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1
Gugler, Josef. "The Son of the Hawk Does Not Remain Abroad: The Urban–Rural Connection in Africa." African Studies Review 45, no. 1 (April 2002): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000202060003153x.
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Abstract:Most rural–urban migrants maintain significant ties with their communities of origin in Africa south of the Sahara. Contrary to “modernist” assumptions that these ties would fade away, they often continue to be strong. This urban–rural connection has important consequences for rural–urban migration, for urban–rural return migration, for the rural economy, and for the political process. To understand the processes underpinning the urban–rural connection we need to distinguish different migration strategies and to deconstruct the notion of “rural.” Depending on their migration strategies, urban residents connect with a range of actors at the rural end: more or less closely related kin, kinship groups, non-kin groups, villages, larger political entities. These connections play out differently for men and women.
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Guang, Lei. "The State Connection in China's Rural-Urban Migration." International Migration Review 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 354–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00270.x.
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This study explores the role of China's rural local state-owned and urban state-owned units in its rural-urban migration process. Most studies on Chinese migration have focused on migrants moving from rural to urban areas through informal mechanisms outside of the state's control. They therefore treat the Chinese state as an obstructionist force and dismiss its facilitative role in the migration process. By documenting rural local states' “labor export” strategies and urban state units' employment of millions of peasants, this article provides a corrective to the existing literature. It highlights and explains the state connection in China's rural-urban migration. Labor is … a special kind of commodity. What we do is to fetch a good price for this special commodity. Labor bureau official from Laomei county, 1996 If we want efficiency, we have to hire migrant workers. Party secretary of a state textile factory in Shanghai, 1997
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Cheng, Yang, Mark Rosenberg, Rachel Winterton, Irene Blackberry, and Siyao Gao. "Mobilities of Older Chinese Rural-Urban Migrants: A Case Study in Beijing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030488.
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Along with the rapid urbanization process in Beijing, China, the number of older rural-urban migrants is increasing. This study aims to understand how Chinese rural-urban migration in older age is influenced by, and impacts on the migrants’ mobilities. This study draws on a new conceptual framework of mobile vulnerability, influenced by physical, economic, institutional, social and cultural mobility, to understand older people’ experiences of migration from rural to urban areas. Forty-five structured in-depth interviews with older rural-urban migrants aged 55 and over were undertaken in four study sites in Beijing, using the constant comparative method. Results demonstrate that rural household registration (hukou) is an important factor that restricts rural older migrants’ institutional mobility. As older migrants’ physical mobility declines, their mobile vulnerability increases. Economic mobility is the key factor that influences their intention to stay in Beijing. Older migrants also described coping strategies to improve their socio-cultural mobility post-migration. These findings will inform service planning for older rural-urban migrants aimed at maintaining their health and wellbeing.
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Peng, Wenjia, Brian E. Robinson, Hua Zheng, Cong Li, Fengchun Wang, and Ruonan Li. "Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092716.
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Recently, increasingly sophisticated studies have investigated the relationship between agrarian livelihoods and the environment, as well as rural–urban interactions in developing countries. The policies developed to respond to these dynamics can constrain livelihood options or provide additional opportunities. In the present study, using a modified version of the telecoupled sustainable livelihood framework to generalize dynamic livelihood strategies in the context of rural–urban transformation and by focusing on recent research in China, we review important factors that shape rural livelihood strategies as well as the types of strategies that typically intersect with livelihood and environmental dynamics. We then examine telecoupled rural–urban linkages given that the dynamics of the livelihood strategies of farmers can cause flows of labor, capital, ecosystem services, and other processes between rural and urban areas, thereby placing livelihood strategies in a dynamic context, which has not been considered widely in previous research. We show that most previous studies focused on the reduction of environmental impacts via livelihood diversification and rural–urban migration. We propose several areas for future policy development and research.
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Bakre, Olayemi, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "Driving urban-rural migration through investment in water resource management in subsistence farming: the case of Machibini." Environmental Economics 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.07.
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The once thriving subsistence farming community of Machibini is currently defunct due to water shortages, inadequacy of governmental support and better livelihood in urban communities. This community alongside its neighbouring communities is characterized by poverty. A variety of strategies and initiatives has been initiated to address the cyclical poverty amongst these communities. This paucity has driven the youths to urban centres as a means of securing a better livelihood. More so, the constant ebb of mass rural-urban migration has created voluminous challenges. As an agendum to creating a viable farming community in Machibini and “instigating an urban-rural migration”, the paper recommends the reallocation of the surplus budgets of this community to the investment of water resource management as a strategy of transforming the subsistence into commercial farming, thereby creating employment opportunities for the unemployed rural, as well as urban dwellers, while reducing poverty to a reasonable extent.
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Mpandeli, Sylvester, Luxon Nhamo, Sithabile Hlahla, Dhesigen Naidoo, Stanley Liphadzi, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, and Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. "Migration under Climate Change in Southern Africa: A Nexus Planning Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114722.
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Population increase is exacerbating resource insecurities due to increased demand for already depleted resources. Coupled with climate change, they are the main drivers of both intra- (rural-urban and urban-urban) and inter-migration (from one country to the other). We carried out a systematic review of literature, focusing on available options to ensure water and food security, as well as improve the socio-economic environment, highlighting the drivers of migration in southern Africa. The aim was to develop informed adaptation strategies and build resilience in the advent of accelerated migration. We developed a migration conceptual framework based on the nexus between water, food and socio-economic interlinkages. Urban areas in southern Africa are under immense pressure to accommodate climate refugees from resource stressed rural areas, a situation that is impacting on agricultural production. Most urban areas are exceeding their ecological thresholds to support the built environment, causing some socio-ecological challenges. Nexus planning can inform adaptation planning on permissible migration that are aligned with regional goals such as regional integration, poverty reduction and improved livelihoods. This would also contribute to the region’s achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, through the identification of synergies and trade-offs, nexus planning can inform regional adaptation strategies for positively managing migration leading to sustainable outcomes.
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Agwu, A. E., I. Q. Anugwa, and C. F. Ifeonu. "Stemming rural-urban migration through agricultural development: Can Nigeria apply the lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic?" Agro-Science 20, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v20i4.5.
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Nigeria has one of the highest population growth rates in the world resulting to rapid urbanization and an enormous increase in the population leaving rural areas and now living in urban centres. In spite of the increased emphasis on rural development, rural-urban migration has persisted mainly due to the farmerherder conflict situation, poverty, lack of job opportunities, insecurity and gross inadequacy of social infrastructures in the rural areas. This mass migration and other factors have put Nigeria in an emergency food and nutrition insecure situation. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was already an existing gap in the Nigerian food system, which led to the importation of food items to augment local production in order to meet local demand. However, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic undermined efforts to achieve SDG 2 as the country witnessed not only a major disruption to food supply chains in the wake of lockdowns and movement restrictions triggered by the global health crisis, but also a major economic slowdown. The commerce, service, and agricultural sectors were the hardest hit by the spread of the virus and the effects are different along the rural-urban continuum. The vacuum created by the migration of people from the rural to urban areas led to reduction of farm yields, while the urban areas were particularly affected in terms of food supply from rural areas as a result of movement restrictions made during the height of the pandemic. More urbanised areas may be harder hit than remote rural areas if connectivity remains broken down, as most food crops are produced in the rural and semi-rural areas. This paper recommends strategies and policies aimed at reducing poverty, food insecurity and inequality across the urban-rural continuum through agricultural development. This will assist in addressing the adverse drivers of migration with particular focus on improving the social and economic conditions of rural areas.
Key words: agricultural development, COVID-19, food security, rural-urban migration
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Liu, Ran. "Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration." Land 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020282.
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The urbanization in China is “incomplete” and the migration of non-hukou migrants is circular, wherein rural migrants often keep their rural land in the home village as a social safety net. The informal housing market is one of the main housing providers for migrant workers. Existing studies see informal housing as the migrants’ passive choice under the discriminatory hukou system, while underplaying the migrants’ familial multi-site tenure strategies between village homes and city places. As suggested by New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), attachment to a place of origin (such as keeping hometown lands), while choosing informal housing at the destination, is a familial utility maximization strategy that can control risks when migrating between locations. Informal housing areas, therefore, become a trans-local rural-urban gradient and semi-urban landscape. We use the 2017 Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey data and the binary logistic regression to examine (a) whether hometown landowning is a significant predictor of the migrants’ choosing of a temporary stay in informal settlements in urban destinations, and (b) which kind of hometown land arrangement (farmland or homestead holding or both of them) is the strongest indicator of the higher probability of staying in informal settlements in urban destinations? The data analysis reveals that homestead in hometown is a more prominent pulling factor than farmland to “glue” rural migrants together within an integrated rural land “insurance regime” between the migrant-sending and -receiving places. The land-use and informal housing governance (including urban village demolition) ignore the trans-local nature of the migratory networks and semi-urbanizing dynamics. The traditional analysis of the rural-urban gradient with many landscapes should consider the functional and tenurial linkage between the locations at different points along with the complex migration activities.
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Lesetedi, Gwen N. "Urban-rural linkages as an urban survival strategy among urban dwellers in Botswana: the case of Broadhurst residents." Journal of Political Ecology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v10i1.21649.
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This paper studies the role of urban-rural linkages as survival strategies and as a form of economic security in the face of increasing levels of urban unemployment. The study focuses on the residents of Broad hurst,a suburb of Gaborone, Botswana and presents the result of a survey of 360 households.The households contained 1560 people of whom 90.9% were 45 years old or less. Urban-rural linkages included the continuation of part time work and residence in the rural area and the continued management of land and livestock in the rural area. In all, 91.9% of the households interviewed owned property in rural areas while 70.3% owned residential land, 64.7% owned farmland, 63.9% owned livestock, 56.7% owned grazing lands, 14.4% owned business plots and an additional 9.4% owned other forms of rural property. Linkages with the rural area were reinforced through participation in social activities, exchange of goods and services, and the consultation with rural people primarily over family matters and the consultation by rural relatives on work or financial matters.Key words: urban-rural linkages, survival strategy, economic security, Botswana, Gaborone, Broadhurst, rural-urban migration, migrants, land tenure, property, livestock, household, rural development, urban survey.
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Carson, Dean, Katherine Punshon, Matthew McGrail, and Rebecca Kippen. "Comparing rural and regional migration patterns of Australian medical general practitioners with other professions: implications for rural workforce strategies." Australian Population Studies 1, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v1i1.12.
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Background: The shortage of professional workers in rural and regional Australia continues as a major policy challenge. There has been substantially more strategy investment for the medical general practitioner (GP) profession than for other professions, particularly at the start of their careers.
Aims: To examine differences between domestic migration patterns of GPs and other professionals to rural and regional zones in Australia for younger, mid-life and older workers.
Data and methods: Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2011 Census were used to examine five-year migration rates for professionals in five ABS occupational classifications: generalist medical practitioners (GPs); engineering professionals; legal professionals; education professionals; and other health professionals. Migration volumes were benchmarked for GPs and compared both for other professions and career stage.
Results: GPs were less likely than other professionals to migrate from major urban to rural zones, regional to rural zones, or rural to regional zones. Younger GPs had the highest rural migration rates, while mid-life and older GPs were least likely to migrate to rural and regional zones. In contrast, increasingly age was associated positively with migration to rural zones for those in the other four professions.
Conclusions: Despite concerted policy efforts to encourage more GPs to move to rural areas, overall rural migration rates for GPs are lower than for other professionals, especially for older workers. Further investigation of the links between GP migration patterns and workforce policies needs to be undertaken to inform the application or otherwise of workforce strategies used by other professions.
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Niu, Li, Yan Liu, Xin Wang, Hui Li, Junbo Chen, and Hutcha Sriplung. "The Effect of Migration Duration on Treatment Delay Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants After the Integration of Urban and Rural Health Insurance in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 57 (January 2020): 004695802091928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958020919288.
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Few researches have been focused on the treatment delay of rural-to-urban migrants in China. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of migration duration on treatment delay among rural-to-urban migrants in tertiary hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a sample of 727 patients and surveyed factors including sociodemographics, medical costs, migration, treatment delay, and health cost-coping strategies. Totally, 727 patients were included, of which 61 delayed their treatment and 666 had no treatment delay. Statistically significant differences were found between different migration duration groups in marital status, education, insurance, family annual income, residency, payment before treatment, reported disease, and migration duration ( P < .05). The results from multiple logistic regression showed that migration between 1 and 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 7.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.59-32.87; P < .05) was considered the significant contributing risk factor for treatment delay after adjusting for age, sex, and other variables. To cope with their health expenditure, patients with treatment delay tended to use less savings and borrow more money than those without. Rural-to-urban migrants with 1 to 5 years of migration were the most vulnerable group of having treatment delay. Migrants were more likely to borrow money to cope with the health expenditure. Targeted services should be provided to meet different needs of migrants according to migration duration.
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Buyanova, Anna Yur'evna. "The Adaptation of Young Rural Buryats to Ulan-Ude's Urban and Educational Space." Inner Asia 11, no. 1 (2009): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009793066604.
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AbstractThis article explores the repercussions of the demographic changes currently taking place in Buryatia. In particular, it concerns the mass migration of young rural Buryats to Ulan-Ude, in search of a higher education and, eventually, better career prospects. In-depth interviews with a sample of Buryat university students are used to reveal the challenges rural incomers face in adapting to urban life, and the differing strategies they use to overcome them. As these interviews show, the success of a rural Buryat's university career depends on their capacity to change their behaviour and aspirations to fit urban cultural norms.
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Skobelina, Natalia Anatolyevna, and Le Thi Thanh Tuyen. "Theoretical aspects of studying migration of youth from the rural areas in modern Vietnamese society." Социодинамика, no. 10 (October 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2021.10.36094.
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This article analyzes the scientific literature dedicated to migration of youth from the rural areas to cities. In the conditions of high growth dynamics of modern society, there are multiple issues to be discussed, which defines the relevance of this research. The sociological analysis of migration process from rural areas to cities requires implementing the strategy of integralism and outlining the theoretical approaches and concepts associated with the migration of rural youth in modern Vietnam. Analysis is conducted on the modern scientific literature, with emphasis on the economic, social, and political factors that affect the migration of modern Vietnamese youth from rural areas to cities. The novelty lies in determination of the key vectors in studying the migration process of rural youth to urban areas in modern Vietnam. The conclusion is made that the researchers of youth migration focus on the large-scale migration outflow of young people from rural areas to cities, factors of youth migration, nuances of rural community, level of income of rural population, quality of housing, job market and employment in rural areas. Vietnamese researchers of youth migration dedicate special attention to the educational strategies of youth, difficulties and advantages faced due to migration from rural areas to cities in modern Vietnamese society. However, the existing theories and concepts do not provide a holistic representation on the phenomenon in question; thus, it is proposed to use an integral approach.
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Schaefer, William. "Poor and Blank: History's Marks and the Photographies of Displacement." Representations 109, no. 1 (2010): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2010.109.1.1.
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Observing a conjunction between massive rural-to-urban migration and the recent documentary turn in Chinese art, this essay suggests some of the ways documentary photography works as a medium of historical thinking in contemporary China. Through the work of the photographer Zhang Xinmin, it examines the cultural politics of blankness and marked surfaces as representational strategies for exploring the intersection of historical remains and mass migration.
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Crentsil, Perpetual. "An Inherent Burden." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v33i2.116440.
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The connection between rural-urban migration, risky survival activities and HIV infections in sub-Saharan African societies has been central among the social and cultural factors associated with the high rates of HIV/AIDS in the continent. But the underlying role of kinship in this relationship has been less documented. This article discusses the connection of kinship in rural-urban migration and HIV infections among the matrilineal Akan of Ghana. There is a pressure on people to migrate from their villages to urban areas where they are expected to be successful and remit to other kin members back home. When people become infected, the burden then turns to lie on kin members to care for the AIDS patients. The article concludes that the family pressures reflected in the stories of many AIDS patients in Akan society are too huge to ignore. It suggests that interpersonal dialogues as campaign strategies should target both individuals and family members in households.
Keywords: kinship obligations, migration, HIV/AIDS, Akan of Ghana
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Fangmeng, Tian. "Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China: Migrant Workers’ Coping Strategies by Li Sun." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 1 (March 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820912563.
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Stites, Elizabeth. "'The Only Place to Do This is in Town': Experiences Of Rural–Urban Migration in Northern Karamoja, Uganda." Nomadic Peoples 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/np.2020.240103.
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Towns in northern Karamoja, Uganda, are growing due to an expanding commercial sector, shifts in livestock-based rural livelihoods, and the economic and social appeal of urban life. This article presents qualitative data from 83 individual migrants to Abim, Kaabong and Kotido, the three largest towns in northern Karamoja. The research aimed to better understand the factors behind migration, the livelihood strategies pursued by those moving to towns and the opportunities and challenges associated with urban life. The data show that the majority of respondents in urban centres retained links to their rural communities: these connections allowed migrants to access key assets such as land, social networks and food, and allowed rural residents to receive remittances and other forms of support. Those who were not able to maintain ties to their rural homes or families were frequently the most vulnerable; most were widowed or abandoned women. Reasons for migration included household-level shocks, such as the loss of livestock or the death of a family member, as well as food insecurity or 'hunger'. Towns are attractive destinations because of their economic opportunities and potential for a better life. However, many respondents struggled with the cost of living in towns and worked multiple ad hoc and low-skilled jobs in order to get by. While rural linkages were important for populations in both areas, most respondents did not envision returning to their rural areas. Urban planning and services have not kept pace with migratory patterns.
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Zhang, Li. "How Migrant Labor is Changing Rural China. By Rachel Murphy. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 306 pp. Hard cover $70.00, ISBN 0-521-80901-0; paperback $25.00, ISBN 0-521-00530-2.]." China Quarterly 175 (September 2003): 846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003340470.
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Mass rural–urban labour migration in post-Mao China has received a great deal of attention by scholars of different disciplines. The existing research has largely focused on the causes and processes of migration; the politics of migrant identities and settlements in the cities; changing modes of governance in managing the migrant population; the questions of urban citizenship; and the cultural experiences of migrant wage workers in the reform era. Yet, we know very little about the profound social, economic and cultural impact of migrant labour on Chinese rural life and society. Rachel Murphy's book provides a timely contribution to our understanding of what has happened in rural China as a result of this unprecedented labour migration. Based on extensive, in-depth fieldwork in three counties in Jiangxi province, this is an extraordinarily insightful and fresh account of the everyday socio-economic changes brought by migration in the origin areas. Moving away from the static analysis of migration by modernization and structuralist theories, Murphy emphasizes the critical role of human agency by treating rural migrants as social agents who actively pursue their goals and utilize resources while making sense of the rapidly changing social world in which they live. Her study convincingly shows that migrants are neither passive victims of structural changes nor actors completely free of structural constraints; rather they constantly adopt strategies to negotiate with and alter the larger social, economic and political environment.
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Xiao, Hui, Jianxiu Xiao, and Fangting Xie. "Impact Assessment of Farmland Lease-Out on Rural Households’ Livelihood Capital and Livelihood Strategy." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 10736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710736.
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Rapid urbanization and the gradual disappearance of urban and rural barriers have accelerated rural surplus labor migration. This study focused on the rural household’s livelihood from the perspective of farmland lease-out. Using 382 rural households’ data in Jiangxi Province, we used the seemingly unrelated regression and binary logistic models to analyze the impact of farmland lease-out on rural households’ livelihood capital and livelihood strategy. The results indicated that farmland lease-out did not affect rural households’ human capital but had a negative impact on social capital, natural capital and future life expectation, and had a positive impact on financial capital and physical capital. Farmland lease-out had a significant negative impact on agricultural pluriactivity-type livelihood strategies, while having a significant positive impact on off-farm employment livelihood strategies. In addition, the scale of farmland lease-out had a positive impact on the off-farm pluriactivity and off-farm employment livelihood strategies.
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Abdul Rahman, Muhamad Zulfadli, Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, and Muhammad Shamshinor Abdul Azzis. "ISLAM DAN PEMBASMIAN KEMISKINAN BANDAR." Jurnal Syariah 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 461–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/js.vol28no3.5.
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Urbanisation has created a disparity between the standard of living in urban and rural areas. Subsequently, more and more people are migrating from the rural areas to the urban areas due to the lure of wider economic opportunities and greater access to infrastructure and facilities. Unfortunately, massive urban migration gradually limited economic opportunities for migrants, and this has led to wide-spread urban poverty. This article will explain the phenomenon of urban poverty and discuss urban poverty eradication from an Islamic perspective. This study employs the qualitative approach by applying the inductive, deductive and comparative content analysis method where the primary data are derived from library research, as well as from previous studies. The study found that the authority and community both play an important role in addressing urban poverty. This can be addressed through several measures of poverty eradication implemented in Islam, which include correcting belief about the economy, ensuring a balance wealth distribution from the rich to the poor, and changing attitudes and motivation at the ground level. In this regard, the authority should focus on creating a balanced distribution of wealth, facilitating a strategic economic management plan, adopting priority-based economies, effective implementation of poverty eradication policies, adoption of growth strategies, improving basic facilities and focusing on institutional roles.
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Eversole, Robyn. "Migration and Resource Access: View from a Quechua Barrio." MIGRATION LETTERS 2, no. 2 (October 28, 2005): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v2i2.8.
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A study of migration patterns among residents of an urban Bolivian neighbourhood sheds light on how households access resources, and the impact of ethnic identity markers on their ability to do so. The study shows how, in an ethnically divided society, households of rural, indigenous Andean background use migration as part of a complex range of strategies to access resources through space and across social and ethnic divides. The study demonstrates the limitations that these migrant households face, and their implications for social and economic development in Bolivia.
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Yi, Pan, Li Xin, and Sheng Yu Guo. "Thinking of Village Construction in Central Region under the Context of Labor Migration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.666.
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China’s 30 years’ rapid urbanization process is not a usual one but a particular process promoted in the dual social-economic structure like household registration policy and land system, According to the sixth census, China's floating population has reached 261 million, that is, among every three Chinese city's residents, there is one person belonging to the “Migrant-urbanization” group made up of migrant peasant workers. Large number of rural labor migration, on the one hand, it causes false components in the process of urbanization, on the other hand, it brings a lot of problems to village construction of the central region which is considered as population exporter. It also somehow gradually formed the result of the "amphibious" population who was not engaged in agricultural production, localization tendency of rural industries, sidelined agriculture, and the disordered development of towns and villages. This paper is based on the background that regional labor movement from backward areas to developed coastal areas.Furthermore, this paper analyzes both the positive effects and the negative impact of labor migration which brought about to the construction of the central region village in China. Finally, this paper proposed three strategies about construction of the central region village in China with the aim to contribute to the much better sustainable development of rural villages and improve the co-development of both the rural and urban areas, first, how to arrange the surplus rural laborers; how to make rural land use more economically and intensively; and how to balance the development of urban and rural areas.
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Selvaraj, Prashanth, Bradley G. Wagner, Dennis L. Chao, Maïna L’Azou Jackson, J. Gabrielle Breugelmans, Nicholas Jackson, and Stewart T. Chang. "Rural prioritization may increase the impact of COVID-19 vaccines in a representative COVAX AMC country setting due to ongoing internal migration: A modeling study." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0000053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000053.
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How COVID-19 vaccine is distributed within low- and middle-income countries has received little attention outside of equity or logistical concerns but may ultimately affect campaign impact in terms of infections, severe cases, or deaths averted. In this study we examined whether subnational (urban-rural) prioritization may affect the cumulative two-year impact on disease transmission and burden of a vaccination campaign using an agent-based model of COVID-19 in a representative COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Advanced Market Commitment (AMC) setting. We simulated a range of vaccination strategies that differed by urban-rural prioritization, age group prioritization, timing of introduction, and final coverage level. Urban prioritization averted more infections in only a narrow set of scenarios, when internal migration rates were low and vaccination was started by day 30 of an outbreak. Rural prioritization was the optimal strategy for all other scenarios, e.g., with higher internal migration rates or later start dates, due to the presence of a large immunological naive rural population. Among other factors, timing of the vaccination campaign was important to determining maximum impact, and delays as short as 30 days prevented larger campaigns from having the same impact as smaller campaigns that began earlier. The optimal age group for prioritization depended on choice of metric, as prioritizing older adults consistently averted more deaths across all of the scenarios. While guidelines exist for these latter factors, urban-rural allocation is an orthogonal factor that we predict to affect impact and warrants consideration as countries plan the scale-up of their vaccination campaigns.
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Biswal, Madan, and Arun Kumar Acharya. "Food Insecurity and Temporary Migration of Youth in India." MONDI MIGRANTI, no. 2 (August 2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2021-002001.
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The agrarian economy of India continues to be a major source for providing food throughout the country, although, in the past two decades, the economy has grown at remarkable rates; however, the impact of high economic growth on food securi-ty has been to a certain extent minimal. This weak correlation between economic growth and food security in India has forced people to migrate from rural to urban areas. Using primary data collected from 60 youth migrants in Bargarh district of western Odisha, India, this paper examines the linkage between food insecurity and temporary migration. The results indicate that, food insecurity which is asso-ciated with household's limited handholding or no lands plays an important role in the migration decision process, which is characterized by aspirations, planning and final decision to migrate. Migration has become a key component of livelihood strategies for an increasing number of rural households in the region.
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Hernández-Vásquez, Akram, and Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández. "Socio-demographic Determinants of Low Physical Activity in Peruvian Adults: Results of a Population-based Survey Performed in 2017-2018." Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 54, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.418.
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Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of low physical activity (PA) in Peruvian adults and to identify associated factors.Methods: An analytical study was performed using data from the 2017-2018 Nutritional Food Surveillance by Life Stages survey. The outcome variable was low PA (yes or no), assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form. Prevalence ratios were estimated as a measure of association.Results: Among the 1045 persons included in the analysis, the age-standardized prevalence of low PA was 61.9%. The adjusted model showed that being female and migrating from a rural to an urban area in the last 5 years were associated with a higher probability of having low PA than males and individuals who had not migrated, while residing in rural highlands and jungle areas was associated with a reduced probability of having low PA compared to people residing in other geographic domains.Conclusions: Being a female and migration from a rural to an urban area in the last 5 years were associated with a higher likelihood of having low PA. Therefore, promotion and prevention strategies related to PA are required, especially in the female and migrant populations.
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Tilak, Rina. "Urban Japanese Encephalitis: Time for a Reality Check." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202112.
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Expansion of JEV from its historical rural origin in the Oriental Realm has been evident. Apprehensions were raised by several investigators that the occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in the urban areas is a possibility. Creating wetlands, rice farms, and piggeries close to the rural-urban periphery to support the increasing urban population facilitates the migration of mosquitoes, ardeid birds, and pigs in these areas. The presence of vectors (Culex vishnui complex), reservoirs (the ardeid birds), and the amplifying hosts (pigs) together in these urban and peri-urban areas creates highly conducive situations for the JE transmission thus, creating an urban ecotype for JE. Apart from the primary vectors, JEV has been isolated from several species of mosquitoes belonging to different genera. JE antibodies have also been detected in several birds and mammals other than the known reservoirs and amplifying hosts. Such mosquitoes, birds, and mammals might be acting as complementary or maintenance vectors and reservoirs, respectively, which likely can keep the virus circulating perennially in nature. The reported occurrence of JE in urban areas from different geographical locations is decidedly indicative of the reality of the urban JE. It is thus pertinent that an inclusive approach encompassing sustained epidemiological surveillance and monitoring be adopted to formulate season-wise and area-wise strategies to contain JE both in rural and urban areas.
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Miklian, Jason, and Kristian Hoelscher. "Entrepreneurial Strategies to Address Rural-Urban Climate-Induced Vulnerabilities: Assessing Adaptation and Innovation Measures in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 9115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219115.
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Climate change amplifies social, political, economic, infrastructural and environmental challenges in many Global South cities, and perhaps no city is more vulnerable than Bangladesh’s capital of Dhaka. Climate-induced rural–urban migration is a profound concern, and Dhaka’s political leaders have embraced technology-based innovation as one solution pathway. This article explores the societal impact of Dhaka’s innovation environment strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Employing a case study qualitative methodology, our three findings expand knowledge about innovation for urban climate adaptation and mitigation as understood by Dhaka-based entrepreneurs. First, the most effective innovations were not the most technologically advanced, but those with the highest degree of participant ownership. Second, gaps between recipient, corporate and governmental understandings of effective mitigation and adaptation harmed projects were driven by different definitions of risk and competing understandings of vulnerability. Third, even the most technical climate adaptation measures were inherently political in their application. We discuss how to better position urban climate innovation infrastructures in Bangladesh and beyond, including developing a better recognition of innovation lifecycles for urban climate adaptation and widening our definitions of “innovation” to better incorporate more effective and inclusive climate adaptation solutions.
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Restrepo Arias, Santiago, Sara Torabi Moghadam, and Patrizia Lombardi. "Scenario Analysis for Incremental Community Planning in an African Context." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 8133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198133.
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Urban areas are gradually becoming more viable places in terms of life quality than most rural areas. This phenomenon generates human movements, both at a local and at an international scale, the latter usually being labeled as irregular migration. This study aims at analyzing urban scenario proposals that part from incremental urbanism principles to create opportunities for youth and women in the area of Pikine Est (Senegal), a neighborhood with a high vocation toward migration. An integrated planning approach is proposed, where an initial project identification stage reveals through documentary analysis and discussion the adequate project strategies to apply and shines a light on proper life quality indicators (LQIs). In the successive stage, project formulation, future-oriented scenarios are proposed. Finally, at the evaluation stage, each urban scenario is assessed to determine which one contains a more suitable set of strategies in function of the community’s needs, employing multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) methods. As a result, this study proves through measurable data that assessing incremental urban interventions makes sense in developing communities, not only as a study of their response to scarce financial resources, but also as means to overcome and avoid environmental issues that cities face at a global scale today.
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Brückner, Pia. "The homeland and the city: Rural and urban decolonization in Patricia Grace’s Potiki." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00046_1.
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Over the last decade, studies from multiple academic disciplines have started to examine the city’s role as a place of decolonization for Māori people in Aotearoa New Zealand. This article uses those multidisciplinary findings as a basis for literary criticism by re-examining the role of the city in Patricia Grace’s second novel Potiki (1986). Indigenous urbanites are generally deemed impossible and ‘unnatural’ within the inherited colonial ideology. And even though the novel foregrounds a Māori family’s return to their ancestral land, this article argues that the very success of this return is based on the interrelation between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ strategies of decolonization. While the colonial urban–rural binary often seems reinforced, the novel inverts the power positions between colonizer and colonized, thereby promoting decolonization. At the same time, some characters become unconsciously entrapped in a romanticized pre-migration idyll, which the harsh reality of agricultural working life cannot satisfy. In order to assess the effectiveness of the different decolonizing strategies employed by the characters, my analysis utilizes the postcolonial key concepts of binary opposition, the liminal, the interstice, ambivalence, double consciousness and cultural appropriation, and examines the degree to which inherited binary oppositions are either maintained or defied by Pākehā and Māori within the novel.
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Oehmke, James F., Satoshi Tsukamoto, and Lori A. Post. "Can Health Care Services Attract Retirees And Contribute to the Economic Sustainability of Rural Places?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 36, no. 1 (April 2007): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500009473.
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The search for engines to power rural economic growth has gone beyond the traditional boundaries of the food and fiber sector to industries such as tourism and to schemes such as attracting metropolitan workers to commuter communities with rural amenities. A group that has been somewhat overlooked is retirees, who may wish to trade in urban or suburban lifestyles for a more peaceful rural retirement. An industry that has been neglected is the health care industry, which is the most rapidly growing industry nationally and of particular interest to retirees and aging populations. This paper examines the importance of rural health care services in attracting migrants age 65+ to rural counties in Michigan. Results indicate that the number of health care workers has a positive effect on net in-migration, and that this effect is large and statistically significant for the 70+ age group. Implications for rural development strategies are discussed.
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Saletti, Salza Carlotta. "Migrare nel tempo. Sulla migrazione delle comunità Rom romene a Torino." DiPAV - QUADERNI, no. 24 (April 2009): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dipa2009-024008.
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- The rom communities from Romania constitute the last migration of rom groups in Italy. Nowadays the public administration considers this migration a matter of emergency and of public order, although the first arrivals of this rom (in Turin and in other Italian big cities) date from the beginning of Ninety°s. About 900-1500 Rumanian rom live in Turin, about 50.000 in Italy. This migration is very different from the others because of its temporal discontinuity, of the different zones of provenance (from rural or urban context) and of the different causes of migration. There are not many studies about these rom also if they are generically portrayed as criminals by the media and by the public opinion. Indeed these rom maintain a condition of invisibility concerning different aspects of their everyday life such as their housing strategies.
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Wang, Lei, Yaojia Zheng, Guirong Li, Yanyan Li, Zhenni Fang, Cody Abbey, and Scott Rozelle. "Academic achievement and mental health of left-behind children in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2018-0194.
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Purpose China’s rapid pace of urbanization has resulted in millions of rural residents migrating from rural areas to urban areas for better job opportunities. Due to economic pressures and the nature of China’s demographic policies, many of these migrants have been forced to leave their children with relatives – typically paternal grandparents – at home in the countryside. Thus, while income for most migrant families has risen, a major unintended consequence of this labor movement has been the emergence of a potentially vulnerable sub-population of left-behind children (LBCs). The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of parental migration on both the academic performance and mental health of LBCs. Design/methodology/approach Longitudinal data were drawn from three waves of a panel survey that followed the same students and their families – including their migration behavior (i.e. whether both parents, one parent, no parent migrated) – between 2015 and 2016. The survey covers more than 33,000 students in one province of central China. The authors apply a student fixed-effects model that controls for both observable and unobservable confounding variables to explicate the causal effects of parental migration on the academic and mental health outcomes for LBC. The authors also employ these methods to test whether these effects differ by the type of migration or by gender of the child. Findings The authors found no overall impact of parental migration on either academic performance or mental health of LBCs, regardless of the type of migration behavior. The authors did find, however, that when the authors examined heterogeneous effects by gender (which was possible due to the large sample size), parental migration resulted in significantly higher anxiety levels for left-behind girls. The results suggest that parental migration affects left-behind boys and girls differently and that policymakers should take a more tailored approach to addressing the problems faced by LBCs. Originality/value The main contributions of this paper come from the large and representative sample, as well as the causal effects analysis of being left-behind on both academic performance and mental health. First, the paper uses comprehensive panel data from a representative and populous province in China, and the sample size is the largest one among LBC-related papers to the authors’ knowledge. Second, the paper separately examines the causal effects on the student outcomes of different migration strategies. Third, the paper analyzes the heterogeneous effects of different migration strategies on LBC gender. The authors believe that the paper makes a key contribution to the literature.
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Harts-Broekhuis, Annelet. "How to sustain a living? Urban households and poverty in the Sahelian town of Mopti." Africa 67, no. 1 (January 1997): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161272.
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Increasingly, the poor are to be found in the urban areas of developing countries. Many urban households, not only the very poor, face economic insecurity and deprivation. Despite the steady growth of low-income groups in the urban areas of Africa, the mechanisms for coping with urban poverty were not studied to any great extent until the end of the 1980s. Most research into the strategies developed by households to cope with poverty had centred on the rural household. This article focuses on the inhabitants of the town of Mopti, situated in the Sahelian zone of Mali on the border of the inland delta of the river Niger. It deals with the subsistence strategies of different types of urban households and their adjustments to uncertain and deteriorating economic circumstances. In analysing these coping mechanisms account is taken of the various factors affecting households' ability to cope with reduced earnings or lack of income, such as their socio-economic position, migration status, composition and size, and ethnic background. A pertinent question in the analysis is whether urban households, in deteriorating circumstances, diversify their sources of income or specialise in one activity.
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Vinokurova, A. V., and A. I. Yakovlev. "FAR EASTERN CAPITALS: TO LEAVE «FOR WHERE» OR «FROM»?" Regional problems 25, no. 4 (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2022-25-4-46-53.
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The paper presents the main characteristics of migration processes in the Far Eastern capitals. Statistical data and the results of a sociological study made the empirical base of the research. The demographic situation in the administrative centers of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) is characterized by heterogeneity.The objects for the study were being selected according to this trend. They include regional centers of the Far Eastern Federal District: with positive demographic dynamics – Yakutsk; negative demographic trends – Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Birobidzhan; and with unstable demographic dynamics – Blagoveshchensk, Chita, and Ulan-Ude. The growth / decline in the population of regional capitals is mostly due to migration processes. The largest number of migrations falls on intro-regional movements. A positive migration increase in the administrative centers of the Far Eastern Federal District is mainly due to the rural-urban migration, the rural population moving to regional capitals. One of the most mobile and stimulating social groups to migrate both to and from the Far Eastern capitals is the youth. The strategies associated with working on a rotational basis are very common. Far Easterners, while continuing their work on a rotational basis in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, tend to transport their families to other subjects of the Russian Federation, where, in their opinion, the medical, educational and sociocultural infrastructure is better and ensures their growing children more prospects and opportunities. In general, in most of the Far Eastern capitals under consideration it is observed an upward migration mobility. People with resource capabilities tend to move to the places with more developed social infrastructure, opportunities for jobs, professional self-realization in order to raise their living standards.
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Tesfaye, Tadele. "Challenges of Rural Women Livelihood and Coping Strategies, in the Case of Wolayta Zone, Ethiopia." Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES) 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1006.
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Although rural-urban migration is dominated by women nationally in Ethiopia, the feature of out migration from certain parts of the country has been largely men’s affair. Little is known how the livelihood of women is affected in the long run when their counterparts migrate out and the former assume the virtual headship of their households’ in Ethiopia. This study is therefore, intended to assess how women cope with in the absence of their husbands and support their family and identifies the major socioeconomic and institutional factors that influence their effort to improve their livelihood. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data gathering. In the study, descriptive design was employed. Generally, sample size of the study was one hundred twelve (112) such that 20 male households, 80 de facto women households, four chairman of kebeles, four experts from office of agriculture and four aged person from four rural kebeles were included by using multi stage sampling method. The study employed questionnaires, interviews, document reviewing and discussion with focus groups. On the basis and types of data gathered and the instrument used, both quantitative and qualitative techniques of data analysis supported by SPSS were employed. The result of the study indicates that male-out migration has greatly affected the livelihood of the women who are left behind. The labor gap created due to the absence of male head has negatively affected the agricultural production and the natural resource conservation activity in the study area. Thus, to improve the lives of de facto women heads by mitigating the social, economic and cultural barriers which hinder their effort to win a decent livelihood, certain recommendation, gleaned out from this study were suggested to the concerned bodies.
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Klohe, Katharina, Benjamin G. Koudou, Alan Fenwick, Fiona Fleming, Amadou Garba, Anouk Gouvras, Emma M. Harding-Esch, et al. "A systematic literature review of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0008995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008995.
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Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural–urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. Methodology Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. Principal findings A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. Conclusions The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.
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Regmi, Kiran, and Kapil Amgain. "Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities in Establishing and Maintaining Medical Education in Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS)." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i2.25165.
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The constitution of Nepal (2015), article 35 (Right relating to health) stated that every citizen shall have the right to free basic health services from the State, and no one shall be deprived of emergency health services. According to the World Bank report (collection of development indicators compiled from various official sources, 2016), Nepal has 81% rural and remote populations. Health service delivery is a complex reality for the rural and remote populations and faces enormous challenges. One of them is insufficient and uneven distribution of health workforce. The World Health Report concluded that "the severity of the health workforce crisis is in some of the world's poorest countries, of which 6 are in South East Asia out of 57 countries having critical shortages of health workforce."1Even after 13 years situation has not much improved. Nepal faces a critical shortage of trained health workforce, especially in rural and remote areas. Health workforce recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas is a difficult task challenged by the preferences and migration of health workforce to urban areas in country, or even abroad for better life and professional development.2 One of the most effective strategies for health workforce recruitment and retention for rural and remote areas could be that of establishing and maintaining Medical Education in rural and remote areas decentralized from urban academic medical centers.
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Mbatha, Nhlanhla Cyril, and Joan Roodt. "Recent internal migration and labour market outcomes: Exploring the 2008 and 2010 national income dynamics study (NIDS) panel data in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 5 (November 28, 2014): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i5.515.
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We began with the premise that South African recent migrants from rural to urban areas experience relatively lower rates of participation in formal labour markets compared to local residents in urban communities, and that these migrants are overrepresented in the informal labour market and in the unemployment sector. This means that rural to urban migrants are less likely than locals to be found in formal employment and more likely to be found in informal employment and among the unemployed. Using perspectives from Development Economics we explore the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel datasets of 2008 and 2010, which only provide a perspective on what has happened between 2008 and 2010. We find that while migrants in general experience positive outcomes in informal labour markets, they also experience positive outcomes in formal markets, which is contrary to expectations. We also find that there are strong links between other indicators of performance in the labour market. Earned incomes are closely associated with migration decisions and educational qualifications (e.g. a matric certificate) for respondents between the ages of 30 and 60 years. The youth (15 to 30 years old) and senior respondents (over the age of 60) are the most disadvantaged in the labour market. The disadvantage is further reflected in lower earned incomes. This is the case even though the youth are most likely to migrate. We conclude that migration is motivated by both push (to seek employment) and pull (existing networks or marriage at destination) factors. For public policy, the emerging patterns – indicative and established – are important for informing strategies aimed at creating employment and developing skills for the unemployed, migrants and especially the youth. Similar policy strategies are embodied in the National Development Plan (NDP), the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS), etc.
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Luo, Xuan, Zhaomin Tong, Yifan Xie, Rui An, Zhaochen Yang, and Yanfang Liu. "Land Use Change under Population Migration and Its Implications for Human–Land Relationship." Land 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060934.
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With the rural-to-urban population migration under the new era of rapid urbanization, China has experienced dramatic rural land change, especially the change in cultivated land and rural residential land, resulting in the serious uncoordinated human–land relationships in rural areas. The efficient use of these two kinds of land resources becomes one of the paramount challenges for governments to achieve sustainable and balanced rural development. This challenge highlights the need for quantifying the formation mechanism of the relationship between cultivated land and rural residential land (RCR) and exploring the corresponding relation between human–land relationships with RCR to guide the high-efficiency rural land use structure and coordinated development of human–land relationships. This study aims to quantitatively characterize the matching modes of RCR and the underlying formation mechanism via a grid-based, integrated decoupling model and multiclass explainable boosting machine analysis method. The findings are as follows: (1) The variation in cultivated land and rural residential land is characterized by quantity match and spatial mismatch. The six matching modes of RCR are strong decoupling (SD) (33.36%), weak decoupling (9.86%), recessive decoupling (4.15%), expansive negative decoupling (15.05%), weak negative decoupling (4.92%), and strong negative decoupling (SND) (18.65%). (2) Average grain product per cultivated land and population variation have the highest relative importance and play the greatest role in determining the type of matching modes. A concomitant phenomenon is noted in the matching modes; that is, SD occurs with recessive decoupling and weak negative decoupling, and the weak decoupling and expansive negative decoupling occur with SND in the same conditions. (3) A significant corresponding relationship exists between the matching modes and human–land relationship, indicating that the six matching modes correspond to four different stages of the human–land relationship. The study could provide some decision-making guidance for sustainable rural development, so as to improve the differentiated land management and regional response strategies.
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Salaam, Abeeb Olufemi. "Motivations for Gang Membership in Lagos, Nigeria." Journal of Adolescent Research 26, no. 6 (March 25, 2011): 701–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558411402333.
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The current study explores the major challenges (in the form of risk factors) that may influence unemployed youths’ involvement in gang and criminal activity in Lagos, Nigeria. A combination of techniques (e.g., oral, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires) were used for the data collection. The computed outcomes establish some of the major conditions (e.g., large families, rural/urban migration, poverty, and police corruption) faced by the vulnerable youths before turning to gang and criminal activity as an alternative opportunity to improve their lot in life. The possible implications of the current findings on risk-focused prevention strategies are discussed.
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Duguma, Lalisa A., Meine van Noordwijk, Peter A. Minang, and Kennedy Muthee. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Agroecosystem Resilience: Early Insights for Building Better Futures." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031278.
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The way the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted human lives and livelihoods constituted a stress test for agroecosystems in developing countries, as part of rural–urban systems and the global economy. We applied two conceptual schemes to dissect the evidence in peer-reviewed literature so far, as a basis for better understanding and enabling ‘building back better’. Reported positive impacts of the lockdown ‘anthropause’ on environmental conditions were likely only short-term, while progress towards sustainable development goals was more consistently set back especially for social aspects such as livelihood, employment, and income. The loss of interconnectedness, driving loss of assets, followed a ‘collapse’ cascade that included urban-to-rural migration due to loss of urban jobs, and illegal exploitation of forests and wildlife. Agricultural activities geared to international trade were generally disrupted, while more local markets flourished. Improved understanding of these pathways is needed for synergy between the emerging adaptive, mitigative, transformative, and reimaginative responses. Dominant efficiency-seeking strategies that increase fragility will have to be re-evaluated to be better prepared for further pandemics, that current Human–Nature interactions are likely to trigger.
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Drobne, Samo, and Marija Bogataj. "Migration Flows through the Lens of Human Resource Ageing." Business Systems Research Journal 13, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2022-0024.
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Abstract Background: Ageing and shrinking of the European population influence the shrinking of central places and the hinterland of cities in a spatial structure. Migration also influences the shrinking or growing of spatial units. Various factors influence migration and, thus, spatial units’ demographic, social and economic stability. The age structure of citizens in a spatial unit may change not only due to population ageing but also because these factors influence the migration flows of different cohorts differently, which has not been studied so far. Objectives: We used data on internal migration between Slovenian municipalities in 2018 and 2019 to develop a cohort-based spatial interaction model to estimate future inter-municipal migration. Approach: In a spatial interaction model, we analyzed differences in the attractiveness and stickiness of municipalities for different cohorts, focusing on those over 65 who may wish to prolong their working status. We also tried to answer the question of how to mitigate shrinkage processes in spatial units by investigating the potential to contribute to the social value of communities. Results: The study’s results show that the 65+ cohorts do not have the same preferences regarding the attractiveness and stickiness factors as younger migrants. Conclusions: The results of our study could contribute to better decisions at the national, regional, and/or local level when designing strategies for regional, urban, and/or rural development, exploring the best solutions for long-term care, and investing in appropriate networks, or considering the revitalization of rural municipalities.
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Palacios, Paola, and Miguel A. Pérez-Uribe. "The Effects of Agricultural Income Shocks on Forced Migration: Evidence from Colombia." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 311–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2021-0003.
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Abstract The forced migration literature has acknowledged violence as the main driver of internal displacement in the context of armed conflicts. Nonetheless, scant attention has been devoted to the role of income, a factor identified by the standard economic literature as the key driver of voluntary migration. This study aims to fill in this gap by investigating the impact of agricultural income shocks on the number of internally displaced persons fleeing from violence, in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To address the possible endogeneity between forced migration and income, we use the standardized deviation of rainfall from its historic mean as an instrumental variable for municipal agricultural income. Our main results suggest that the elasticity of forced migration with respect to agricultural income shocks is unitary. This finding highlights the fact that forced migration is the result of a complex decision-making process where violence interacts with individual characteristics and environmental factors. Therefore, public policies aimed at reducing forced migration from rural to urban areas should develop comprehensive strategies that not only improve security conditions at the place of origin but also enhance agricultural productivity and provide access to risk-coping mechanisms for farmers.
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Valbuena, Diego, Julien G. Chenet, and Daniel Gaitán-Cremaschi. "Options to Support Sustainable Trajectories in a Rural Landscape: Drivers, Rural Processes, and Local Perceptions in a Colombian Coffee-Growing Region." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 13026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313026.
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Trajectories of many rural landscapes in Latin America remain unsustainable. Options to support sustainable rural trajectories should be comprehensive and rooted in the interests of rural actors. We selected a municipality in a coffee-growing region in Colombia with an increasing urban–rural nexus to describe interactions between rural processes and their drivers while identifying and contextualising the perceptions of local actors on major constraints and opportunities for more inclusive and sustainable rural trajectories. We described these interactions by combining secondary data on main drivers, agricultural census data, and interviews with different local actors. Changes in population structure, volatility in coffee prices, in-/out-migration, deagrarianisation, and rurbanisation, among others, are reconfiguring the rural trajectories of the study area. Despite not being a major coffee region, farmers in the study area have developed different strategies, including intensification, diversification, replacement or abandonment of coffee production, and commercialisation. The perceptions of local actors and the multiplicity of agricultural households, food/land use systems, rural processes, and drivers described in this study suggest that more sustainable rural transitions need to be supported by inclusive, integrated, and transformative landscape planning approaches that align with local priorities. However, this transformation needs to be accompanied by changes at a systemic level that address the fundamental bottlenecks to real sustainability.
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De Wit, Saskia, Inge Bobbink, and Noël Van Dooren. "Drawing Time." SPOOL 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/spool.2022.3.00.
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This issue of Spool – ‘Drawing Time’ – departs from the observation that the metropolitan landscape is subject to time, in many ways. The metropolitan landscape, as it has been studied in Spool over the years, is conceived as the interrelation between urban, infrastructural, rural and natural formations: a dynamic, intertwined and layered urban-landscape structure. The urban condition is viewed from the perspective of the landscape as a permanent underlying substructure and as physical open space with its own spatial, compositional and perceptual characteristics. Time aspects of the metropolitan landscape can be found in processes of growth and decay, seasonal manifestations, disruptive forces of wind and water and also in the ways in which humans inhabit and use space or in which urban development processes take place. Designing for the metropolitan landscape means dealing with a wide range of dynamic phenomena, unstable systems and variable conditions. It implies the exploration of future situations, bridging time spans from seasons to decades and design tasks from small-scale interventions to large-scale strategies. It connects landscape operations that build upon the garden, the park and the forest to complex, layered design strategies for transformation, migration and climate change. This Spool issue discusses the importance of time in such design processes, and its reciprocal relation to representation.
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Wanderley, Dalva Marli Valério, and Fernando M. A. Corrêa. "Epidemiology of Chagas' heart disease." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 2 (April 1995): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000200003.
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Chagas' disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. About 16 million persons are affected and 90 million others are exposed to the risk of being infected by the parasite. The knowledge of epidemiological aspects of the disease allowed to delineate the strategies for the control of the disease related with the vectorial transmission. However, these strategies have had no priority in all endemic countries. Rural-urban migration in most endemic areas carried infected individuals to urban centers increasing the problem of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion. In Brazil the control program has reached good results in the last years and in several states the vectorial transmission was controlled. More recently, hemotherapic practices are performed using screening procedures but this practice must be improved in order to eliminate the possibility of Chagas' disease transmission by another ways (congenital, accidental, oral, etc.). An adequate health care to the infected persons must be improved in order to diminish the social costs of the severe cardiopathy which has been responsible for the adults premature deaths.
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Lok Lam, Magnum Man, Eric Ping Hung Li, and Wing-Sun Liu. "Dissociative fashion practices and identity conflicts: local resistance as a response to clothing acculturation in the context of rural–urban migration." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 25, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-07-2019-0150.
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PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine how local consumers disassociate themselves from migrants' acculturative practices and negotiate their identity through the symbolic consumption of fashion.Design/methodology/approachData for this interpretive study were obtained via phenomenological interviews with locally-born Chinese youth in Guangzhou, China, to examine their acculturative consumption practices as well as their subjective experiences of perceived threats to their lifestyle imposed by the influx of outsiders. Snowballing and purposive sampling methods were adopted in recruiting the research participants.FindingsData analyses revealed that local consumers adopt three dissociative strategies (stigmatization, avoidance and self-assertion) in order to ascribe meanings to their fashion consumption practices as a means of resolving identity conflicts and differentiate themselves from the migrant consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThis research offers a single perspective (i.e. that of local-born young consumers residing in Guangzhou) on the locals' attitudes aimed at distinguishing and negotiating their identities in an intercultural setting via specific fashion-clothing choices. This research has theoretical implications for the consumer acculturation theory and identity negotiation.Practical implicationsFindings yielded by the present study have important implications for commercial companies focusing on fashion consumption, in particular for marketing practices aimed at rural-urban identification and youth market segmentation.Social implicationsThis study contributes to the existing discussion on consumer acculturation by offering an intracultural perspective to the understanding of local consumers' responses to migrants' acculturation. It also provides managerial insights for fashion retailers, prompting them to rethink their market segmentation strategies to address population mobility in the marketplace and better understand how it alters the in-between social relationships that result in different consumption patterns and practices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing discussion on youth consumer acculturation theories by offering an intercultural perspective to the understanding of local consumers' responses to migrants' acculturation attempts. It also offers managerial insights for fashion retailers, prompting them to rethink their market segmentation strategies to address population mobility and better understand how it alters the social relationships that result in different consumption patterns and practices.
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Ochilova, H. F. "DEMOGRAPHY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT." Social and labor researches 42, no. 1 (2021): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2021-42-1-135-141.
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The relevance of the research topic is due to the role of external and internal long-term factors on the development of demographic processes in Uzbekistan. The aim of the work is to analyze the current division of the population by territory, as well as to study the society living within a specific territory. To achieve this goal, the author attempted to assess the expected parameters of the reproduction of the rural and urban population of the republic; studied and determined the factors of the dynamic growth of the life expectancy of the urban population for the coming 30-year period; substantiated the characteristic and assessed the trends of migration processes. The author used the methods of statistical analysis and synthesis, as well as the method for predicting the reproductive health of the rural population of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study result is the predictive data on the growth of the rural and urban population in the next 30 years. The forecasts consider the expected dynamics of the population, in accordance with the required development of social infrastructure and services, the choice of the most effective marketing strategies. The conclusion is that the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan will grow dynamically and by the end of 2050 it will be about 45 million people. The research results as predicted values may be of further use as the most important initial data for decision-making within the republican system of management of municipal and regional development.
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Spoor, Max. "25 Years of Rural Development in post-Soviet Central Asia: Sustaining Inequalities." Eastern European Countryside 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2018-0004.
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Abstract To show that post-Soviet rural development in Central Asia has been confronted with sustained inequalities, three particular factors are analysed in this paper have being viewed as fundamental in influencing national and rural development. Firstly, most countries have based their growth models on economic nationalism (not only creating borders and national institutions, but also choosing inward-looking strategies), while leaning one-sidedly on their natural resource wealth (carbohydrates such as oil, natural gas and minerals, but also industrial crops like cotton). Secondly, and related to the first explanatory factor, the region has been struck by hidden and open resource-based conflicts, in particular on land and water. Inter-state tensions have emerged, in particular between downstream (irrigation water dependent) countries, such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and the upstream (hydropower energy dependent, and carbohydrate-poor) ones, such as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Thirdly, all the countries analysed here have followed a rather unequal capital city-centric growth model, using the proceeds of exports of mineral wealth (or cotton) for rapid urbanisation with little or no investment in rural development, resulting in a growing urban-rural divide and increasing rural-urban and cross-border migration. While it is recognised that this region is indeed a bridge between West and East (also re-emphasised by the Chinese ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative), it is argued in this paper that there is a need to reduce these inequalities and unbalanced growth, being that they will be an obstacle to the sustainable growth and development of rural areas.
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Vansintjan, Aaron, Nguyen Hong Van, Le Quynh Chi, and Nguyen Thanh Tu. "Adaptation strategies used by low-income residents affected by land use changes in Hanoi, Vietnam." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(1)-08.
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Since Vietnam shifted to a market-economy in the 1980s, Hanoi has seen rapid urban expansion similar to that of other South East Asian cities - involving megaprojects, luxury developments, rural-to-urban migration, informal housing construction, and escalating speculation. Researchers have considered how unemployment and the disruption of community life followed the urbanization of rural areas. However, little has been said about how people adjusted their everyday life to cope with the changes. Through in-depth interviews, focus groups, participatory observation, oral histories, and surveys, this research investigated the adaptation strategies of low-income residents in the face of land use changes that are beyond their control. The main research site is Tay Ho district - previously a conglomeration of agricultural villages that has, in the past 20 years, witnessed rapid transformation through large-scale infrastructures, luxury housing, and smaller lodgings built individually for migrant workers. Four main adaptation strategies used by residents have been identified. First, people turn to food as a safety net. Running small street stalls, selling goods in local markets, and delivering to restaurants are common. Second, as farms transform into roads and buildings, people take advantage of public space to garden and socialize with neighbours. Third, gender division is significant as women are often excluded from the male-dominated land inheritance system and the formal economy, so they turn to informal trade, which offers autonomy and helps to develop social connections. Fourth, as land is confiscated and compensated by a lump sum of cash, people build social capital to persevere. This paper suggests that, in the context of rising globalization, the urbanization of the countryside, and the need to ensure the sustainability and inclusivity of cities, urban planners and policy-makers should take into account the way by which low-income residents continue to rely on environmental and social capital to adapt to changes.
Keywords: urbanization; informality; adaptation; resilience; environmental capital; social capital; privatization.
Received 18 July 2018, Revised 09 September 2018, Accepted 18 December 2018