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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural water and sanitation'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Hugosson, Hanna, and Katja Larnholt. "Water quality and sanitation in rural Moldova." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121003.

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Because of the impact on human health and sustainable livelihood, the topic of drinking water and sanitation facilities is becoming a seriously discussed issue among international organizations as well as developing agencies in industrialized countries. The importance of water and sanitation management initialized this master thesis. The aim of the project is to do an assessment of the drinking water quality as well as the sanitation situation in the village Condrita in the Republic of Moldova. This was done by studying the existing water and sanitation facilities, sampling the water, evaluating the reason for the poor water quality and mapping the current situation using ArcGIS. Furthermore, technologies for improving the drinking water and sanitation facilities are suggested. The work was carried out by doing a literature study on how water sources and sanitation facilities should be constructed in order to ensure people’s health and to meet their needs. Geographic coordinates and water samples were collected from twenty-two public wells and springs. Interviews on the water situation and sanitation facilities were performed. Furthermore, water samples were analysed with respect to nitrate, turbidity, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria amongst others. Pesticide contamination was also taken into consideration when one of the wells was analysed. Water sources were classified as improved or unimproved according to definitions by WHOSIS. Moreover, the DRASTIC vulnerability model was used to evaluate the groundwater susceptibility to contaminants. In general, the water quality in the study area was poor and measured values of the analyzed parameters exceeded international or Moldovan standards for nitrate, hardness, electrical conductivity and total coliform bacteria. Four wells were contaminated with E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, turbidity measurements exceeded Moldovan standards in seven out of twenty-two water sources. No pesticide contamination was detected. Sampled water from the densely populated parts of the village as well as unimproved water sources proved to be of poorer quality. Map results showed that a majority of the groundwater within the study area was subject to a moderate or high risk of becoming contaminated. The current sanitation situation is that most families use simple pit latrines, which are placed far away from the dwelling-houses. Digging a new toilet when the existing one is full is a common practice in Condrita. Hand-washing facilities are seldom placed in proximity to the toilets. Pit latrines are believed to be the most important source of groundwater contamination in the study area. Other sources are agricultural activities and poor practice when abstracting water from the wells. A feasible solution to improve both the drinking water quality and the sanitation situation would be to install ecosan toilets. Improvements of the well’s features that are suggested include construction of an apron slab as well as proper lids for covering the well.

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Barnes, Rebecca Ruth Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Planning for sustainable water and sanitation projects in rural, developing communities." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44507.

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Premature failure or abandonment of water or sanitation interventions in developing communities is a common phenomenon and one which is preventing potential benefits from being fully realised. While the causes of project failure are complex and varied, the literature addressing project failure implicates poor planning in many unsustained small-scale projects. In particular, a number of authors criticise planning that fails to include consideration of key sustainability areas. This thesis explores the relationship between planning for rural water and sanitation development projects and their sustainability using both ??depth?? of information gathered through a case study in rural Philippines and ??breadth?? of information gathered from key informants representing a range of regions and organisational types. Key informant interviews show the case study findings to be generally transferable between regions. Both methods illustrate the need for interpersonal relationships of trust and unity, commitment and integrity in project personnel, significant time spent in data-gathering and consensus development, creative modes of communication, ongoing contact and detailed long-term financial planning. A critical evaluation of 17 prominent, existing planning frameworks for rural water supply and sanitation projects is presented with respect to key attributes of good planning practice as identified during the case study and interviews. The evaluation reveals both strengths and inadequacies in current planning frameworks, illuminating possible causes of persistent poor planning. Finally, methods are identified by which planning processes can be improved so as to reduce the incidence of early water and sanitation project failure. An existing decision framework, the Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA) Sustainability Framework, was trialled during the Philippines Case Study. The new Planning Framework for Rural Water and Sanitation was developed as a result of the trial, the case study and the interviews. The new framework employs the primary sustainability criteria in the decision process in the form of constraints developed using participatory processes, thereby defining a safe space within which the beneficiaries may have freedom and confidence to select their desired technical solutions. Other key elements of good planning practice are incorporated, including those typically omitted by existing frameworks in the rural water and sanitation development sector.

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Persson, Ida Maria Linnéa. "Designing a Sustainable System for Water Supply and Sanitation in Rural Peru." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111152.

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Given the tremendous importance of water supply and sanitation (WSS) on health and welfare, the purpose of this thesis was to suggest a design of a sustainable WSS system for a rural village in the sub-Andean Amazon of Northern Peru. WSS planning and intervention in the developing world have traditionally been characterized by large failures, and to understand the related problems, this work was initiated with a literature review on the topic. The review resulted in the development of a planning support, containing eight stages ranging from project identification to project realization. Within this thesis, the first four stages were implemented, including an in-field WSS situation assessment and a screening of suitable technical options.The in-field assessment contained a general fact collection, an inventory where about a fifth of the households in the village was visited and interviewed, and a water quality analysis. An analysis of the assessment findings resulted in the identification of the WSS components requiring intervention. Thereafter followed a screening of suitable technologies, and based on the results from the analysis, a selection of interesting options was done. Selected options were reviewed and evaluated according to a set of sustainability criteria.A majority of the households in the village had standpipes on their premises, delivering untreated water from an unprotected creek outside the village. Apart from surface water, rainwater and water from an open spring were also used in the village. The water analysis revealed that surface water contained elevated levels of bacteria, whereas the spring water was clean. Contaminated water remained contaminated after household treatment (boiling), indicative of poor handling. Water treatment with solar disinfection (SODIS) proved to be effective. The sanitary situation was not satisfactory; almost all households had unimproved pit latrines that could not ensure a hygienic separation of excreta, and open defecation was also practiced. Greywater, resulting from showering and cloth-washing under the standpipe, was at best diverted away from the premises by small drains, but often not managed at all. Stormwater created unhygienic conditions on both private premises and in communal areas during the rainy season; the management situation was similar to that of greywater. Solid waste was not officially managed and even though many of the households had designated a collection site, waste was commonly seen all over the premises.The selected technologies were mainly inexpensive such that could be constructed, operated and managed by the community itself. From the assessment it also became clear that the WSS situation could be considerably improved by behavior change. Following the developed planning support; with the finalization of this thesis, the next step would be to present the results from the screening and evaluation of technologies to the villagers, for them to decide which options to proceed with. Debido a la gran importancia del agua potable y saneamiento (APS) para la salud y el bienestar, el objetivo de este proyecto fue proponer un sistema APS, adecuado y sostenible, para una aldea rural en la selva Amazónica en el norte de Perú. Tradicionalmente, la planificación y el diseño de APS en el mundo en desarrollo han sido caracterizados por fallos grandes, y para comprender los problemas, este trabajo comenzó con un estudio amplio sobre el tema. El estudio resultó en un apoyo de planificación, que contiene ocho etapas que van desde la identificación de un proyecto a la realización del proyecto, y fue empleado para la orientación en el trabajo posterior. Dentro de esta tesis, las primeras cuatro etapas se llevaron a cabo, incluyendo una evaluación de la situación APS en campo y un examen de las opciones técnicas adecuadas.El trabajo de campo incluía una colección de datos, un inventario, en el que una quinta parte de los hogares en el pueblo fue visitada y entrevistada, y un análisis del agua. Un análisis de los resultados del trabajo de campo resultó en la identificación de los componentes de APS que requieren una intervención. Después siguió un examen de tecnologías adecuadas, y con base en los resultados del análisis se hizo una selección de opciones interesantes. Las opciones seleccionadas fueron revisadas y evaluadas de acuerdo a un conjunto de criterios de sostenibilidad.En la mayoría de los hogares del pueblo había una pileta en sus parcelas, entregando agua no tratada de una quebrada sin protección, a fuera del pueblo. Aparte de las aguas superficiales, habían aguas de lluvia y de una fuente abierta. El análisis del agua mostraba niveles elevados de contaminación bacteriológica en las aguas superficiales, mientras que el agua de la fuente abierta era limpia. El tratamiento del agua con la desinfección solar fue demostrado ser eficaz. La situación sanitaria no era satisfactoria – casi todos los hogares tenían letrinas de foso, que no podían asegurar una separación higiénica de la excreta, y la práctica de defecación al aire libre también se veía. Aguas grises, resultante del lavado de ropa y el baño de personas debajo de la pileta, en el mejor de los casos estaban desviando de las parcelas, pero a menudo no estaban tratando. Durante las épocas de lluvia, había bastantes problemas con el agua de escorrentía, creando las condiciones antihigiénicas, y el manejo de la situación era la misma que la de las aguas grises. Los residuos sólidos no estaban oficialmente manejados y aunque muchos de los hogares habían designado un lugar especial en el patio para su recolección, eran comúnmente vistos en todas las parcelas.Las tecnologías seleccionadas fueron tales que podrían ser financiadas, construidas, operadas y administradas por la propia comunidad. La evaluación reveló que la situación también podría mejorar considerablemente con un cambio de conducta. A la finalización de este proyecto, la siguiente etapa, de acuerdo con el apoyo de la planificación, sería devolver la evaluación de las opciones seleccionadas a los habitantes del pueblo, y dejar a ellos decidan con cuales opciones quieren proceder. Dricksvatten och sanitet (DVS) är extremt viktigt för hälsa och välfärd, både för individen och för samhället i stort. Syftet med detta examensarbete var därför att föreslå en utformning av ett hållbart DVS-system för en by i sub-andinska Amazonas i norra Peru. DVS-planering och -projektering har traditionellt karakteriserats utav stora misslyckanden, och för att förstå denna problematik så inleddes arbetet med en översiktlig studie i ämnet. Detta resulterade i att ett vägledande planeringsstöd utvecklades, bestående av åtta steg som sträcker sig från problemidentifikation till projektrealisering. Inom ramen för detta arbete ingick de fyra första stegen, vilket inkluderade en fältundersökning av DVS-situationen i byn och en genomgång av lämpliga tekniska alternativ.Fältundersökningen innefattande en allmän faktainsamling, en inventering där en femtedel av byns hushåll besöktes och intervjuades, och en vattenanalys. Resultaten från fältundersökning sammanfattades och ett antal DVS-punkter identifierades som i behov av åtgärder. I teknikgenomgången användes resultaten från fältundersökning som grund för urvalet av intressanta alternativ, vilka sedan utvärderades utifrån en uppsättning hållbarhetskriterier.Majoriteten av hushållen i byn hade en vattenkran på sina ägor, och vattnet levererades obehandlat från ett oskyddat vattendrag utanför byn. Förutom ytvatten så använde man även regnvatten och vatten från en öppen källa. Vattenanalysen visade att ytvattnet var starkt förorenat av bakterier, medan källvattnet visade sig vara rent. Förorenat vatten förblev förorenat även efter att hushållen behandlat det (genom kokning), vilket tyder på dålig efterhantering. Soldisinfektion (SODIS) visade sig vara en effektiv reningsmetod. Den sanitära situationen var otillfredsställande – nästan alla hushåll använde sig av oförbättrade grävda latriner och även tarmtömning i det fria praktiserades. BDT-vatten, från dusch och tvätt under vattenkranen, var som bäst avlett från ägorna med enkla fåror, men oftast inte alls hanterat. Under regnperioden orsakade dagvatten ohygieniska förhållanden och hanteringen var liknande den för BDT-vattnet. Det fanns ingen officiell sophantering och även om många hushåll avsatt en speciell plats på gården för insamling så var nedskräpningen omfattande.Utvalda tekniker var främst sådana som skulle kunna bekostas, konstrueras, drivas och skötas av samhället själv. I fältundersökningen framkom det också att situationen skulle kunna förbättras avsevärt genom beteendeändringar. I och med avslutningen av detta arbete är nästa steg att, i enlighet med planeringsstödet, presentera resultaten från utvärderingen av de tekniska alternativen för invånarna i byn, och låta dem besluta om vilka som de vill gå vidare med.

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Beasley, Sydney Brooks. "Implementing water and sanitation systems in rural India : the role of NGOs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118264.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018. Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018.. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-93). NGOs are an important actor in rural India, and are increasingly important in implementing water and sanitation infrastructure. This thesis first systematically investigates physical conditions that lead to good bacteriological water quality in rural India, and then investigates how NGOs are inserting themselves into this space. Ultimately, this work examines under what conditions NGOs are effective in advancing water and sanitation systems, with a focus on how they build up, empower, and utilize local community organizations to do so. Thus, the strategies of two NGOs working in rural India that have facilitated the implementation of water and sanitation infrastructure are analyzed using an extension of Field Theory by Asad & Kay (2014). The way these NGOs create alliances, use resources, and change frames to advance water and sanitation infrastructure are similar in some ways, while distinct in others. This analysis demonstrates that these organizations are able to harmonize and negotiate their development agenda with that of the state in order to make progress in water and sanitation systems. Combining a systems analysis of rural communities' water quality with an analysis of strategies of NGOs illuminates practical implications for how policymakers can expect these organizations to incorporate new technologies and policies. by Sydney Brooks Beasley. M.C.P. S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Toan, Dang Ngoc. "Participation and development : a case study of a rural water supply and sanitation project in Daklak province, Vietnam /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18710.pdf.

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Álvarez, Prado Lourdes. "Rural water sustainability in Latin America and the Caribbean. The sanitation boards in Paraguay." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/322784.

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El agua es un recurso esencial y vector fundamental para el desarrollo sostenible. La falta de acceso a agua potable tiene impactos clave en la salud, la economía y la educación, especialmente en poblaciones vulnerables. Sin embargo, el acceso no garantiza un nivel adecuado de servicio, asequible, equitativo y universal. Importantes esfuerzos en el ámbito internacional han impulsado la agenda para mejorar el acceso a agua potable, especialmente en las zonas rurales donde históricamente los niveles de acceso han sido más bajos y su distribución más desigual. Varios modelos de gestión pública y privada del agua se han promovido en los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Tradicionalmente la gestión comunitaria ha sido el enfoque más común en las zonas rurales con apoyo de gobiernos e instituciones internacionales con resultados mixtos. El acceso a agua potable en ALC ha mejorado significativamente en las últimas décadas, alcanzando los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Sin embargo los retos siguen siendo enormes. La sostenibilidad es una tarea pendiente para garantizar un nivel óptimo de servicio en el largo plazo, con estrategias que garanticen las dimensiones ambiental, institucional, de gestión, financiera, técnica y social de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas. Este estudio se basa en una extensa revisión de literatura sobre agua rural en ALC y la evolución de su gestión bajo varios modelos. También se presenta un análisis exhaustivo sobre sostenibilidad en el sector agua y las herramientas para su medición. El análisis de más de 1.100 indicadores muestra que las dimensiones institucional, de gestión, técnica y financiera reúnen entre el 21 y 23 por ciento de los indicadores definidos en los 29 instrumentos para medir sostenibilidad evaluados. Los aspectos ambientales son los menos reconocidos, con un 4 por ciento. El estudio de caso en 100 comunidades rurales de Paraguay combina la teoría sobre indicadores para medir sostenibilidad con un enfoque práctico. La información disponible se completó con una encuesta de seguimiento a una muestra de usuarios y 100 juntas de saneamiento, junto con la evaluación técnica de los sistemas de agua. Los resultados muestran un alto nivel de servicio en casi las 100 comunidades, con una alta probabilidad de sostenibilidad en el largo plazo debido sobretodo a los altos niveles de gestión y el capital social en las comunidades. Los principales desafíos para la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de agua están relacionados con la calidad de la fuente – afectada negativamente por el cambio climático y la falta de normativa para controlar su uso – y la falta de capacidad para ampliar los sistemas de agua, principalmente a nivel financiero. El valor cultural del agua es un aspecto clave en la disposición a pagar y en la gestión responsable del sistema, así como el apoyo constante del gobierno paraguayo al sector del agua rural a cargo del Ministerio de Salud a través de una institución autónoma específica (SENASA). El estudio confirma que los desafíos en la medición de la sostenibilidad en los sistemas rurales de agua y en el desarrollo de un marco común son enormes. Los datos oficiales relativos al acceso a agua mejorada no reflejan los problemas de sostenibilidad que pueden poner en peligro las importantes inversiones en infraestructura nueva y rehabilitada. La participación de la comunidad para hacer frente a estos desafíos es clave, pero otras condiciones deben ser también garantizadas. La disponibilidad de indicadores apropiados para medir sostenibilidad es esencial para entender los porqués, los cómos y los quiénes son los responsables en asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas. A partir de ahí, los gobiernos deben priorizar estrategias para mejorar en última instancia el bienestar de la población. Water is an essential resource and a fundamental vector in sustainable development. The lack of access to improved water resources has important impacts on health, economy, and education, especially for the most vulnerable populations. However, access does not guarantee an appropriate level of service that is affordable, equitable, and universal. Significant efforts in the international arena have pushed the agenda to improve access, especially in rural areas where levels of access have been historically lower and unevenly distributed. Several models of water management, embracing both public and private sector participation, have been promoted in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Traditionally, community-based management has been the most common approach in rural areas, supported by governments and international aid institutions, although results have been mixed. In Latin American and the Caribbean levels of access to improved water resources have improved significantly in recent decades, achieving and surpassing the Millennium Development Goals. However, challenges are still enormous. Sustainability is a target that must be hit in order to ensure an optimal level of service in the long-term, with strategies that guarantee the environmental, institutional, management, financial, technical, and social dimensions of a system’s sustainability. This research is based on an extensive review of literature on rural water, the current situation related to access in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the evolution of water sector management under different models. A probing assessment on sustainability in the rural water sector, on measurement tools, and on international experiences in water management has also been conducted. The analysis of more than 1,100 indicators shows that institutional, management, technical, and financial dimensions are associated with between 21 and 23 percent of the indicators defined in the 29 tools assessed. Environmental aspects, at a mere 4 percent, are the least common. The case study of 100 rural communities in Paraguay aims to combine theories on sustainability tools and indicators with a practical approach. Existing information was rounded out with a follow-up survey administered to a sample of users and 100 sanitation boards that manage the water systems, together with a water system assessment in each of the communities. Results show a high level of service in almost all of the 100 communities, with a high likelihood of long- term sustainability, which is due in large part to the high levels of management and social capital of the communities. The main challenges identified to ensure water sustainability were related with the quality of the source – negatively impacted by climate change effects and the lack of standards for controlling source use – and the lack of financial capacity to expand systems. The cultural value of water is a key aspect affecting user willingness to both pay and responsibly manage the system. The constant support of the Paraguayan government in the rural water sector through the Ministry of Health’s autonomous institution (SENASA) also plays a positive role. The study confirms that the challenges in measuring sustainability in rural water systems and in developing a common framework are enormous. Official data regarding access does not reflect sustainability problems, which can jeopardize significant investments in new and rehabilitated infrastructure. Community participation in addressing these challenges in the rural areas is strategic, but other conditions also require governmental support. Availability of data and appropriate indicators for measuring sustainability are the first steps to understanding the whys, the hows, and the whos involved. From there, national and sub-national governments should prioritize strategies for ultimately improving population welfare.

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Webster, James. "Culture's influence: towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield University at Silsoe, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1369.

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Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes. Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined, and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments and international donor organisations. As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified. Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended, especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to change’. A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates complex systems. Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.

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Webster, James. "Culture's influence : towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/1369.

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Chandani, Farah. "Women's involvement in water supply and sanitation, a case study of rural Gujarat, India." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58328.pdf.

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Furber, Alison Mary. "Social and cultural context of rural water and sanitation projects : case studies from Ghana." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6692.

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The research underpinning this work took place in the context of two rural water and sanitation projects carried out in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The focus of study was on the way engineers can make water and sanitation projects more sustainable. In particular, emphasis was placed on the broad range of non-technical factors engineers need to incorporate into the design of water and sanitation systems and the processes they need to follow in order to achieve this, looking specifically at the implications of community participation for design process, project management and health and safety management. The current high failure rate of rural water and sanitation projects provided the impetus for carrying out this work. There is an urgent need to improve engineering ability to provide vital life-saving infrastructure in developing countries as this infrastructure is a pre-requisite for poverty reduction. A critical realist perspective framed the research to allow socially constructed realities to be combined with scientific and technical facts, and to allow inquiry in a ‘real world’ scenario where variables cannot be controlled individually. The research questions were explored through the author’s involvement in two community development projects involving water and sanitation system implementation. The key methods employed were interview, both informal and group, observation and reflection. The contribution to knowledge made by this investigation is an increased understanding of the relevance of social and cultural context for engineers engaged in rural water and sanitation infrastructure provision through exploration of these issues in a particular context. Also examined are health and safety aspects of rural water and sanitation projects where the community participate in construction. Whilst health and safety had been explored in a developing country context there is a lack of previous work looking at these issues in a community self-construction context. It was found that a broad range of factors need to be considered in the engineering design of water and sanitation systems if projects are to have a chance of being sustainable in the long term. In order to understand and design appropriately for the context of rural projects with direct community involvement it is necessary to adapt the engineering process to incorporate community participation fully into the design and construction of water and sanitation facilities. Where communities are involved in construction particular issues arise with regards to health and safety management; many of the issues originate in the socio-cultural context and motivations for community members to engage in hazardous construction activities need to be understood and considered to properly manage the construction process. To truly incorporate the ideas of local communities into engineering design, engineers need a greater awareness of the assumptions they hold arising from their scientific outlook. Further research is required in different contexts in order to more clearly define the boundaries of the findings of this study and begin to overcome the limitations of the case study method. However, this research contributes to understanding how engineers can improve their designs of water and sanitation infrastructure and the processes they use to create more sustainable projects by looking at these issues in one particular context. This contribution adds to understanding of how a lack of access to water and sanitation infrastructure in rural regions of developing countries can be overcome, which is ultimately necessary to meet the Millennium Development Goals and as a pre-requisite to reducing poverty in the developing world.

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Burr, Peter William. "The financial costs of delivering rural water and sanitation services in lower-income countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9312.

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Despite the impressive progress over the last two decades in which millions of people worldwide have gained first time access to improved water and sanitation infrastructure, the reality for many is that shortly after infrastructure construction the actual service received by users slips back to unacceptably low levels. However, due to inadequate research and inconsistencies with how data and cost data has been collected and reported, very little is known of the necessary levels of expenditure required to sustain an acceptable (so called “basic”) water and sanitation service and this inhibits effective financial planning for households, communities, governments and donors alike. This thesis sought to provide a better understanding of what has historically been spent to provide different levels of water and sanitation services as a means to better understand the necessary expenditure required. Empirical findings are based on a large data sample of nearly 2,000 water points, over 4,000 latrines, and over 12,000 household surveys, which have been collected as part of three research projects (WASHCost, Triple-S, and WASHCost Sierra Leone), across five country research areas (Andhra Pradesh (India), Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone). Findings for water supply systems show that the combination of high capital investments of: $19 and $69 per person for community point sources and $33 – $216 per person for piped systems; and low recurrent expenditures of: $0.06 - $0.37 per person per year for point sources and $0.58 - $7.87 per person per year for piped systems; results in less than half of users receiving a “basic” level of service. Evidence based estimates of the required expenditure for acceptable services are found to be far greater than the “effective demand” expressed in terms of the willingness to pay of service users and national government for these services. Findings for sanitation show that constructing a household latrine that achieves “basic” service standards requires a financial investment of at least $40 that is likely to be an unaffordable barrier for many households in lower income countries. In addition the costs and affordability of periodic pit emptying remains a concern. Ultimately this research suggests that if international standard of improved water and sanitation services are to be sustained in rural areas, the international sector will likely have to provide additional investments to meet a significant proportion of the recurrent costs of delivering these services.

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Dallas, Stewart C. "Reedbeds for the treatment of greywater as an application of ecological sanitation in rural Costa Rica, Central America /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060505.100927.

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Nanbakhsh, H. "Environmental impact assessment of potable water supply and sanitation in rural areas of developing countries." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14669/.

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The main objective of the present research was to assess the environmental impacts of the provision of potable water supplies and sanitation projects, both during the construction and operation phases. The research was related to rural areas of developing countries. Field research was undertaken in the rural areas of the Northwest and Central regions of Iran. Data were obtained by observations and survey from the field, and a comprehensive questionnaire and literature review. Interviews were carried out by the author in households, particularly women, in four villages with a piped water supply and sanitation facilities, and four villages without such facilities, in the two different regions. To assess the beneficial and negative impacts stemming from the projects, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) techniques were used. After the application of EIA through the use of checklist of impacts and the Leopold's matrix, results demonstrated that the implementation of water supply and sanitation projects can have several negative impacts on the natural environment, and positive beneficial impacts on the social and economic environment. In relation to water supply and sanitation projects, the most effective EIA method was shown by this study to be the Leopold's matrix. It can identify both positive and negative impacts and the interaction between the project activities and environmental parameters. The most important recommendations that stem from this research are, that project planners and water engineers should employ EIA methods in planning water projects, particularly in the rural areas of developing countries.

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Onabolu, Boluwaji. "Evaluating the post-implementation effectiveness of selected household water treatment technologies in rural Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013145.

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Water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases are responsible for 7% of all deaths and 8% of all disability adjusted live years (DALYs), as well as the loss of 320 million days of productivity in developing countries. Though laboratory and field trials have shown that household water treatment (HWT) technologies can quickly improve the microbiological quality of drinking water, questions remain about the effectiveness of these technologies under real-world conditions. Furthermore, the value that rural communities attach to HWT is unknown, and it is not clear why, in spite of the fact that rural African households need household water treatment (HWT) most, they are the least likely to use them. The primary objective of this multi-level study was to assess the post-implementation effectiveness of selected HWT technologies in the Nyanza and Western Provinces of Kenya. The study was carried out in the rainy season between March and May, 2011 using a mixed method approach. Evidence was collected in order to build a case of evidence of HWT effectiveness or ineffectiveness in a post-implementation context. A quasi-experimental design was used first to conduct a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey in 474 households in ten intervention and five control villages (Chapter 3). The survey assessed the context in which household water treatment was being used in the study villages to provide real-world information for assessing the effectiveness of the technologies. An interviewer-administered questionnaire elicited information about the water, sanitation and hygiene-related KAP of the study communities. A household water treatment (HWT) survey (Chapter 4) was carried out in the same study households and villages as the KAP study, using a semi-structured questionnaire to gather HWT adoption, compliance and sustained use-related information to provide insight into the perceived value the study households attach to HWT technologies, and their likelihood of adoption of and compliance with these technologies. The drinking water quality of 171 (one quarter of those surveyed during KAP) randomly selected households was determined and tracked from source to the point of use (Chapter 5). This provided insights into HWT effectiveness by highlighting the need for HWT (as indicated by source water quality) and the effect of the study households’ KAP on drinking water quality (as indicated by the stored water quality). Physico-chemical and microbiological water quality of the nineteen improved and unimproved sources used by the study households was determined, according to the World Health Organisation guidelines. The microbiological quality of 291 water samples in six intervention and five control villages was determined from source to the point-of-use (POU) using the WHO and Sphere Drinking Water Quality Guidelines. An observational study design was then used to assess the post-implementation effectiveness of the technologies used in 37 households in five intervention villages (Chapter 6). Three assessments were carried out to determine the changes in the microbiological quality of 107 drinking water samples before treatment (from collection container) and after treatment (from storage container) by the households. The criteria used to assess the performance of the technologies were microbial efficacy, robustness and performance in relation to sector standards. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then carried out in the HWT effectiveness study households to assess the technologies’ ability to reduce the users’ exposure to and probability of infection with water-borne pathogens (Chapter 7). The KAP survey showed that the intervention and control communities did not differ significantly in 18 out of 20 socio-economic variables that could potentially be influenced by the structured manner of introducing HWT into the intervention villages. The majority of the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG) were poor or very poor on the basis of household assets they owned. The predominant level of education for almost two-thirds of the IG and CG respondents was primary school (completed and non-completed). Though very few were unemployed in IG (8.07%) and CG (14.29%), the two groups of respondents were predominantly engaged in subsistence farming — a low income occupation. With regard to practices, both groups had inadequate access to water and sanitation with only one in two of the households in both IG and CG using improved water sources as their main drinking water source in the non-rainy season. One in ten households in both study groups possessed an improved sanitation facility, though the CG was significantly more likely to practice open defecation than the IG. The self-reported use of soap in both study groups was mainly for bathing and not for handwashing after faecal contact with adult or child faeces. Despite the study groups' knowledge about diarrhoea, both groups showed a disconnection between their knowledge about routes of contamination and barriers to contamination. The most frequent reason for not treating water was the perceived safety of rain water in both the IG and CG. The HWT adoption survey revealed poor storage and water-handling practices in both IG and CG, and that very few respondents knew how to use the HWT technologies correctly: The IG and CG were similar in perceived value attached to household water treatment. All HWT technologies had a lower likelihood of adoption compared to the likelihood of compliance indicators in both IG and CG. The users’ perceptions about efficacy, time taken and ease of use of the HWT technologies lowered the perceived value attached to the technologies. The assessment of the drinking water quality used by the study communities indicated that the improved sources had a lower geometric mean E. coli and total coliform count than the unimproved sources. Both categories of sources were of poor microbiological quality and both exceeded the Sphere Project (2004) and the WHO (2008) guidelines for total coliforms and E. Coli respectively The study communities’ predominant drinking water sources, surface water and rainwater were faecally contaminated (geometric mean E. coli load of 388.1±30.45 and 38.9±22.35 cfu/100 ml respectively) and needed effective HWT. The improved sources were significantly more likely than the unimproved sources to have a higher proportion of samples that complied with the WHO drinking water guidelines at source, highlighting the importance of providing improved water sources. The lowest levels of faecal contamination were observed between the collection and storage points which coincided with the stage at which HWT is normally applied, suggesting an HWT effect on the water quality. All water sources had nitrate and turbidity levels that exceeded the WHO stipulated guidelines, while some of the improved and unimproved sources had higher than permissible levels of lead, manganese and aluminium. The water source category and the mouth type of the storage container were predictive of the stored water quality. The active treater households had a higher percentage of samples that complied with WHO water quality guidelines for E. coli than inactive treater households in both improved and unimproved source categories. In inactive treater households, 65% of storage container water samples from the improved sources complied with the WHO guidelines in comparison to 72% of the stored water samples in the active treater households. However the differences were not statistically significant. The HWT technologies did not attain sector standards of effective performance: in descending order, the mean log10 reduction in E. coli concentrations after treatment of water from unimproved sources was PUR (log₁₀ 2.0), ceramic filters (log₁₀ 1.57), Aquatab (log₁₀ 1.06) and Waterguard (log₁₀ 0.44). The mean log10 reduction in E. coli after treatment of water from improved sources was Aquatab (log₁₀ 2.3), Waterguard (log₁₀ 1.43), PUR (log₁₀ 0.94) and ceramic filters (log₁₀ 0.16). The HWT technologies reduced the user’s daily exposure to water-borne pathogens from both unimproved and improved drinking water sources. The mean difference in exposure after treatment of water from unimproved sources was ceramic filter (log₁₀ 2.1), Aquatab (log₁₀ 1.9), PUR (log₁₀ 1.5) and Waterguard (log₁₀ 0.9), in descending order. The mean probability of infection with water-borne pathogens (using E.coli as indicator) after consumption of treated water from both improved and unimproved sources was reduced in users of all the HWT technologies. The difference in reduction between technologies was not statistically significant. The study concluded that despite the apparent need for HWT, the study households’ inadequate knowledge, poor attitudes and unhygienic practices make it unlikely that they will use the technologies effectively to reduce microbial concentrations to the standards stipulated by accepted drinking water quality guidelines. The structured method of HWT promotion in the intervention villages had not resulted in more hygienic water and sanitation KAP in the IG compared to the CG, or significant differences in likelihood of adoption and compliance with the assessed HWT technologies. Despite attaching a high perceived value to HWT, insufficient knowledge about how to use the HWT technologies and user concerns about factors such as ease of use, accessibility and time to use will impact negatively on adoption and compliance with HWT, notwithstanding their efficacy during field trials. Even though external support had been withdrawn, the assessed HWT technologies were able improve the quality of household drinking water and reduce the exposure and risk of water-borne infections. However, the improvement in water quality and reduction in risk did not attain sector guidelines, highlighting the need to address the attitudes, practices and design criteria identified in this study which limit the adoption, compliance and effective use of these technologies. These findings have implications for HWT interventions, emphasising the need for practice-based behavioural support alongside technical support.

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Hanyinda, Kelvin. "The availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals in rural Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6939.

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Magister Public Health - MPH Background and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.

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Breil, Pamela E. "An analysis of individuals' attitudes and adaptations to chronic household water supply problems in a rural neighborhood." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020310/.

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Land, Anthony M. "The role of the state in the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation in rural Botswana." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18831.

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This thesis examines the role of the state in the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation in rural Botswana. The delivery of these services reflects wider international commitment to this sector. Support has been directed through the United Nations' International Drinking Water , , Supply and Sanitation Decade, which has provided member governments with policy recommendations and financial and technical assistance. These recommendations have prescribed the use of bottom-up delivery systems based upon community participation and local government intervention to ensure the achievement of policy objectives. The thesis considers how far the recommendations of the Decade have been implemented in Botswana in providing rural water and sanitation and assesses the extent to which policy objectives have been met. By means of a political economy approach to investigate the role of the state in rural development and fieldwork carried out to investigate the implementation of two specific projects, attention has focussed on the constraints to policy formulation and, implementation in achieving these objectives. It is suggested that the managerial informed prescriptions provided by the Decade are often, inappropriate to the policy arena of specific countries. This is because policy formulation and implementation are determined by factors which are politically motivated and which are not necessarily compatible with managerial or technocratic considerations. It is this inconsistency which has in large part been responsible for the non-attainment of policy objectives. Through detailed field investigations carried out in Botswana, the roles ascribed by the state to different institutions at the local government and community levels in rural policy formulation and implementation are examined in the context of the concept of decentralisation. The suitability of this policy arena for the delivery of the water and sanitation projects is then considered. From the analysis the conclusion, is reached that the context in which rural policy formulation and implementation takes place is not conducive to supporting a bottom-up strategy as prescribed by the Decade. Reasons for this lie in colonial history and in the political and economic circumstances of contemporary Botswana. In consequence, the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation has been affected in two important ways. First, the state has been unwilling to adopt the comprehensive prescriptions offered by the Decade. Second, where it has, constraints rooted in the state's unwillingness to decentralise rural development has prevented the achievement of policy objectives.

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Pimenta, de Castro Fonseca Catarina. "The death of the communal handpump? : rural water and sanitation household costs in lower-income countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8512.

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Rural water supply and sanitation in low and middle income countries face the same challenges now as in the 1970s. Despite massive efforts in providing communal “borehole with handpump” and “improved latrines” to improve the lives of millions of people, this traditional approach to development is failing to deliver long lasting improved services - even if for the last 40 years many attempts have been made to solve problems in the approach. The main research question is “Can low-income rural families pay for rural water supply and sanitation?” This thesis has analysed household poverty and costs on water and sanitation services in Mozambique and Ghana based on 3,049 surveys collected between 2009-2010 by the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre WASHCost project. Evidence shows that even extreme poor households can and do pay for improved water and sanitation services. However, households prefer to pay for more expensive services to reduce the distance required to collect water instead of paying for the cheaper maintenance of communal (further away) sources. For sanitation, without targeted support towards the poorest, improved latrines might be unaffordable. Also, without follow up support, behaviour change and health impact will not be sustained. Small increases in the wealth of the poorest have a large impact on the services demanded in terms of quantity, distance and time spend as well as an increase in the level of capital and maintenance expenditure. Ultimately, the world now is not the same as in the 1970s and for achieving universal sustainable coverage for water and sanitation we need to rethink the failed traditional approach to development in low income countries with a deeper understanding of the market segmentation in the lowest quintile of the population and their real aspirations and demand.

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Seleman, Amour. "Assessing Sustainability of Sanitation Technologies Recommended for Rural Settings: A Case Study of Morogoro District, Tanzania." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/690.

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The objectives of this study were to: assess the sanitation conditions and sustainability of sanitation technologies, using a comprehensive framework of sustainability indicators. A survey of 500 households and focus group discussions of 40 key informants were conducted in five villages. Ninety-six percent of the households had toilets, with only 9.4% having improved toilets. A strong relationship existed between the percent of sanitation coverage and the diarrhea incidence rates. Education and family wealth were the two significant determinants of sanitation coverage. On the basis of the sustainable development index, SanPlat and VIP latrine were the top two probable sustainable technologies. Variation did exist in the rankings of sanitation technologies across the study villages. Improvement in sanitation in rural Tanzania requires education of people about its health benefits, proper training, and extension of rural health workers

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Cantrell, Brittany L. "An Evaluation of a Water, Sanitation, and Hygeine Program in Rural Communities Outside Port-Au-Prince, Haiti." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/260.

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Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters. Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions Results:This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.

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Churchill, Elizabeth. "Integrating rural Cambodian villagers' perspectives into monitoring and evaluation protocols for an NGO's water and sanitation program." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003023.

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Churchill, Elizabeth. "Integrating Rural Cambodian Villagers’ Perspectives into Monitoring and Evaluation Protocols for an NGO’s Water and Sanitation Program." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1901.

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Bridges Across Borders (BAB), a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Cambodia, directs diverse and complementary projects to improve the lives of Cambodians living in poverty. The Hand In Hand project (HIH) is one of these projects, implemented in the rural community of Chamcar Bei. This project started in 2006 and is designed to be completely sustained by the villagers after 5 years. One of the four components of HIH is a health component, whose goal is to improve the health of the community. In 2007 and 2008, through these health initiatives, BAB provided the community with 280 ceramic water filters, 20 wells and 10 latrines. BAB agreed to host an internship that would allow me to monitor and evaluate these water and sanitation initiatives. My internship responsibilities included providing advice on future Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) protocols as well as community and organizational identified indicators to gauge the progress of the initiatives. In addition, these protocols were to be gender sensitive and able to be sustained by the community. For the internship I conducted ethnographic interviews with members of BAB and with members of the community regarding the water initiatives objectives, potential impacts as well as guidance on future initiatives and ME protocols, including indicators to gauge programmatic progress. Cultural explanatory models of disease, traditional therapies and gendered nuances related to water procurement and management were also explored to inform program development. Focus groups and 90 household surveys were used to triangulate data. Findings revealed that organization and community perceived benefits of the technologies, while not in complete congruence, did overlap, allowing for the recommendation of mutually informed ME indicators. In addition, both the community and organization identified salient program and ME issues and proffered solutions. Community ownership and education were not integral components of past initiatives. This compromised sustainability and the community's commitment as well as belief in their ability to care for the technologies. However, the motivation of some community members to acquire ME skills and recognition by the organization of past programmatic errors have paved the way for future community driven, informed and sustained ME protocols.

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Cantrell, Brittany L. "An Evaluation of a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program in Rural Communities Outside of Port-au-Prince, Haiti." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/286.

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Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters. Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions Results: This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p<0.05). Attendance was also significantly associated with increased knowledge of diarrheal disease prevention and hand washing technique. Households using the program-provided hand pump reported lower rates of diarrhea in children under five years old. Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.

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Usman, Muhammed Abdella [Verfasser]. "Water, Sanitation and Agriculture : Linkages and Impacts on Health and Nutrition Outcomes in Rural Ethiopia / Muhammed Abdella Usman." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139118439/34.

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Ren, Xiaoyuan S. M. (Xiaoyuan Charlene) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Mining the gap : pathways towards an integrated water, sanitation and health framework for outbreak control in rural India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111396.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2017. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-176). The scientific connection between sanitation, water quality and health is well established. However, in the present Indian scenario, monitoring and governance of the three sectors is handled separately. At present, the need to integrate sanitation, water quality, and health is felt during waterborne disease outbreaks such as large-scale diarrhea, typhoid or cholera. Despite the general interest shown for a cross-sector integrated framework in outbreak control, numerous administrative and technical gaps exist preventing the implementation of this framework. This study attempts to address these implementation barriers through the analysis of governing institutions and data integration of large public databases for the selected districts of Gujarat, India. Interagency collaboration barrier is analyzed through a comprehensive institutional analysis on the water, sanitation and health monitoring sectors. The lack of administrative incentive due to the narrow definition of monitoring targets is identified as the primary barrier for collaboration. Districts that already achieved 100% open-defecation-free status are identified as key entry points for potential pilot implementation of an integrated framework. National Informatics Center and Water and Sanitation Management Organization (WASMO) are considered key nodal points for building channels of interagency connections. Data integration and utilization barriers are analyzed through habitation-level matching of the 3 separate monitoring databases - namely, Swatch Bharat Mission (SBM) database for sanitation, Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) database for rural drinking water quality and Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) for outbreak data. The most critical data barrier is the discrepancy between administrative units across the databases, resulting in 25% mismatched habitation data and variables with 30% contradictory data entries. Quality concerns over inconsistent and missing data are also raised, especially for data collected by grassroots workers. A decision support model based on the integrated database is constructed through a Driver-Pressure- State-Exposure-Effect-Action (DPSEEA) framework. A significant correlation is observed between chains connecting sanitation initiatives and water quality. Significant risk factors associated with outbreak occurrence cannot be identified at the current stage. Even though implementing this model is within reach, and doing so promises to offer an efficient tool for integrated governance of the three sectors, incomplete datasets is currently the key barrier to a comprehensive assessment of model effectiveness. by Xiaoyuan "Charlene" Ren. S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Franco, Monalisa 1984. "Uso de coagulante extraído de sementes de Moringa oleifera como auxiliar no tratamento de água por filtração em múltiplas etapas." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256904.

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Orientador: José Euclides Stipp Paterniani Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T22:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franco_Monalisa_M.pdf: 2504289 bytes, checksum: c3dab56362e90efdcc7aec3f404bc2bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 Resumo: A água é recurso indispensável para a sobrevivência do ser humano. Em comunidades onde os sistemas convencionais de tratamento de água enfrentam difícil implantação é necessária a busca por tecnologias adequadas. Os filtros lentos apesar da simples manutenção e baixo custo se tornaram limitados devido à degradação da qualidade dos mananciais, sendo necessário o uso de pré-tratamentos para melhoria da qualidade de água para o seu emprego. Coagulantes naturais, dentre eles aquele produzido a partir de sementes de Moringa oleifera são alternativas para o tratamento de água para regiões desprovidas de tecnologias convencionais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência de diferentes dosagens do coagulante natural de Moringa oleifera na eficiência das etapas do sistema de filtração em múltiplas etapas no tratamento de água. O sistema foi constituído por pré-filtro dinâmico, pré-filtros de fluxo ascendente e filtros lentos, e em alguns ensaios por floculador granular. Em seguida, foram definidas as dosagens de 131mg.L-1 de solução coagulante de Moringa oleifera a ser aplicada na etapa da pré-filtração e 106 mg.L-1 e 53mg.L-1 a serem aplicadas nas etapas de filtração lenta, que poderiam passar pelo floculador ou não. No filtro lento em que houve a introdução da solução coagulante foram testados primeiramente três camadas de mantas não tecidas de gramatura de 400g.m-2 e em seguida uma camada de 150 g.m-2 no topo da camada de areia. A aplicação da solução coagulante proporcionou na etapa da pré-filtração, média de turbidez de 11NTU e cor aparente de 73mg.L-1 PtCo. Na etapa da filtração lenta esses valores foram 1,15NTU e 11mg.L-1PtCo, para dosagem de 106mg.L-1 de Moringa oleifera e de 5NTU e 42mg.L-1PtCo para a dosagem de 53mg.L-1 da solução coagulante. A aplicação de apenas uma camada de manta não tecida no topo do meio filtrante do filtro lento demonstrou ser benéfica para o sistema, pois manteve o alto índice de eficiência de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente. Deste modo conclui-se que o uso do coagulante extraído das sementes de Moringa oleifera melhorou a eficiência do tratamento de água pelo sistema de filtração em múltiplas etapas, principalmente quando o coagulante foi aplicado na etapa de pré-filtração. Entretanto, a aplicação direta da solução coagulante no filtro lento causou rápida colmatação da manta e menor tempo de duração da carreira, além disso a passagem da solução coagulante pelo floculador granular não apresentou resultados satisfatórios Abstract: Water is the most important resource for human survival. In communities where the conventional water treatment faces difficult deployment is necessary to search for simple technologies. Simple maintenance and low cost are presented for slow sand filter, however the water degradation has limited this operation system and now pre treatments are necessary for using this technology. Natural coagulants and among them those produced from Moringa oleifera seeds are alternatives for water treatment in regions where there is not conventional technologys. Therefore, this study aims is evaluate the influence of different dosages of natural coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds on multistage filtration system. The system was composed with dynamic roughing filter, uplflow roughing filters, slow sand filters and some tests by granular flocculator. The dosage of 131mg.L-1 of Moringa oleifera solution was defined to be applied on upflow roughing filter and the dosages of 106mg.L-1 and 53mg.L-1 on slow sand filter, which could pass through flocculator or not. The slow sand filter that received the coagulant solution was tested with three layers of nonwoven blankets with 400g/m² and afterward with one layer of nonwoven blanket with 150g/m² at the top of the sand. After the application of natural coagulant solution in upflow roughing filter, the mediums values of turbidity and apparent color were 11NTU and 73mg.L-1 PtCo, respectively. In slow sand filtration stage these values were 1,15NTU and 11mg.L-1PtCo for the dosage of 106mg.L-1 of Moringa oleifera, and 5NTU and 42mg.L-1PtCo for the dosage of 53mg.L-1 of the coagulant solution. The application of a single layer of nonwoven blanket on top of slow sand filter proved to be beneficial to the system because it maintained a high rate of removal efficiency of turbidity and apparent color. Thus it is concluded that the use of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds improved the efficiency of water treatment by multistage filtration system. However, the direct application of the coagulant solution into the slow sand filter caused rapid clogging of the blanket and shorter career length. Furthermore, unsatisfying results was showed from the passage of the coagulant solution by granular flocculator Mestrado Agua e Solo Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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Ponte, Fernando Victor Galdino. "Proposta de Modelo para Escolha de Tecnologia de Tratamento de Ãgua em Pequenas Comunidades do SemiÃrido." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5769.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico Os pequenos sistemas de abastecimento de Ãgua no semiÃrido cearense apresentam uma deficiÃncia no que diz respeito Ã qualidade. O tratamento da Ãgua nestas comunidades nÃo estÃ sendo bem eficiente, jÃ que nÃo hÃ uma metodologia para escolha da tecnologia apropriada para o tratamento de Ãgua em funÃÃo da qualidade da Ãgua bruta. Tendo em vista essa problemÃtica, foi desenvolvido um modelo simplificado de escolha de tecnologia de tratamento de Ãgua para pequenas comunidades, utilizando o Excel 2007. O modelo tem duas etapas: Na primeira, encontram-se os critÃrios de exclusÃo, parÃmetros tais como a dureza, os cloretos, o flÃor, dentre outros. Devido seu tratamento ser tecnicamente inviÃvel em pequenas comunidades rurais, nÃo foram considerados no resultado do modelo. A segunda etapa Ã a de seleÃÃo das tecnologias de tratamento de Ãgua propriamente dito, onde ao se selecionar o manancial e algumas de suas caracterÃsticas, o modelo serÃ capaz de trazer o melhor sistema para um tratamento eficiente. Juntamente com o resultado do modelo, encontram-se os dimensionamentos hidrÃulicos e as plantas das estaÃÃes de tratamento de Ãgua propostas. As tecnologias usadas foram o Ciclo Completo, a FiltraÃÃo Direta Ascendente, a Dupla FiltraÃÃo e a OxidaÃÃo seguida de FiltraÃÃo rÃpida Ascendente. Os critÃrios de seleÃÃo foram definidos atravÃs de revisÃo bibliogrÃfica, com exceÃÃo dos critÃrios para escolha da tecnologia para remoÃÃo de ferro, que foram encontrados em corridas experimentais realizadas na instalaÃÃo piloto existente na ETA GAVIÃO. The water supply systems in CearÃ semiarid are deficient with regard to water quality. The water treatment in communities are not being very efficient, since there is no standardization of water treatment plants in relation to the quality of the raw water that is captured. Therefore, it was developed a simplified model of choice selection of water treatment technologies for small communities, which was developed using Excel 2007, where you can make a correct choice of the treatment plant that will supply water to a location. The model consists of two steps. In the first stage are the criteria for exclusion, since it is a simplified model and parameters such as hardness, chloride, fluoride, among others need to be well analyzed, due to their treatment are not feasible for small rural communities and are not in the model‟s result. The second step is the selection of technologies for water treatment itself, on which selecting the source and its characteristics, the model will be able to bring the best result for an effective treatment. In addition to the model‟s results are the hydraulic design and the plant water treatment plants chosen. The technologies used were the Complete Cycle, the Direct Ascendant Filtration, the Double Filtration and Oxidation followed by rapid Ascendant Filtration. The selection criteria were included by a bibliographic review of established authors in water treatment and the criteria for choosing the technology that removes iron were developed in the pilot plant at ETA GAVIÃO.

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Mtinda, Elias. "Sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Services under Community Management Approach: The case of six villages in Tanzania." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8112.

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AbstractCommunity management of the rural water supply and sanitation services is considered as one of the options for achieving sustainability of the water services. International communities and donors are steering this concept. National water policy in Tanzania puts more emphasis on community participation and management of water and sanitation (WATSAN) schemes. This study on the sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation services focused on community management and participation as one strategy, which could contribute to the sustainability of WATSAN provision. A study was conducted in six water schemes in six villages in Tanzania, four of the villages had water schemes in operation and two schemes were under construction. Data was collected from water users, water management committees and water providers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 92 water users in four water schemes in operation, focus group discussion was conducted to water management committees in six water schemes and three water providers responded to the questionnaire.Given changes and increasing diversity in the management of rural WATSAN schemes (village water committees, board of directors and public private partnership), it is apparent that community management of rural water schemes without support is not an ideal solution for achieving sustainability. It was also affirmed that to achieve a real community participation in the project is difficult. Village government leaders and water management committees were mainly involved during the planning phase and local communities during implementation. Interference by the politicians, village government leaders and inability of the water schemes to recover costs were the main problems facing water schemes. The consequence was poor performance and failure of some schemes to deliver the services. Generally, the findings lead to a subjective inference that community management of rural water schemes alone is not an ideal solution for attaining sustainability. Community management of rural WATSAN schemes is a good idea if implemented where there is demand-driven community involvement right from the beginning of the projects. Nevertheless, with the right capacity building and continuous support, community management of the rural WATSAN schemes can deliver reliable and sustainable water and sanitation services.

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Hasan, Mohammad Monirul [Verfasser]. "Investment in health within the agriculture, water, sanitation and hygiene nexus for rural households in Bangladesh / Mohammad Monirul Hasan." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160033870/34.

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Boydell, Robert Arthur. "The development of the rural water supply and sanitation sector in Zimbabwe between 1974 and 1987 : the design and impact of donor supported projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6946.

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Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.

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Neto, Valmiki Sampaio de Albuquerque. "AnÃlise do SISAR como uma alternativa financeiramente sustentÃvel para o saneamento rural no CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6913.

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nÃo hÃ A universalizaÃÃo dos serviÃos de saneamento bÃsico Ã uma preocupaÃÃo inerente ao Estado e Ã colocada explicitamente como diretriz das polÃticas de saneamento na lei nÂ 11.445 de 05 de janeiro de 2007. PorÃm, a prestaÃÃo desse serviÃo para a populaÃÃo rural ainda Ã muito incipiente. Focando em abastecimento de Ãgua no Estado do CearÃ, a cobertura desse serviÃo em 2009 era inferior a 20 %. Quando o serviÃo de saneamento Ã prestado em Ãrea rural o equilÃbrio entre a receita e o custo tem algumas dificuldades a mais em relaÃÃo Ã Ãrea urbana. Esta dissertaÃÃo consiste na investigaÃÃo sobre o SISAR para prover o saneamento rural, verificando se esta Ã uma alternativa financeiramente sustentÃvel para compor a busca da universalizaÃÃo do serviÃo de abastecimento de Ãgua. SÃo utilizadas tÃcnicas da engenharia econÃmica compostas por anÃlises e projeÃÃes financeiras e sÃo apontados os benefÃcios e restriÃÃes do referido modelo de gerenciamento. Os resultados da anÃlise indicam que o SISAR serÃ viÃvel sob o ponto de vista financeiro se o poder pÃblico continuar realizando os investimentos de implantaÃÃo. The universalization of basic sanitation services is an inherent concern the state and is placed explicitly as a guideline policies on sanitation Law No. 11445 of January 5, 2007. However, the provision of service to rural population is still very incipient. Focusing on water supply in State of CearÃ, the coverage of this service in 2009 was less than 20%. when the sanitation services in rural areas is provided a balance between revenue and cost has some difficulties in relation to the most urban area. this dissertation is the research on the sisar to provide rural sanitation, checking if this is a financially viable alternative to make the search for universal service water supply. Techniques are used composed of engineering economic analysis and financial projections and are pointed out the benefits and restrictions of this management model. the results of the analysis indicate that the sisar be feasible from the point of view finance the government to continue making investments deployment.

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Billings, Richard. "An evaluation of the relative importance of technical and non- technical factors which affect water and sanitation projects in developing countries." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44109.

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Technical factors, such as engineering and medical approaches, and non-technical factors, such as education and community participation, were evaluated with regard to how they affect water and sanitation programs. Benefits and limitations of each factor were assessed to determine which limitations significantly impact the effectiveness of programs. With this appreciation of technical and nontechnical factors, case studies of control methods of different diseases were evaluated. This led to recommendations of appropriate mixes of technical and non-technical services for disease control. This evaluation was utilized to develop a planning approach to effectively integrate interagency efforts for the control of multiple diseases. Master of Science

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Arantes, Camila Clementina 1983. "Utilização de coagulantes naturais a base de sementes de Moringa oleifera e tanino como auxiliares da filtração em mantas não tecidas." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257799.

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Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Patermiani Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:09:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arantes_CamilaClementina_M.pdf: 4850074 bytes, checksum: f27a32e85bed8887b06b171aa3d216d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 Resumo: Em pequenas comunidades e na zona rural, onde normalmente não há sistemas de abastecimento de água de forma sistematizada, alternativas devem ser criadas para promover melhoria na qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano. O presente estudo avaliou o uso de dois coagulantes naturais (Moringa oleifera e tanino) aliados à filtração em mantas não tecidas com taxas de filtração típicas de filtração lenta (2 a 6 m3/m2 dia). Quatro equipamentos foram testados no processamento das sementes de Moringa oleifera. A existência de uma possível relação linear entre a turbidez da água a ser tratada e a melhor dosagem dos coagulantes também foi avaliada. O processamento das sementes de Moringa oleifera em equipamentos que removeram parte do óleo presente nas mesmas resultou em solução coagulante com maiores índices de eficiência na redução de turbidez e cor aparente. Para a Moringa oleifera estabeleceu-se uma relação linear entre dosagem de coagulante e valor da turbidez da água afluente, cujos valores se situavam na faixa de 18 a 80 NTU. Para o tanino não foi verificada a mesma relação. A utilização dos coagulantes naturais à base de sementes de Moringa oleifera e tanino como auxiliares da filtração apresentou elevada eficiência na redução de turbidez e cor aparente, com valores médios na faixa de 94,9% a 99,6%. Com a utilização do tanino verificou-se que variações nas condições operacionais durante a etapa de coagulação não influenciaram os resultados da filtração. Para a Moringa oleifera tais variações influenciaram na redução de turbidez e cor aparente após a filtração. A realização deste trabalho demonstrou que o uso de coagulantes naturais como auxiliares da filtração em mantas não tecidas apresenta potencial para utilização, no entanto, tal tecnologia deve ser aprimorada no sentido de reduzir a carga de sólidos da solução coagulante para que se tenha carreiras de filtração mais longas Abstract: Small communities and rural areas are not provided of systematized water supplying system commonly, and alternatives must be developed to improve the water quality destined to human consumption. This research work evaluated use of two natural coagulants (Moringa oleifera and tannin) associated to filtration in non-woven synthetic fabrics with filtration rate typical to slow sand filtration (2 to 6 m3/m2 day). Four equipments were tested on Moringa oleifera seeds processment. Existence of possible linear relationship between water turbidity to be filtered and better coagulants dosing also was evaluated. Moringa oleifera seeds processment done in equipments that removed part of present oil resulted in coagulant solution with higher efficiency indexes on turbidity reduction and apparent color. To Moringa oleifera was established a linear relationship between coagulant dosing and turbidity value of tributary water, which values was on range of 18 to 80 NTU. To tannin, same relation was not verified. Using of natural coagulants based of Moringa oleifera seeds and tannin as filtration auxiliars showed high efficiency on turbidity reduction and apparent color, with medium values on range of 94,9% to 99,6%. Using of tannin demonstrated that variations on operational conditions during coagulation step has not influenced on filtration results. In relation to Moringa oleifera test, variations has influenced on turbidity reduction and apparent color after filtration. This research work has demonstrated that use of natural coagulants as filtration auxiliars in non-woven synthetic fabrics shows potential to using, however, this technology must be improved objectiving reduction of solid load of the coagulant solution to obtain longer filtration run Mestrado Saneamento e Ambiente Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Ukoli-Onodipe, Grace O. "Designing optimal water supply systems for developing countries." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054719439.

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Mama, Mandisa Wongiwe. "An investigation of the provision of the water and sanitation services after the devolution of powers and functions in 2003 to selected municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/215.

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The Republic of South Africa embarked on devolution of specific powers to municipal authorities due to the fact that municipalities are a sphere of government which is at the door step of the citizens. Among the powers that were devolved was the authority to regulate on the rendering of water and services to communities. From now henceforth in this study, water and sanitation services will be referred to as water services. The rural villages that had no access to water services during the previous dispensation were rapidly rendered with these services when the transformed Department of Water Affairs and Forestry took a decision to provide the services on its own in order to give space for the transformation of the local sphere of government such that these municipal X authorities are able to manage the load of the allocation of such functions mainly and to close the vacuum so that there is no gap as to who should be responsible for water provision in rural villages whilst the restructuring of municipalities to include the rural villages as part of the transformation process takes place. A decline in the pace rendering water services to the previously disadvantaged rural communities was noticed after the devolution of water services to municipal authorities and by implication once hands were changed. This left those rural communities that had no access to water services still without the desired water services and those that had water services provided left midway with dry water schemes and dysfunctional infrastructure. This study therefore seeks to uproot the cause for the deceleration of water services once it was devolved to municipal authorities. This decline was noticed by the researcher hence the study seeks to attempt providing alternatives and lasting solutions primarily because water services are essential services and water is life. The main objective of the study is to investigate factors that cause the deceleration of water supply and the slow movement in the acceleration of sanitation services in order to provide alternatives that may yield results. Given the above broad objective this study further aims at examining the following factors: The correlation in funding made available by the central government and the financial resources available to municipalities to perform the function in order to render this service properly. Technical support available to municipalities. Relevant legislation, its policies and its impact on the implementation of the service XI. The correlation between accountability, democratization and community participation on standards and quality of the service to actual outputs. Improvement of service delivery and its relationship with transparency and efficiency. Relatedness of poverty to non provision of water services. The relatedness of poverty, lack of basic services to influx in the cities. Relatedness of the quality of the water services to the outbreak of diseases

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Mothapo, Raesibe Anna. "Analysis of government compliance in the provision of water and sanitation to rural communities: a case study of Lepelle Nkumpi local municipality, Limpopo province." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7371.

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Masters in Public Administration - MPA A persistent challenge facing especially post-apartheid South African rural municipalities is service delivery compliance. Under the guise of scarcity, rural municipalities repeatedly do not comply with legislation, policies and guidelines for the provision of drinking water and basic sanitation services for the poor. Yet, such challenges concern equity, justice and fairness to social policy and seriously impact the sustainability of livelihood of millions of rural households. The main objective of this study is to analyse the extent to which Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality has complied with or deviated from specific policies and legislation governing the provision of water and sanitation services at the Gedroogte, Ga Molapo and Magatle (in Zebediela) rural communities and the response of communities. The study was also intended to determine the extent to which water challenges affect the livelihood of the people in the communities. It highlights the refugee-like conditions that millions of South African citizens experience despite official statistics that claim that 86% of the country has access to potable water. A mixed methods design was used for this analysis. The qualitative methods that are used in the study include use of in-depth interviews, site visits, personal stories and the Municipal Integrated Development Programme (IDP). Participatory mapping of water sources; story-telling about water issues; timelines and trend lines by focus group members; transect walks and 7 key informant interviews were used to collect data. A total of 657 quantitative interviews were conducted in three communities. Service delivery compliance has been grossly ineffective and inefficient in Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality, especially in the Gedroogte, Ga Molapo and Magatle rural communities. The findings were that these rural communities still depend on state-owned boreholes for accessing drinking water, which are regularly broken and/or in disrepair. Sanitation service provision in the rural communities does not comply with the approved policy of providing ventilated improved pit (VIP) toilets. New settlements have increased the demand for clean water. Shortages of staff with relevant skills such as management, technicians, and administrators are one of the main reasons why there is a scarce supply of drinking water and basic sanitation services at the Gedroogte, Ga Molapo and Magatle communities. Inaccessibility to nearby treatment plants for waste disposal services (situation per community) and inaccessible disposal facilities and the use of disposal sites also affect the health conditions of community members within the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality.

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Hadley, Sakira N. "Assessment of a Modified Double Agar Layer Method to Detect Bacteriophage for Assessing the Potential of Wastewater Reuse in Rural Bolivia." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4500.

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Water scarcity is a global concern that impacts many developing countries, forcing people to depend on unclean water sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. Wastewater is an alternative water source that contains nutrients needed for crop growth. Wastewater reuse for agriculture can cause public health problems because of human exposure to pathogens. Pathogen monitoring is essential to evaluate the compliance of wastewater with established World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wastewater reuse guidelines. Indicator organisms are commonly used to detect pathogens in water and wastewater because they are quick and easy to measure, non-pathogenic, and have simple and inexpensive methods of detection. The objective of this research was to develop a modified double agar layer assay method that can be conducted in the field to quantify bacteriophage to assess the quality of wastewater for agricultural reuse. Results from the modified double agar layer assay were used to investigate the potential of somatic coliphage as an indicator organism for assessing the potential presence of enteric viruses in developing world treated wastewater, and to use the criteria of a good indicator organism to compare the potential of two commonly used indicator organisms, somatic coliphage and fecal coliforms, as an indicator of enteric viruses in wastewater. A modified EPA double agar layer method was developed and deployed in a developing world rural community to effectively quantify the concentration of somatic coliphage in a community managed wastewater treatment system composed of a Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by two maturation lagoons. The modified method served as a good indicator of enteric viruses in the water. Somatic coliphages were easily detected and quantified in the field setting using a modified double agar layer method. Somatic coliphage was found to be a potential indicator for enteric viruses rather than fecal coliforms because of their similarity in characteristics and resistances to wastewater treatment. The concentration of somatic coliphage was only reduced by 1.05 log units across the two series maturation lagoon system. Previous literature suggested removal would range from 2.1 to 4.6 log units. Influent wastewater (previously treated by an UASB reactor) had a concentration of 4.38 E+06 PFU/ 100 mL (standard deviation = ±3.7E+06, n = 9) and the treated effluent contained 3.90 E+05 PFU/100 mL (standard deviation = ± 4.5E+05, n = 8) of somatic coliphages. Results suggest that somatic coliphage is a good potential indicator for enteric viruses in wastewater but further research needs to be done.

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Tayea, Alia A. "An integrated approach to assessing the public health impacts of NGO water, sanitation and hygiene programmes in rural communities : a case study from southern Malawi." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13255.

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Mmola, Dinkgolang Matildah. "An assessment of the role played by Polokwane Local Municipality in service delivery within Manthorwane Community of Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/760.

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Thesis (M.DEV.) --University of Limpopo, 2012 The main purpose of this study was to assess the role played by Polokwane Local Municipality in delivery of basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity , and housing in the village of Manthorwane, Limpopo Province. It was of critical importance for the researcher to investigate this area, as there was no study done before related to basic services delivery. The objectives of the study were ,to assess the extent to which the municipality is providing basic services, investigate the strength, weaknesses , examine the impact of the Municipality‘s role in the development of Manthorwane Village and recommending strategies for enhancing the level of basic service delivery. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used because the study combines the use of instruments and methods for measurement and the way the researcher interacts with the people. Interviewees and questionnaires were used to understand the community’s feeling towards delivery of basic services. The researcher has gone through a detailed process of investigation, where it is found that there is no delivery of basic services (electricity, sanitation, housing). Only water has been provided in this village. The researcher also discovered that there are no valid reasons why the Polokwane Municipality has not delivered the services above. It is also revealed that there are no stakeholder’s participation and consultations meetings when the decisions for service delivery are taken. Evaluation and monitoring tools are not applied when implementing projects. There are some recommendations proposed to the municipality. The municipality could intensify their training process in a way in which the officials could be productive to the community. Transparency must always be practiced for the municipality to excel in their delivery services. Intergovernmental relationship is also encouraged. Awareness programs must be done effectively so that the community is aware of all activities done in their area.

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Borth, Sara Fernandes. "Avaliação da qualidade da água de consumo humano em poços De propriedades rurais na bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Marrecas, RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/158739.

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A contaminação de água subterrânea por coliformes fecais em propriedades rurais está diretamente relacionada com o saneamento básico rural oferecido, assim como as doenças de veiculação hídrica contraídas por essas populações. Esta pesquisa analisa a contaminação da água de consumo humano proveniente de poços, considerando os índices de potabilidade descritos na Portaria do Ministério da Saúde nº 2.914 e na Resolução CONAMA nº 398. Tem-se como estudo de caso uma área rural no município de Caxias do Sul, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, inserida na da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Marrecas. Foram realizados estudos por meio de informações contidas em relatórios técnicos, normatizações federais e bibliografias especializadas, para contextualização, conceituação e teorização de saneamento básico rural, qualidade e contaminação da água subterrânea, doenças de veiculação hídrica e poços. Mediante o uso do estimador de densidade Kernel, levantou-se o número de residências a serem entrevistadas. Durante o processo de entrevistas, averiguou-se a existência de saneamento básico rural nas propriedades, porém a maioria dos poços não estavam protegidos do acesso e/ou de serem contaminados por animais. Isto justificou a necessidade de realização de análise da qualidade da água subterrânea consumida por meio de poços particulares. Os resultados das entrevistas diagnosticaram uma população ambientalmente consciente sobre a preservação do meio e sobre a qualidade da água consumida. Contudo, os resultados das análises indicaram que a água ingerida estava contaminada por coliformes, assim como também houve relatos de doenças de veiculação hídrica, confirmando o saneamento deficiente em algumas propriedades rurais. The contamination of groundwater by fecal coliforms in rural properties is directly related to the available basic rural sanitation, as well as to water-borne diseases contracted by these populations. This research analyzes the contamination of potable well water, applying the potability indicators described in the Ministry of Health Directive Nº. 2914 and the Brazilian Environment Council (CONAMA) Resolution No. 398. A rural area in the city of Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, located within the hydrographic basin of the Marrecas stream, was used as the case study. Studies were conducted by using information contained in technical reports, federal guidelines, and specialized bibliographies, for the context, concepts and of basic rural sanitation, quality and contamination of groundwater, waterborne diseases and wells. The number of households to be interviewed was determined by using the Kernel density estimator. During the interview process, the existence of basic rural sanitation was verified in the properties, however, a majority of the wells were not protected from the access and/or from being contaminated by animals. This justified the need for conducting the analysis of the quality of groundwater consumed by way of individual wells. The interviews resulted in the diagnostic of an environmentally conscious population, aware of preserving the environment and of the quality of water consumed. However, the results of the analyses indicated that the drinking water was contaminated by coliforms, and there were also reports of waterborne diseases, confirming the poor sanitation in some rural properties.

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Tainha, Cátia Sofia Pedrosa. "Estudo das necessidades investimento em saneamento básico na Província de Kuanza Sul - Angola." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10920.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais Muitos anos de guerra civil em Angola deixaram as infraestruturas locais e nacionais em ruínas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudar as necessidades de investimento em infraestruturas básicas (saneamento e água) a uma das províncias de Angola - Kuanza Sul. Tratando-se de uma população maioritariamente rural é importante promover o desenvolvimento rural através da melhoria das infraestruturas, das quais destacamos a água e o saneamento. A província estudada apresenta condições de habitabilidade bastante precárias, é portanto necessário tomar medidas para melhorar as condições de vida das populações rurais. Essas medidas passam por estratégias para a redução da pobreza, aumento do nível educacional e de saúde, melhor acesso e qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento básico, e promover um desenvolvimento sustentável com o apoio institucional, público e privado. Many years of civil war in Angola left local and national infrastructure in ruins. This work aims to study the need for investment in basic infrastructure (water and sanitation) to one of the provinces of Angola - Kuanza Sul. In the case of a mostly rural population it is important to promote rural development through the improvement of infrastructures, of which we highlight water and sanitation. The province investigated living conditions precarious enough features, it is therefore necessary to take measures to improve the living conditions of rural populations. These measures go through strategies for poverty reduction, increase in the level of education and health, improved access and quality of services for water supply and sanitation, and promote sustainable development with the institutional support, both public and private.

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Vedachalam, Sridhar. "Attitudinal, Economic and Technological Approaches to Wastewater Management in Rural Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306819286.

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Cairampoma, Arroyo Alberto, and Vega Paul Villegas. "Universal access to potable water. The Peruvian experience." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116167.

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The present article aims to review the development of universal access to potable water in Peru, for this, firstly it analyses the regulations applicable to potable water and sanitation, the main actors of the activity and universal access policy. Subsequently, it explains how the access of all users to potable water in urban and rural areas, respectively is planned. En el presente artículo se da cuenta del desarrollo del acceso universal al agua potable en el Perú. Para conseguir ello, previamente, se analiza el régimen jurídico del agua potable y saneamiento, los principales actores de la actividad y la política de acceso universal. Esto permite, posteriormente, explicar cómo es que se ha previsto conseguir el acceso de todos los usuarios al agua potable en los sectores urbanos y rurales, respectivamente.

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Coelho, Christine Farias. "Impactos socioambientais e desempenho da fossa verde no Assentamento 25 de Maio, Madalena (CearÃ)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9581.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior A contaminaÃÃo dos ecossistemas aquÃticos atravÃs do lanÃamento de resÃduos sÃlidos e lÃquidos constitui um dos impactos ambientais mais observados no semiÃrido nordestino, implicando em prejuÃzos aos usos mÃltiplos da Ãgua e na saÃde coletiva. Portanto, o reuso planejado de Ãgua assume papel fundamental na gestÃo sustentÃvel dos recursos hÃdricos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho e as repercussÃes socioambientais do MÃdulo Fossa Verde (MFV, ou canteiro biossÃptico) implantado no Assentamento 25 de Maio (A25M, Madalena, CearÃ). Essa tecnologia social corresponde a um modelo alternativo de tratamento de efluente domiciliar que considera o reuso da Ãgua em quintais produtivos, a proteÃÃo dos recursos naturais e contribui para o saneamento rural. A pesquisa adota como estudo de caso 58 fossas verdes construÃdas de modo participativo em residÃncias e equipamentos sociais no A25M. O nÃvel de satisfaÃÃo e apropriaÃÃo da tecnologia foi obtido por meio da tÃcnica combinada de entrevista e observaÃÃo participante realizadas no perÃodo de Set./2011 a Set./2012. Os canteiros foram monitorados na mesma ocasiÃo das entrevistas e foram considerados os seguintes critÃrios avaliativos: grau de utilizaÃÃo, cultivo e diversidade de planta, posicionamento das mudas, porte e quantidade das mudas, ocorrÃncia de extravasamento, refluxo, entupimento, odor e realizaÃÃo da manutenÃÃo. Em relaÃÃo ao nÃvel de satisfaÃÃo, percebe-se que o contentamento dos beneficiÃrios com o MFV Ã mais visÃvel nos casos em que as bananeiras frutificaram e nas situaÃÃes de desempenho satisfatÃrio do sistema. A escassez hÃdrica interferiu no desempenho de alguns canteiros em decorrÃncia do menor aporte de efluente provindo do consumo de Ãgua domÃstico. E de modo geral, a utilizaÃÃo dos quintais produtivos associados ao saneamento ecolÃgico fortalece a agricultura familiar e valoriza a cultura local, alÃm disso, promove a saÃde ambiental. A avaliaÃÃo da qualidade do substrato foi baseada em parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos (C-BMS, RBS e qCO2) e quÃmicos (pH, P, MO, CE) analisados em amostras de canteiros biossÃpticos sob diferenciados sistemas gerenciamentos. Os resultados apontaram que os sistemas com maiores Ãndices de atividade metabÃlica sÃo aqueles onde se observam os melhores cenÃrios de desenvolvimento vegetal. O desenvolvimento satisfatÃrio das culturas, inclusive com fornecimento de frutos (mamÃo, banana, pimentÃo, tomate) pode estar associado ao cultivo mÃltiplo de espÃcies no canteiro, sugerindo um arranjo de culturas que melhor se adeque aos nÃveis fÃsforo, nitrogÃnio e, sobretudo, teor de salinidade, encontrados nos substratos coletados. Amostras representativas de tomate (Solanum esculentum), pimenta (Capsicum chinense), banana (Musa sp.) e folha de malvarisco (Plectranthus amboinicus L.) foram submetidas Ã anÃlise de qualidade sanitÃria e os resultados indicaram que os mesmos sÃo plenamente aptos para o consumo. Os parÃmetros de dimensionamento do sistema foram calculados atravÃs do balanÃo de massa hÃdrica e incluem a estimativa do consumo per capita de Ãgua, contribuiÃÃo de esgoto e coeficiente de retorno (r) em duas situaÃÃes distintas: casa interligada Ã rede de abastecimento de Ãgua e casa desprovida de Ãgua encanada. Para estimativa do uso consuntivo do MFV foi utilizado um canteiro controle com cultivo de banana (Musa spp.), em que a taxa de evapotranspiraÃÃo da cultura (Etc), verificada pelos mÃtodos Tanque Classe A e Penman-Monteith, apresentou 5,1mm.dia-1 para o consumo hÃdrico. O dimensionamento satisfatÃrio para o aproveitamento mais eficiente da Ãgua provinda do esgoto domÃstico Ã de 30 mÂ para casas com Ãgua canalizada e de 2mÂ para casas desprovidas de abastecimento de Ãgua em rede. Enfatiza-se a perspectiva de formulaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas de saneamento rural para projetos de reforma agrÃria com vistas Ã habitaÃÃo saudÃvel e Ã promoÃÃo da saÃde coletiva. The contamination of aquatic ecosystems through discharge of waste is one of the environmental impacts more often observed in the Brazilian Northeast semiarid environment, resulting in losses of the multiple uses of water and of collective health. The planned water reuse assumes a fundamental role in the sustainable management of water resources. This study aims to evaluate the performance and environmental impacts of the green sewage modules technology (GSM) implanted in "25 de Maio" land reform Settlement, (Madalena, CearÃ). This social technology corresponds to an alternative model of treatment of household wastewater that considers water reuse in productive backyards, protection of natural resources and contributes to rural sanitation. The research adopted the case study of 58 GSM that were constructed using a participative approach. The level of satisfaction and ownership of technology was achieved through the combined technique of participant observation and interviews conducted from September 2011 to September 2012. The GSM were monitored at the same time the interviews were carried out and the following assessment criteria: degree of use, cultivation and plant diversity, placement of seedlings, seedling size and quantity, occurrence of overflow, reflux, obstruction, odour and conducting maintenance. Regarding the level of satisfaction, it is noted that contentment with GSM is most visible where the banana trees produce fruits and at situations of satisfactory performance of the system. Water scarcity affected the performance of some GSM due to the lower contribution of effluent coming from domestic water consumption. Overall the use of productive backyards associated with ecological sanitation strengthens family farms and appreciates the local culture also promotes environmental health. The assessment quality of GSM substrate was based on microbiological (SMB-C, SBR and qCO2) and chemical (pH, P, OM, EC) parameters analyzed in samples from five beds chosen under different managements systems. The results showed that systems with higher metabolic activity are those where we observe the best scenarios for crops development. The satisfactory development of crops, including production of fruits (papaya, banana, peppers and tomatoes) may be associated with the cultivation of multiple species on beds, suggesting an array of crops that best fits the levels phosphorus,nitrogen, and especially content salinity, found in substrates collected. Representative samples of tomato (Solanum esculentum), pepper (Capsicum chinense), banana (Musa sp.) and malvarisco leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus L.) were subjected to analysis of sanitary quality, and the results indicated that they are fully able to consumption. The GSM design parameters were calculated using the mass balance of water that include estimate of per capita consumption of water, sewage contribution and coefficient of return (r) in two different situations: household with piped water and house devoid of piped water. In order to estimate the consumptive use of GSM, it was used a control bed cultivated with banana (Musa spp.), in which the rate of crop evapotranspiration (Etc), verified by the methods Class A pan and Penman-Monteith, showed a water consumption 5,1 mm.day-1. The satisfactory design of GSM for the use most efficient of water effluent from domestic sewage is 30 mÂ for households with piped water and 2 mÂ for households devoid of piped water. It emphasizes the perspective of public policy formulation sanitation for rural land reform projects with a view to healthy housing and the promotion of health.

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Padvetnaya, Vivek. "Does deliberative participation matter? : political economy of provision of local public health goods in rural India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ceb61ed2-9a36-4f38-9f93-07ffb787cab4.

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Access to basic water and sanitation services, the local public health goods, is a human right and a public health necessity. Provision of these services is typically devolved to Local Governments to ensure they correspond to the local needs. In rural India, such a correspondence is sub-optimal, with high local needs and poor provision by the Local Governments (Panchayats). The citizen participation in Panchayat's public deliberative meetings (Grama Sabha) is weak. The community context is characterised by social fragmentation and high socio-economic inequality. This research examined, whether and how better deliberative participation in Panchayat meetings was associated with better provision of these services by the Panchayats. The research used a three-staged systematic sampling method. Using correlational field survey design it gathered primary data from 99 panchayats in Karnataka State, and from 99 villages and 396 individuals within these Panchayats. Factor analytic and multivariate regression techniques were used to analyse the data in the statistical software, StataÂ® v.13. Results suggest, better Grama Sabha meetings (that were convened more frequently, attended by a higher number of people with better representativeness, where discussions approximate to the deliberative norms: reciprocal, pro-social and accountable; and decisions taken have a common good orientation) were associated with better provision of water and sanitation services by the Panchayat. Further analysis suggested two possible explanations for this association: First, the individuals who participated more frequently in deliberative meetings of the Panchayat and where discussions approximated to the deliberative norms; were associated with: • Better information on availability and accessibility to services; • Better external political efficacy, a perception of greater responsiveness of the Panchayat to their needs and their efforts to influence it; and hence engage evenly in discussions; • Better sense of community, a greater willingness to cooperate and coordinate, to find mutual needs and seek convergence when they are heterogeneous. Above findings suggest, in a participatory setting, these individuals can be associated with better capability to collectively engage; to articulate, communicate and identify the mostii common of their service needs and frame it as a collective demand, through policy objective, for provision by the Panchayats. Second, better Grama Sabha meetings were associated with better rule of law in policy administration at the Panchayat level. This suggests, rule-bound conversion of policy objectives into actual service outputs; a reflection of responsiveness and accountability of the bureaucratic action in achieving administrative commitment to the legislative goals. In conclusion, better deliberative participation can be associated with better capability of the individuals to engage in collective action. This can improve the correspondence between the needs and the provision; by strengthening individuals' collective demand for the services and by improving the responsiveness of the Panchayat in the supply of these services.

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Mikaelsdotter, Carolina. "Barriers affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387655.

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Background: Antenatal care (ANC), facility delivery and postnatal care (PNC), are proven to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity in high burden settings. However, few rural pregnant women use these services sufficiently and it is essential to identify the barriers. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine barriers, with a focus on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya, and to examine if the Afya intervention helped overcome barriers. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in the Siaya County, Kenya. 25 mothers were selected by using purposive sampling for in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Assessment of WASH facilities was conducted at 5 healthcare facilities. Data were analysed by content analysis method. The “three delay model” informed the analytic process and discussion. Results: Women delayed seeking or did not attend ANC and PNC or gave birth at home, due to lack of knowledge of benefits of maternal health services and on complications; traditional and religious beliefs; embarrassed over pregnancy; busy with other life activities or of fear of HIV status and hospitals. Gender norms, distance and transport costs were the contributing factor for delaying in reaching the hospital. Unprofessional and inadequate number of staff, lack of equipment and supplies, and the water, sanitation and hygiene quality were factors delaying receiving quality care. The assessment showed on inadequate WASH facilities. Conclusion: Use of antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care in rural western Kenya is influenced by several barriers. The findings suggest a need to increase the knowledge about ANC and PNC, and to lower barriers preventing women from reaching the healthcare facility. There is also a need to improve the WASH facilities and the healthcare personnel’s treatment.

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Prado, Eliana Leão do. "Qualidade da água utilizada por uma população de zona rural de Fortaleza de Minas - MG: um risco à saúde pública." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-14012011-100546/.

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Saneamento ambiental é um dos mais importantes meios de controle da prevenção de doenças, de conservação do meio ambiente e de promoção da saúde. Porém, não é uma realidade em todas as partes do mundo, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde ainda se pode encontrar áreas urbanas densamente povoadas com precárias condições de saneamento, representando uma grande preocupação para os profissionais da área de saúde pública. Essa problemática revela-se particularmente importante para as pessoas que estão mais expostas a possíveis riscos de contaminação, devido à falta de infra-estrutura de saneamento, principalmente nos ambientes rurais. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a condição da qualidade da água utilizada para consumo humano, na comunidade da zona rural de Fortaleza de Minas - MG, por meio da identificação da origem, captação, tratamento, armazenamento e distribuição da água consumida e da análise dos seus parâmetros microbiológicos, físicos e químicos. Visou também levantar a percepção da população em relação à qualidade da água consumida. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Comunidade Rural do Bairro Chapadão do município, tendo sido utilizada a técnica de Tubos Múltiplos para as análises microbiológicas; para a identificação e quantificação dos metais, empregou-se a técnica de Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica - ICP-AES e, para os agrotóxicos, a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Também foram feitas entrevistas com 15 sujeitos da comunidade rural, incluídos neste estudo. Foi detectada a presença de Escherichia coli e Coliformes Totais em todas as amostras de água investigadas, acima do valor permitido pela Portaria do Ministério da Saúde - MS no 518/2004. Foram detectados valores acima do máximo permitido para turbidez, cor aparente e pH, previstos pela Portaria MS no 518/2004. A presença dos metais arsênio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, ferro e manganês, em algumas amostras de água, apresentaram valores acima do permitido pela Portaria MS no 518/2004. Os agrotóxicos &#945 e β-endossulfam e metalaxil não foram identificados nas amostras de água. O método de validação desenvolvido para análise dos agrotóxicos &#945 e β-endossulfam e metalaxil foi considerado eficiente, podendo ser empregado em futuras análises para o monitoramento de &#945 e β-endossulfam e metalaxil em água para consumo humano. Quanto à percepção dos sujeitos sobre a qualidade da água, foi levantado que 66,67% dos entrevistados não utilizavam nenhum tipo de tratamento para a água consumida, e o mesmo percentual referiu armazenar a água em caixas de amianto. Quando perguntados sobre a qualidade da água consumida, mesmo os 46,67% dos sujeitos que referiram considerar a água de boa qualidade, também destacaram não saber se a mesma continha \"veneno\". Os resultados evidenciam a importância do tratamento da água para consumo da população deste estudo, em conformidade com as normas contidas na Portaria MS no 518/2004, que estabelece procedimentos para controle e vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano, visando manter um padrão de potabilidade. Também revelam a necessidade de que as políticas públicas na área da saúde e meio ambiente encontrem medidas intersetoriais voltadas para as populações da zona rural, no que se refere ao saneamento ambiental, que é uma das principais bases da promoção da saúde humana. Environmental sanitation is one of the most important means to control the prevention of diseases, the conservation of the environment, and the promotion of health. However, is not a reality in every part of the world, especially in the developing countries, where densely inhabited urban areas with precarious sanitation conditions can still be found, which represents a great concern to the professionals of public health. This problem revels itself particularly important to the people who are more exposed to possible risks of contamination, due to the lack of sanitation infrastructure, especially on rural environments. The purpose of this study is to verify the quality of the water used for human intake on the rural community if Fortaleza de Minas - MG, through the identification of the origin, captivation, treatment, storing and distribution of the water consumed, and the analysis of its microbiological, physical and chemical parameters. It also aimed to increase the population perception with regards to the quality of the consumed water. The study was developed in the Rural Community of the Chapadão neighborhood, using the Multiple Tubes technique for the microbiological analysis; for the identification and quantification of metals, the Spectrometry Atomic Emission - ICP-AES technique was used; and for the agro toxics, the high efficiency liquid chromatography technique was used. Interviews were made with 15 individuals from the rural community included in the study. The presence of Escherichia coli and Total Coliforms forms were detected in all the samples of the investigated water, above the permitted by the law 518/2004 of the Health Ministry - MS. Values above the permitted by the law 518/2004 of the Health Ministry were detected for turbidity, visible color and pH. The presence of the metals arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, iron and manganese in same of the water samples, were higher than the values permitted by the law 518/2004 of the Health Ministry. The agro toxics &#945 and β-endossulfam and metalaxil were not identify in the water samples. The validation method developed for the analysis of the agro toxics &#945 and β-endossulfam and metalaxil was considered efficient, allowing it to be used in future analysis for the monitoring of &#945 and β-endossulfam and metalaxil in human consumed water. In regards to the perception of the individuals about the quality of the water, it was verified that 66,67% of the interviewed people did not used any kind of treatment for the water consumed, and the same percentage preferred to store the water in asbestos boxes. When asked about the quality of the water consumed, even the 46,67% of the individuals that preferred to consider the water of \"good quality\", emphasized not knowing if it contained \"poison\". The results show the importance of the treatment of the water for consume of this study population, jointly with precept contain in the Health Ministry law nº 518/2004, that establish procedures to control and watch the quality of the water for human consume, aiming to keep the pattern of potability. It also revel the necessity for public politics in the health and environmental departments to find joint measures focused on the countryside population, concerning the environmental sanitation, which is one of the bases for the promotion of human health.

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Habulembe, Raider. "Evaluation of the effect of poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices on growth and the incidence of infectious diseases in infants and young children aged 6-23 months in a selected rural district, Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6430.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (School of Public Health) Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and practices in communities are known to be responsible for most of the infections occurring among infants and young children in developing countries. A combined effect of disease, poor diet, care practices and other factors among infants/children are known to lead to undernutrition reported in most developing countries. Apart from the reduced growth and productivity potential that malnutrition exhibits on the affected population, it is also an underlying cause to 50% of child mortality in poor communities. In light of this, the primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of poor WASH practices on growth and infectious disease incidence in infants and young children aged 6-23 months in the rural district of Monze in Zambia.

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Gouws, Claudia. "Water en sanitasie in die landelike Hoëveldse woning 1840 -1910: n kultuurhistoriese studie / deur Claudia Gouws." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2291.

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The location of the site where the pioneers settled permanently was determined by the availability of water in the immediate environment. The Highveld contains fertile soils, a fine climate, and an abundance of water. The area has always been extensively used for crop and stock farming, but in general, mixed farming was practiced. The farmers depended on the availability of water, therefore their experiences, observations, weather forecasts, and conclusions, developed into a popular folk meteorology. Furthermore, environmental factors such as local topography, micro climate, hydrography, ground fertility, and the appearance of natural vegetation determined whether or not an area was suitable for permanent residence. The farmstead may be divided into three functional zones (the core-, extended-, and outer farmyard) that are joined by a canal network, used for irrigation and drinking water. The farmhouse and buildings, erected a stones throw away from the water source, served as a focal point for the activities of the farmer. The manipulation of the water source by obstruction of streams and the construction of water canals, weirs and water furrows, assisted the farmer in planning his activities and in using the water to his advantage. The settlement and development of the residence on the rural parts of the Highveld may be divided into three distinct phases. Firstly, the temporary trekboer phase, secondly the pioneer phase and thirdly the permanent settlement phase. The permanence of residence had a direct influence in the layout of the house, the method of construction, and the use of the available water supply. At first, the trekkers were content to reside in roof dwellings (their wagons and tents and a grass screen as their kitchen and a hut near a spring). The first houses were hartbieshuise and kapsteilhuise. The more permanent homesteads of the earlier settlers were a simple rectangular structure (pioneer house) with a saddle grass roof. With the introduction of galvanised iron sheeting, the house was expanded and developed into the veranda-, stoeproom- and a flat roofed rectangular house. This development resulted into a typical rural Highveld homestead. After the discovery of gold in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand, the first gold rush took place resulting in the proclamation of Johannesburg in 1886. Prospectors, mostly foreigners, descended upon the Witwatersrand. Housing took on a more planned structure resembling the late Victorian period of housing in England. The water supply and drainage systems were planned and improved, making it possible to provide running water to kitchens and bathrooms. This impacted firstly on the upper riches of society in the cities, later on the lower middle classes and lastly on the rural areas. European technology regarding the supply of hot pipe water and drainage systems changed the layout of the house. The cooking activity moved from outside behind a screen to a seperate room inside the house. Inevitable changes regarding collecting, storage, purpose, saving and drainage of household water took place. Between 1840 and 1910, evolutionary changes took place regarding sanitation, water supply and personal hygiene. Being part of a particular social class made certain facilities available to certain individuals. A rural Highveld dwelling rarely included sanitary facilities, instead dwellers had a more primitive wash basin in each room in which they washed daily. On a Saturday, a weekly bath was taken in a bathtub in the kitchen or bedroom. Trekkers simply relieved themselves outside. A revolution in sanitary habits and facilities became inevitable. The Victorian dwelling on the Highveld was built according to a standard plan, including a flush water system already in place. This was the ultimate manifestation of sophistication and civilization. The aim of this investigation is to identify the similarities and differences between the use of water by the pioneer, the poor people and the wealthy in their rural dwellings. Furthermore, information has been obtained regarding water usage and sanitation in the bathroom and kitchen in the rural dwelling to be useful in the area of historic architecture and the heritage of our water history. Thesis (M.A. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

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Bernardes, Carolina. "Avaliação integrada de impacto à saúde decorrente de ações de saneamento, em comunidades de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável na Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-07042014-135015/.

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Abstract:

Em geral, a relação entre fatores ambientais e a saúde é de natureza sistêmica, envolvendo várias áreas do conhecimento. Um dos desafios dentro dessa questão são as abordagens integradas de avaliação em saúde ambiental, que reúnem dimensões técnico-operacionais, socioeconômicas e políticas, ultrapassando as avaliações que consideram apenas questões de exposição e efeito. O objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar, com base em abordagem de avaliação integrada em saúde ambiental, o impacto à saúde decorrente da implantação de intervenções em saneamento, em populações de comunidades localizadas em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável na região do Médio Juruá, no estado do Amazonas. O processo de avaliação foi amparado na abordagem metodológica Avaliação Integrada de Impacto em Saúde Ambiental (AIISA) e utilizou como principal instrumento conceitual o modelo de organização de indicadores Força Motriz-Pressão-Situação-Exposição-Efeitos-Ações (FPSEEA), aplicado em dois estágios bem definidos: i) Estágio Antes: período anterior à implantação das intervenções em saneamento nas comunidades estudadas e ii) Estágio Depois: período de pelo menos seis meses após a finalização da implantação e funcionamento das intervenções. Os resultados obtidos no componente de efeito a partir da comparação entre os dois estágios, que refletem os efeitos diretos na saúde, apontaram uma redução média de 65% da morbidade por diarreia, 22% da morbidade por parasitoses intestinais e aumento da qualidade de vida da população, representado por uma redução média de 63% de insatisfação com a comunidade e aumento de 100% da percepção da relação entre o aumento da qualidade de vida e o saneamento. Esses resultados indicam que houve impactos positivos à saúde da população decorrentes das intervenções em saneamento. O modelo FPSEEA utilizado trouxe informações que permitiram uma análise ampliada e em cadeia dos impactos da variação de cenários para exprimir esses efeitos positivos na saúde. Assim, foi possível realizar uma avaliação integrada do impacto de ações em saneamento na redução de doenças e no aumento da qualidade de vida das populações estudadas. Nesse processo avaliativo foi possível detectar de maneira consistente, dentro do contexto da área de estudo, que além dos efeitos na saúde, aspectos importantes na cadeia causal contribuíram de forma integrada para a expressão desse efeito. Em relação ao modelo FPSEEA aplicado no contexto da tese, concluímos que os pressupostos utilizados em sua concepção permitem que ajustes sejam feitos no modelo de acordo com o contexto para o qual o seu uso foi proposto, sendo possível validar e ajustar os elementos e indicadores do modelo proposto para o seu uso em outras propostas de avaliações integradas com enfoque nos impactos à saúde decorrentes de ações em saneamento. Dessa maneira, reforçamos que, mesmo diante da escala local dos resultados, o processo de avaliação contribuiu para auxiliar o planejamento de ações no campo do saneamento, viabilizando novos modelos de intervenções, redefinição de prioridades e redirecionamento de ações relacionadas ao saneamento e saúde, buscando a redução da pobreza, universalização do acesso ao saneamento e garantia dos direitos essenciais do cidadão com equidade no meio rural brasileiro. In general , the relationship between environmental factors and health is systemic in nature , involving various fields of knowledge . One of the challenges of this issue involves integrated environmental health impact assessment approaches, which combine technical and operational, socio-economic and political dimensions, surpassing aproaches that consider only unicausualities of exposure and effect . The aim of this thesis was to evaluate , based on an integrated environmental health impact assessment , the health impact resulting from the implementation of water supply and sanitation interventions in populations of communities located in sustainable use forest reserves in the Middle Juruá river in state of Amazonas . The evaluation process was supported in methodological approach Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment (IEHIA) and used as the main conceptual framework a model for organizing indicators Driving Force - Pressure - Situation - Exposure - Effect - Action (DPSEEA) , applied in two well defined stages : i ) Before Stage : prior to the implementation of interventions in water supply and sanitation in the studied communities and ii ) After Stage : period of at least six months after implementaion and operation of the interventions . The results regarting the Effect component from the comparison between the two stages, which reflects directly the effect on health, , showed an average reduction of 65% in morbidity from diarrhea , 22 % of morbidity from intestinal parasites and an increased quality of life , represented by a mean reduction of 63 % of dissatisfaction with the community and 100% increase in the perception of the relationship between the increase in quality of life and sanitation. These results indicate that there were positive health impacts due to due the implemented interventions. The model DPSEEA used in this study brought information which enabeled the development of a broad and integrated analysis of the impacts of the variation in cenarios to express these positive health effects. Thus, it was possible to perform an integrated assessment of the impact of waster supply and sanitation interventions to reduce disease and increase the quality of life of the studied population. This evaluation process enabeled the cosistent detection, within the context of the study area, that in addition to the health effects , important aspects of the causal chain contributed in a integrated way to the expression of this effect . Regarding the DPSEEA model applied in the context of the thesis, we conclude that the assumptions used in its design allow adjustments to be made in accordance to the context for which the model is supposed to be used. This enables the validation and ajustment of the elements and indicators of the proposed model to allow its use in other Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment proposals which focus on health impacts of water supply and sanitation interventions. Thus, we reinforce that even with the local scale carcateristicas of our results, the evaluation process contributed to assist the planning of actions in the field of water supply and sanitation , enabling new models of interventions , redefining priorities and redirecting actions related to water supply and sanitation to increase health, reduce poverty, and ensure essential rights to citizens of rural areas of Brazil with equity.

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