Journal articles on the topic 'Ruská literatura'

Razprava je posvečena vprašanju razumevanja besedilnega in zunajbesedilnega prostora v konceptu peterburškega teksta ruske literature (V. N. Toporov), ki ga razumemo kot izvirno rusko (pozno)strukturalistično različico prostorskega obrata. V primerjavi s poudarjanjem zunajbesedilnega prostora ter odmikom od tekstualizma, ki je značilen za zahodno prostorsko literarno vedo, je zunajbesedilni prostor v konceptu peterburškega nadteksta ohranil zavest o svoji znakovnosti, iz literature pa je geografski/kulturni/opomenjeni prostor prevzel tudi zavedanje o svoji transgresivni naravi, kar je bila v strukturalni poetiki ena od ključnih značilnosti literarnega besedilnega prostora. V soočenju z nekaterimi sodobnimi zahodnimi in ruskimi prostorskimi pristopi v literarni vedi nato osvetljujemo problem širšega osmišljanja zunajbesedilnega prostora kot kulturnega fenomena, ki ga je – podobno kot tekst – mogoče osmišljati v dveh različnih sferah znakovnosti, ter izpostavljamo, da bi morala sodobna literarna veda odpirati tudi prostor za drugačen prostor.

U svjetlu spoljašnjeg pristupa proučavanja književnosti, odnos društvenih zbivanja prema nastajanju književnih djela i književnih junaka posebno je prisutan u istoriji ruske književnosti, koja predstavlja i snažan odraz društvenih okolnosti i promjena od osamnaestog do dvadeset prvog vijeka. Na taj način književni pravci su predstavljali i direktan refleks, odgovor na društvena kretanja, a na isti način i likovi suvišnog čovjeka, malog čovjeka, plemića pokajnika i novog čovjeka, preko kojih su ruski pisci dominantno obilježili svoja nastojanja da prepoznaju poruke i tendencije određenog istorijskog trenutka. U istoriji ruske književnosti likovi suvišnih ljudi prisutni su u dijahronijskoj ravni još od pojave Karamzinovog Erasta, preko likova Žukovskog, Gribojedova, Puškina, Ljermontova, Hercena, Njekrasova, Gončarova, Turgenjeva, do Prohanova… Istovremeno, suvišni ljudi u ruskoj literaturi imaju u svojim književnim profilima zajedničke, ali i nove crte ličnosti, preko kojih obilježavaju svoju epohu i traganja za smislom života.

Niejednoznaczny stosunek Czechów wobec obecnej Rosji prowokuje pytanie, czy owa ambiwalencja ma historyczne korzenie. Brak możliwości zaczerpnięcia wiedzy bezpośrednio od przodków skazuje nas na metody pośrednie. Jedną z nich jest analiza historycznej literatury podróżniczej. Gatunek ten może zawierać znaczne nasycenie refleksjami na temat realiów, niestety czeska literatura podróżnicza dotycząca Rosji w badanym okresie (od końca XIII w. do początku lat 40. XIX w.) jest nieliczna i różnorodna: obok autentycznej literatury podróżniczej (o charakterze naukowym, typu reportażowego lub autorstwa przedsiębiorców) można znaleźć mistyfikacyjną literaturę podróżniczą, imitację literatury podróżniczej lub kompilację przekładów kilku tekstów naukowych, mającą pełnić rolę literatury podróżniczej. Powstanie tych tekstów można uznać za dowód zainteresowania czytelników słowiańskim wschodem; ograniczone możliwości podróżowania wymuszały zaś na redaktorach rozwiązania zastępcze. Należy stwierdzić, że ówczesne obrazy Rosji nie pozwalają oceniać jej konkretnym, z góry przyjętym sposobem.

U članku se na osnovu arhivske građe, memoara i literature analizira sudbina nasleđa ruske emigracije u Jugoslaviji (muzeja, biblioteka, arhiva, školskih i zdravstvenih ustanova, kao i grobnih kompleksa) u periodu od 1944. do 1945. godine – po prelasku Crvene armije granica predratne Jugoslavije, oslobodilačkih operacija i dolaska na vlast Komunističke partije Jugoslavije. Ukazuje se na nejednoznačnost odnosa prema nasleđu ruske emigracije i različitu praksu.

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, auf welche Weise in der ungarndeutschen Literatur zwischen 1974 und 1989/90 Elemente der staatlichen politischen Propaganda sowie des Widerstandes gegen die bestehenden Verhältnisse erschienen. Bei eingehender Betrachtung wird klar, dass sich die ungarndeutsche Literatur zwar weitgehend von der Politik ferngehalten hat, es jedoch durchaus Beispiele für beide Grundpositionen gibt, wobei diese beiden schon zur Zeit des Neubeginns der ungarndeutschen Literatur in den 1970er Jahren vorhanden waren. Rückblickend lässt sich allerdings konstatieren, dass die politische Zensur ihre Hauptaufgabe, nämlich die Verhinderung des Entstehens politisch unliebsamer Werke, mit großer Effektivität verwirklicht hat.“Keine Angst, ruski Soldat charascho!” The literature of Germans in Hungary between political propaganda and resistance 1974–1989/90The study deals with the question, how in the years between 1974–1989/90 elements of political propaganda and – on the other hand – of resistance in the literature of the germans in hungary occured. This literature tried to avoid political themes as goog as possible, but there are examples for both tendencies in it, which can be find even at the time of the rebirth of the literature of the germans in Hungary in the 1970ies. Looking back one can assume, that the political censorship in this era fulfilled its task in a very effective way: the prevention of the creation of politically critcal works.

The paper aims to present the key concepts that two formalist schools of thought developed in order to defend poetry as a miracle of communication. Russian Formalism takes Shklovsky’s defamiliarization (остранение) as its key concept and the trans-sense language (zaum) of Russian Futurist poets as a basis for analysing what constitutes differentia specifica of poetry. The ideas of the Russian formalist school, through Roman Jakobson, spread first to Eastern Europe, and then to the United States of America, where they influenced a group of critics, who were already inspired by T. S. Eliot’s and I. A. Richards’ ideas on poetic language and communication, to develop a new critical methodology. The name “New Criticism” was supposed to indicate that this school of thought was about different approaches and new tendencies in criticism. As the paper demonstrates, the key representatives of New Criticism are particularly interested in exploring the function of poetry and of criticism as well as the nature of poetic imagination and language. In order to examine what the poem says as a poem, they developed the practice of close reading and focused on metaphor, paradox, and specific method by which a poet transforms his experience into a poem as autonomous features of poetic expression. The special terminology introduced by Russian Formalism and New Criticism, and the complex, ironic and intellectual language they used not only managed to throw light on what specific problems of the science of literature were, but also enabled a defence through poetry – a kind of resuscitation and refinement of non-literary reality.

(ruski) Na osnovanii literatury, opublikovannyh dokumentov i arhivnyh materialov v stat'e osvescaetsja vaznyj komponent dejatel'nosti Aleksandra Belica, nedostatocno predstavlennyj v otnositel'no obsirnoj literature o ego zizni i dejatel'nosti. Rec' idet o dejatel'nosti v sfere ob''edinenija slavistov, kak v nacional'nyh, tak i v mezdunarodnyh masstabah. Buduci siroko slavisticeski obrazovannym, Aleksandr Belic zanimaetsja ustanovleniem svjazej mezdu slavistami s samogo nacala svoej naucnoj dejatel'nosti. Javljaetsja odnim iz iniciatorov sozdanija Obscestva serbskogo jazyka i literatury v 1910 godu. Prinimaet ves'ma aktivnoe ucastie v rabote Pervogo mezdunarodnogo slavisticeskogo s''ezda v Prage v 1929 i Vtorogo v Varsave i Krakove v 1934 godu. Ego videnie organizovannoj slavisticeskoj dejatel'nosti osobenno jarko projavilos' v hode podgotovki k Tret'emu slavisticeskomu s''ezdu v Belgrade v 1939 godu, kotoryj iz-za razrazivsejsja Vtoroj mirovoj vojny ne sostojalsja. Iskljucitel'nye usilija Belic prilagaet v dele organizacii slavistov posle Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. V 1948 godu sozdaetsja Slavisticeskoe obscestvo NR Serbii, i Belica izbirajut ego pervym predsedatelem. Zatem po iniciative Belica ob''edinjajutsja i organizujutsja jugoslavskie slavisty, i v 1955 godu provoditsja Belgradskaja slavisti- ceskaja vstreca, na kotoroj sozdaetsja Mezdunarodnyj komitet slavistov (MKS). V nem, a takze v Jugoslavskom slavisticeskom komitete Belic intensivno zanimaetsja podgotovkoj Cetvertogo mezdunarodnogo slavisticeskogo s''ezda, provedennogo v Moskve v 1958 godu. Na s''ezde v Moskve on ves'ma intensivno rabotaet i s takim ze vdohnoveniem posle ego provedenija pristupaet k realizacii ustanovlennyh s''ezdom zadac vplot' do skoropostiznoj konciny 26 fevralja 1960 goda, kotoraja preryvaet ego dejatel'nost'.

Artykuł powstał z okazji 500-lecia tłumaczenia Biblii na język ruski, którego dokonał humanista z Połocka rodem, Franciszek Skaryna (ok. 1490 – ok. 1540), związany swym życiem kolejno z Wilnem, Krakowem, Pragą, Italią. Autorka zastanawia się nad skąpością źródeł na temat Skaryny w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku. Analizuje dwie notki. Pierwsza wpisuje Skarynę w kontekst imperialnej literatury rosyjskiej, której dzieje wydano w 1823 roku w Warszawie. Autorem był rosyjski uczony i pisarz Paweł Grecz (1787–1867), a przełożył na polski jego 2-tomowe dzieło Samuel Bogumił Linde (1771–1847), który sprostował błędną informację, jakoby Skaryna drukował księgi w „Pradze pod Warszawą”. Drugi tekst to rozprawa profesora polonistyki Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego Mikołaja Michalewicza (1792–1846), która lokuje dokonania Skaryny nie w rosyjskim, lecz słowiańskim kontekście.

(ruski) V dannoj stat?e, ishodja iz koncepcii taksisa, prinadlezascej V. S. Hrakovskomu, predlagaetsja sistematiceskij analiz konstrukcij s deepricastijami v serbskom jazyke. Otdel?no rassmatrivajutsja osloznennye deepricastijami predlozenija, vyrazajuscie otnosenija predsestvovanija, odnovremennosti i sledovanija. Vpervye v serbskom jazyke opisyvajutsja konstrukcii, peredajuscie tak nazyvaemoe kontaktnoe i preryvaemoe predsestvovanie - kogda dejstvie, vyrazennoe deepricastiem, neposredstvenno predsestvuet dejstviju, vyrazennomu predikatom ili ze dejstvie, sootnesennoe s predikatom, preryvaet predsestvujuscee dejstvie, vyrazennoe deepricastiem, a takze konstrukcii, ukazyvajuscie na nepolnuju odnovremennost? dejstvij, vyrazennyh deepricastiem i predikatom. V svjazi s tem, cto taksisnye otnosenija mogut byt?fonom dlja vyrazenija drugih nevremennyh otnosenij - priciny, celi, sledstvija, uslovija, ustupki, obraza dejstvija, v rabote budut rassmotreny primery, illjustrirujuscie upotreblenie deepricastij v konstrukcijah tak nazyvaemogo fonovogo taksisa. V rabote takze budut vyrazeny soobrazenija po povodu nekotoryh nedostatocno vysvetlennyh v naucnoj literature voprosov, takih kak pricina raznoreferentnosti deepricastija i predikata v serbskom jazyke i pr.

Russian scholar Aleksandr Vasilievich Makletsov is arguably the father of Slovenian criminology, having developed numerous criminal law theories at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana from 1926 until his death. With more than 150 scholarly works published in different languages, and with his work at the then barely established University of Ljubljana, he raised the general academic level of the lectures and significantly contributed to the University’s promotion. A respected member of the Ruska Matica cultural society, he actively participated in establishing and promoting its activities, helped his new homeland by acting as the official translator into Russian for the Ministry of Justice, and was an amateur poet and translator of poetry. The purpose of this text is to highlight the pedagogical and scholarly importance of the erudite Professor Makletsov, as well as to show his commitment in the fields of politics, literature, translation and editing.

Članek temelji na vzhodnoslovanskem potopisu z naslovom Življenje in romanje Danijela, igumana z Ruske zemlje, sestavljenem na začetku 12. stoletja. Danijelovo Romanje se umešča v začetno obdobje frankovske vladavine nad Palestino in pomeni najzgodnejši znani potopis vzhodnoslovanske srednjeveške literature. Obravnavano besedilo med drugim pričuje o Danijelovi podobi o samem sebi in o njegovem dojemanju »drugega«, ki zadeva predvsem katoliško-pravoslavne odnose v Jeruzalemskem kraljestvu. V skladu z opravljeno zgodovinsko in teološko analizo Romanja je katoliško-pravoslavne odnose v Jeruzalemskem kraljestvu mogoče opredeliti kot dvoumne: po eni strani je očitna jasna ločitev med »pravovernimi« in »Latinci«, po drugi pa je opazno strpno sobivanje pri ohranjanju spomina na kraje, povezane z biblijskimi dogodki. Na tej podlagi je Danijelovo Romanje primerjano s političnimi in kulturnimi okoliščinami v takratni Kijevski Rusiji, ki so pogojevale odnos staroruske elite do katoliške Cerkve. Tudi v tem primeru je mogoče opaziti dvoumno stanje: na deklarativni ravni polemični spisi kijevskih metropolitov pričujejo o negativnem stališču do »latinskih herezij«, po drugi strani pa odločitve staroruskih knezov potrjujejo njihovo pragmatično voljo po sodelovanju s sosednjimi katoliškimi političnimi tvorbami (Švedska, Poljska, Ogrska) pri oblikovanju dinastičnih porok in vojaških zavezništev.

U radu se prikazuju i analiziraju određenja personalizma u filozofskoj literaturi, osobito enciklopedistici i filozofskim rječnicima različitih jezičnih tradicija, filozofskih škola i razdoblja 20. stoljeća te iznosi pokušaj određenja tog filozofskog pravca kroz komparativnu perspektivu. Personalizam se u filozofskim, sociološkim, povijesnim i drugim tekstovima određuje kao filozofija, filozofski pravac, disciplina, škola, nauk, pokret, teorija, učenje i slično. Pri tome, govor o personalizmu ima različite konotacije, naglaske i obojanost, ovisno i o povijesnom, geografskom, ili ideološkom kontekstu. Iako se kroz povijest filozofije mogu pratiti korijeni personalizma do antičkog doba, ipak se pojam personalizam vremenski uobičajeno veže uz 20. st. Razvidno je da u povijesnoj i zemljopisnoj difuziji ideja u modernoj misli postoji više oblika personalizama. Spominju se američki idealistički personalizam, ruski personalizam, različiti europski personalizmi, komunitarni kršćanski personalizmi i sl. Svaki od tih oblika ima svoje razumijevanje o osobi i stavlja je u središte filozofskog razmatranja. Korijeni personalističke filozofije po nekima sežu do antike, iako je uobičajen stav da je koncept osobe razvijen u susretu grčke filozofije i novog, kršćanskog načina razmišljanja. Na europskom kontinentu personalizam se obično veže uz tri škole: francusku u Parizu, njemačku u Göttingenu i Freiburgu te poljsku u Lublinu. Personalizam je imao odjek i u drugim europskim državama. U Francuskoj personalizam nije bio samo filozofski pravac, već je imao brojne sljedbenike i u različitim personalističkim pokretima te se taj personalizam detaljnije obrađuje u drugom dijelu članku.

The article describes the theoretical and methodical foundations of the study of the Jewish cultural heritage as a modern tourism resource. It turned out that in both foreign and domestic literature studies are not enough. The historical background of the formation of the cultural heritage of the Jewish ethnic group in the territory of the modern Lviv Oblast, which for many centuries has been the center of Jewish life, is considered. The dynamics of the ethnical composition of the population of the Lviv Oblast in 19312001 is studied and a significant reduction in the share of the Jewish community is found. The dynamics of the share of the Jewish population in urban settlements of the Lviv Oblast is studied, and it is found that it sharply decreased after the events of the World War II, primarily as a result of the Holocaust. A map of the share of the Jewish population in the urban settlements of the Oblast in 1939 is developed. The existing objects of Jewish cultural heritage (in particular, synagogues and cemeteries) in Lviv and other cities of the Lviv Oblast are characterized, and a map of these objects is developed. The main centers of Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: Lviv, Brody, Busk, Zhovkva, Rava-Ruska, Uhniv, Velyki Mosty, Sokal, Belz, Stryi, Drohobych, Staryi Sambir, Turka. It found that the main problems of the Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: neglected state of the objects, insufficient funding for the rehabilitation and restoration of these objects, the absence of tourist routes involving these objects, etc. The tourist route “By places of the Jewish sacred heritage of the Lviv Oblast” is developed and a map of this route is created. Measures for the restoration and popularization of Jewish cultural heritage of the Oblast are identified: allocation of budgetary funds, attraction of private investors, international organizations and Jewish communities; development of new tourist routes; determination of places by information stands; publication of information materials about objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals; training of guides on the topic of Jewish cultural heritage, etc.

The article, based on historical and legal analysis, examines the evolutionary development of criminal law support for combating crime in the field of forest resources in modern Ukraine. The author identifies trends in the historical and legal development of criminal law counteraction to forest violations in Ukraine, which were associated with the peculiarities of land ownership, political and socio-economic status of society. The study found that criminal law counteraction to forest violations in independent Ukraine is characterized by the search for an effective model, which should largely include historical experience. Generalizations were made, recommendations were given to improve the fight against crimes in the field of forest resources. The study of historical and legal literature makes it possible to conclude that the history of Ukrainian criminal law in the field of forest protection covers three chronological periods: the first period (pre-revolutionary) – from the times of «Ruska Pravda» and until 1917; second period (Soviet) – from 1917 to 1991; third period (post-Soviet) – since 1991. It is important to note that natural conditions have developed so that the boundary between the forest and the steppe was not clearly expressed. The location of settlements has solved a number of important issues. First, the forest served as an object of crafts, hunting, boarding. Secondly, the trees were cut down, cocturns for expansion of agricultural areas, pastures for grazing livestock, meadows for harvesting hay. Thirdly, in the woods could always be hiding from raids of nomads. So іn addition, can conclude that the historical experience of the formulation of norms regulating the responsibility for criminal offices is now relevant: by introducing in the norm of such elements, which maximally motivate the foresters to hold from criminal encroachments and cause moral condemnation of such acts; use of stimulating the rails to conscientious forest use, even in the case of committing a violation, by reporting it and the inclusion of an enhanced punishment for concealing such a violation; by differentiation of responsibility, depending on the degree of fire hazard in forests; introduction to the signs of a crime committed by destroying or damaging forest plantations, the location of such acts near settlements.

Cosmogonies and mythopoesis in the Balkans and beyondCompared and contrasted in this article are three different types of accounts dealing with the cosmogonic and eschatological themes employed in Slavonic and Balkan oral tradition, para-Biblical literature and modern poetry. The focus of analysis is the cluster of motifs attested in the creation narrative of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias. Two versions are examined: the South-Slavonic one discovered in 1845 by V. Grigorovich in the Monastery of Slepche, and the 18th century Russian account from MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b) from the Archaeographic Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences [Библиотека Академии наук, Рукописный отдел] in St. Petersburg, composed most probably by an Old Believer; this manuscript is published here for the first time. Folklore counterparts of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias are treated, with special emphasis on the oral narratives from the Bulgarian diaspora in Bessarabia (God and the Devil Create the World Amicably but then Fall Out). Finally, a poem of the 20th century Bulgarian intellectual Pencho Slaveykov [Пенчо Славейков] from his anthology “On the Island of the Blessed” is discussed; the poem, entitled How God willed the Earth to come to be and what did Satanail do after that? was designated by Slaveykov himself as “a legend of the Bogomils”, and blended within his lyrics are dualistic themes and motifs attested in vernacular Christianity, with the hallmark of Haeresis Bulgarica. Kosmogonie i mitopoetyki na Bałkanach i nie tylkoW artykule zostały porównane trzy typy narracji zawierających wątki kosmogoniczne i eschatologiczne, które funkcjonują w słowiańskiej i bałkańskiej tradycji ustnej, literaturze parabiblijnej oraz poezji doby modernizmu. Przedmiotem uwagi stała się grupa motywów poświadczonych w narracji o stworzeniu, znanej z Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim. Analizom poddane zostały dwie wersje: południowosłowiańska, odkryta w 1845 roku przez W. Grigorowicza w Monastyrze w Slepče, oraz ruska – z XVIII wieku, znajdująca się w kodeksie MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b), przechowywanym w Oddziale Rękopisów Biblioteki Akademii Nauk w Sankt Petersburgu – skomponowana najprawdopodobniej w środowisku staroobrzędowców (rękopis ten jest tu publikowany po raz pierwszy). Następnie przeprowadzona została analiza odpowiedników folklorystycznych apokryficznej Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim, ze szczegól­nym uwzględnieniem narracji ustnych funkcjonujących w bułgarskiej diasporze w Besarabii (Bóg i Diabeł tworzą świat w przyjaźni ale potem stają się wrogami). Na końcu został poddany interpretacji poemat z XX wieku autorstwa bułgarskiego modernisty Penczo Sławejkowa [Пенчо Славейков] z antologii Na wyspie błogosławionych [На острова на блажените]; poemat ten, zatytułowany Jak Bóg zezwolił, aby powstała ziemia i co potem uczynił Satanael?, został nazwany przez samego autora „legendą Bogomiłów”, i skompilowany w jego tekstach z dualistycznymi motywami występującymi w chrześcijaństwie tego regionu, a rozpoznawa­nymi jako haeresis bulgarica.

Summary Foam performance was evaluated by several experimental methods (corefloods, bulk foam stability, micromodel observations, interfacial parameters) using three commercial surfactants, either by themselves or mixed with a fluorinated surfactant. The presence of oil reduced foam mobility reduction factors (Fmr) to different degrees; excellent Fmr were still attained with some surfactants in the presence of residual oil. Using the fluorinated surfactant as additive enhanced the oil tolerance of some, but not all, foams. The tested foams exhibited oil transporting properties. Each foam adjusted to its own residual oil saturation and corresponding level of mobility reduction. Foam performance in corefloods did not correlate in general with predictions based on the other experimental methods. Introduction Foams have been considered for mobility control in solvent, gas, or vapor injection improved oil recovery (IOR) processes, for blocking and diverting using either conventional or gelled foams, and for gas/oil ratio control at production wells. In a diverse range of applications, a foam encounters a range of oil saturations, which necessitates designing a foam with the required stability to oil. In applications where it is desirable to place a foam into swept (low oil saturation) zones, a foam with intermediate or low stability to oil may be adequate. If a foam is to be used as an oil displacing fluid or for gas/oil ratio control in producing wells, foam stability to oil is essential. Coreflood experiments by different investigators suggest that oil becomes detrimental to foam at oil saturations above 5 to 20%. 1 Among a number of mechanisms of foam/oil interaction suggested in the literature,1–5 three main models have emerged in attempts to predict foam stability to oil: spreading and entering coefficients, lamella number, and pseudoemulsion film models. The classical spreading and entering coefficients, based on interfacial tensions measured with bulk liquids, have been used with some success,6,7 but do not correlate with foam stability to oil in general.2-5,8,9 A geometry-dependent spreading coefficient,10 a "generalized entering coefficient,"4 and a "film excess energy,"5 have been defined in order to take into account thin-film forces important in foam/oil encounters in porous media. The lamella number attempts to quantify the observation that oil can become emulsified and imbibed into foam lamellae, which tends to destabilize a foam to various degrees.2,11,12 Pseudoemulsion film models state that a foam can only be stable in the presence of oil if the oil is wetted by the aqueous phase, i.e., if oil and gas phases remain separated by a film of aqueous phase (the pseudoemulsion film).3-5,13 Although different models have been successfully applied to different situations, translating the fundamental mechanisms of foam/oil interaction into generally applicable rules for field application remains difficult. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of six foams in the absence and presence of crude oil using different experimental techniques: corefloods in Berea and North Sea reservoir sandstone, bulk foam heights in a blender and in a high-pressure cell, lamella breakage frequency in an etched-glass micromodel, and interfacial parameters. The purpose of the corefloods was to screen a series of promising surfactant candidates for the application of foam in the North Sea. A large amount of experimental 14 and simulation15 work was simultaneously carried out by Norsk Hydro, and has led to a successful field test.16 The other experimental techniques have been used by others as screening tools or to evaluate foam/oil interactions. They were used in this work to study possible correlations with coreflood performance. Some fluorinated surfactants form foams that are very stable in the presence of oil.2,4,8,17 They are, however, more costly than hydrocarbon surfactants by one to two orders of magnitude. In this study, a fluorinated surfactant was used as an additive at relatively low concentration to improve the oil tolerance of three conventional surfactants. Experiment Materials. Cores were either Berea sandstone (length 30 cm, diameter 3.8 cm, porosity 23%, and absolute permeability to air 940 to 1,200 md), or reservoir sandstone (length 17 cm, diameter 3.7 cm, porosity 26%, and absolute permeability to air 3,400 to 3,900 md) from the Oseberg field (North Sea), supplied by Norsk Hydro. The reservoir cores were extracted in a chloroform/methanol mixture and dried before use. Four commercial surfactants were used: Chaser GR-1080 (Chaser International, proprietary blend containing mostly alpha olefin sulfonates), Enordet X-2001 (Shell Chemical Company, alcohol ethoxyglycerylsulfonate), Dow XSS-84321.05 (Dow Chemical, mixture of C10 diphenyletherdisulfonate and C 14-16 alpha olefin sulfonate), and Fluorad FC-751 (3M Company, fluoroalkylsulfobetaine). They will be referred to as Chaser, Enordet, Dow, and Fluorad in this paper. Cited concentrations are active concentrations in %w/v in sea water. The three hydrocarbon-based surfactants (Chaser, Enordet, and Dow) were used either by themselves or mixed with Fluorad (1:9 by mass Fluorad to Chaser, Enordet, or Dow). The brine was filtered (0.45 ?m) synthetic sea water (density 1.004 g/cm 3 and viscosity 0.38 mPa's, at 75°C and 13.8 MPa), and the gas was methane (CP grade, 99 vol% and density 0.0835 g/cm3 viscosity 0.0160 mPa's, at 75°C and 13.8 MPa). Crude oil (Oseberg Field, North Sea) was supplied by Norsk Hydro and cleaned by centrifugation and filtration (0.22 ?m). The viscosity and density of the dead oil at 23°C and ambient pressure were 9.5 mPa's and 0.87 g/cm3 respectively. Methane-saturated oil had a gas/oil ratio of 70 and a density of 0.75 g/cm 3 at 75°C and 13.8 MPa. Corefloods. The core was contained in a stainless-steel core holder within a lead sleeve to which confining pressure (24 MPa) was applied. Liquids were injected by displacement from floating piston vessels using HPLC pumps. Methane was supplied either from a cylinder, its flow rate being controlled by a mass flow controller, or from a Ruska pump. System pressure was controlled by a gas dome-type backpressure regulator. Pressure drops across the whole core and across the outlet half were monitored by differential pressure transducers. The half-core pressure drops were consistently about 70% of the full-core pressure drops, possibly because of capillary end effects or changing flow rates and foam qualities caused by gas expansion during flow through the core. Materials. Cores were either Berea sandstone (length 30 cm, diameter 3.8 cm, porosity 23%, and absolute permeability to air 940 to 1,200 md), or reservoir sandstone (length 17 cm, diameter 3.7 cm, porosity 26%, and absolute permeability to air 3,400 to 3,900 md) from the Oseberg field (North Sea), supplied by Norsk Hydro. The reservoir cores were extracted in a chloroform/methanol mixture and dried before use. Four commercial surfactants were used: Chaser GR-1080 (Chaser International, proprietary blend containing mostly alpha olefin sulfonates), Enordet X-2001 (Shell Chemical Company, alcohol ethoxyglycerylsulfonate), Dow XSS-84321.05 (Dow Chemical, mixture of C10 diphenyletherdisulfonate and C 14-16 alpha olefin sulfonate), and Fluorad FC-751 (3M Company, fluoroalkylsulfobetaine). They will be referred to as Chaser, Enordet, Dow, and Fluorad in this paper. Cited concentrations are active concentrations in %w/v in sea water. The three hydrocarbon-based surfactants (Chaser, Enordet, and Dow) were used either by themselves or mixed with Fluorad (1:9 by mass Fluorad to Chaser, Enordet, or Dow). The brine was filtered (0.45 ?m) synthetic sea water (density 1.004 g/cm 3 and viscosity 0.38 mPa's, at 75°C and 13.8 MPa), and the gas was methane (CP grade, 99 vol% and density 0.0835 g/cm3 viscosity 0.0160 mPa's, at 75°C and 13.8 MPa). Crude oil (Oseberg Field, North Sea) was supplied by Norsk Hydro and cleaned by centrifugation and filtration (0.22 ?m). The viscosity and density of the dead oil at 23°C and ambient pressure were 9.5 mPa's and 0.87 g/cm3 respectively. Methane-saturated oil had a gas/oil ratio of 70 and a density of 0.75 g/cm 3 at 75°C and 13.8 MPa.

Daniil Harms pripadao je grupi umjetnika iz zalaznice ruske avangarde - grupi Oberiu. Rad govori о osnovnim odrednicama oberiutske poetike na osnovi programatskih iskaza i njenom odnosu prema ruskoj kanoniziranoj književnosti, koja na hijerarhijskoj ljestvici kulture zauzima izrazito visoko mjesto. Oberiuti, "ljudi konkretnog svijeta, predmeta i riječi" (kako se predstavljaju u Manifestu), svoju poetsku koncepciju ("realna umetnost''; odatle i naziv grupe - Udruženje Realne Umjetnosti) ističu kao suprotnost "zastarjeloj" literaturi "trošne pozlate" i njenim vrijednostima. Oberiuti, ipak, nisu totalni rušitelji - oni negiraju, ali i nanovo afirmiraju rusku književnost 19. stoljeća. Harms/Oberiuti osporavat će tradiciju pretežno parodiranjem "velike" književnosti (iz čega nisu izuzeti ni sami pisci, Kao ni njihova svagdašnjost, "byt :), dakle - preosmišljavaniem starih smislova, ali će i, uz pomoć semantičkih srazova, težiti stvaranju novog "stvarnog" ("zdravog") smisla svijeta. Osnovni Harmsovi motivi zakodirani su u citiranom estetski-etičko provokativnom tekstu, pjesmi, upravo zato izabranoj kao epigraf radu.

One of the important factors determining the public activity of the Galician Ruthenians (Ukrainians) after 1848 was the realization of the idea of educating the people. In the 1850-1860’s exclusively intellectuals were engaged in educational work; peasants and burghers were only recipients. At the time, the main attention was paid to the publication of educational literature for elementary schools and gymnasiums, as well as scientific, popular and religious lectures for intellectuals and common people. This was done by both private publishers and specially created non-gov0ernmental organizations such as the Russophile society Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia (since 1848) and the Ukrainophile society Prosvita (since 1868). Among the editions of Matytsia prevailing publications for the intelligentsia, Prosvita began its publishing activity mainly from small books for the common people.

Polazište za ovaj rad je teorija M. Bahtina o karnevalizaciji književnosti, tj. o karnevalskoj svijesti kao "velikom svenarodnom osjećanju svijeta prošlih tisućljeća" koje se transponira u književnost u obliku karnevalskih kategorija: ekscentričnosti, karnevalskih mczalijansi, profanacije i, osobito (temeljne za karneval), familijarizacije. Pozivamo se i na L. Szilard koja razvija Bahtinovu tezu tumačenjem kako karnevalsko mišljenje ne pripada samo dubokoj prošlosti, već da se ono "u svojoj osnovi interpretira kao nešto što se kolektivno nesvjesno čuva i neprekidno obnavlja, naročito u prijelomnim, kriznim razdobljima". Jednim od takvih razdoblja - velikih prevrata, kojima, ističe M. Balilin, "uvijek prethodi, pripremajući ih, izvjesna karnevalizacija saznanja" - možemo smatrati i avangardu. Osobine karnevalesknosti, s dominantnom sviješću o "veseloj relativnosti vladajućih istina i moći" (M. Bahtin), iskazale su se i u ovoj "antiformativnoj formaciji"; L. Szilard ukazuje na to da je literatura avangarde predstavila sve one elemente koji su tek kasnije osmišljeni kao kvalitete karnevalizirane umjetnosti XX. stoljeća. Tako i u "anegdotama", antinormativnim tekstovima Daniila Harmsa, pripadnika skupine "Oberiu" iz zalaznice ruske avangarde, nalazimo živ odraz karnevaleskne svijesti. U "anegdotama" iz "života"/"byta" velikih imena, prvenstveno nacionalne, ali i svjetske književnosti/kulture i civilizacije prisutan je razigrani ambivalentni karnevalski duh koji ništa ne apsolutizira, nego svojim oslobadujućini i preporodnim smijehom snižuje sve čvrsto zadano, uređeno po strogom hijerarhijskom poretku, "monolitno ozbiljno i mračno, puno strahopoštovanja i pijeteta" (M. Bahtin). Stoga su karnevalske kategorije primjenjive i na ovu Harmsovu malu formu, u kojoj detronizacija (karnevalsko "razvenčanje") "nedodirljivih" dotad veličina (Gogolja, Puškina, Dostojevskog, Tolstoja...) ujedno predstavlja i njihovu novu afirmaciju (karnevalsko "uvenčanje").