Academic literature on the topic 'Rural-urban migration – South Africa – KwaZulu-Natal'

AbstractThe social role of youth, in the last twenty years, has become a key point of the political agenda of many African nations. In South Africa, the consequences of segregationist politics, market economy and migrations have profoundly shaped the social and cultural role of youth, both in urban and rural contexts. Moreover, the end of apartheid has opened a new period of wide transformation. Based on my ethnographic research in KwaMashabane, a rural region of South Africa, this article analyses how the social role of male youth is shaped by national state policy and by local dynamics. I will focus on the relationship between models of adulthood, and the strategies that youth adopt to cope with conflicts and continuities. This analysis will show how post-apartheid freedom and the constraints of the local social structure are negotiated, and how society is coping with the complex relationships between cultural reproduction and social change.

The paper investigated the role of location on the performance attributes of manufacturing Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa’s second-largest province of KwaZulu Natal (KZN). Panel data from 191 SMMEs covering three years between 2015 and 2017 were analysed using R software. The results utilising the Random Effects Within-Between (REWB) technique show that SMMEs in KZN have related characteristics but the extent to which they influence performance is moderated by location. The findings also indicate that the use of digital media and liability registration negatively affects the performance of urban-based, with no effect on rural-based enterprises. Based on the findings, it was recommended that SMMEs in KZN should focus on productivity, permanent employees, temporary employees and total assets to drive performance despite their locations. Based on this study, the government has an informed basis for the development of effective interventions for SMMEs in the province.

This paper discusses sexual behaviour findings collected through eleven homogenous focus group discussions conducted among women and men in a predominantly Zulu population in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The objective of this paper is to shed light on sexual behaviour in a rural community. The findings suggest that sex is a taboo subject and the discussion around it is concealed in the use of polite language, euphemisms, and gestures. There are gender and generational dimensions to the discussion of sex. The contribution of this paper lies in the identification of what rural people discuss about sex and the influence of cultural practices and urban or global forces on sexual behaviour in rural areas. The paper adds to the growing body of literature on the use of focus groups in understanding sexual behaviour in rural contexts.

Cathrine Kazunga is a full time student studying PhD in Mathematics Education with University of KwaZulu - Natal. University of KwaZulu-Natal is one of the most reputable institutions in South Africa, among the institutions with mathematics education as their main topics of research activity. She has twelve years of teaching experience in rural and urban secondary schools and ten years tertiary education of learning and teaching experience in Zimbabwe. She is an emerging researcher who has so many peer reviewed publication of three journal publications and four conference proceedings. It is possible to contact her via e-mail: kathytembo@gmail.com

This study was undertaken to highlight the social disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of housing patterns, provision of safe drinking water, access to sanitation facilities, education, employment rate and health-related to diarrhoeal episodes in Ugu District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. To achieve this aim, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Drinking water samples were collected from the point of supply and the storage containers to assess the microbiological quality of drinking water in both rural and urban areas. Results of this study revealed prominent residential segregation between rural and urban communities, whereby the houses in the rural areas were generally constructed with corrugated iron sheets, or mud brick and mortar whereas conventional brick-and-mortar construction was used to build those in the urban areas. All of the urban households had flush toilets in their houses (100%), while 98.2% of the rural households were relying on pit latrines and 1.8% were reported to defecate in an open field. The District unemployment rate was at 58.1% in rural areas and none among the urban community. Results also showed that only 13.6% of the rural dwellers completed their secondary education compared to 70.4% of the urban areas. The diarrhoeal episodes were high in rural areas (34.1%) while none of these episodes was reported in urban areas. Great disparity in the water supply persists between rural and urban communities. For the former, the standpipes located outside their homes (90.9%) remain the sole mode of access to drinking water, while in the urban area, all households had pipes/taps inside their houses. Assessment of the drinking water quality revealed only the stored drinking water used by the rural community of Ugu District was contaminated. High prevalence of E. coli ranging from 63.3 % to 66.7% was recorded only in stored water after the sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Species-specific PCR primers exposed the presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli at a rate ranging between 1.4% and 3.7% in this water Overall, this study has been able to highlight the disparity left by the legacy of racial segregation in the Ugu Municipality District. Therefore, the local government must intervene in educating homeowners on safe water storage practices.

Rural-urban migration appears to be an ongoing process in South Africa. This is attributed to various reasons. In itself, the process contributes towards an ongoing demand for services such as housing, water, sanitation and transportation systems. Rural – urban migration plays a key role in urbanization. The living conditions in rural areas appear to be the main contributing factors towards rural-urban migration. This indicates that the challenges facing rural communities include the creation of conducive environments within those communities. Hence, the issue of rural-urban migration should be addressed from the spatial and socio – economic perspectives. In an attempt to address human settlements needs, South Africa has a policy framework which supports the right to housing as it has been accorded to South African citizens by their Constitution. The objective is to ensure that there is adequate housing for South Africans. This study investigated and analysed the relationship between rural-urban migration and housing delivery in Clermont Township in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal. The participants included the residents of Clermont Township and the representatives of the eThekwini Municipality. Among others, the study found that rural-urban migration is an ongoing process which affects housing delivery in urban areas. As a result it continues to make the objective of ensuring that there is adequate housing for South Africans unattainable. Hence, attention should be paid to the effects of rural-urban migration in housing delivery.

The thesis proposed to critique the neo-liberal perspective on regional policy in South Africa, and its emphasis on areas of strength and advantage, on two grounds. First, that it neglects processes of economic restructuring, and the possibility of place-specific decline or vulnerability. However, South Africa's increasing exposure to international markets, ongoing economic crisis, and political change, provide a context in which such conditions are likely. Secondly , these concerns are marginalised through the assumption that households can and do move out of areas experiencing restructuring or decline , or from places with weak economic bases. This assumption, however, ignores the limits to mobility in the current conjuncture, and the role of place in survival. The thesis critiques these arguments theoretically, and empirically - through a brief examination of the dynamics of restructuring and migration in KwaZulu-Natal, and a more detailed analysis of the case of Newcastle . The study of KwaZulu-Natal shows broad patterns of restructuring over the century, and points to new forms of instability in the 1990s. The research demonstrates that Newcastle has experienced several rounds of restructuring. While aggregate employment was relatively stable by the end of the 1980s, there had been a significant shift in the nature of economic activity and the composition of employment. Further rounds of restructuring coupled with employment decline - occurred in the 1990s, and key industrial sectors are shown to be vulnerable. The study of migration shows that, while there is a relationship between urbanisation and economic development in KwaZulu-Natal, there are also exceptions to it, with people remaining in, and even moving to places with weak or declining economic bases. The research did not find a complete, disjuncture ' between urbanisation and economic development in Newcastle. However, as, a consequence of past investments in place and limited opportunities elsewhere, low-income households remained in Newcastle despite restructuring. The study therefore shows that restructuring and place-vulnerability are concerns in South Africa, and that migration cannot be relied upon as a corrective. These findings underpin the need for a renewed consideration of social concerns within regional policy, and for moving beyond the 'efficiency' versus 'equity' dichotomy.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 1997.

M.Sc.(Med.) (Population Based Field Epidemiology)<br>Background Assessing HIV incidence over time in a rural population, largely characterized by high levels of migration and poverty is important to understand the dynamics of the spread of HIV infection. Understanding patterns of HIV infection is a key to defining the appropriate strategies for prevention of the disease especially in areas where information on HIV incidence is scarce, such as in Africa and South Africa in particular. Objectives and methods The main objective of this study is to measure the association between migration history and newly acquired HIV infection by sex. The specific objectives are to: (i) quantify median distance of migration by members of the cohort during the period of observation; (ii) measure the association between migration status and acquisition of HIV infection among males and females study participants. The current analysis is based on secondary data collected at the Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance System (DSS) in South Africa. Women aged 15-49 years and men aged 15-54 years were enrolled in the study and tested for HIV between 2003/5 and 2008. A Weibull survival model was used to determine the probability of HIV infection, subject to migration and possible confounders. Results For external migration, the median of external in-migration distance was 53.9 km, with a lower quartile of 27 km and upper quartile of 204 km while the median of external out-migration distance was 104.7 km, with a lower quartile of 52 km and upper quartile of 204 km. The total migration rate among males is 8.8 and for females the rate is 8.2 per 100 person-years (PYO). The majority of external migrants moved to Durban, which appeared to be the most important origin and destination for most migrants. Of the 9300 individuals enrolled in this study, 699 sero-converted. The HIV incidence rate among non-migrants males was 2.0/100 PYO (95% CI, 1.7 – 2.3) and for non-migrants females was 4.1/100 PYO (95% CI, 3.8 – 4.5) while the HIV incidence rates among migrants were higher for females in all categories: 2.0/100 PYO (95% CI, 1.3- 3.1) among internal migrants, 3.8/100 PYO (95% CI, 1.7- 8.5) for external in-migrant and among external out-migrants the HIV incidence rate was 3.2/100 PYO (95% CI, 2.3 – 4.5). For both genders, except internal migration showed a significant risk of HIV acquisition, other types of migration showed no significant association with HIV acquisition. Among other predictors, males who were in the age group 25-29 had the highest hazard of 3.75 times increased risk of HIV acquisition compared to the age group 15-19 [HR = 3.75, 95% CI (2.30 – 6.32), P < 0.001]. Females aged 20-24 years had 43% increased risk of HIV acquisition compared to the those aged 15-19 years [HR = 1.43, 95% CI (1.13 – 1.79), P = 0.002]. For marital status, females who had never been married and not engaged had 71% increased risk of HIV acquisition compared to those who were married, [HR = 1.71, 95% CI (1.09 – 2.68), P = 0.019]. Females with conjugal partners who were always resident and females with conjugal partners who were partial resident had a reduced risk of HIV acquisition of 41% [HR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.36 – 0.95), P = 0.031] and 38% [HR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.40 – 0.96), P = 0.034] respectively. Conclusion Rates of migration vary by age and gender in this cohort of repeat-testers of HIV. Younger individuals migrated more often and the majority of migrants moved to urban centres close to the study area. In terms of HIV incidence, for all covariates, females had higher rates of HIV acquisition than males. External migration does not appear to increase HIV acquisition for this cohort of repeat-testers of HIV, and those who internally migrated had a reduced risk of HIV acquisition. Based on these findings, public health efforts aimed at controlling the spread of HIV infection in this cohort should target at socio-economic condition, sexual behaviour and empowering of women in particular.

The above topic deals with the land use planning, the land-tenure and the deeds registration systems, applicable in former black urban and rural areas of KwaZulu Natal. These areas are divided into three categories, namely: 1. black townships on former black land (former KwaZulu townships); 2. rural or tribal land; and 3. black townships on former white land (Development Aid (DDA) townships). The writer firstly explains how the above categories of land were created in terms of the 1913 and 1936 land laws and how the administration and control of the first two categories was taken over by the former KwaZulu Legislative Assembly in 1986 whilst administration and control of the last category remained with the South African Development Trust. The writer critically analyses different pieces of legislation relating to the land system in the abovementioned categories of land. The writer further critically analyses the new land laws and their effect on the said land system.<br>Law<br>LL.M.