Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa"

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Mbatha, Nhlanhla Cyril, and Joan Roodt. "Recent internal migration and labour market outcomes: Exploring the 2008 and 2010 national income dynamics study (NIDS) panel data in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 5 (November 28, 2014): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i5.515.

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We began with the premise that South African recent migrants from rural to urban areas experience relatively lower rates of participation in formal labour markets compared to local residents in urban communities, and that these migrants are overrepresented in the informal labour market and in the unemployment sector. This means that rural to urban migrants are less likely than locals to be found in formal employment and more likely to be found in informal employment and among the unemployed. Using perspectives from Development Economics we explore the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel datasets of 2008 and 2010, which only provide a perspective on what has happened between 2008 and 2010. We find that while migrants in general experience positive outcomes in informal labour markets, they also experience positive outcomes in formal markets, which is contrary to expectations. We also find that there are strong links between other indicators of performance in the labour market. Earned incomes are closely associated with migration decisions and educational qualifications (e.g. a matric certificate) for respondents between the ages of 30 and 60 years. The youth (15 to 30 years old) and senior respondents (over the age of 60) are the most disadvantaged in the labour market. The disadvantage is further reflected in lower earned incomes. This is the case even though the youth are most likely to migrate. We conclude that migration is motivated by both push (to seek employment) and pull (existing networks or marriage at destination) factors. For public policy, the emerging patterns – indicative and established – are important for informing strategies aimed at creating employment and developing skills for the unemployed, migrants and especially the youth. Similar policy strategies are embodied in the National Development Plan (NDP), the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS), etc.
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Dinkelman, Taryn. "The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment: New Evidence from South Africa." American Economic Review 101, no. 7 (December 1, 2011): 3078–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.7.3078.

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This paper estimates the impact of electrification on employment growth by analyzing South Africa's mass roll-out of electricity to rural households. Using several new data sources and two different identification strategies (an instrumental variables strategy and a fixed effects approach), I find that electrification significantly raises female employment within five years. This new infrastructure appears to increase hours of work for men and women, while reducing female wages and increasing male earnings. Several pieces of evidence suggest that household electrification raises employment by releasing women from home production and enabling microenterprises. Migration behavior may also be affected. (JEL H54, L94, L98, O15, O18, R23)
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Dlamini, Simangele, Solomon G. Tesfamichael, Yegnanew Shiferaw, and Tholang Mokhele. "Determinants of Environmental Perceptions and Attitudes in a Socio-Demographically Diverse Urban Setup: The Case of Gauteng Province, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093613.

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In environment-nature discourse, determinants of environmental perceptions and attitudes vary significantly making it difficult to draw generalisations on their significance for particular locales. In this paper, we explore the key socio-demographic factors affecting environmental perceptions and attitudes for a socio-economically diverse area of Gauteng province, South Africa, using a generalised ordered logit model (gologit) approach. Personal level variables like gender, education level, employment status, age, population group, migration status and external variables such as dwelling type and electricity availability, obtained through a questionnaire, were assessed as determinants of environmental perceptions and attitudes. Statistical results indicated that dwelling type, gender, education level, place of birth and employment status were strong determinants of environmental attitudes. Population group (Coloured and White), dwelling type, electricity availability, employment status and education level (from primary only up to matric) were found to be significant predictors of environmental perceptions. Education level, dwelling type and employment status were therefore the common explanatory variables from the analysis, giving prominence to material values that people attach to environmental attitudes and perceptions. Age had no influence on both environmental perceptions and attitudes. The results from this article can provide a foundation for segmentation of anthropocentric factors for environmental planning and strategy formulation within the province.
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Tamuka Moyo, Hazvinei Tsitsi, Mark Zuidgeest, and Hedwig van Delden. "Lessons Learned from Applying an Integrated Land Use Transport Planning Model to Address Issues of Social and Economic Exclusion of Marginalised Groups: The Case of Cape Town, South Africa." Urban Science 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010010.

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The Group Areas Act of 1950 has resulted in post-apartheid South African cities being characterised by spatial patterns with limited access to social and economic opportunities for the black and coloured population. Typically, high-density low-income housing is located peripherally, while low density high-income housing is located in accessible central areas. With increased rural-to-urban migration, the demand for formal housing has historically surpassed supply, which has increased the growth of informal settlements. Current discourse within South African land use policy suggests that in-situ upgrading of informal housing is a viable response to integrate informal settlements into the formal city. In parallel, it is proposed that new low-income residential areas and employment-generating land uses should be located along transport corridors to improve access to transport, its infrastructure and the opportunities it provides for previously marginalised groups. This study uses Cape Town as a case city to explore two land-use driven development strategies directed at informal settlements and low-income housing. A dynamic land use transport model based on a cellular automata land use model and a four-stage transport model was used to simulate land use and transport changes. Specifically, in-situ upgrading of informal settlements and strategically locating new low-income residential and employment generating land uses along transport corridors were considered. The results from the analysis suggest that in-situ upgrading is a viable option only if new informal settlements are in areas with easy access to economic centres. With regards to low-income housing, targeted interventions aimed at ‘unlocking’ low-income housing activities along transport corridors were found to be useful. However, it was also observed that middle-income residential development and employment generating activities were also attracted to the same corridors, thus, resulting in mixed land uses, which is beneficial but can potentially result in rental bids between low and middle-income earners thus displacing low-income earners away from these areas.
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Mudefi, Rwadzisai Abraham, Manasa Sibanda, and Evans Chazireni. "The Impact of Climate Change on Migration Patterns of Rural Women in Marange, Zimbabwe. (2006-2016)." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 01 (January 29, 2019): 20574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i01.645.

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The paper looks at the impact of climate change on migration patterns of women in Marange, Zimbabwe between 2006 and 2016. Correlational research design was used. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A sample of 384 households was selected using a systematic deliberate convenience sampling technique. Focus group discussions, direct observation, desk research, a questionnaire survey and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The SPSS version 12 software was used to analyse quantitative data, while themes were developed for qualitative data. The results established that the major push factors for migration were due to the negative impact of climate change, particularly prolonged drought (94%) and hot temperatures (88%). Locally, migrants settled at water sources, wetlands, river banks and pasture lands with the worst affected areas being Mpudzi, Odzi, Burma Valley and Vumba. These new settlements posed social, economic, and administrative challenges and generated natural resource use conflicts at local level. Internationally, migrants settled in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. It emerged that young and single women (18-25 years) migrate more and permanently than older and married (>25 years) who were seasonal migrants. Women from large families (5-9 members) migrated more than those from smaller families (<3 members). The study concluded that the impact of climate change especially prolonged drought increases migration of young and single women from large families. It recommended an investment in infrastructure that promote irrigation and employment creation for locals in the diamond mining field to diversify their livelihood options and reduce outward migration of women
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MEARS, RONALD. "Rural - Urban Migration or Urbanization in South Africa." South African Journal of Economics 65, no. 4 (December 1997): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01381.x.

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Asfaha, T. A., and A. Jooste. "The agricultural input elasticity of rural-urban migration in South Africa." Agrekon 45, no. 1 (March 2006): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523736.

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Mueller, Valerie, Emily Schmidt, Nancy Lozano, and Siobhan Murray. "Implications of Migration on Employment and Occupational Transitions in Tanzania." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017617751029.

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The overarching message from the growth literature is that a transition from the low-productivity agricultural sector to the high-productivity manufacturing sector is necessary for structural change. Although sub-Saharan Africa has experienced substantial economic growth rates, rural–urban migration contributed very little to this progress. Migration to peri-urban areas may offer prospects for diversification out of agriculture with lower moving costs and job-search frictions than urban centers. We document migration patterns and worker selection into peri-urban and urban areas in Tanzania. Standard spatial classifications mask the prominent phenomenon of peri-urban (rather than rural) to urban migration. Lacking job experience and social networks, many youth moving to urban destinations are more likely to be unemployed. However, conditional on being employed over the two-year period of the study, migration to peri-urban as well as urban areas allows workers to transition from low- to high-valued occupations.
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Njwambe, Avela, Michelle Cocks, and Susanne Vetter. "Ekhayeni: Rural–Urban Migration, Belonging and Landscapes of Home in South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 45, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1631007.

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Gugler, Josef. "The Son of the Hawk Does Not Remain Abroad: The Urban–Rural Connection in Africa." African Studies Review 45, no. 1 (April 2002): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000202060003153x.

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Abstract:Most rural–urban migrants maintain significant ties with their communities of origin in Africa south of the Sahara. Contrary to “modernist” assumptions that these ties would fade away, they often continue to be strong. This urban–rural connection has important consequences for rural–urban migration, for urban–rural return migration, for the rural economy, and for the political process. To understand the processes underpinning the urban–rural connection we need to distinguish different migration strategies and to deconstruct the notion of “rural.” Depending on their migration strategies, urban residents connect with a range of actors at the rural end: more or less closely related kin, kinship groups, non-kin groups, villages, larger political entities. These connections play out differently for men and women.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa"

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Njwambe, Avela Thandisiwe. "Essence of home: relevance of home and the assertion of place amongst Centane migrants, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51866.

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South Africa is currently experiencing ever-increasing rural-urban migration with many citizens from the former homeland areas migrating to cities to seek employment. Despite long-term residence in urban areas, many township dwellers do not consider these places to be home. Research into circular migration patterns reveal the lifelong relationships that migrants (amagoduka) have with their family home (ekhayeni). This study aimed to explore this relationship, looking in particular at the meanings imbued in the locality of home. In addition, the role of natural landscapes and social components in constructing meanings and attachments to ekhayeni for Xhosa-speaking migrants in Cape Town townships, who have family linkages to rural villages in the Transkei, was also explored. The study found that the landscape of home remains central to migrants’ cultural identity, belonging and well-being. Childhood experiences in nature, and cultural and recreational activities that continue to take rural inhabitants into these landscapes, remain key to this relationship. The rural area, as a geographical entity embodied with social and cultural/spiritual components continued to supply and satisfy many human needs for migrants, which were seen as crucial for psychological, mental and spiritual well-being.
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Chidi, Segatla Charles. "An evaluation of rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement pattern : a case study of Disteneng in Polokwane Municipality in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/765.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010
Urbanization and rural-urban migration are processes that are surrounded by a great deal of controversy and pose as significant challenges in contemporary South Africa. In dealing, controlling, and managing urbanization and rural urban migration, the South African government has developed a number of policies to respond to this to these challenges such as Urban Development Framework of 1997 which aims to promote effective urban reconstruction and development, to guide development policies, strategies and actions of all stakeholders in the urban development processes and other policies that are geared towards urban development management. In this study, an effort is made to evaluate rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement patterns at Disteneng area (Limpopo Province). The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data. Questionnaires, formal interviews and observations were used to assemble primary data. Policies, journals, books were used to gather secondary data. The study found that there are quite number of issues that lead to rural-urban migration such as rural poverty and unemployment. It also established that policies that have been developed to control rural-urban migration and urbanization are not comprehensive enough to respond to rural-urban migration. They need to be revitalized and reviewed. The study also found out that the main reason for the backlog in services and development relate to a lack of commitment, capacity and experience of officials mandated to bring development to the study area. Recommendations of the study include community empowerment, skills development, monitoring of performance and capacity building for officials. There is a direct link between rural-urban migration and the sprawling of urban informal settlements calling for multi-pronged interventions from multiple government agencies to address the phenomenon. The Disteneng area is a melting pot which requires urgent attention.
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Rwelamira, Juliana. "Effect of rural inequality on migration among the farming households of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01212009-160959/.

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Stapleton, Caroline. "The migrant network effect : an empirical analysis of rural-to-urban migration in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13747.

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Recent empirical migration literature in South Africa suggests that access to physical and human capital, in the way of finance and education respectively, are key factors in increasing one’s probability of migrating. This paper attempts to extend this literature by directly measuring the extent to which social capital, broadly defined as one’s access to a migrant network, affects the probability of rural-to-urban migration. Using the first nationally representative panel dataset in South Africa, the National Income Dynamics Study, and defining a rural-to-urban migrant as an individual who is observed moving from a rural area in the baseline wave (2008) to an urban area by Wave 3 (2012), I estimate a standard model of migration choice with the inclusion of one’s connection to a migrant network. This connection is measured by being part of a household in the baseline wave that contains somebody with current or recent experience as a labour migrant. In line with international migration literature, the empirical results suggest that access to a migrant network increases the likelihood of becoming a migrant (by between 2-3 percentage points). These findings are robust to the inclusion of the individual’s prior migration experience and employment status. Furthermore, an extension of the core analysis to assess the impact of genetic relatedness in conjunction with the migrant network effect suggests some evidence of a household bargaining process at play. The findings in this paper therefore suggest that social capital does indeed play a role along with physical and human capital in determining who migrates in South Africa.
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Sinclair, Marion Ryan. "The experience of exclusion : strategies of adaptation among immigrants in post-apartheid urban South Africa /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10833.

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Kumalo, Sibongiseni. "The rural-urban interface : the ambiguous nature of informal settlements, with special reference to the Daggafontein settlement in Gauteng /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/176/.

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Kusambiza-Kiingi, Margaret. "The nature and extent of urban poverty in the East London area." [S.n. : s.l.], 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53049300.html.

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Thesis (Master)--University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 2002.
eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105).
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Mvuyana, Bongekile Y. C. "A study of the relationship between rural-urban migration and housing delivery : a case of Clermont Township in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1504.

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Rural-urban migration appears to be an ongoing process in South Africa. This is attributed to various reasons. In itself, the process contributes towards an ongoing demand for services such as housing, water, sanitation and transportation systems. Rural – urban migration plays a key role in urbanization. The living conditions in rural areas appear to be the main contributing factors towards rural-urban migration. This indicates that the challenges facing rural communities include the creation of conducive environments within those communities. Hence, the issue of rural-urban migration should be addressed from the spatial and socio – economic perspectives. In an attempt to address human settlements needs, South Africa has a policy framework which supports the right to housing as it has been accorded to South African citizens by their Constitution. The objective is to ensure that there is adequate housing for South Africans. This study investigated and analysed the relationship between rural-urban migration and housing delivery in Clermont Township in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal. The participants included the residents of Clermont Township and the representatives of the eThekwini Municipality. Among others, the study found that rural-urban migration is an ongoing process which affects housing delivery in urban areas. As a result it continues to make the objective of ensuring that there is adequate housing for South Africans unattainable. Hence, attention should be paid to the effects of rural-urban migration in housing delivery.
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Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.

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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.
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Noruka, Asanda. "An appraisal of the role of the National Rural Youth Service Corps in youth development in peri-urban Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5795.

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Youth unemployment is a global problem, but more-so in Southern globally positioned countries such as South Africa. The government of South Africa has implemented different interventions that attempt to alleviate national youth unemployment. Some of these programmes, such as the National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC), specifically target youth in rural and peri-urban areas. NARYSEC aims to develop skills of the youth in rural and peri-urban areas as well as assist in rural development. Despite the introduction of NARYSEC, unemployment among the youth continues to be a problem. Against this background, this study sought to examine rural youth and development interventions implemented by NARYSEC in peri-urban Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. Furthermore, the study assessed the extent to which NARYSEC interventions are contributing to rural youth and development in peri-urban Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. Lastly, the study examined the limitations of NARYSEC interventions in peri-urban youth development. To achieve the above objectives, the study used a qualitative research approach. The sampling procedure was purposive as the research required specific participants who have gone through NARYSEC training. A total of 24 respondents were eventually selected. In-depth, semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews were the primary data collection tools. Some of the main findings are that NARYSEC provides various skills training programmes which prepare young people for the labour market. NARYSEC interventions are also helping communities to reduce crime through providing youth employment opportunities. Furthermore, some youth actively participate in rural development projects such as rehabilitation of local clinics and construction projects. However, the study also found that there are a number of limitations and challenges that are experienced in the implementation of the NARYSEC programme. These challenges include lack of strategic planning in the programme, irregular stipend payments, strained professional relationships between NARYSEC programme facilitators and youth participants, limited passion and commitment to the programme by both youth participants and facilitators.
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Books on the topic "Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa"

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South Africa's city of diamonds: Mine workers and monopoly capitalism in Kimberley, 1867-1895. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

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South Africa's townships 1980-1991: An annotated bibliography. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 1992.

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Cilliers, S. P. Patterns of migration and settlement in rural South Africa. [Stellenbosch]: Research Unit for Sociology of Development, University of Stellenbosch, 1986.

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Report of the Committee for Constitutional Affairs of the President's Council on an urbanisation strategy for the Republic of South Africa. Cape Town: Govt. Printer, 1985.

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Tejiendo la vida universitaria en la capital: Nuevos dilemas de la mujer indígena contemporánea. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales-Ceso, Departamento de Antropología, 2005.

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The social origins of the urban South: Race, gender, and migration in Nashville and middle Tennessee, 1890-1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

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The making of apartheid, 1948-1961: Conflict and compromise. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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(Editor), Lawrence Schlemmer, ed. Up Against the Fences: Poverty, Passes, and Privilege in South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, 1985.

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1938-, Giliomee Hermann Buhr, and Schlemmer Lawrence, eds. Up against the fences: Poverty, passes, and privilege in South Africa. New York: St Martin's Press, 1985.

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Beate, Lohnert, ed. Social networks: Potentials and constraints : indications from South Africa. Saarbrücken: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural-urban migration – Employment – South Africa"

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Obayelu, Abiodun Elijah, Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu, and Esther Toluwatope Tolorunju. "Rural–Urban Labor Migration and Youth Employment: Investigating the Relevance of Nigeria’s Agricultural Sector in Employment Generation." In The Palgrave Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa, 341–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6_16.

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"Box 4.3 The migration experience in South Africa." In Rural-Urban Interaction in the Developing World, 127–30. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203646274-25.

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Mueller, Valerie, and Hak Lim Lee. "Can Migration be a Conduit for Transformative Youth Employment?" In Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa, 25–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0002.

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Migration has traditionally been considered a necessary component of the transformation process. However, without a green revolution or government-sponsored industrialization, which sparked the creation of jobs outside of the agricultural sector, it is unclear whether observed youth migration patterns in Africa correspond with occupation mobility. Panel data collected in four African countries are used to explore whether migration offers youth access to more transformative forms of employment following the traditional pathways of structural change. We present statistics on sectoral diversification, movement into high-return versus low-return non-agricultural occupations, as well as income growth by youth migration status. Our findings suggest migration is potentially welfare-enhancing. Secondary towns will be of increasing importance to attract talent and promote growth, given constraints on travel and risks of securing employment in urban locations.
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Estruch, Elisenda, Lisa Van Dijck, David Schwebel, and Josee Randriamamonjy. "Youth Mobility and its Role in Structural Transformation in Senegal." In Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa, 251–76. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0009.

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This chapter uses multiple data sources to illustrate the transitions made by youth over time either to the rural non-farm economy or to urban areas. Descriptives are given to the motivations and constraints youth face when engaging in the RNFE or in migrant labour. The findings suggest that there are limited rural employment opportunities for youth, leading to a slow pace of rural poverty reduction. Rural youth still work mainly in poor quality jobs in agriculture, although they increasingly try: (i) to diversify their and their family’s income by engaging in nonfarm employment, or (ii) to look for options outside rural areas by migration to urban areas or abroad. We review the main policies and programmes implemented in Senegal to examine potential for reform towards pro-transformative youth employment.
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Pratt, Joseph A., and Martin V. Melosi. "Energy Capital and Opportunity City." In New World Cities, 242–94. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0008.

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Houston began the twentieth century as a small cotton port linked to the Gulf of Mexico by a ship channel. It became an important center of oil production and refining before World War II, a leading producer during the war and its aftermath, and the global capital of energy focusing on technological innovation, refining, and petrochemicals as the world economy globalized. As it grew, the city drew migrants, Anglo- and African-American, from the U.S. South, many from Louisiana, to become a diverse but not simply segregated city. The long-term economic benefits of oil-led development allowed unequal yet shared gains and funded the rise of leading medical centers, sustaining a diversified economy after the 1980s oil bust made it a symbol of a major city built on oil. It expanded employment and improved infrastructure, but economic opportunities and physical growth came with high environmental costs, including health challenges and urban problems ranging from water supply, to pollution, to chronic flooding—as the city grew with a new wave of migration from Mexico into the twenty-first century.
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Abubakar, Ismaila Rimi, and Umar Lawal Dano. "Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 219–40. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch011.

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Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.
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Abubakar, Ismaila Rimi, and Umar Lawal Dano. "Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria." In E-Planning and Collaboration, 937–58. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5646-6.ch045.

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Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.
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