Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Russian intelligentsia'

The representation of Revolution and revolutionaries develops as one of the main themes in Russian literary texts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It would not be an overstatement to say that most active writers during this time referred to these themes in their works. These themes developed in consort with the historical and political developments occurring within the country. The literature of the twentieth century led to a culmination in the understanding of this complex topic. This thesis will present an analysis of several types of Revolutionary characters and their concepts of what Revolution is and should be. It will present an overview of Revolution's origin and development as a background of early twentieth century Russian literary works. The close reading of the selected twentieth century works will be discussed within the body of this thesis. In particular we will review Alexander Blok's poem The Twelve, Isaac Babel's collection of stories Red Cavalry, Vladimir Zazubrin's The Chip: A Story about a Chip and About Her, and Boris Savinkov's Pale Horse.

This thesis seeks to shed light on a remarkable figure in Russian history, Father Alexander Men’. How and why did Men’ identify Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolai Berdyaev, and other pre-revolutionary cultural figures as representatives of authentic Russian religious culture? Why would a popular Russian Orthodox priest present the writings of mystics, anarchists, and the Silver Age counterculture as the antidote for seventy years of Soviet materialism? What role did Judaism and the Russo-Jewish intellectual tradition have on Men’s identifications as an Orthodox priest? I use a semiotic theory of culture following Yuri Lotman and the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School as a framework to analyze the historical development of Orthodox personalism. Through this we find a coherent justification for Men’s cultural project. This thesis traces this line of thought from theories of cultural unity by Pyotr Chaadayev, through Christian universalism in Vladimir Solovyov, the existential personalism of Nikolai Berdyaev, and finally through Men’s personal relationship with Nadezhda Mandelstam.

The focus of interest in this thesis is the social and personal trajectories of men and women who were born in the Soviet Union in the 1970-1980s and then, after growing up in post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s in an atmosphere of change and uncertainty, decided to exploit the opportunities to go abroad to study and work that started opening up in the early and mid-1990s. The thesis analyses these moves as the individual strategies of either escaping or waiting on the career insecurities in Russia, or consciously enhancing one's social standing and professional and educational capital. It traces their social and professional trajectories, showing that, apart from developing the desired expertise and gaining experience, these Russians went through intensive changes in their self-identifications and senses of belonging, including the acquisition of new habits of mobility, international social networks and cosmopolitan dispositions. This thesis argues that, while their Soviet-Russian cultural past and their belonging to a particular social group of 'Soviet intelligentsia' was still important to them, they continuously acquired new social, cultural and cosmopolitan forms of capital that influenced their coming back to Russia as different persons from their contemporaries who had stayed in the country. They brought with them new dispositions and new social practices resulting from their active comparisons of their lives in Russia and Britain, and in many respects they actively maintained their differences in creating clubs for returnees. While able to integrate successfully into the emerging Russian middle classes, they still expressed the cultural and intellectual heritage of the past Soviet intelligentsia, now reborn in the guise of Westernizing attitudes and practices, different degrees of cosmopolitan patriotism, intellectual pursuits, a quest for education and self-development, interest in world travel, an ethical concern for sustainability, opposition to excessive consumerism in Russia and conspicuous practices of status performance. The materials for this research were mainly gathered through the use of semi-structured in-depth interviews, one third of them longitudinal, with informants talking to the researcher several times during the course of fieldwork between 2007 and 2012. Some additional participant observation has been conducted in informal Russian circles in the UK and among returnees from Britain in Russia. This research consists of an ethnography with elements of a biographical approach. This has made the researcher attentive to the inclusion of a certain event within a person's whole biography, aimed at putting the period researched within the context of the past and future lives of the informant. The participants of this research were aged between 22 and 40 and belonged to a transition cohort generation (Miller 2000), as they had all passed their childhoods in the Soviet Union, their adolescence and teenage years coinciding with the period of dissolution of the USSR, with the transitional break up of one system and the formation of another, while their young adulthood developed in post-Soviet Russia. They were mainly single when they initiated their move to Britain, and had various professional profiles within the broadly defined groups of 'highly skilled' and 'highly educated', the latter term being preferred in this research. The dissertation includes an introduction, four ethnographic chapters, a conclusion and one appendix. The introduction presents the historical and research context, the methodology and the design of the study. The first chapter traces the professional and educational trajectories of participants, while the second chapter focuses on informants' spatial mobility and habits of extensive travel acquired during the move to Britain. The third chapter deals with the negotiation of informants' belonging to a particular cultural and social past, which is associated both with Russian-Soviet culture and with their social status as the children of Soviet-era intelligentsia. The fourth chapter argues that, while belonging to Soviet intelligentsia families was still important for informants' self-identifications in Britain, new social, cultural and cosmopolitan forms of capital were acquired during this period, resulting in new cosmopolitan dispositions, ethics and moral values, and new practices socially remitted (Levitt 2001) from Britain. The conclusion places this ethnography within the state-of-the-art research on the mobilities of Russians to the UK.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir o pensamento político de Dostoiévski a partir de uma comparação entre Notas de Inverno sobre Impressões de Verão (1863) ciclo de artigos reunindo as impressões do autor sobre sua primeira viagem à Europa, em 1862 e outro importante relato de viagem anterior ao de Dostoiévski, Cartas de França e Itália (1855), de Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). Estas duas obras, cujos autores ocupam posições bastante distintas dentre o espectro Ocidentalista-Eslavófilo do século XIX russo, contêm em germe as ideias políticas de ambos, sobretudo no que diz respeito à complexa relação Rússia-Ocidente. Entendo que cotejar Dostoiévski com um dos principais representantes de seus adversários ideológicos é um modo profícuo de problematizar, e assim melhor compreender, suas ideias políticas
The dissertation aims at discussing Dostoevsky\'s political thinking. This shall be done through the comparative analysis of Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863) a collection of articles on the author\'s impressions after his first trip to Europe, in 1862 and another important travelogue that preceded Dostoevsky\'s, Letters from France and Italy (1855), by Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). These two works, whose authors take rather divergent positions within the Westernizers-Slavophiles spectrum in 19th century Russia, synthesize their political views, chiefly concerning the complex relationship between Russia and the West. My claim is that comparing Dostoevsky to one of the main spokesmen of his ideological antagonists may prove fruitful to understanding his political ideas

The image of "unnecessary men" firstly emerged in 19th century Russia. It has aroused extensive attention since the date of its birth. This paper aims at embodying the causes and process of development and relative characteristics of representative figures in Russian and Chinese literature. Researchers usually refer to the typical representatives of "unnecessary men" in Russian literature as the heroes of «Eugene Onegin» by A. S. Pushkin, «Hero of our time» by M. Yu. Lermontov, «Oblomov» by I. A. Goncharov, etc. "Unnecessary men" in Chinese Literature -- Juan Sheng, Jue Xin, Xiao Jianqiu, etc. As an epitome of their era, they are among the leading elites grown up from the old norms. They are the inevitable products of the era with profound significance. They tragedy, no matter to the society or individual is filled with warming and enlightenment. Its significance is extensive and profound and is well-worth researing and exploring.
Образ «лишних людей» впервые появился в России XIX века. Он вызвал широкое внимание с момента своего рождения. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы воплотить причины и процесс развития и относительные характеристики представительных фигур в русской и китайской литературе. К типичным представителям лишних людей в русской литературе исследователи обычно относят героев «Евгения Онегина» А.С. Пушкина, «Героя нашего времени» М.Ю. Лермонтова, «Обломова» И.А. Гончарова и др. «Лишний человек» в китайской литературы -- Цзюань Шен（涓生）, Цзюэ Синь（觉新）, Сяо Цзяньцю（肖涧秋） и т.д. Как воплощение своей эпохи, они входят в число ведущих элит, выросших из старых норм. Они являются неизбежными продуктами эпохи с глубоким значением. Их трагедия, не важно для общества или отдельного человека, наполнена теплом и просветлением. Его значение является обширным и глубоким,и его стоит исследовать и исследовать.

Le but de ce travail est de restituer l'image de l'intelligentsia anglaise à la recherche de son identité au moment où la fièvre russe avec la vogue de Diaghilev, le culte de Dostoïevski et celui de Tchekhov sévit à son maximum d'intensité. C'est, en effet, dans ce contexte que l’élite intellectuelle anglaise se choisit pour dénomination l'emprunt intelligentsia. La fièvre russe, phénomène d'intoxication psychologique, aura eu pour support idéologique le mythe de l'âme russe, cliché de la pensée occidentale. Au lendemain de la convention anglo-russe de 1907, le mythe devient l'outil d'une propagande destinée a rallier une opinion publique hostile au rapprochement. Ainsi s'explique le rôle du mythe dans une campagne de séduction menée par voie de presse. Avec le resserrement de l'entente en alliance (1914-17), l'église et l'état font œuvre commune, usant du slogan de l'âme exaltée par les gens de lettres. De l'âme esthétisée des ballets russes à l'âme sacralisée chez Dostoïevski, puis banalisée chez Tchekhov, le mythe répond aux nécessités d'un temps de crise. Phénomène socio-culturel d'une Angleterre en transition, agent d'une nouvelle conscience de soi, la fièvre russe aura catalysé la mutation de l'intelligentsia et donne naissance à une nouvelle esthétique
The aim of this work is to capture the image of the English intelligentsia in its quest for an identity at the time when the Russian craze reached the height of its intensity with the vogue for Diaghilev, and the cults of Dostoevsky and Chekhov. It was in this particular context that the English intellectual elite chose to adopt for itself the Russian term intelligentsia. The Russian craze, a phenomenon of collective hysteria, was fuelled by the myth of the Russian soul, a cliched phrase of western thought. Following the anglo-russian agreement of 1907, this myth became a propaganda instrument intended to rally public opinion hostile to rapprochement. This explains the part played by the myth in the campaign of enticement led by the press. With the strengthening of the entente into an alliance (1914-17), church and state joined forces, using the slogan of the soul propagated by men of letters. From the aesthetic soul of the Russian ballet, the soul made sacred by Dostoevsky, then trivialized by Chekhov, the myth responded to the needs of an age in crisis. The Russian craze, symptomatic of an England in transition, proved the catalyst for change in the English intelligentsia as the agent of a new self-awareness and the promoter of new aesthetics

碩士
淡江大學
俄羅斯研究所
91
The thesis deals with the most influential views on China among Russian sinologists, thinkers and writers but especially the so called Russian intelligentsia of the 19th century. As this study shows, the above mentioned views and evaluations of Chinese civilization played a prominent part in the formation of the intelligentsia’s social thought. The study discloses close links between political thought of intelligentsia and its views on China. 　　The research methods of this thesis include documentary analysis, history analysis, cross-cultural and comparative civilization. The study is based on various kinds of Chinese, Russian, English, German, Japanese, French, and Spanish literary sources. 　　Two main attitudes to Chinese civilization can be discerned in the 19th century Russia. The background was a heir to the legacy of the European age of Enlightenment, its main representative being N. Bichurin. The first one is exemplified by the famous writer L. Tolstoy, a vehement critic of the West, who admired Chinese civilization. The second trend was nourished by the idea of the so called “Yellow Peril” upheld both by liberal and by the socialist thinkers. Its main advocates were thinkers of quite different kinds: A. Herzen, V. Soloviov and some leading writers in the beginning of the 20th century: D. Merezhkovsky, V. Ivanov, A. Bely et al. 　　This thesis contains five chapters: Introduction, Background of the 19th Century, L. Tolstoy on Chinese Civilization, Russian Intelligentsia’s Thoughts Relating to the “Yellow Peril” and Conclusion.

The aim of the thesis is the analysis of russian educated society - the intelligentsia without difference in the origin - in the period when gained its own identity, delimited its ideological grounds and imperatives and had fragmentary tendentions to create the civil society. By institutionals and individuals examples from noble- and raznochintsy intelligentsia is analyzed at the first private and then public socializing. It is related to describe of the creation of beginnigs of the public space and related public opinion. The thesis is therefore concerned with particulars social platforms, in which russian intelligentsia was engaged at that time, especially masonic lodges, salons and clubs. The result of thesis should be the analysis of the development of the educated russian society in the time before Decembrists uprising, the analysis of intellectual potential of this society, its mental emancipation and its diverse activities. The thesis draw from unpublished archival sources, editions and from the latest specialized literature. Methodologicaly, the thesis is based on concepts of social, cultural and intellectual history on background of biographical method and with marginal use of concepts of history of mentalities and gender history. Key words The Russian Empire, intelligentsia, civil...

Fyodor Dostoevsky is often regarded as a proponent of the rights of the poor and downtrodden in Russian society in the 19th century. This view is usually based on the work of his youth - his first short novel and his early short stories. An examination of his major novels - all of which were written during his mature years between 1861 and 1879 - shows, however, that his views were far removed from those of the progressive members of Russian society of his day (the 11 intelligentsia11 ) and that his opinions became more reactionary with advancing age. By the time of his death in 1881, Dostoevsky had long been an opponent of democratic ideals and a keen supporter of the autocratic regime of Tsar Alexander II.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
M.A. (Russian)

Fyodor Dostoevsky is often regarded as a proponent of the rights of the poor and downtrodden in Russian society in the 19th century. This view is usually based on the work of his youth - his first short novel and his early short stories. An examination of his major novels - all of which were written during his mature years between 1861 and 1879 - shows, however, that his views were far removed from those of the progressive members of Russian society of his day (the 11 intelligentsia11 ) and that his opinions became more reactionary with advancing age. By the time of his death in 1881, Dostoevsky had long been an opponent of democratic ideals and a keen supporter of the autocratic regime of Tsar Alexander II.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
M.A. (Russian)

W połowie XVIII w. rozpoczął się proces modernizacji wojsk Rzeczpospolitej. Sformowane zostały pierwsze oddziały inżynieryjne i Korpus Inżynierów, a w 1765 r. powstała Szkoła Rycerska – uczelnia wojskowa kształcąca inżynierów wojskowych. Wojska inżynieryjne odrodziły się w okresie napoleońskim, w powstałej wówczas armii Księstwa Warszawskiego. Wojska te były zorganizowane na wzór francuski i cały czas rozbudowywane. Największą liczebność osiągnęły przed kampanią rosyjską w 1812 r. W tym okresie Korpus Inżynierów realizował wiele prac na zlecenie Napoleona, m. in. budował twierdzę w Modlinie i prowadził szczegółowe prace kartograficzne. W 1809 r. powołano Szkołę Aplikacyjnę Artylerii i Inżynierów wzorowaną na paryskiej École polytechnique. Jej uczniami było wielu wybitnych inżynierów jak gen. I. Prądzyński i F. Pancer.W okresie 1815-1830 r. Królestwo Polskie było zależne od Rosji, co spowodowało, że jego armia była wzorowana była na rosyjskiej. Powołanie w tym czasie do życia Kwatermistrzostwa Generalnego sprawiło, że przejęło ono wiele obowiązków i najzdolniejszych oficerów Korpusu Inżynierów.Podczas Powstania (1830-31) wojska inżynieryjne odegrały znaczną rolę, budując wiele mostów polowych i fortyfikacji. Najtrudniejszym zadaniem było w tym czasie ufortyfikowanie Warszawy, niestety nie udało się tego skutecznie wykonać. Po upadku Powstania i likwidacji armii w tym również wojsk inżynieryjnych, wielu żołnierzy i oficerów udało się na emigrację ale większość pozostała w Kraju stanowiąc zaczątek polskiej inteligencji technicznej.
In mid-1700s, the armed forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered a process of modernisation. The first engineering units and the Corps of Engineers were organised and the year 1765 marked the establishment of the School of Chivalry - a military university training military engineers. The engineering corps was recreated with the formation of the army of the Duchy of Warsaw during the Napoleonic era. The Corps was organised based on the French model and continually developed, reaching its highest numbers in 1812. During that time, the Corps of Engineers carried out a number of projects commissioned by Napoleon, such as detailed mapping or the construction of the Modlin fortress. The Artillery and Engineering School, established in 1809 and designed after the French École polytechnique in Paris, trained many prominent engineers, such as General Ignacy Prądzyński and Feliks Pancer.During the era of the Russian-dominated Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815-1830), the Polish armed forces followed the organisation of the Russian Army. The General Logistics Department set up during that time, took over many of the responsibilities and most talented officers from the Corps of Engineers.The engineering corps played a key role in the November Uprising of 1830, constructing a number of field bridges and fortifications. Unfortunately, the most difficult task at the time, the fortification of Warsaw, was never completed. After the fall of the Uprising and the disbandment of the army, including the engineering corps, many soldiers and officers went into exile; still most remained in the Country and those who did became the nucleus of the Polish technology intelligentsia.