Academic literature on the topic 'Russie – Conditions sociales – 1801-1917'

The article is devoted to the Russian army position in the political process during the revolution of 1917 in Russia. The war period army identity as a social phenomenon, the conditions of its transformation into country political life subject are discussed. The character and the causes of the social political climate of different military men categories on the eve of the revolution are determined. The role of military contingents, institutes, central military figures in the main political events of 1917, such as February and October revolutions, July political crisis, General L. G. Kornilov’s march-off is represented. The main regulatory acts of the new government concerning the army, such as Order 1 of Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies and “Declaration of a Soldier and Citizen Rights”, and their influence on the development of the inside situation in the army are considered. The special focus is on the main courses of the army life politization and the political military men’s activity, that are the work of army offices, military social organizations, volunteer campaigns in the front line and the back land. The stages and the particular characteristics of the political leaders and military command authority cooperation are specified.

Le point de vue des scientifiques occidentaux relatif à l'activité économique de la Russie au cours de la première moitié du XIXème siècle était qu'aucun mouvement d'industrialisation ne s'était profilé, alors que les soviétiques dataient le processus au second tiers du siècle. Aujourd'hui, les débats semblent clos. Les conclusions quant à la datation convergent alors même que les historiens de l'économie s'interrogent encore sur les causes du retard, accusant pourtant souvent le système servile d'inhiber la croissance. Après avoir démontré le retard économique du pays à partir d'une estimation de taux de croissance du produit dans une optique comparative, cette étude propose d'examiner les freins au processus d'industrialisation en Russie dans la première moitié du XIXème siècle. Ainsi, ce sont les facteurs constitutifs de la croissance qui feront l'objet de l'analyse, dans un premier temps ceux de l'offre et dans un second temps ceux de la demande. Cette analyse débouche sur deux grandes conclusions. D'une part, les entrepreneurs russes désireux de développer une activité industrielle disposaient de facteurs de production nécessaires. La croissance démographique et la structure organisationnelle de production adaptée au système servile permettaient à l'offre de travail de satisfaire la demande. Par ailleurs, la mécanisation s'implantait dans certaines branches industrielles disposant de capitaux d'origine industrielle et commerciale. D'autre part, la demande, à partir de laquelle les industriels russes déterminaient le volume de la production, était restreinte. Elle provenait exclusivement de l'intérieur, le commerce international étant dominé par les pays d'Europe occidentale. Cependant, le niveau de la demande était limité par un marché national peu intégré, conséquence de moyens de transport et de réseaux de distribution traditionnels, et par une croissance très lente du pouvoir d'achat de la masse populaire vivant encore exclusivement de l'autoconsommation. Ainsi, l'insuffisance de la demande semble être la cause du lent accroissement de la production industrielle du pays
The point of view of the western scientists concerning the economic activity of Russia during the first half of the XIXth century was that any movement of industrialization had been happened, while the Soviet historians dated the process in the second third of the century. Today, the debates seem closed; they are of like even though the historians of the economy still wonder about the causes of the backwardness. However, they think that the serfdom inhibits the growth. After having estimated the growth rate of product in a comparative perspective, this study suggests examining brakes in the process of industrialization in Russia in the first half of the XIXth century. So, the constituent factors of the growth will be the object of the analysis, at first those of the supply and in a second time those of the demand. Two important conclusions emerge of this analysis. On one hand, the Russian entrepreneurs who wanted to develop an industrial activity had necessary factors of production. The population growth and the organizational structure of production suitable for the serfdom allowed the working supply to satisfy the demand. In other respects, the mechanization set up in some industrial branches having capital of industrial and commercial origin. On the other hand, the demand, from which the Russian manufactures determined the volume of the production, was restricted. In this period, the demand resulted exclusively from the inside, the international trade being dominated by the countries of Western Europe. However, the level of the demand was limited by a national market which was no very integrated, as a consequence of inadequate means of transport and traditional distribution networks, and by a very slow growth of the purchasing power of the popular mass living exclusively on the subsistence farming. So, the shortage of demand seems to be the cause of slow growth of Russian industrial production

La these s'articule autour de trois volets principaux : l'analyse economique; son emploi par l'administration publique; ses retombees sur la paysannerie. De l'analyse economique, je prends en consideration les theories de l7economie paysanne; je discute egalement des principales categories du discours economique : l'individu, le marche, la technique, le developpement. J'essaye egalement de rendre compte des pratiques sociales du savoir economique, c'est-a-dire de son emploi par l'administration et par les agronomes travaillant en contact avec les paysans. En particulier, j'essaye de rendre compte de la maniere dont les specialistes et les administrateurs essayent d'imposer leur savoir et leurs criteres de gestion dans les campagnes
The dissertation is comprehensive of three main sections : the economic analysis; its use by the public administration; its consequences on the peasantry. Concerning the economic analysis i take into consideration the theories of the peasant economy, as well as the main categories of the economic discours: the individual, the market, the technique, the development. I also try to explain the social practises of the economic knowledge, i. E. Its use by the administration and by the agronomists working side by side with the peasants. In particular, i try to show how the specialists and the administrators try to impose their knowledge and their criteria of management on the peasantry

This chapter provides an overview of the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, from the time of its creation as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, to its dissolution in 1991. The major emphasis is on economic conditions, with political and social conditions as background. The chapter then discusses The Commonwealth of Independent States, the alliance that included most of the 15 former Soviet republics that became independent countries. Developments in Russia, the largest both geographically and demographically, as well as the most powerful of the CIS countries, are the major focus from 1991 to 2017.

This article explores how the Russian émigré composers, no longer required to nurture the nation-constituting loyalties, forge, negotiate and sustain multi-stranded individual relationships both with the transnational powers and with their native country, reclaiming cultural rather than territorial attachments which grow from psychological constructs rather than social conditions. It is revealing to observe that most of them continue to remain culturally tied to their country of origin and to long for its aesthetic values, while at the same time building civic attachments and hybrid identities in the globalised world. Based on empirical studies, this chapter considers how the reflections of post-Soviet identity shape these composers’ creative output and how the composers form relationships with their old and new neighbours.

This chapter examines the underlying democratic and socialist impulses in the German council movements of the early twentieth century. It analyses the emergence of council movements in Russia (from the strikes in February 1917 to the crushing of the Kronstadt uprising in 1921) followed by their spread to Germany (from the heightened revolutionary activity of 1917 to the establishment of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919). It examines the council movements through primary documents such as minutes of council meetings, congress reports, newspaper articles, and socialist journals. The typical Cold War framework for interpreting the council movements has been to view them as a transitional phenomenon leading to either liberal democratic institutions or a single-party dictatorship. Moving away from this binary framework, I show that while a diversity of political views were held by participants in the council movements, there was broad support for the deepening and extension of democratic conditions in major political, economic, and social institutions, including the army, civil service, and workplaces.

In as much as the banya was associated with the Russian peasantry and urban decadence, Bolsheviks disdained it. But as a tool of modern hygiene, the banya was unassailable. Workers demanded accessible, affordable, and well-maintained bathhouses. After the revolution of 1917, the Soviet state committed to providing them. During the Russian Civil War, the prevalence of epidemics (typhus, relapsing fever) only increased the pressure on the new state to provide people with the means to clean themselves in banyas. During War Communism banyas came under municipal control and were expected to provide access to the lower classes; under the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, they re-emerged as commercial enterprises. But as satires by Zoshchenko and the commentary of others made plain, the conditions in Soviet banyas remained abysmal, a far cry from the idealized banyas of popular imagination.