Journal articles: 'Rural-urban migration'

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Malik, Asma Seemi. "RURAL URBAN MIGRATION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 06 (June 10, 2015): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.06.1230.

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Movement towards the urban centers of a country has been found to be acommon element in regards to the population dynamics. These dynamics however have asignificant economic, cultural, political and social impact on the lives of not only the migrantsbut also the place of destination. Through this research, it has been studied as to how therural urban movement in Pakistan impacts the social and cultural dimensions of the place ofdestination as well as those of the migrant. Furthermore, this research focused on findings themeasures taken by the government to curb the issues, however has found that the governmentof Pakistan is not taking any notice at all of the issues that exist. There is no long term vision orpolicy, a plan or implementation that would help in keeping the society and cultural of urbanand rural centers segregated.

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Agasty, Mahendra P., and Dr Rabi N. Patra. "Rural - Urban Migration: Selectivity, Determinants and Destination." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 2, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2013/27.

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Ilnicki, Dariusz. "Rural Areas as the Origin and Destination of Permanent Internal Migrations between 2002 and 2017 in Poland. A Local-Level Analysis (Nuts 5)." Quaestiones Geographicae 39, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe main aim of the study is to identify the main streams of permanent migration and determine their reach. Special attention has been paid to rural areas (a rural commune, the rural area of an urban–rural commune) as the origin and destination of migration. The study has been conducted at the lowest level of territorial division in Poland (NUTS 5 – cities and communes). The analysed data cover the period between 2002 and 2017 and come from the online database Demografia GUS [Demography, Statistics Poland]. While presenting the volume and directions of migrations, the total and maximum values of migration have been considered. This approach allowed identifying the catchment areas as well as the areas of migratory attractiveness. These areas are highly similar in terms of their spatial extent. However, they differ significantly in terms of magnitude and reach of the main migration streams. Permanent internal migrations within rural areas are the least significant among all migration directions. One of their characteristics is the fact that they are short–distance migrations, occurring between neighbouring units. Permanent internal migrations appear to be a good indicator of urbanisation of suburban zones and the shaping of functional urban–rural–urban connections.

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Mou, Mayisha Tahsin, Md Mahmudur Rahman, and Nusrat Jahan Mim. "Non-Linear Migrations and Urban Resilience." Bhumi, The Planning Research Journal 10, no. 1 (August 22, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/bhumi.v10i1.96.

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This paper looks at migrations as an inherent component of urban resilience and critically examines the linear understanding of rural-to-urban migration in urban studies. Based on an eight-month-long qualitative empirical study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this paper reports how migrants from different rural parts of the country, with their complex experiences around migrations, enter various spatial systems in urban Dhakaranging from shared living to institutional involvements to temporal displacements due to external factors(such as pandemic). This paper also documents how their nonlinear migratory journeys contribute to building a sense of urban resilience toward the uncertainties that various spatial systems offer to them. Drawing from a rich body of literature on urbanization, rural-urban migration, and actor-based resilience, we explain how alternative narratives of non-linear migration studies from our fieldwork can redefine urban resilience from a migrant’s perspective.

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Dutta, Subrata, and Subhendu Chakrabarti. "Rural-Urban Linkages, Migration, and Rural Industrialisation." Indian Economic Journal 61, no. 4 (January 2014): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220140403.

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Gusakov, T. Yu. "Rural-urban migration on the Crimean Peninsula." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-279-295.

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Despite the wide popularity of the Crimean region, its scientific descriptions are full of gaps. In the Soviet period, the research was limited by the unspoken prohibitions on the study of social processes and by the absence of a strong scientific school. After the collapse of the USSR, the Crimean region was considered only in the works on social aspects of migration and on artificial transformations of the ethnic-confessional composition of the population. The change in the status of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 made this region interesting for the Russian science: there are many recent articles on the features of the social-economic development of the peninsula, but a number of issues in the life of Crimea are still poorly understood. One of them is the migration on the peninsula: the historical ethnic migrations are sufficiently described but not the contemporary population movements. Historically, migration processes have played an important role in the social-economic development of Crimea. However, until recently, external migrations were the driver of this development, while since the beginning of the 21st century, migration movements within the peninsula have played this role, and their features should be taken into account in planning and financing the rural development. Rural areas of Crimea remain agrarian-overpopulated; therefore, it is necessary to identify areas promising for capital investment and areas that soon will be depopulated due to the lack of opportunities for human and social capital. The author considers the population exchange between urban and rural areas as an important factor for the demographic situation, and focuses on the reasons and features of the spatial mobility and migration of the Crimean population based on the analysis of statistical data and transport links between the city and the countryside.

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Gosai, Mayur A., and Leanne Sulewski. "Urban attraction: Bhutanese internal rural–urban migration." Asian Geographer 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2013.790830.

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Day, Richard H., Sudipto Dasgupta, Samar K. Datta, and Jeffrey B. Nugent. "Instability in Rural-Urban Migration." Economic Journal 97, no. 388 (December 1987): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233081.

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Deng, Zihong, and Yik Wa Law. "Rural-to-urban migration, discrimination experience, and health in China: Evidence from propensity score analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0244441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244441.

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This research examines how rural-to-urban migration influences health through discrimination experience in China after considering migration selection bias. We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) to obtain a matched group of rural residents and rural-to-urban migrants with a similar probability of migrating from rural to urban areas using data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Regression and mediation analyses were performed after PSM. The results of regression analysis after PSM indicated that rural-to-urban migrants reported more discrimination experience than rural residents, and those of mediation analysis revealed discrimination experience to exert negative indirect effects on the associations between rural-to-urban migration and three measures of health: self-reported health, psychological distress, and physical discomfort. Sensitivity analysis using different calipers yielded similar results. Relevant policies and practices are required to respond to the unfair treatment and discrimination experienced by this migrant population.

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Gao, Li, Zheng Wu, and Shu z. Li. "INTERNAL MIGRATION AND HEALTH CHANGES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHINESE ADULTS IN MID AND LATER LIFE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2930.

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Abstract Objectives: This study examines the effects of internal migration on health status and health changes among middle-aged and older migrants in China. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study compares non-migrants with those of recent migrants and earlier migrants in regard to their self-rated health and mental health. OLS and a series of fixed effects models were conducted to examine the effects of migration on health status and health changes. Results: Compared with non-migrants, earlier migrants report better self-rated health but no difference in depression. Our findings demonstrate that recent migrants show better self-rated health changes than non-migrants. In addition, for recent migrants, there are significant changes in self-rated health among rural-to-urban migrants and rural-to-rural migrants, while urban-to-rural migrants and urban-to-urban migrants are not significantly different from non-migrations. Discussion: There are associations between internal migration and self-rated health in China. The effects of migration on health appear to differ by the type of migration. Those who migrated from rural area are mostly likely to be affected by migration. However, migrants from urban area are less affected.

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Ngo, Lan Thi Phuong. "URAL EMPLOYMENTS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN AREAS IN THE SHIFT FROM RICE CULTIVATION TO SHRIMP FARMING." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i3.1997.

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By analyzing dimensions of labor migration in the delta’s rice-to-shrimp communities, this paper suggests that in the present context, the relationship between rural and urban areas cannot be separately analyzed. In this paper, this close relationship is manifested in two aspects of rural employments and rural-urban migration. Those factors of excess labor, limited land, lack of employment, and uncertain conditions in agriculture production are important movitations of labor migration in the delta. Our findings are that having close proximity to industrial and urban areas remains an important drive of rural-urban migration. However, the rapid development of transportation and information which more and more connects rural and urban areas effectively has reduced geographical distance. Consequently, the organic relations between rural and industrial and urban areas have accelerated rural-urban migration. Moreover, rural-migration is also an indicator of unsustainability in agricultural production of the Mekong Delta.

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Nweke, Anselem C. "Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i2.14912.

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This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

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13

Gupta, Manash Ranjan. "RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT: A NOTE*." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 34, no. 3 (August 1987): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1987.tb00287.x.

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14

Rai, Pushpa. "Unequal Inaccessibility in Health Services Reason for Rural Migration: An Application of Lee's Push Pull Theory." Patan Gyansagar 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2024): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pg.v6i1.67636.

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Rural-to-urban migration has been a growing phenomenon in recent years in Nepal. Federal Democratic Republic Nepal is combating the unequal distribution of resources, power and opportunities induced by a unitary and centralized government in the past. The aim of restructuring the state was to eliminate the uneven distribution of services, power and resources distribution in terms of region. Now, Nepal is implementing three levels of governments- federal, provincial, and local government to eliminate existing inequalities and to make powerful local areas. In this sense, rural-urban migration is not a growing phenomenon but is now a reverse situation. Local governments are developing in the local areas, the local people are migrating to cities. So, the objective of this paper is to apply the push-pull theory of migration and interlink Lee's theory and the distribution of health services in rural areas including Diprung Chuichumma Rural Municipality, Khotang. It is based on the positivistic philosophy and its approach is deductive approach. The causes of rural-to-urban migration are both push-pull factors. Unequal inaccessibility in health services between rural and urban areas is the main reason for migration.

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Roy, Debdyuti, Sankar Kumar Acharyaq, Monirul Haque, Amrita Kumar Sarkar, and Tapan Kumar Mandal. "Migration Attributes in Adaptation and Its Correlates during Pandemic: The Socio-ecological Interpretation." Indian Journal of Extension Education 59, no. 1 (2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2023.59116.

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Migration is an integral part of social ecology as well as economic development. The four streams of internal migration are rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, and urban-urban. Rural-urban migration has its inherent linkages to agricultural development. In recent years, COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the process of migration by humongous scale and magnitude. The study was conducted to examine the nature and extent of rural-urban migration, the role, performance and adaptation during migration of family vis-a-vis individual, the inter and intra-level interaction between two sets of variables, and lastly to generate a micro sociological policy based on the empirical research during 2020-21. Three urban and three rural areas of Birbhum district were selected purposively, depending on the prevalence of agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Three hundred respondents were identified through the snowball sampling method. The results show that variables like age, education, family size, income, expenditure, employment and management factor have the highest impact on migration. Also, both the pull and push factors are the main driver of migration.

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MacDonald, Daniel. "Internal Migration and Sectoral Shift in the Nineteenth-Century United States." Social Science History 45, no. 4 (2021): 843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.36.

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AbstractWe study the relationship between internal migration and industrialization in the United States between 1850 and 1880. We use the Linked Representative Samples from IPUMS and find significant amounts of rural-urban and urban-urban migration in New England. Rural-urban migration was mainly driven by agricultural workers shifting to manufacturing occupations. Urban-urban migration was driven by foreign-born workers in manufacturing. We argue that rural-urban migration was a significant factor in US economic development and the structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing.

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Gugler, Josef. "The Son of the Hawk Does Not Remain Abroad: The Urban–Rural Connection in Africa." African Studies Review 45, no. 1 (April 2002): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000202060003153x.

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Abstract:Most rural–urban migrants maintain significant ties with their communities of origin in Africa south of the Sahara. Contrary to “modernist” assumptions that these ties would fade away, they often continue to be strong. This urban–rural connection has important consequences for rural–urban migration, for urban–rural return migration, for the rural economy, and for the political process. To understand the processes underpinning the urban–rural connection we need to distinguish different migration strategies and to deconstruct the notion of “rural.” Depending on their migration strategies, urban residents connect with a range of actors at the rural end: more or less closely related kin, kinship groups, non-kin groups, villages, larger political entities. These connections play out differently for men and women.

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Daniel Tambi, Mbu, and Chuo Joshua Njuh. "Rural-Urban Migration and Unemployment Tendency." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v5i01.318.

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The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration on unemployment tendency, while controlling for other variables. We make use of the instrumental variable approach and probit controlling for endogeneity to determine the relationship between rural-urban migration and unemployment. Cameroon labour force survey is used to estimate our results. Results shows that the likelihood of unemployment decreases among rural-urban migrates compared to their rural counterparts who do not migrate. By the same token, holders of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of are less likely to be unemployed relative to their counterparts with no education, respectively. These findings have a number of policy implementations: the government could create an enabling environment for labour markets to work better for the youths seeking employment and could invest rationally on education to enable the youth become self-reliant instead of job seekers through skill development and training.

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Bhattacharya, Prabir C. "RURAL?URBAN MIGRATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Economic Surveys 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 243–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.1993.tb00167.x.

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Lucas, Jr., Robert E. "Life Earnings and Rural‐Urban Migration." Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S29—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379942.

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Gillen, William, and Antonio Guccione. "Simon's model of rural-urban migration." Regional Science and Urban Economics 18, no. 3 (August 1988): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(88)90018-x.

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Itoh, Ryo. "Dynamic control of rural–urban migration." Journal of Urban Economics 66, no. 3 (November 2009): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2009.07.001.

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Wu, Harry X., and Li Zhou. "Rural-to-Urban Migration in China*." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 10, no. 2 (November 1996): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.1996.tb00016.x.

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Osayimwese, Iz. "Rural-Urban Migration and Control Theory." Geographical Analysis 6, no. 2 (September 3, 2010): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1974.tb00504.x.

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Yabuuchi, Shigemi, and Hamid Beladi. "Rural–urban migration and multinational firms." Annals of Regional Science 46, no. 2 (September 17, 2009): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-009-0329-0.

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Keopasith, Thiengtham, and Shen Neng. "Then Effects of rural-urban migration on economic status of rural residents." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i6.887.

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The study examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach to collect and analyze data, first, data were collected through a questionnaire from households whose family members migrated to urban centers, and interviews were held with various heads of villages in the study area. The study reveals that the majority of the migrants were able-bodied youth who migrated to urban centers to seek employment and education. Migrants’ families at places of origin benefited from migration of their own relations to urban centers mainly through remittances which enabled them to improve their livelihood as the remittances were spent on daily consumption and investment into business activities. The study recommends that government should formulate policies that would create employment for citizens in rural areas, and encourage the private sector to build industries in rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. Government and the private sector should also empower rural farmers through the promotion of markets for farm produce in order to improve the income of rural farmers, reduce poverty, improve the quality of life and well-being, increase their happiness, satisfaction, and minimize rural-urban migration. The study findings are limited to developing countries where rural-urban migration is a challenge due to the generally low quality of life in rural areas. Further research on the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents should involve a quantitative analysis of the impact of remittances by migrants on poverty reduction in rural areas.

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Kumar, Rajan, Abhishek Singh, Vinod Kumar Tripathi, and Girish Chandra Mishra. "Trend and Pattern of Rural-Urban Migration in India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.038.

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The study of internal migration has always fascinated demographers. Rural –Urban migration is an important factor that influences socio-economic development in developing countries. The present study is based on the census data to know the trend and pattern of internal migration as well as the rural-urban migration stream. As per 2011 census, around 450 million (37.2 percent) of population is classified as migrants in India. Finding shows that in 2011, the percentage of the in-migrants to the total population in three states Maharashtra, Delhi and West Bengal accounting about 44% of the total inter-state migrants in the country. The above mentioned three states were at top in 2001 census also with 39.5 % share of the total migrants in the country. Rural to rural migrations have the dominant stream among all the states. In this stream female are more mobile than male. Indian agricultural economy is reflected by this stream.

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Fauzia, Renata, and Soengwoo Lee. "THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ON RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN JAVA, INDONESIA." Jurnal Tataloka 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.15.4.235-247.

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This paper investigates if the improvement of agricultural productivity will decrease rural to urban migration. Since rural to urban migration occurs due mainly to disparity between urban and agricultural wage, we assume that boosting agricultural income will reduce migration to urban areas. It is hypothesized that increase in agricultural productivity would result in a rise in agricultural wage, and hence income, ceteris paribus, reduces rural-urban migration. The data used in this study is the 2010 provincial statistics in West Java, Central Java, and East Java, Indonesia. The agricultural productivity and migration equations were estimated by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The research findings may offer the suggestion to reduce rural to urban migration by boosting rural income through focusing the policy on agricultural productivity. Enhancing investment in agricultural sector such as increasing the number of subsidized fertilizer, adding agricultural labor and livestock, increasing education of rural people, and utilizing agricultural land resource are expected to increase agricultural output.Thus, it would also minimize the wage differential between urban and rural area.

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Gedik, Ayse. "Rural to urban versus urban to urban migration in Turkey." Espace, populations, sociétés 3, no. 1 (1985): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/espos.1985.1008.

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Khadka, Rajendra. "City Centric Migration and Security Concern in Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 2, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v2i1.26748.

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This article tends to focus on the trend of internal migration and its security concern in Nepal. There are different social and security concerns of migration which are not taken seriously. The repercussion might be in different fields and effects can be seen after short or long epoch. Migration and its linkage with the security are varied. It is the subject of interest for people who want to develop and make their birth land, village or cities prosperous. Current tendency of migration in Nepal indicates that the extensive outmigration of people to foreign countries is either for job or to study. Effects on migrants and communities they leave, rural to urban migration, differ according to the type of migrants, the volume of migration, and the nature of the places involved. The volume is increasing in recent days that people are migrating from rural to urban part of country even in district level. Migrants leaving rural areas are not generally replaced by other migrants. This loss of population in the rural areas and their potential contributions affects the dependency ratio, rates of unemployment and underemployment, levels of human capital, and potential for innovation. This article examines the pattern of migration and also it tries to explore the push and pull factors of migration. The security concerns of migrationऽ which involves different forms like human security, physical security, environmental security etc are analyzed in this article.

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Gacinya, John, and Elijah Kirimi. "Assessing the influence of Rural –Urban migration on human trafficking in Rwanda." Sociology International Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/sij.2022.06.00258.

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Throughout the world, movement of people has been taking place from the rural characterized by deprivation to the urban mostly endowed with social amenities and economic advancement. As rural-urban influx continues, urban infrastructure is put on strain and this culminates into urban poverty which is a favorable condition for human trafficking. The study indicates that there is a close relationship between rural-urban migration and human trafficking in Rwanda. This is clearly shown by domestic workers, girls and women who flock the urban with hopes for economic advancement but only to suffer prostitution and human trafficking at a later stage. Lee’s migration theory which used push and pull factors was applied to explain the relationship between rural-urban migration and human trafficking. About 7,000 children left the rural to the urban and are potential recruits for human trafficking. Data was collected and analyzed by use of documentary method. Findings indicate there a very close relationship between rural-urban migration and human trafficking. To reduce human trafficking one needs to reverse ruralurban migration by applying rural development projects such as creation of basic social and economic infrastructure as well as promotion of non-farm income sectors in rural areas.

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Mohtadi, Hamid. "Rural stratification, rural to urban migration, and urban inequality: Evidence from Iran." World Development 14, no. 6 (June 1986): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(86)90014-8.

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DONG, Xin, and Weihua ZHOU. "Housing Affordability and Permanent Migration Intention of Rural-Urban Migrants." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 04, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748116500196.

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Leading the rural-urban migration is the key to solving the problem of imbalanced urban structure in China; in which the migration will of the rural-urban migrants should not be ignored, especially the permanent will of migration. This paper uses the ratio of rent to income as an indicator of the housing affordability of rural-urban migrants, empirically analyzes the impact of housing affordability on the permanent migration will of rural-urban migrants. It was found that the impact of rent-income ratio is significant and there exists a turning point. Before the point, the ratio is positively correlated with the permanent migration will of rural migrants; whereas after the turning point, they are negatively correlated. Before that point, relative to income of rural migrants, the rents are still bearable and the ratio does not have a negative effect on the migration will, which explains why a large number of rural-urban migrants tend to choose the large-sized cities with higher housing prices, rather than the small and medium-sized cities or small towns with lower housing prices.

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Chen, Qianqian, Ruifa Hu, Yiduo Sun, and Chao Zhang. "How Does Rural–Urban Migration Experience Affect Arable Land Use? Evidence from 2293 Farmers in China." Land 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110400.

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Return migrants play an increasingly important role in agricultural production in China and other developing countries. However, the effect of rural–urban migration experience on farmers’ arable land use remains unclear. This study aims to fill this gap using data from a survey of 2293 farmers consisting of 586 return migrants and 1707 non-migrants in China. We employ the treatment effects model to account for the self-selectivity of rural–urban migration experience arising from observable and unobservable factors. The results show that after accounting for the self-selectivity bias, the rural–urban migration experience significantly increases farmers’ arable land use by 22%. Meanwhile, the positive effect of rural–urban migration experience on arable land use differs by farmers’ age group and region. While rural–urban migration experience increases arable land use for farmers aged below 65 years old by 29%, it shows no significant effect on arable land use for farmers aged 65 years old and above. In addition, there is a positive relationship between rural–urban migration experience and arable land use in Shaanxi, Shandong, and Zhejiang. However, there is no significant effect of rural–urban migration experience on arable land use. On such a basis, we discuss several important implications for policies related to arable land use in China.

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Al-Maruf, Abdullah, A. K. M. Kanak Pervez, Pradip Kumar Sarker, Md Saifur Rahman, and Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar. "Exploring the Factors of Farmers’ Rural–Urban Migration Decisions in Bangladesh." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050722.

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In Bangladesh, rural–urban migration is widespread. Many earlier studies discussed the factors, patterns, causes, and consequences and the socio-economic and environmental impact of migration from the general perspective. However, rural–urban migration with a particular focus on particular communities or migrants’ employment profiles, for instance, farmers, is poorly described. In contrast, many farmers move from rural to urban areas every year in Bangladesh. However, the factors that affect farmers’ rural-to-urban migration are a primary concern to academia and key actors, as the country’s economy mainly depends on agriculture and farming. This paper, therefore, aimed to identify the underlying factors of the rural–urban (R–U) migration of farmers in Bangladesh. Data for this study came from phone interviews conducted with 254 migrant farmers living in city districts in Bangladesh. We adopted a three-step approach to select and identify factors that impacted farmers’ decision to move from rural to urban settings. First, we reviewed the extant literature and compiled more than 70 variables of interest relevant to farmers’ migration. Second, 30 variables were selected for data collection after consultations with key informants (KIIs) and informal discussions (IDs) with farmers and local community leaders. Besides, the Q-methodology was used to assess the level of importance of the selected variables. Lastly, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to extract salient dimensions of farmers’ rural-to-urban migration, where 21 variables were detected that consistently exceeded a threshold value of 0.50 of communality for further analysis. Our findings show that six dimensions—i.e., individual, household, economic, attitudinal, spatial, and climate-induced extremes—significantly influence and contribute to rural urban migration decisions for farmers. Further, our results indicated that age, agricultural knowledge, household debt, seasonal famine/poverty (Monga), unemployment in rural areas, availability of anticipated job opportunities in urban areas, shortage of agricultural inputs, and river erosion significantly influenced farmers’ decision to leave their farms in Bangladesh. Findings from this study may be used as inputs in predictive models and benchmark guidelines for assessing trends and patterns of rural-to-urban migration and for the formulation of policy and programs targeting domestic migration in Bangladesh for proper urban planning and further rural development.

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Crankshaw, Owen, and Jacqueline Borel-Saladin. "Causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Natural population increase or migration?" Urban Studies 56, no. 10 (September 12, 2018): 2005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018787964.

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This article addresses the debate over the causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Are urbanisation and counter-urbanisation caused mostly by net migration or are they caused mostly by the natural growth or decline of the urban population? Using population censuses, we apply the intercensal forward survival ratio method to measure net migration and the natural population growth of urban and rural areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010. The results show that the most important cause of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation was net migration rather than natural urban population growth or decline. Although natural urban population growth was roughly twice that of net migration, this had very little influence on urbanisation because it was matched by the natural growth of the rural population. We also address the causes of migration by examining employment trends. These results indicate that economic decline during the 1990s resulted in decreased urban employment and a dramatic rise in urban unemployment, which in turn caused migration from urban to rural areas. Conversely, during the 2000s, absolute employment grew and unemployment decreased, which corresponded with increased rural–urban migration (resulting in net urbanisation). Our findings also show that even during the period of net out-migration from urban areas and high urban unemployment levels, the resident urban-born workforce continued to grow strongly through natural increase. Thus, these results also show that urban population growth can increase substantially in the absence of urban economic growth, thereby increasing urban unemployment and urban–rural migration.

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Sackey, James, Saweda Liverpool-Tasie, Sheu Salau, and Taiwo Awoyemi. "Rural-Urban Transformation in Nigeria." Journal of African Development 14, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 131–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.14.2.0131.

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Abstract Since the late 1960s, Nigeria's structural and rural-urban transformations have been driven largely by developments in its oil sector. Due to increased oil revenues, incentives for the production of internationally tradable agricultural commodities declined and the agricultural sector stagnated. Incentives to produce domestically consumed agricultural products also declined as oil exports financed increasing food imports. The decline of the agricultural sector fueled rural-urban migration. Migration continued into the 1980s and 1990s, even when large parts of the economy - including manufacturing - collapsed due to lower oil prices, unsustainable policies, and foreign debt. Growth in the urban informal sector, fueled by migrants has posed challenges in terms of urban poverty and the growth of urban and peri-urban slums. The government of Nigeria has attempted to stem the tide of rural-urban migration through rural development programs. However these programs have had limited impact and were unable to stem the flow of migrants into urban areas. Key remaining questions center on how to increase productivity in the agricultural sector and at the same time provide more lucrative opportunities in urban areas.

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Qi, Ziwei. "An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges." Migration Letters 16, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182//ml.v16i2.664.

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The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.

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Meagher, Kate. "Shifting the Imbalance." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 1-2 (1997): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007283.

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In many African countries, high rates of migration have often been blamed on the "urban bias" in the resource allocations of the state. While the urban areas have benefited from investments, the rural areas have suffered depletion, thereby widening the gap in incomes and basic facilities between the two areas. Inevitably, there has been massive migration from rural to urban areas in search of the "good life." This population explosion in urban areas has had its attendant strain on facilities. One school of thought has suggested that the Structural Adjustment Program would address imbalances by shifting rural-urban terms of trade decisively in favour of rural producers and thereby encouraging a "return migration." Another school of thought has disputed the predictions that SAP would relieve the urban areas of their burden, however. An examination of the impact of SAP on population movement between rural and urban areas in northern Nigeria supports this sceptical view; SAP has not stemmed rural-urban migration.

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Okpara, E. E. "Rural-Urban Migration and Urban Employment Opportunities in Nigeria." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 11, no. 1 (1986): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622071.

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Biegańska, Jadwiga, and Daniela Szymańska. "The scale and the dynamics of permanent migration in rural and peri-urban areas in Poland – some problems." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 21, no. 21 (September 1, 2013): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0017.

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Abstract This article refers to the analysis and the evaluation of permanent migration as observed in rural areas of Poland, especially in peri-urban areas of the Polish cities between the years 1995 and 2011. The article covered all 2,173 rural and rural-urban (excluding urban parts) gminas in the country. In the article there were shown what are the migration volumes and dynamics in rural areas and what is the situation of large cities’ peri-urban areas in terms of permanent migration.

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Ajaero, Chukwuedozie K., and Patience C. Onokala. "The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Southeastern Nigeria." International Journal of Population Research 2013 (September 9, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610193.

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This paper examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the rural communities of Southeastern Nigeria. Data were obtained using mixed methods approach comprising questionnaire surveys and key informant interviews. Six rural local government areas (LGAs) were selected based on population size and spatial equity from two states of Southeastern Nigeria. From each of the rural LGAs, fifty migrant-sending households were sampled for the study. Multiple regression and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to estimate and categorize the effects of rural-urban migration due to remittances and community projects executed by the rural-urban migrants, respectively. In addition, the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were utilized in prioritizing areas for development interventions in the rural communities. The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made.

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Beihai, Umar, and MuktharNadeem Akhtar. "MACROECONOMIC FACTORS AND POVERTY IN PAKISTAN: EXPLORING THEIR IMPACT ON RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION." Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/gjhss-social-312.

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This study investigates the relationship between macroeconomic factors, poverty levels, and rural-urban migration patterns in Pakistan. Employing quantitative analysis and econometric modeling, the research explores how fluctuations in macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation rates, employment opportunities, and income inequality influence poverty rates and subsequent migration trends from rural to urban areas. By examining longitudinal data and employing multivariate regression techniques, the study seeks to elucidate the complex dynamics driving migration decisions among rural populations in response to economic conditions. The findings shed light on the interplay between macroeconomic dynamics, poverty alleviation efforts, and migration patterns in Pakistan, offering insights for policymakers and practitioners to formulate more effective strategies for inclusive development and sustainable urbanization.

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Nguyen Thi Ha, Thanh. "Migration flows to urban areas: characteristics, roles and pressures on urban development in Vietnam." Journal of Science Social Science 68, no. 1 (February 2023): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2023-0010.

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Migration flows to urban areas is an unavoidable trend in the process of urbanization in both developed and developing countries. In Vietnam, while rural-urban migration flows accounted for a larger proportion in the previous period, up to now, urban-urban migration flows have tended to dominate. This phenomena shows that Vietnam is in the process of urbanization in both breadth and depth. This study was conducted to clarify the main characteristics of urban migration flows in the context of urbanization in Vietnam, with similarities and differences between rural-urban and urban-urban migration flows. In addition, the study points out the main contributions and pressures of this migration flows to urban growth in Vietnam.

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Young, Alwyn. "Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 1727–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt025.

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Abstract Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.

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Zhang, Nan. "MIGRATION OVER THE LIFE COURSE AND LATER-LIFE DEPRESSION IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2151.

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Abstract Migrating between rural and urban areas over the life course profoundly shapes the conditions of later life. In the Chinese context, living in urban areas with an urban Hukou is associated with socioeconomic advantage. This study is among the first attempt to investigate how migration into urban areas in China is related to these processes and the association with risk of depression in later life by focusing on the timing and the type of migration (rural-urban residential mobility and/or institutional transition of Hukou status) of migration. Using data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we found strong associations between migration over the life course and risk of depression in later life in China. The timing and type of migration appears to play an important role. In-situ urbanisation is associated with lower depression scores in later life, and these effects are greater for in-situ urbanisation occurring in middle age compared with young adulthood. Forced urban-rural migration is associated with improved mental wellbeing. Formal social protection, particularly having a private pension, contributes substantially to the mental health advantage of social groups with an urban Hukou. Having an urban Hukou origin has an independent protective role in shaping mental wellbeing in later life in China, potentially partly due to the entitlement to a private pension attached to this status. When informal support has weakened in contemporary China, enhanced formal social protection in the form of adequate pensions should be put in place to mitigate structural inequalities associated with migration in old age.

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Du, Yixuan, Zhe Zhao, Shuang Liu, and Zhihui Li. "The Impact of Agricultural Labor Migration on the Urban–Rural Dual Economic Structure: The Case of Liaoning Province, China." Land 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030622.

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Based on the practical requirements of China’s urban–rural integrated development, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze the impact of agricultural labor migration on the urban–rural dual economic structure. This paper empirically examined the impact of agricultural labor migration on the urban–rural dual economic structure by using the spatial Durbin model and the geographically and temporally weighted regression model on the basis of the panel data of 14 regions in Liaoning Province from 2005 to 2020. The results show that agricultural labor migration has an obvious optimization effect and spatial spillover effect on the urban–rural dual economic structure; in terms of space, agricultural labor migration has a stronger impact on the central and western regions and a weaker impact on the southeastern regions; in terms of time, agricultural labor migration can stably promote the integration of urban and rural economies before the second Lewis turning point. Therefore, this paper provides references with regard to increasing investment in rural education and training; improving the structure of government spending; and protecting the rights and interests of rural migrants.

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Yuan, Bocong, Jiannan Li, Zhaoguo Wang, and Lily Wu. "Household Registration System, Migration, and Inequity in Healthcare Access." Healthcare 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020061.

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This study investigates the influence of the household registration system on rural–urban disparity in healthcare access (including healthcare quality, blood pressure check, blood test, vision test, dental examination, and breast exam), using data from a large-scale nationwide life history survey that covered 150 counties across 28 provinces and municipalities in China. In contrast to the findings of many previous studies that emphasize the disparity in the residence place as the cause of rural–urban disparity in healthcare access, this study finds that the residence place just has a very limited influence on healthcare access in China, and what really matters is the household registration type. Our empirical results show that people with a non-rural household registration type generally have better healthcare access than those with a rural one. For rural residents, changing the registration type of their household (from rural to non-rural) can improve their healthcare access, whereas changing the residence place or migrating from rural to urban areas have no effect. Therefore, mere rural-to-urban migration may not be a valid measure to eliminate the rural–urban disparity in healthcare access, unless the institution of healthcare resource allocation is reformed.

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Shefer, Daniel, and Luis Steinvortz. "Rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration patterns in Colombia." Habitat International 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(93)90050-m.

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Lagakos, David, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, and Michael E. Waugh. "The Welfare Effects of Encouraging Rural–Urban Migration." Econometrica 91, no. 3 (2023): 803–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta15962.

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This paper studies the welfare effects of encouraging rural–urban migration in the developing world. To do so, we build and analyze a dynamic general‐equilibrium model of migration that features a rich set of migration motives. We estimate the model to replicate the results of a field experiment that subsidized seasonal migration in rural Bangladesh, leading to significant increases in migration and consumption. We show that the welfare gains from migration subsidies come from providing better insurance for vulnerable rural households rather than from correcting spatial misallocation by relaxing credit constraints for those with high productivity in urban areas that are stuck in rural areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural-urban migration'

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