing economy : a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/16c1b59c-bc91-42a7-88ec-2d608531331a.
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Afsar, Rita. "Causes, consequences and challenges of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha258.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-404) Attempts to contribute toward greater understanding of the urbanization process in Bangladesh. Focuses particularly on the rural-urban migration process, explaining the causes of mobility and stability and the consequences flowing from that movement for the wellbeing of migrants and their families.
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Harris, Sally. "People, planning and floods : aspects of rural living at Lewiston, S.A /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh316.pdf.
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Zhang, Shu Cecilia. "Rural-to-urban migration and economic restructuring in China, 1982-2000 : a case study of Guangdong province." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36760948.
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Zhang, Shu Cecilia, and 張姝. "Rural-to-urban migration and economic restructuring in China, 1982-2000: a case study of Guangdong province." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36760948.
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Goodburn, Charlotte Elizabeth Louisa. "Poverty among rural migrant children in India and China : a comparative study of two cities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609874.
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Robinson, Gwendolyn A. "The impact of 'villagization' in Tanzania on agricultural productivity and urban migration." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29446.
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Damane, Moeti. "The implications of rural-urban migration on employment and household income with particular reference to Lesotho." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002737.
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The research investigates the impact of internal rural - urban migration III Lesotho on household income and employment. Using data gathered from the 2002/03 household survey, the 2006 nationwide census and a questionnaire on rural - urban migration in Lesotho administered to 500 respondents in Maseru and Leribe, we estimate a logit model of the probability of employment in Lesotho in 2008 given a set of independent variables. The independent variables are respondent's work experience; years of education completed; employment status in 2004; employment status in 2008; gender; job skill level; place of residence in 2004 and a categorical variable that measures whether or not the respondent is a rural - urban migrant. The results suggest that migration and work experience have no significant impact on an individual's likelihood of being employed in the country's formal sector. Also, it was found that the higher the level of education an individual has, the less likely are their chances of employment in the country's formal sector because of the lack of formal jobs in the urban areas. Over 50% of Lesotho's workforce employed in the urban areas was discovered to work in the informal sector. The study concludes that there is a lack of jobs in Lesotho's urban formal sector that results in a thriving informal sector. The advantages of informal sector jobs to the rural - urban migrant include an increase in their standard of living as well as that of their family members left behind in the rural areas but the disadvantages include low levels of investor confidence that lead to a decrease in overall economic development and growth in the country.
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Jiandong, Chen. "Poverty and income inequality in China : urban-rural income disparity and migration in an era of economic reform." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632842.
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China is a typical dual economy. Thus, the author employs Lewis' dual-sector model as the theoretical framework to study Chinese income distribution. This thesis aims to investigate: (l) whether the dual-sector model can explain Chinese income inequality; (2) the trend of rural/urban income inequality in a dual economy; (3) the influence of migration on income distribution; (4) official rural poverty line setting, poverty county selection and the urban minimum living standard scheme (MLSS). Based on the systematic analysis of Chinese income inequality from 1978 to 2004, the influence of the intra-rural Gini ratio on the national Gini ratio is shown to have decreased, while the influence of the intra-urban Gini ratio on the national Gini ratio has increased. Compared with regional income disparity, the dominant issue in Chinese income inequality is the income gap between rural and urban areas. Chinese income disparity has worsened since economic transition, which to some extent follows Lewis' dual-sector model. However, the internal reasons for forming a dual economy in China are different from Lewis' hypothesis; the Chinese rural and urban income gap is much larger than under Lewis' assumption. If more attention is paid to agriculture, it is possible to avoid income disparity worsening in a dual economy. Due to the huge surplus of labour in rural areas, Chinese economic development is still in the first stage of Lewis' dual-sector model. According to the newly developed model, rural and urban income inequality in a dual economy will first rise then fall as the urban population increases. The income disparity between rural and urban areas will decline before Lewis' turning point. Owing to the dominant role of the rural and urban income gap in Chinese income disparity, Chinese income inequality will decline before fully absorbing surplus rural labour. In line with quantitative analysis, rural-to-urban migrants played a key role in intensifying Chinese rural and urban income inequality from 1978 to 2001. However, further rural-to-urban migration has had a positive influence on narrowing rural/urban income inequality. On the basis of statistical data, the government is found to have underestimated the rural poverty line; the real poverty ratio is much higher than official estimates indicate. The selection of poverty counties is not a precise way to target the rural poor. In the light of the case study and newly released data from MaCA, it is argued that the approach to setting the urban MLSS is questionable; the MLSS is highly constrained by local government budgets. Current MLSS excludes some real urban poor and rural migrants. Based on the above analysis, some suggestions are provided for policymakers ..
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Sherkin, Samantha G. "Forever united : identity-construction across the rural-urban divide /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5523.pdf.
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Yamin, G. M. "The causes and processes of rural-urban migration in 19th and early 20th century India : the case of Ratnagiri district." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2232/.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the growth of large scale labour migration from Ratnagiri district during the nineteenth century. It is argued firstly that for an understanding of the origins of migration from Ratnagiri it is necessary to investigate the socio-economic structure of the district, since exogenous demand for labour cannot explain many aspects of the pattern of migration from Ratnagiri, nor can it explain the high rate of migration compared to other areas with similar access to labour markets. It is argued that regional and gender patterns of migration from Ratnagiri can be partly explained by the structure of demand for labour within the district; but that the scale of migration can most convincingly be explained in terms of the acute poverty of sections of the rural population. It is argued that this poverty cannot be ascribed to demographic pressure in the early nineteenth century, since population in the district did not rise rapidly until migration was already underway. It is instead suggested that the poverty of many cultivators in the earlier nineteenth century was an outcome of the spread of a village zamindari system in Ratnagiri during the late eighteenth century, the impact of which was intensified by legal changes introduced under British rule; the consequent concentration of landholding in the hands of the village zamindars led to higher exactions on the lower caste cultivators, which stimulated emigration in the mid nineteenth century. Furthermore, it is suggested that the land tenure system was at the root of the problems of agricultural development which the district faced later in the nineteenth century. When population rose In the mid nineteenth century, the extension of cultivation put pressure on the fragile ecology of the district, which led to rapid deforestation and falling yields per acre. it is argued that though cultivation intensified In Ratnagiri during the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the output per head nonetheless probably fell, and the system of land tenure discouraged the adoption of many strategies which might have raised output per head, thus perpetuating the poverty which, it is argued, lay at the root of out-migration from Ratnagiri.
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Chanthabourne, Kittisack. "Demography, migration and resource use among Ribereño households in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, northeastern Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33276.
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Demographic and migration characteristics of riberenos , the largest population group in the Amazon Basin, have been neglected by scholars until recently. This thesis explores the determinants and consequences of migration in the Pacaya-Samina National Reserve (PSNR), northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Our findings suggest that migration reduces the rate of population growth and alters household composition. Logit and probit models show that migration in the area is determined by individual characteristics (i.e., education level of migrants and sibling structure), household factors (i.e., family age-sex composition, kingroup size, age of male head of household, education level of male and female heads of household, illness experience, initial extraction skills, initial non-land assets, and livelihood activity reliance), and community features (land endowments and the presence of a secondary school). Multiple regressions (OLS) further reveal that the household age-sex composition and migration characteristics influence resource use. Migration features seem to be more positively associated with agricultural production and resource extraction, and negatively related with fish production. This research improves our understanding of traditional people in the PSNR area.
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Boyles, Julie. "Women's Actions and Reactions to Male Migration: A Case Study of Women in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/659.
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Using a mixed methods, interdisciplinary case study approach, this research project explores the benefits, risks, and challenges of male migration for women who reside in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico. In a unique approach in the field of migration studies, this project considers not only women whose husbands have migrated--absent husbands--but also the impact of male migration on women whose husbands have returned as well as women whose husbands have never left--anchored husbands. Women with returned husbands and even women with anchored husbands feel the threat, worry, and fear that male migration could, at an unknown point in the future, fragment their family. This case study approach looks at how women's work responses are differentiated by husbands' migration status, by age, and by husband's control over women's activities. Women with absent husbands tend be income-producing women as well as women ages 35 to 50 far more than women 35 and under and 50 and over. With motherhood as a cultured priority of rural Mexican women, women's income-producing opportunities are primarily limited to options within the home or in venues that can accommodate their children until the children enter school. Although this case study showed little or no connection between male migration and educational attainment, substantial policy-worthy findings suggest that the lack of value that residents of San Juan Guelavía place on the local public high school curriculum negatively impacts educational attainment of children beyond middle school. Women's traditional and cultural emphasis of marriage for their daughters as well as their reluctance to expose daughters to the negative influences of the city sway the decisions that women make for their daughters.
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Loem, Senghuo. "Labor Mobility and Industrialization in Post-Socialist Cambodia." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1494934181936051.
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Njwambe, Avela Thandisiwe. "Essence of home: relevance of home and the assertion of place amongst Centane migrants, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51866.
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South Africa is currently experiencing ever-increasing rural-urban migration with many citizens from the former homeland areas migrating to cities to seek employment. Despite long-term residence in urban areas, many township dwellers do not consider these places to be home. Research into circular migration patterns reveal the lifelong relationships that migrants (amagoduka) have with their family home (ekhayeni). This study aimed to explore this relationship, looking in particular at the meanings imbued in the locality of home. In addition, the role of natural landscapes and social components in constructing meanings and attachments to ekhayeni for Xhosa-speaking migrants in Cape Town townships, who have family linkages to rural villages in the Transkei, was also explored. The study found that the landscape of home remains central to migrants’ cultural identity, belonging and well-being. Childhood experiences in nature, and cultural and recreational activities that continue to take rural inhabitants into these landscapes, remain key to this relationship. The rural area, as a geographical entity embodied with social and cultural/spiritual components continued to supply and satisfy many human needs for migrants, which were seen as crucial for psychological, mental and spiritual well-being.
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Manona, C. W. "The drift from the farms to town : a case study of migration from white-owned farms in the Eastern Cape to Grahamstown." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002651.
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The study deals with the migration of large numbers of black workers from white-owned farms in the Albany and Bathurst districts to Grahamstown. In South Africa the migration of farm residents to the towns has not yet received much attention from researchers. Instead, most migrant studies have concentrated on the migration from the 'homeland' areas and for this reason little is known about the people who have been associated with the farms in some cases for five generations. From the 1940s these farms were rapidly losing labour largely on account of the introduction of mechanization and land rationalization. At that time many farm dwellers were migrating to Grahamstown and, to same extent, Port Elizabeth. The past few decades witnessed a massive further migration from these farms and this, together with natural increase, contributed to the 53,9% increase in Graharnstown's black population in the 1970-80 decade. The study has these aims: 1. To consider the factors that have promoted the move away from the farms , especially as from the end of the Second World War. 2. To account for the overwhelming attraction of Grahamstown as a destination among those who must, or decide to, migrate. 3. To assess the mode of adaptation of those who settle in Grahamstown pennanently. Those who have been in town for several decades provide a background for the central focus of the study, the new irrmigrants who came to town a decade ago or more recently. The latter include people who migrated to town from August 1984, i.e. during a period of extra-ordinary political developments and serious unrest in Grahamstown. The study places an emphasis on the way the imnigrants themselves perceive the process. The aims of the study which have been mentioned above revolve around the impoverishment of rural inhabitants who must now work for wages with hardly any measure of autonomy over the major aspects of their lives while those who go and live in town must contend with a competitive urban economy in which economic opportunities are scarce. This is the central problem of this thesis.
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Gentile, Michael. "Studies in the Transformation of Post-Soviet Cities : Case Studies from Kazakhstan." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Dept. of Social and Economic Geography [Kulturgeografiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4306.
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Lee, George Chak Man Christopher. "What are the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India? : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284635.
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This thesis attempts to identify what the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India are through answering the questions: How has economic modernisation impacted upon policing? To what extent are the two police forces trusted by its citizens? Do the police carry out their duties in a fair and unbiased fashion? What do police corruption/malpractices look like and why does it persist? And what are the influencing factors in decision-making at the moments-of-truth? There is very limited research into the Chinese Police generally and even less on factors affecting organisational culture, practices, and decision making. There is no comparative study between the Chinese and Indian Police. This thesis found that the Chinese Police are held in higher esteem than the Indian Police by their respective citizenry. Both the Chinese and Indian police use stereotypes and are biased against certain section of society in the way they carry out their duties and that corruption and malpractices are tolerated and engrained in its culture but is subtler in China than in India. However, one surprised finding is that India is more at risk of the rule by man than China, even though India is said to be the world's largest democracy grounded on the principles of the rule of law.
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Orejel, Keith. "Factories in the Fallows: The Political Economy of America's Rural Heartland, 1945-1980." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8XS5TF0.
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This dissertation analyzes the economic and political transformation of America’s rural heartland after World War II. Examining the predominantly white, Protestant communities of southern Iowa and northern Arkansas, this dissertation shows how a prolonged economic crisis in the countryside gave rise to a grassroots pro-capitalist movement that came to dominate rural politics. Between 1920 and 1970, mechanization and scientific advancements pushed productivity in agriculture to remarkable levels. With capital investments replacing demand for labor, fewer workers were needed in farming. As job opportunities in agriculture disappeared, millions of people left rural areas. Country schools, churches, and businesses struggled to survive as populations dwindled. Many who stayed in rural communities suffered from widespread unemployment and poverty.
Starting in the 1940s, small-town businessmen and state development experts proposed to solve this crisis by industrializing the countryside. Local boosters argued that newly acquired factories would stabilize rural areas by providing jobs for unemployed farmers and attracting new residents to small communities. Manufacturing payrolls were also expected to help local businesses by increasing consumer spending. In order to attract industrial plants, small-town business leaders modernized rural infrastructure—such as roads, sewers, and electrical systems—and improved civic institutions—including schools and hospitals. In the mid 1950s, these efforts began to pay off, as corporations started locating branch plants in rural areas. During the 1960s and 70s, rural America experienced an industrial boom, as many corporations left urban industrial centers in search of cheaper labor, lower taxes, and weaker unions.
In the crucible of this campaign, small-town business leaders forged a unique political ideology that revolved around the imperatives of industrial development. To finance community and infrastructural upgrades, boosters argued for robust state and federal spending on vital improvements. Likewise, local elites favored economic planning over the free market, believing in rationally directed development. In order to lure capital investment, small-town business leaders manipulated the tax code to benefit corporate interests, while supporting legislation, such as anti-union right-to-work laws, that hampered organized labor. Local boosters also championed various governmental reforms meant to maximize efficiency and eliminate waste, concluding that this would produce enough revenue to fund necessary community improvements without raising taxes. In total, small-town business leaders believed that the central role of the American government was to spur capitalist development and private business growth.
During the 1950s and 60s, small-town business leaders in southern Iowa and northern Arkansas campaigned to bring manufacturers to their communities, while also promoting their political vision within the countryside. As many depressed rural communities gained industrial plants during the 1960s, small-town business politics gained widespread popularity. In the late 1960s, the rural and small-town electorate united behind business backed “middle of the road” Republican politicians. Led by presidential candidate Richard Nixon, the GOP achieved a decisive political victory in 1968, winning electoral contests throughout America’s rural heartland. Since then, rural Americans have remained solidly Republican. However, GOP domination has been far from total. Starting in the mid 1970s, centrist Democrats competed for the rural electorate by embracing an economic agenda similar to their GOP rivals. After 1975, rural voters helped foster a bipartisan pro-business consensus, as both parties appealed to the countryside electorate by promising to spur economic growth with corporate friendly policies.
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Feng, Na. "Essays on Education, Political Movements and Income Growth in China." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84M94JQ.
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This dissertation presents research on three topics relating to how education is linked to economic development in China. The data are obtained from the 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2013 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS).
The first essay examines the consequences of the Cultural Revolution. Using the 2003 and 2006 CGSS, the research is able to identify participants in a specific initiative, the “up to the mountains and down to the villages” movement (referred to as the Sentdown Campaign) and the length of time that they were involved in the initiative. The econometric results--including OLS, Heckit and 2SLS methods--provide evidence of substantial negative and long-lasting effects of the Cultural Revolution on education, labor force participation and personal income. Those who were involved in the Sentdown Campaign were found to be able to recoup some of these losses through the accumulation of education after they came back from rural areas, but these were generally not enough to compensate for the overall disruptions the Cultural Revolution caused on them. Furthermore, those who were sent down and stayed for more than five years in the countryside were not able to recuperate any lost years of schooling and, instead, suffered bigger losses in income than any of the other groups discussed in this essay.
The second essay examines the attitudes of urban Chinese citizens towards migrants, as obtained using survey data from the 2005 CGSS. Estimating probit equations of the likelihood that the respondents in the sample had positive attitudes towards migrants, the research shows the connections between a range of explanatory variables and these attitudes. Educational attainment is not found to reduce negative attitudes towards migrants, a result that is different from the literature on the determinants of attitudes towards immigrants in recipient countries. The research also finds that as migrant presence grows in workplaces and neighborhoods, urban residents actually become more positive in their attitudes towards migrants. Gender is also found to have a significant impact on attitudes towards migrants. Men tend to have much more positive attitudes towards migrants, perhaps because social conventions frown against urban women having friendships with migrant men, or because the marriage market in urban China favors urban men marrying rural women.
The third essay examines the role played by human capital in accounting for income growth in China between 2003 and 2013. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the growth in individual hourly income shows that the overall role played by human capital on income growth in China during this decade is significant for men but not for women. For men, human capital accounts for 0.1796 in log-income change between 2003 and 2013, which given the total log-income change in this time period for men was 0.9160, represents close to 20 percent of the growth in income in the country. For women, the impact is small and actually negative, equal to -0.0433 out of the 0.8435 increase in log-income during the decade, a result that is mostly the outcome of declining rates of return to education among females.
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Wu, Cheng-Hsien, and 吳政憲. "Foreign Capital, Urban-Rural Migration and Economic Growth." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51336122334170116296.
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碩士國立臺北大學
經濟學系
92
Harris-Todaro model specifies urban unemployment and rural-urban migration in developing countries. Fung, Zeng and Zhu (1999) adopt Harris-Todaro model as its fundamental structure, and include endogenous growth as well as learning-by-doing to discuss how foreign capital influence the economy of the developing countries. It suggests that increasing foreign capital investment will lower rural (average) wage and raise the growth rate of capital return if capital is mobile between rural and urban. This paper combines Harris-Todoro model and endogenous growth, constructing a three-sector model. The engine of growth in our model is intermediate goods variety expansion. And we suppose foreign capital embodied technology spillover effect. Accompanying foreign capital increases, intermediate goods varieties widely. Increasing foreign capital investment not only make urban unemployment rate and rural wage worse off, but also raise the growth rate of capital return. This result is consistent with Fung, Zeng and Zhu (1999). Second, we loose assumption of fixed urban wage mentioned in Harris-Todaro model, assuming urban wage rate will be adjusted as the technology level change, and we can reanalyze the effect of the foreign capital investment. The result reveals that when labor income share is large enough, the contribution level of the labor force is higher; our conclusion in first part will reverse. At this time, increasing foreign capital will raise the growth rate rural as well as urban wage, but worsen capital return. In this case, urban unemployment rate still becomes worse off.
31
Rudd, Dianne M. "Women and migration : internal and international migration in Australia / Dianne Marie Rudd." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22131.
Full textAbstract:
"July 24, 2004"Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-319)
xix, 319 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2004
32
Yu, Yue. "Essays on Urban Economics." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-k1qw-td88.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation contains three essays on Urban Economics. The first two chapters study the impact of land-use regulation on economic development. Many countries have land-use regulations to preserve farmland from urban land expansion. In Chapter 1 and 2, I show that such regulations can distort economic activity across sectors and locations at a substantial cost to aggregate welfare in developing countries during urbanization. Specifically, I study a major policy restricting farm-to-urban land conversion in China - the Farmland Red Line Policy - to provide causal evidence on the impact of land-use regulation on local development measured by GDP and population growth. The policy imposes a barrier to urban land development, the strength of which depends on exogenous local geographical features. In Chapter 1, I show that a greater barrier significantly reduces urban land supply, lowers GDP, and decreases population.
Findings in Chapter 1 raises the question about the aggregate impact of the Farmland Red Line Policy. Therefore, in the second chapter, I develop a quantitative spatial equilibrium model that features endogenous land-use decisions in order to understand the aggregate impact of the policy. According to the model, the policy causes an excess supply of farmland and an under-supply of urban land, and the extent of such land misallocation varies across locations due to their local geographical features. In the constrained equilibrium, the spatial and sectoral mobility of workers implies that land misallocation leads to labor misallocation. The calibrated model reveals that the welfare of workers would have been 6% higher in 2010 if the policy had not been implemented. Moreover, a cap-and-trade system that achieved the same aggregate level of farmland would have been far less costly in terms of welfare. The results suggest that fast-growing economies in developing countries need to design land-use policies carefully, as the welfare costs of poorly designed policies can be substantial.
In Chapter 3, I test the impact of team size on one's publication output among US university economists from 1996 to 2011. I construct a database of affiliation and publication history for all US university economists using the publication information from the Scopus Database. University funding revenue from government appropriation and private gifts is used as an instrument for the total number of economists at a university. I find that a 10% increase in team size raises one's publication on top 5 economic journals by 30%. Moreover, the team size effect disappears once crossing the affiliation border: having more economists in a nearby affiliation does not affect one's output. Finally, increasing chances to coauthor with colleagues when being part of a larger team helps explain the team size effect.
33
"Industrial employment, gender, and transformation of individual-familial economic ties." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887204.
Full textAbstract:
by Ip Iam Chong.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-160).
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.i
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii-v
Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FAMILY CHANGE1 --- p.1-15
Chapter 1.1. --- JOIN THE WORLD OF CAPITALIST ECONOMY --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- DIVERSIFICATION OF PEASANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES --- p.2
Chapter 1.3. --- COASTAL CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT --- p.5
Chapter 1.4. --- WORKERS' STORIES --- p.9
Chapter 1.5. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.13
Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FAMILY DYNAMICS --- p.16-35
Chapter 2.1. --- TWO ARGUMENTS OF FAMILY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION --- p.16
Chapter 2.1.1. --- """Breakdown"" Argument" --- p.17
Chapter 2.1.2. --- """Family Strategy"" Argument" --- p.19
Chapter 2.2. --- FAMILY AS COHERENT UNIT: A CRITIQUE --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.1. --- Un-examined Assumption --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Individual Autonomy in Family --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.3. --- A Site of Conflicts --- p.28
Chapter 2.3. --- "GENDER, FAMILY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION" --- p.30
Chapter 2.4. --- FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTUALIZATION --- p.34
Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- INFLUXES OF LABOUR AND CAPITAL --- p.36-51
Chapter 3.1. --- EXPORT INDUSTRIALIZATION --- p.36
Chapter 3.2. --- OPEN ECONOMIC POLICY --- p.37
Chapter 3.3. --- INFLUXES OF CAPITAL THROUGH HONG KONG --- p.38
Chapter 3.4. --- PEARL RIVER DELTA ZONE: REGAINS ITS LINKEAGES WITH CAPITALIST WORLD --- p.41
Chapter 3.5. --- TAKEOFF OF DONGGUAN --- p.43
Chapter 3.6. --- NEWLY DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL TOWN: TOWN C --- p.45
Chapter 3.7. --- "POOR MOUNTAINOUS REGION: DAWU COUNTY, YANGGANG VILLAGE" --- p.46
Chapter 3.8. --- REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN EXPERIENCING ECONOMIC REFORM --- p.50
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DECLINE OF PARENTAL CONTROL ON LABOUR ALLOCATION --- p.52-73
Chapter 4.1. --- DIFFERENT POINTS OF DEPARTURE --- p.52
Chapter 4.1.1. --- Male: Extension of Original Autonomy --- p.52
Chapter - --- Independent Working Experience --- p.54
Chapter - --- Decision-making Process --- p.58
Chapter 4.1.2. --- Females: From Dependent to independent --- p.60
Chapter - --- Autonomy and Peer Group --- p.62
Chapter - --- Serious Disagreement --- p.65
Chapter 4.2. --- INDIVIDUALS INTERESTS DOMINATED HOUSEHOLD --- p.69
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- REINFORCEMENT OF PARENTAL CONTROL ON WAGE FUND --- p.74-94
Chapter 5.1. --- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR MARKET --- p.74
Chapter 5.1.1. --- Women: Steady Wage and Steady Remittances --- p.78
Chapter 5.1.2. --- Men: Irregular Income --- p.80
Chapter 5.2. --- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RIGHTS TO HOUSEHOLD FUND --- p.85
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Unequal Distribution of Rights --- p.86
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Transfer Females' wages to Males --- p.88
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Wage Contributions for Social Reproduction of Family --- p.89
Chapter 5.3. --- HOUSEHOLD INTERESTS DOMINATED INDIVIDUALS --- p.91
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- BARGAIN AND COMPROMISE ON HOUSEHOLD REPRODUCTION --- p.95-122
Chapter 6.1. --- HOUSEHOLD REPRODUCTION --- p.95
Chapter 6.2. --- FAILURE OF ASSIMILATION --- p.96
Chapter 6.2.1. --- """My home is not here!""" --- p.97
Chapter 6.2.2. --- Split Labour Market --- p.98
Chapter 6.2.3. --- Harsh Work and Danger --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.4. --- Localistic Antagonism --- p.103
Chapter 6.2.5. --- Distrust in Urban Facilities and Institutions --- p.104
Chapter 6.3. --- LOCALISTIC CONNECTIONS --- p.107
Chapter 6.3.1. --- Supportive Networks --- p.108
Chapter 6.3.2. --- Temporary Work and Residence --- p.111
Chapter 6.4. --- WITHOUT OPTION --- p.113
Chapter 6.4.1. --- "Women: ""Decide after return home.""" --- p.114
Chapter 6.4.2. --- "Men: ""Working near home is easier.""" --- p.118
Chapter 6.5. --- NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN HOUSEHOLD --- p.121
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION: HOUSEHOLD STRATEGIES VS INDIVIDUAL STRATEGIES --- p.123-144
Chapter 7.1. --- REORGANIZATION AND DISORGANIZATION OF FAMILY --- p.123
Chapter 7.2. --- THREE DIMENSIONS OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY --- p.124
Chapter 7.2.1. --- Individual Strategy Dominated Family Strategy --- p.124
Chapter 7.2.2. --- Family Strategy Dominated Individual Strategy --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.3. --- Balance Between Family and Individual Strategy --- p.127
Chapter 7.3. --- THE INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINS ON FAMILY STRATEGY --- p.129
Chapter 7.4. --- "STRUCTURATION AS ""ENABLE AND CONSTRAIN""" --- p.130
Chapter 7.4.1. --- Industrial Employment --- p.130
Chapter 7.4.2. --- Household --- p.131
Chapter 7.5. --- "RETHINKING ""HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY""" --- p.132
Chapter 7.5.1. --- "Whose Strategies were ""Family Strategies""?" --- p.135
Chapter 7.5.2. --- Family as Intersecting Point between Individual and Industrialization? --- p.138
Chapter 7.6. --- CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY CHANGE --- p.139
Chapter 7.7. --- LIMITATION --- p.145
APPENDIX: Name List of Informants --- p.147
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.148-160
34
Gobaw, Berhanu Zeleke. "Challenges and opportunities of development in Ethiopia through urban-rural economic linkages (URELs)." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21172.
Full textAbstract:
The transformation of rural people and land to urban land and culture is a natural
discourse and inevitable process. In the process, more than half of the current world
population are living in urban centres. The number of urban centres and their population
is rapidly increasing while the situation of integrated development of urban centres and
rural areas such URELs for sustainable development have given less attention in
agricultural based countries (ABCs). Multi-disciplinary (agriculture and agro-industries)
integration, multi-spatial (urban centre and its hinterlands) linkages, multiscalar (micromeso
and macro) levels, multi-actors and stakeholders involvement are the noteworthy
innovations in the field of development studies. This study mainly focused on URELs for
agribusiness and value chains under the development themes of governance and
development as well as contemporary debates. Policies, institutional settings and practical
implementation strategies of integrated and balanced development discourse of basic
sectoral and urban-rural economic linkages (URELs) missed in ABCs such as Ethiopia‟s
comprehensive development policy ADLI neglecting the rapidly growing urban centres.
Owing to this, this study is designed to examine the challenges and problems, status and
agribusiness and efficiencies of URELs for exploring theoretical empirical model for
virtuous circle URELs. Methodologically, the study used sequential explanatory mixed
methods research and cross-sectional survey design. The sequential approach was
quantitative method, qualitative method and integrating the two findings on interpretation
and discussion. The findings present truncated BPLs and FPLs of agriculture and agroindustries.
It was was mainly due to poor and greater ranges of efficiency from TE, AE
and EE for both agriculture and agro-industries, form of government as ethnic-federalism
and regionalism, violation of the existing institutional frameworks, dejure-defacto
discrminatin, government businesses, policy and institutional settings, lack of R&D,
many paradoxical acts and poor resources mobilization and utilization. These problems
and challenges are taken as potential opportunities for improvement and new lens of
developing empirical model. The overall recommendation lies on creating enabling
environment for virtuous circle URELs and integrated regional development using
regional development approach, avoiding illegal interventions, import-export balance,
proper resource mobilization and utilization.Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Casinader, Rex A. "Desakota in Kerala: Space and political economy in Southwest India." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2924.
Full textAbstract:
McGee in his recent writings on Asian urbanization highlights extended metropolitan
regions and proximate non-urban settlement systems with an intense mixture of agricultural
and non-agricultural activities. The latter McGee terms as desakota, a neologism coined in
Bahasa Indonesian, to signify the fusion of desa (rural) and kota (urban).
Some of the ecological preconditions for desakota are high rural population densities;
labour intensive rice cultivation with agricultural labourers in need of non-farm work in the off
seasons and/or labour shedding by green revolution effects. McGee however recognizes that
desakota can also occur in other ecologically dense habitat of non-rice crops with high
population densities. Kerala State in India is one such region with a mix of rice and non-rice
crops.
This study examines the urban-rural fusion that is observed in Kerala and provides an
empirically informed assessment of the McGee desakota hypothesis. While basically affirming
the desakota hypothesis, the study at the same time raises some caveats. First, desakota in
Kerala is not dependent on any central urban system and intra-desakota dynamics are
significant. While M c G e e has recognized that such desakota do occur, his writings tend to
neglect this type of desakota. Second, McGee's writings on extended metropolitan regions
and desakota are increasingly associated with the recent rapid e c o n o m i c growth occurring in
some of the Asian countries. Desakota in Kerala blurs this characteristic as it appears to have
occurred beginning in the late colonial p e r i o d of the British Raj. Third, a unique mix of factors
in Kerala make the political economy central to making desakota in Kerala intelligible.
Undoubtedly in the specificity of the Kerala context the political economy is important.
Nonetheless this study raises a critique of the underemphasis of the political economy in
McGee's work on extended metropolitan regions and desakota.
The research on desakota in Kerala involved the examination of the regional
geography of Kerala. Kerala with its radical politics and remarkable social development in a
context of low economic growth, attracted the attention of social scientists. But in these
studies the spatial dimensions were largely ignored. This study emphasizes that geography
matters in understanding Kerala, and that there is an important nexus between the space and
political economy of Kerala.
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"A study of non-hukou migration in the Pearl River Delta of China in the 1990s." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890547.
Full textAbstract:
Poon Fung Ting.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-166).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi
LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Research Questions --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Definitions --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Research Design --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.11
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13
Chapter 2.2 --- Background of the Study --- p.15
Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review --- p.28
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.38
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA --- p.41
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41
Chapter 3.2 --- Proportion of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.44
Chapter 3.3 --- Distribution of Migrants --- p.47
Chapter 3.4 --- Sources of Migrants --- p.50
Chapter 3.5 --- The PRD as a Destination --- p.56
Chapter 3.6 --- Gender Ratio of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.64
Chapter 3.7 --- Spatial Patterns and Correlation of Migration Indicators --- p.67
Chapter 3.8 --- Summary --- p.79
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF NON-HUKOU POPULATION IN COUNTY-LEVEL AREAS --- p.83
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83
Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.84
Chapter 4.3 --- Variables --- p.86
Chapter 4.4 --- The Results --- p.90
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.102
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- IMPACTS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS AND THE POLICY RESPONSES --- p.104
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.104
Chapter 5.2 --- The Trend of Non-hukou Migrants in PRD --- p.106
Chapter 5.3 --- Positive Impacts --- p.110
Chapter 5.4 --- Negative Impacts --- p.115
Chapter 5.5 --- Policy Responses --- p.121
Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.139
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.142
Chapter 6.1 --- Non-hukou Migration in PRD --- p.142
Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Responses --- p.147
Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for Further Research --- p.150
REFERENCES --- p.152
37
Louw, Humarita. "Men at the margins : day labourers at informal hiring sites in Tshwane." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3115.
Full text
38
Tassew, Derb Tefera. "The Nexus between water supply infrastructure and socio-economic developments in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 1941-2005." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23127.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the historical introduction and spatial expansion of modern water supply infrastructure in Amhara region across the three successive regimes: imperial, military, and EPRDF. It attempts to explore the institutional setup of the three governments together with their policies and strategies. The study also aims at giving an idea about the socio-economic changes registered because of improved access to safe water. Furthermore, it assesses the water consumption and conservation pattern of the society and the environmental impact of the water infrastructure development.
Modern infrastructure development in Ethiopia traced its beginning back to the late 19th century. Safe drinking water supply had been one of those modern infrastructures introduced in Addis Ababa. Not long afterwards, it proliferated to the provinces. In Amhara region, drinking water supply infrastructure construction began in the early 20th century. However, this thesis inquired whether there was a programmed water supply infrastructure development before the mid-1950s or not. The water supply work started gaining momentum and became a state program in the late imperial period. However, it was affected by financial, technological and trained human resource constraints, lack of appropriate institution, defective management systems, and improper implementation methods.
The military government had strengthened water supply institutions and improved workers'
expertise. These developments helped the water supply infrastructure work to be executed in a programmed manner. Yet, financial restraints, the incessant political chaos of the time and the accompanied disruptive working environment had greatly impacted the temporal and spatial coverage of the water supply infrastructure development.
The promising start of the Derg period did not continue with similar pace during the early years of the EPRDF rule. Despite the efforts made to set up water institutions at Regional, Zonal and Woreda (district) levels, no significant achievement was recorded in the field. The aftermath of the civil war together with internal and external challenges epitomized the transition period had impinged on the water supply work.
This thesis testifies to the emergence of some socio-economic changes in the region. Yet, the slow progress of the water supply infrastructure work had stalled the socio-economic change that should have been registered through improved access to safe water supply. Despite the observable environmental degradation, the thesis argues that the retarded water supply work had nothing to do with the dearth of fresh water. While the trend shows steady growth of water consumption level across the three regimes, the conservation habit of the population remained low.D.Litt. et Phil. (History)
39
Chisango, Eliot Tichaona. "Potential to grow informal waste recycling in semi-urban areas: case of the P.E.A.C.E. recycling buyback centre in Senwabarwana, Limpopo." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23722.
Full textAbstract:
This research aimed to investigate an area of research that has largely been overlooked in the past, that is, the efficiency, profitability and sustainability of informal waste recycling in semi-urban areas. In exploring the research topic, a recycling buyback centre was used as a case study. The centre facilitates collection, sorting and selling of waste and is located in Senwabarwana, Northern Limpopo Province. Here the P.E.A.C.E (Planning, Education, Agriculture, Cooperatives and Environment) Foundation, an organisation looking at rural poverty alleviation in South Africa, initiated a flagship recycling buyback centre as a community project. This research picks up on prior research that was conducted on a similar project initiated by the same organisation in Ndumo, KwaZulu Natal. Even though the location is different from KwaZulu Natal, both Senwabarwana and Ndumo are faced with similar challenges affecting social, economic and environmental circumstances. Five objectives were identified to provide structure to this research.
Through action research, the study assessed the sustainability of this recycling buyback centre with regard to the impact on social, economic and environmental factors within Senwabarwana. It also covered problems experienced in rolling out waste management initiatives within the semi-urban study location and assessed the municipal framework with regard to waste and how waste is managed and recycled. Furthermore, analyses of the waste data generated at the recycling centre was examined that culminated in offering solutions to the identified problems. Recommendations for acceptable practices in semi-urban waste management are made to enable further research and potentially up-scaling the project for application in other geographic areas.
The study reports both qualitative and quantitative data collected through the investigation of the case study in the start-up phase. The data gathering was done through administering questionnaires to waste pickers associated with the case study centre. Telephonic and face-to-face interviews and secondary data were interchangeably used to address each of the five objectives. The results from the data gathered show that, if properly coordinated and structured, informal waste recycling in semi-urban communities is possible and can contribute positively to the socio-economic and environmental development of these areas. It is envisaged that this study would contribute to the body of knowledge already in existence, whilst also creating an opportunity for further academic research and input within this field to enable the scaling-up of such initiatives.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
40
Ndala, Ephie Lebohang. "Migrant women labourers and “leaving children behind” : community women’s perceptions." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26549.
Full textAbstract:
Migration has always been part of South African history, both in the collective and as individuals. Under apartheid, children were separated from their fathers and sometimes mothers for long periods of time, and as a coping strategy, foster care was introduced. This trend is still noticeable as we continue to find both men and women moving from rural households in pursuit of employment. In countries where gender roles are still very inflexible and the mother’s main role is perceived as that of raising children and the father’s as providing for the family, migration of mothers is perceived as a much larger disruption in a child’s life than is the father’s absence. Drawing from critical feminist theory, which pays particular attention to issues of discrimination and oppression against women, my study aimed at exploring the perceptions Madelakufa community women have about migrant women labourers who leave their children. A qualitative approach was employed, and data were collected through conducting three focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology: Research Consultation)
41
Moloisane, Mary. "Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality's responses to informal settlements : a case study of Mamelodi." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24403.
Full textAbstract:
The persistence and enormity of the housing backlog facing the poorest of the poor is an indication of the gravity of the housing crisis in Gauteng. The challenge exists despite government efforts to provide low-cost housing and formalize informal settlements. Against the background of this persistent need, this study investigates the City of Tshwane Municipality’s response to informal settlements in Mamelodi Phase 3, Gauteng. Participants from Mamelodi Phase 3 and officials from the City of Tshwane Municipality were purposively sampled. Research findings indicated that informal settlements in Mamelodi are caused by various factors, which include movement from rural to urban areas, movement from other provinces to Gauteng and natural population growth. Furthermore, the persistence of the informal settlements is caused by poverty. Most people continue to live in informal settlements since they cannot access financial assistance from the banks as per the National Credit Regulation (NCR). Corruption is also a formidable problem as some informal settlement dwellers alleged that officials of the City of Tshwane Municipality allocated houses in contravention of set procedures. This research shows that the City of Tshwane’s informal upgrading policies have failed in terms of providing adequate housing. Further, the housing policy has not succeeded in creating long-term sustainability in the delivery of low-cost housing to deal with the problems of the informal settlements. Although the City of Tshwane has implemented the Re aga Tshwane, which involves a wide range of policies, programmes and strategies to address the developmental challenges facing dwellers in informal settlements, more is required. On this basis, it is recommended that proper consultation with the community should be held to improve the lives of people in informal settlements in line with Section 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), regarding every person’s right to have access to adequate housing.Public Administration and Management
M.B.A. (Public Administration)