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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural-urban migration'
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Lee, Sudhamma. "Rural-Urban Migration in China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533797.
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Rudd, Dianne Marie. "Women and migration : internal and international migration in Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr914.pdf.
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Karlsson, Ida. "Rural-Urban Migration in Babati District, Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9119.
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Saif, Raisa, and Raisa Saif. "Extreme Weather Events and Rural-Urban Migration." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12566.
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In numerous regions around the globe, climate change can be expected to change the pattern of severe weather events. Migration flows have been systematically larger the higher the proportion of the population in urban areas in the destination county relative to the origin county. Richer models demonstrate that the effects of a number of different types of extreme weather events (i.e. flooding, heat waves, and wildfires) in the origin county on county-to-county migration flows are statistically significantly greater when the destination county is more urbanized. The effect of the number of fatalities from flooding and heat waves in the origin county on migration flows is also amplified when the destination county is more urbanized. Thus it appears that even in a developed country like the U.S. extreme weather events still exacerbate rural-to-urban migration flows.
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Chen, Weijia. "Essays on Rural-Urban Migration in China." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27798.
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Since the late 1980â s, China has experienced the worldâ s largest peacetime out-migration of its rural labor force to urban areas. The temporary nature of the labor migration complicates the control on this mobile population, and its multi-faceted influence on the whole economy makes the migration policy controversial. Based on cross-sectional Chinese rural household survey data, this study analyzes the effects of migration on rural areas and explores the determinants of the participation and duration of the temporary migration.
The first chapter investigates how parental migration affects the decision of enrolling children in high school through migrationâ s effects on household income and the opportunity cost of schooling in rural China. The opportunity cost of schooling is approximated by the marginal productivity of children imputed from family production estimation, which controls for potential endogeneity in the time allocation decisions of family members. The empirical results show that temporary migration of parents raises their childrenâ s probability of high school enrollment by 3.2%, resulting primarily from a positive income effect. These findings suggest that reductions in barriers to migration raise rural household earnings, and foster the investment in childrenâ s education.
The second chapter studies the determinants of participation and duration of temporary rural-urban migration in China highlighting the role of education and migrant networks. The Probit and Logit models are fitted to the dichotomous migration participation estimation. To correct for the sample selection bias, Heckmanâ s two-step procedure is used to estimate the length of migratory work. Empirical results confirm the existence of a migrant network effect on both migration participation and migration length. Schooling increases migration probability non-linearly and its effect on migration length is insignificant once migration is controlled. Furthermore, the positive effect of migrant networks on migration participation is especially prominent among individuals with junior and senior high school education.Ph. D.
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Ha, Viet Hung Buppha Sirirassamee. "Rural-urban migration and fertility in Vietnam /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd420/4838140.pdf.
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Gulec, Basak Mukaddes. "Rural-urban Migration And Unemployment: Evidence From Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610588/index.pdf.
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The primary aim of this study is to explore the connection between rural - urban migration and unemployment in Turkey and examine whether this internal migration has an effect on increasing the unemployment rates. By using Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) panel data techniques and fully identifying these very concepts: migration from rural areas to urban areas, unemployment and internal migrations effects on the unemployment, an attention will be taken to the (negative) impact of internal migration on unemployment in Turkey.
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Meng, Lei. "Essays on rural-urban migration in hinterland China." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356279.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 2, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-124).
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Chaudhuri, Jayasri Ray. "Inter-urban and rural-urban linkages in terms of migration and remittances." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385382.
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Higley, Rebecca Claire. "'Other' processes of rural gentrification and counter-urban migration." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499064.
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This thesis advances the theoretical and conceptual understandings of contemporary rural gentrification, drawing upon the case study of Tenterden and Cranbrook, in the North Weald of Kent. Based on rich, empirical findings from semi-structured interviews, content analyses of media sources, and household surveys of 320 respondents, it is shown that two distinct, and often inter-connected, flows of rural gentrifiers have migrated into Tenterden and Cranbrook. This emphasises the value of a micro-geographic perspective of rural gentrification, to capture internal socio-economic and cultural differentiation between gentrifiers. It is argued that the findings will have a major bearing on future studies of contemporary rural gentrification and counter-urban migration.
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Knapp, Lisa L. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Rural and Urban Migration." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6848.
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Most past research on migration has focused on young adults or recent retirees since these are the two groups most likely to migrate. Very little research has looked at the factors that affect the migration of people in the middle stages of life. The purpose of this research is to identify those factors, and determine if there are differences between whites, blacks, and Hispanics.
The data utilized for this research were from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 79, a study funded by the Bureau of Labor Statistics that has been ongoing since 1979. Migration was defined as the movement across county lines, and was calculated for 1979 and all subsequent even numbered years between 1980 and 2000. Other variables controlled were demographic, socioeconomic status, and household status, and were measured as categorical variables. Descriptive and logistic analyses were used. (77 pages)
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Wotherspoon, Margaret Anne. "Women and their rural-urban migration in Thailand and the Philippines 1970-1990." Thesis, [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13478801.
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McLean, Beverly Marie. "The Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Turnaround in the Pacific States (California, Oregon, and Washington): Labor Migration Flows and Economic Deconcentration." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1287.
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This dissertation examines the turnaround of labor force migration patterns in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington in the 1970s. The focus of the dissertation is the simultaneous phenomena of economic deconcentration and employment migration in nonmetropolitan counties during the turnaround period. The theoretical approach of the research draws from the disciplines of economics, geography, and sociology to develop a model that addresses what attributes of areas attract labor migration flows. The study specifies that labor migration is a function of economic activities, the environment, and accessibility. The research focus is the role that economic and noneconomic factors play in attracting labor migration flows. The spatial focus is the counties in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The temporal focus of study is the period between 1965 and 1975. The results of the research affirm the complexity of migration modelling. A test of equality of coefficients of the different periods investigated show significant differences between the turnaround and preturnaround models. The data results show just a few of the noneconomic factors are a major determinant of the nonmetropolitan turnaround. The model results show several unexpected results. Several of the coefficients in the models have the opposite sign of what originally was expected. Another unexpected outcome of the research is the apparent symmetry of labor in-migration and labor out-migration coefficients. A formal test for symmetry, however, shows the models are significantly different. This study finds that the economic deconcentration process in the Pacific states is not one in which metropolitan growth spilled over into the nonmetropolitan counties. Rather both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties simultaneously experienced deindustrializing (a decline of manufacturing employment and growth of service employment). The service related employment activity has a major influence on employment growth in the Pacific states. Although employment change does not show a significant influence on labor migration flows, labor migration does show a significant influence on employment growth in several of the model results.
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Luo, Baozhen. "The impact of rural-urban migration on familial elder care in rural China." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/38/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed June 8, 2010) Heying Jenny Zhan, committee chair; James Ainsworth, Elisabeth Burgess, Charles Jaret, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-195).
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Ha, Thi Kim Anh. "Spontaneous rural to urban migration and its link to rural development in Vietnam." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0028/MQ33843.pdf.
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Ma, Huan. "Migration for grandchildren: grandmothering of rural-urban migrant elderly in China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/520.
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In recent years, an increasing number of rural grandmothers in mainland China have migrated to cities for the sake of their grandchildren and to share the burden of childcare with their adult children. In childrearing cooperation, the rural-urban migrant grandmothers face not only intergenerational differences but also rural-urban differences in childrearing. When rural-urban grandmothers provide childrearing assistance in cities, their grandmothering is influenced by the urban childrearing discourse through their cooperation with urban parents. However, our knowledge about their grandmothering is limited. Moreover, existing studies on the migrant elderly tend to describe grandparents as having outdated values and being passively constrained by the structure; therefore, these studies have neglect their agency. In my research, I explore how rural-urban migrant grandmothers contribute to grandchildren's daily care, education and discipline under the influence of urban childrearing discourse, which is mainly reflected in their cooperation with their adult children. I will examine both the intergenerational solidarity and conflicts in the cooperation. Moreover, inspired by the concept of agency, I argue that rural-urban migrant grandmothers are strategic agents, and I examine their agency in response to the urban childrearing discourse. My qualitative data are obtained through in-depth interviews and participant observations with 20 rural-urban migrant grandmothers in two field sites--Beijing and Taian--on mainland China. I find that the cooperation mechanism reflects flexibility, diversity and dynamic. The rural-urban grandmothers use diverse methods to cooperate with their adult children and to contribute to grandchildren's daily care, education and discipline. To fulfil their tasks, grandmothers face challenges such as uncertainty, financial disadvantages, and educational disadvantages. Moreover, the grandmothers experience many different childrearing conflicts with the parents, such as consumption, nutrition and health care. However, grandmothers can actively respond to these challenges and use the strategies of constructing an alternative discourse, using alternative methods and learning to cope with the problems. To deal with the conflicts, grandmothers emphasise two narratives: family harmony, which is most important; and, all for the child. Based on these two narratives, grandmothers use different strategies, such as direct and indirect communication, using hidden strategies, compromising, and keeping silence, when helping their adult children during childcare. Located in the context where the family is regarded as a union and the intergenerational relationship is protected, the agency of rural-urban migrant grandmothers is solidarity-oriented and altruist-oriented agency.
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Yu, Li. "Labour market outcomes, migration intentions of rural-urban migrants and return migration in China." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3340.
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It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China.
The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Hjort, Susanne. "Socio-economic differentiation and selective migration in rural and urban Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of social and economic geography, Umeå universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-25780.
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Ndarishikanye, Barnabe. "Agricultural productivity and rural-urban migration : the case of Senegal." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31278.
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Rural-urban migration in Sub-Saharan African countries has been increasing since the 1960s. In Senegal from 1961 to 1996, it grew 7.6% per annum. Labour market in the modern industrial and service sectors is so depressed that urban workers face high unemployment and poverty rates, and live in substandard conditions in the fringe urban sector. The purpose of this study is to examine policies needed to reduce rural-urban migration through selected agricultural investments, especially given that a long run of low agricultural productivity has been a major cause of rural-urban migration flows.Based on a recursive system of equations, an estimate was made of rural-urban migration elasticity caused by agricultural inputs and their impact on migration. The model used combines a Cobb-Douglas agricultural production equation along with a rural-urban migration equation with agricultural output as an explanatory variable. The study period is 36 years from 1961 to 1996.
Our findings support the hypothesis that rural-urban migration is a positive outcome function of the urban-rural wage ratio that is proxied by the ratio of urban per capita income to rural per capita income. The results justify the design of a policy aimed at reducing rural-urban migration flows through increasing per capita earnings by means of increased agricultural investments. For instance, 10% increase of fertiliser lowers rural-urban migration by 20.5% while 10% increase of agricultural infrastructure reduces rural-urban migration of about 32.2%. If one extrapolates these results, fertiliser and infrastructure need to be increased respectively by 36% and 25% or both inputs by 13.09% to reach rural-urban migration annual rate of 2%, the level of industrial labour demand.
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Tubtim, Tubtim. "Rural Crossroads: Class and Migration in Peri-urban Chiang Mai." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11436.
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Peri-urban Thailand is a site for the coming together of rural and urban people from various class, economic, and value backgrounds. In many ways, the peri-urban is Thailand’s new frontier to which people are migrating from diverse directions and with different expectations of the place. Its physical and social changes have been even more dramatic than urban and rural areas. The previously agricultural communities in the countryside surrounding Chiang Mai have increasingly been drawn into the city’s peri-urban zone through connections by roads. Despite the pace of change, there is limited scholarly attention to peri-urban areas. Studies of migration in developing countries including Thailand also mainly focus on rural to urban migration through the process of agrarian change. This case study shows similar movements of urban middle class people from city to non-urban areas to that observed in the wider field of counter-urbanisation in developed countries. The processes of mixing of different groups in the peri-urban village help to redefine the village as place, both in physical and social dimensions. Physically, place is remade as a result of proximate residential patterns bringing together different groups previously living far from one another. Socially, as revealed through a partly auto-ethnographic study, peri-urban place-making today is an outcome of everyday processes of class formation. A key tension in the peri-urban village is between the expectations and desires of different social groups. While local aspirations are towards modernity and livelihood enhancement, urban middle class migrants still hold on to rural images shaped by public representations of the elites. Class defines how people position themselves in relation to one another through values and lifestyle, and study of social relations in the peri-urban village thus differs from the productionist emphasis of earlier agrarian studies.
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Vallowe, Megan. "Exploring Identity: Rural to Urban Migration in Modernist American Fiction." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1171.
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This thesis discusses the effects, primarily on a person’s identity, caused by rural to urban migration during the 1920s and 1930s through investigating the migrations of four literary characters—Quentin Compson, George Webber, Jefferson Abbott, and Prudence Bly—developed by three American Modernist—William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, and Dawn Powell. I first explore the population trends and movements of Americans out of rural areas to urban ones. In doing so, various sociological theories and historical events are referenced in order to better provide evidence for the reasons for this type of migration, and more importantly, in concern with this study, to illustrate common effects due to rural to urban migration that are explored in depth in subsequent chapters through the examination of the aforementioned characters. Even though the migration of people out of rural areas for more urban centers has occurred ever since the division of those two communities, the interwar years in American society is a key period to consider because of the great social and economic changes that occurred during those two decades. Additionally, it is in this era that we first see clear signs that the United States was transitioning to an urban dominated society. Each of the four characters focused on in this work undergo a rural to urban migration during their young adult years. Because each character experiences this migration in a different way, the severity of the effects of his or her migration changes too. Three of the four characters—Quentin, George, and Prudence—must cope with an identity crisis that is brought to the forefront by their rural to urban migration. Quentin experiences feelings of guilt over his opportunities versus that of his brothers. More importantly, he is unable to rectify the conflict between his perceived identity and the identity placed upon him by the urban community to which he migrates, thus influencing his suicide. George is unable to see the extreme influence that the nostalgic view of his hometown has on the way he perceives the rest of the world. Therefore, he is also unable to recognize the power of time and the inevitability of change. Each time he is forced to see the falseness of his nostalgia, a crucial portion of his identity is dismantled, throwing him into a deep depression. Prudence—due to the arrival of Jefferson, a hometown sweetheart—is forced to reconcile the rural identity she has tried for a decade to forget and the urban one she spent a decade creating. Only at the end of the novel, does she realize that her identity is actually a compilation of both her rural and urban parts. The fourth character—Jefferson Abbott—is relatively unaffected by his migration, in large part due to the stability and confidence he has in his own identity.
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Afsar, Rita. "Causes, consequences and challenges of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha258.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-404) Attempts to contribute toward greater understanding of the urbanization process in Bangladesh. Focuses particularly on the rural-urban migration process, explaining the causes of mobility and stability and the consequences flowing from that movement for the wellbeing of migrants and their families.
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Theberge, Valerie Bennett. "Government policy and rural-urban migration : a comparative study of India and China /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21240735.
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Atabay, Piril H. "Belonging to the city rural migrants in modernizing Chicago and Istanbul /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.
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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.
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Liu, Jinbo. "Migration decision-making : a case study of rural-urban labour migration in Shanxi Province, China." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3748/.
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Rural to urban migration In China from early 1980s has been an important phenomenon influencing China's society, economy and politics. Large scale migration has attracted attention from both scholars and policy makers and has given rise to much debate on questions such as who migrates, why and how do they migrate and what influence will migration have. My study examines labour migration decision-making in Shanxi, a relatively poor province in north China. On the basis of qualitative interviews conducted in villages in Xinzhou, this empirical study explores how individuals make their decisions to migrate from rural to urban areas in relation to three main sets of factors: 1) the costs and benefits of migration 2) the attitudes and norms relevant to migration in rural society and 3) some institutions relevant to migration such as the labour market, social networks and the household. This study reaches the conclusion that rural people make rational migration decisions based not only on their perceptions of the costs and benefits of migration but also influenced by attitudes, norms and institutions. This study not only contributes to knowledge about migration in Shanxi where little study has previously been done but also adds to our understanding of the nature of migration decision-making.
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Stephenson, Robert Brian. "The impact of rural-urban migration on child survival in India." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313189.
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Partridge, Andrew. "Rural-urban migration and subjective well-being the South African experience." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5716.
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This paper gives a detailed account of rural-urban migration in South Africa. Using data from the recent National Income and Dynamics Study (NIDS) it defines the determinants and nature of rural-urban migration in South Africa before providing a thorough analysis of changes in a range of economic and social factors that individuals experience when they leave their rural homes and relocate to the country’s urban areas. These factors include income, housing standards, access to utilities, relative deprivation, interpersonal trust, crime and safety, physical health and depression. In particular the paper looks at subjective well-being, defined in terms of individuals self-reported satisfaction with life.
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Mahoney, Elizabeth D. "Return Migration: A Study of College Graduates Returning to Rural U.S. Homes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MahoneyED2009.pdf.
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Redd, David Allen. "Yoruba migrants : a study of rural-urban linkages and community development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50561.pdf.
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Shi, Lei. "The dream and the reality: rural-urban migration to Shanghai (1927–1937)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455000.
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Desde finales del siglo XIX, la masiva emigración desde las zonas rurales convirtió a la ciudad de Shanghai en la mayor metrópoli de China y una de las mayores del mundo. Utilizando como fuentes las estadísticas oficiales publicadas por el Gobierno de Nanjing y numerosos archivos históricos e informes contemporáneos, esta tesis es una de las primeras investigaciones que se propone cuantificar la población de Shanghai y la migración interna durante la República China, y analizar las características de los inmigrantes. El resultado muestra que cerca de 4 millones de inmigrantes entraron en Shanghai entre 1850 y 1949, constituyendo casi el 80 por ciento de la población de la época. Tanto el volumen como la duración de esta masiva migración son excepcionales en la historia. La mayoría de los inmigrantes eran jóvenes, hombres y mujeres, que llegaron de las zonas rurales cercanas, principalmente de dos zonas: Subei y Jiangnan.
Esta migración a Shanghai se explica por factores de expulsión del campo y factores de atracción en la ciudad. En las zonas rurales la productividad agrícola se había estancado, la tierra estaba distribuida de manera muy desigual, y la producción agrícola y no agrícola estaba cada vez más integrada en el mercado internacional después de la apertura forzada por la Guerra de Opio. Cuando surgieron ‘factores de expulsión’, como desastres naturales o crisis económicas, los campesinos tuvieron que abandonar el campo para buscar oportunidades en otros lugares. En cuanto a los factores de atracción, el rápido desarrollo del comercio, la industria y los negocios en Shanghai después de la apertura trajeron una gran prosperidad a Shanghai, y crearon gran cantidad de oportunidades de empleo. La acelerada industrialización de Shanghai después de 1920 creó una gran demanda de mano de obra en las industrias manufactureras, intensivas en trabajo, que producían especialmente para la exportación.
La importancia de las redes sociales, formadas por las conexiones personales y las asociaciones de origen, explica la fuerte segmentación de inmigrantes de diferentes orígenes en el mercado de trabajo de Shangai. A partir de las estadísticas de salarios industriales (1930-1936), la tesis analiza la desigualdad del ingreso mediante el análisis de regresión, para verificar esta segmentación de lugares de origen, que se suma a las segmentaciones tradicionales de género, sector ocupacional y tipo de remuneración.
La Gran Depresión tuvo un impacto diferente en la economía de China que en los países occidentales. Debido al patrón monetario de plata y a la oferta de dinero suficiente, no se produjo la devastadora crisis bancaria que existió en Occidente, y la industria siguió mostrando crecimientos positivos gracias a la inversión. La crisis provocó desempleo en algunos sectores, pero la demanda de trabajo agregada siguió creciendo y el salario real incluso aumentó ligeramente. Esta es la razón fundamental que explica la aparente paradaja de que los inmigrantes siguieran llegando a Shanghai durante la Depresión.As a result of massive rural-urban migration, Shanghai transformed from a small coastal city into the largest metropolis in China. Using the official statistics published by the Nanjing Government, and historical archives and surveys, this research is one of the first attempts to quantify the population of Shanghai and internal migration in Republican China, and to analyse the characteristics of Shanghai’s immigrants. The research findings show that around four million migrants flocked to Shanghai between 1850 and 1949 to make up almost 80 per cent of its population. The scale and duration of the migration make Shanghai’s case an exceptional one. Most of the immigrants were young men from nearby rural areas — Subei and Jiangnan. This massive migration to Shanghai was caused by ‘push factors’ in the countryside and ‘pull factors’ in the city. In rural areas, agricultural productivity had stagnated, land holdings were unevenly distributed, and both agricultural and non-agricultural production were tied in with international markets after China’s opening up to foreign trade following The Opium War. When ‘push factors’, such as natural disasters or economic crises arose, hordes of labourers were forced to leave their villages to seek opportunities elsewhere. ‘Pull factors’ were Shanghai’s rapid development of commerce, industries and business with the growth of foreign trade and investment. This created huge numbers of jobs — especially in manufacturing — as Shanghai began industrialising in the 1930s. Labour force segmentation occurred among immigrants, largely based on their places of origin and as a result of their different personal connections and networks. Using the industrial wage statistics (1930-1936), this research uses regression analysis of income to verify this segmentation and compare it with other, traditional segmentation patterns such as those based on gender, occupations and type of workers. The Great Depression had differing impacts on China’s economy. With its silver-based currency and a sufficient money supply, China did not suffer a banking crisis. Thus, unlike in Western countries, Chinese industry received enough investment and liquidity to continue growing. Although the crisis caused evident unemployment in some sectors, overall demand for workers kept rising and real wages grew slowly. This was the key reason why net migration to Shanghai rose throughout the crisis.
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Wu, Zhongmin. "Regional unemployment, rural-to-urban migration and the economic reforms of China." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390677.
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Akbar, Jahangir M. (Jahangir Mohammad). "Rural-urban migration in Bihar : a case study of the Village Saurath." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77831.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-102).
This thesis undertakes both a comparative study and a logistical regression analysis on household level data from Saurath, India, to better understand the inducing factors of outmigration. A considerable body of literature related to migration already exists; however, this study contributes to the literature by providing a case study of migration in Bihar, a state that is in the process of an economic transformation. This thesis determines that migration from Saurath is occurring within the middle-class; this is an interesting finding because migrants typically come from more economically depressed groups. The departure of individuals from the middle-class indicates a shift in village life that could have profound consequences in the decades to come. Additionally, from the regression analysis: caste, local occupation, and local household income per capita, are significant inducing factors of rural-urban migration in Saurath. Any organization or individual interested in understanding the phenomena of rural-urban migration may find compelling insights from this thesis, and it is hoped that further exploration of the topic occurs in the near future. Keywords: India, Bihar, Saurath, migration, remittances, caste, economic development, logistic regression
by Jahangir M. Akbar.
M.C.P.
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Fyhr, Louise. "Public Services and Migration : A comparison between Swedish rural and urban municipalities." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48563.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between expenditures on local public services and the net migration rate for Swedish urban and rural municipalities. Data from Statistics Sweden over all Swedish municipalities between 2004 and 2014 was used for the empirical analysis. The data also included control variables to control for differences in economic and demographic conditions in the municipalities. The result found using pooled OLS with instrumental variables reveals great differences on the significance of local service expenditure in relation to migration for the two types of municipalities. Childcare was found to be of great significance for rural regions. In contrast, social assistance had a positive association in urban regions while it had a negative insignificant correlation in rural regions. Moreover, culture and education were found to be insignificant in relation to migration for both regions. The results also showed similarities such as elderly care and local taxes were significantly negatively correlated with migration in both type of regions. Overall, the results show that certain local services, such as childcare, are correlated with migration. Nevertheless, economic conditions such as low local taxes, presence of a university campus and having low unemployment are as well of importance to attract residents to both types of municipalities.
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Suckall, Natalie Rachel. "The potential impact of climate change on rural-urban migration in Malawi." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13387/.
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Climate change is one of the most pressing concerns facing the twenty-first century. As natural environments change, their ability to support productive and sustainable natural-resource dependent livelihoods is affected. More specifically climate stresses create continuous pressures on rural households and shocks may create dangerous living conditions. As such, migration to areas that can support human survival and aspirations for a stable existence emerges as a possible consequence. In a rapidly urbanising world, a more stable existence may be found outside of the countryside and in a town. If rural dwellers choose to settle permanently in urban centres then urbanisation will occur. This study examines how the stresses and shocks associated with climate change affect rural urban migration in Malawi. More specifically, the study develops a theoretical framework that examines Malawi's migration system through a 'capabilities' and 'aspirations' lens. Using an aspirations and capabilities framework can help explain some key questions of migration system theory including how patterns of movements are determined; what situations may encourage or discourage the rate of movement between the rural area and the city, including stresses and shocks; and, how a rural individual becomes a permanent city dweller. The findings suggest that rural-urban migration aspirations may increase as rural life gets harder and, at the same time, young rural dwellers are exposed to alternative urban lifestyles. However, stresses reduce the migration capabilities that are needed to move to town. This has repercussions across the migration system, which results in fewer people who are able to leave the village. Following shocks, migration aspirations are at their lowest. This is because those who would have once migrated to town now feel an obligation to remain in the village where they are able to help their rural family overcome the shock. At the same time, regional level shocks affect the ability of urban migrants to maintain their urban livelihoods with implications for return migration. The research was approved though the University of Leeds Ethical Review Team and was conducted under the ethical guidelines agreed during the review.
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Xiao, Wei. "Migration, Crime and Search in Spatial Markets." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104747.
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Search Frictions, Unemployment, and Housing in Cities: Theory and Policies We propose an urban search-matching model with land development. We characterize the steady-state equilibrium and then discuss the issue of efficiency. We find that the transportation and housing policies are more efficient if the unemployment rate is low, while the entry-cost policy is more efficient if the unemployment rate is high. Land Development, Search Frictions, and City Structure This paper analyzes the interactions between labor and housing (and land) markets in a city. Unemployment, the spatial structure of a city, land development, housing demand, prices of housing and land are all endogenously determined. Then, we characterize two different spatial configurations. To better understand how two equilibria are affected by land and labor market parameters, we implement a comparative steady state analysis. We further explored the effects of policies. Search for Jobs or Crimes? This paper develops a competitive search model where unemployed workers allocate their time between the search for legal jobs and opportunities for committing crimes. We analyze the effects of labor market policies and crime policies. We show that the market equilibrium is socially inefficient when there is crime. We also find that workers' individual choice of years of education is less than the socially efficient one. Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries: Labor Market Institutions and Policies The paper studies rural-urban migration under different labor market institutions in developing countries. Specifically, we consider two types of labor market institutions where workers in urban firms are unionized or not. We find that unionization of workers raises unemployment, urban wages, and rural employment, reduces rural wages and urban employment and increases inequality between the rural and the urban sector. We also compare two institutions under different policies.
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Mogens, Holm. "Rural - urban migration and urban living conditions : the experiences in a case study of Tanzanian intermediate towns." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261763.
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Carrillo, Garcia Beatriz. "New urban space in China: towns, rural labour and social inclusion." University of Technology, Sydney. Institute for International Studies, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/367.
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Since the late 1970s internal migration has become a fundamental feature of economic and social change in the People’s Republic of China. So has rapid urbanization as the rural population moves to the cities and towns in search for work. In the process, new urban spaces have been created that not only provide the springboard for economic development but also present challenges for social coherence and stability. Considerable attention has been focussed on the impact of this migration on the larger cities and on the migrants to those cities; processes that inevitably highlight the difficulties of China’s socio-economic transformation. Nonetheless, the experiences of those cities represent but one of the country’s urban realities. In fact, the majority of China’s urban population live in a highly dispersed system formed by thousands of small cities and towns. Through the examination of a county in North China (Hongtong County, Shanxi Province) and its county town (Dahuishu Town) this study suggests that outside the larger cities there may be alternative accounts of urban social change and the integration of rural migrant workers. Empirical findings point to greater openness and flexibility in the incorporation of rural workers. Though shortcomings are still observed, there is also considerable governmental and social awareness of the problems brought by rural -urban migration and urbanization processes; a willingness to act and a capacity to promote and deliver greater social inclusion. Dahuaishu Town’s distinct development experience has allowed for the construction of a more inclusive social environment, one which provides all inhabitants, including rural workers with a platform towards advancing their economic and social well-being. Impossible as it is to be representative of town development throughout China, this study provides an example of and a guide to alternative development processes to those documented in large urban centres. Small town urban development in Hongtong County is not a resolved issue, but it suggests that China’s transformation may not necessarily result in dysfunctional and socially polarized urban environments.
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Carrillo-Garcia, Beatriz. "New urban space in China: towns, rural labour and social inclusion." University of Technology, Sydney. Institute for International Studies, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/367.
Full textAbstract:
Since the late 1970s internal migration has become a fundamental feature of economic and social change in the People’s Republic of China. So has rapid urbanization as the rural population moves to the cities and towns in search for work. In the process, new urban spaces have been created that not only provide the springboard for economic development but also present challenges for social coherence and stability. Considerable attention has been focussed on the impact of this migration on the larger cities and on the migrants to those cities; processes that inevitably highlight the difficulties of China’s socio-economic transformation. Nonetheless, the experiences of those cities represent but one of the country’s urban realities. In fact, the majority of China’s urban population live in a highly dispersed system formed by thousands of small cities and towns. Through the examination of a county in North China (Hongtong County, Shanxi Province) and its county town (Dahuishu Town) this study suggests that outside the larger cities there may be alternative accounts of urban social change and the integration of rural migrant workers. Empirical findings point to greater openness and flexibility in the incorporation of rural workers. Though shortcomings are still observed, there is also considerable governmental and social awareness of the problems brought by rural -urban migration and urbanization processes; a willingness to act and a capacity to promote and deliver greater social inclusion. Dahuaishu Town’s distinct development experience has allowed for the construction of a more inclusive social environment, one which provides all inhabitants, including rural workers with a platform towards advancing their economic and social well-being. Impossible as it is to be representative of town development throughout China, this study provides an example of and a guide to alternative development processes to those documented in large urban centres. Small town urban development in Hongtong County is not a resolved issue, but it suggests that China’s transformation may not necessarily result in dysfunctional and socially polarized urban environments.
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Valencia, Mestre Gabriela L. "From rural to urban studying informal settlements in Panama /." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/446.
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Song, Lina. "Rural-urban labour migration in China : the institutional framework, incentives, determinants and processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264919.
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Hyuwa, B. A. "The impact of rural-urban migration : A case study in Kaduna State, Nigeria." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372208.
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Boakye-Yiadom, Louis. "Rural-urban linkages and welfare : the case of Ghana's migration and remittance flows." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512256.
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In spite of the prevalence of rural-urban interactions in developing countries, much remains to be learnt about their welfare impacts. This thesis extends the discussion on rural-urban linkages by examining – for Ghana – two of the main forms of such interactions: migration and remittance flows. The study explores factors influencing migration and remittance flows, and also evaluates the impacts of these linkages on poverty and consumption welfare, using data from the 1998/99 Ghana Living Standards Survey. A key feature of the analyses is the construction of counterfactual scenarios and the application of a methodology that adjusts for selectivity bias.
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Chan, Siu-shan. "Migration and mobility : temporary workers and private entrepreneurs in rural China /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13671510.
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Sugur, Nadir. "Small firms in a developing economy : a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/16c1b59c-bc91-42a7-88ec-2d608531331a.
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Bjerén, Gunilla. "Migration to Shashemene ethnicity, gender and occupation in urban Ethiopia /." Uppsala, Sweden : Stockholm, Sweden : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies ; Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15167804.html.
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Xu, Liyan Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Urbanization process models, internal rural-urban migration, and the role of institutions in China : three essays on urbanization and migration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107084.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D. in Urban and Regional Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation is a collection of three essays on urbanization and migration. The first essay is a treatment on the urbanization theory. I discuss the ambiguity in the urban concept, and propose a comprehensive urban concept which includes the demographic, physical, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of urban characteristics. Based on the concept, and through analyses of the countries' preference over specific urban definition methods, I propose the Kuznets Curve for urban definition complexity, and the Hypothesis of the Unbalanced Urbanization Process. I test the hypothesis with a case study of five countries: the United States, Mexico, China, India, and Ethiopia. With the findings I call for a paradigm shift in the study of the urbanization process, which constitutes the general framing of the dissertation. The next two essays concern the application of the framework in a specific country - China, and relevant studies on the country's internal migration. The studies are based on two nation-wide, large-sample surveys on the migrants and rural households' living conditions in 2008-2009 (n=2398) and 2014-2015 (n=2097). In the second essay, I study the life-cycle migration behavior pattern of China's internal rural-urban migrants. I first conduct a statistical treatment of the general demographics as well as individual-level migration-related behavioral patterns of the migrants, and then reconstruct the life history of the migrants through survival analyses on their migrating and return migrating behaviors, and also two Cox proportional hazard models respective to the two survival processes which examine the determinants of such behaviors. Results give rise to an overlapping generational and iterative pattern of the migrants' migration behavior with a filtration mechanism, which I call "the Circle of Life" model. Lastly, in the third essay, I examine the role of China's institutional environment in shaping the unique migration behavior pattern. I conduct a thorough documentation on the evolution, and especially the recent development of China's Hukou (household registration) and land ownership policies, and show the shift of a dual social structure as a result of the policy change. Furthermore, I develop two groups of discrete choice models to examine the formation of the migrants' urban settlement intentions. Overall, I conclude that China's institutions have played an empowering function, thus giving rise to an institution-bound rational choice behavior concerning migration and settlement. Lastly, I briefly discuss the implications of the findings on urbanization and development theories, as well as the policy suggestions.
by Liyan Xu.
Ph. D. in Urban and Regional Planning
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Murphy, Rachel Anne. "Rural-urban migration and return flows : social and economic transformation in rural China in the post-Mao era." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621708.
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Sherkin, Samantha G. "Forever united : identity-construction across the rural-urban divide /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5523.pdf.
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Khashbat, Davaadorj. "Rural-urban migration under the transition to market economy and its effects on the urban transport in Mongolia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144543.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11871号
工博第2564号
新制||工||1358(附属図書館)
23651
UT51-2005-N705
京都大学大学院工学研究科土木システム工学専攻
(主査)教授 青山 吉隆, 教授 谷口 栄一, 助教授 中川 大
学位規則第4条第1項該当