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1
Zubov, Alexey Yu. "Russian Navy Officers’ Perception of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 12 (December 20, 2023): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.12.40.
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Russian Navy officers’ perception of the Russo-Japanese war, reflected in their notes, diaries, memoirs, and letters to their relatives, is considered in the article. The article is based on the memoirs of officers Cherkasov V.N., Tumanov Ya.K., Semenov V.I., Jung N. and others. The importance of taking into account the information about the Russo-Japanese War, preserved in the documentary evidence of its direct participants, to ensure the principle of “justice of history” is shown. Two points of view of the command on the development of the conflict with Japan are presented, the evolution of Russian officers’ views on the events that took place is considered. Russian Navy officers’ heroism in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 is exemplified. The importance of officers’ memoirs about the Russo-Japanese War as a historical source for a proper understanding of the situa-tion in Russian society in the early 20th century and in the international arena is emphasized.
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Jing, Li. "Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 and Orthodoxy in East Asia." Governance and Politics 2, no. 3 (November 27, 2023): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2782-7062-2023-2-3-71-78.
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Since the 18th century, the Russian Empire sent Orthodox Ecclesiastical missions to three countries in East Asia: Russian missionaries were active in China, Japan, and Korea. The Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905 affected the development of missions and Orthodoxy in East Asia. The article analyzes the common features of Orthodox missions in East Asia in the context of the development of Russian Ecclesiastical missions in the three East Asian countries during the Russo- Japanese War and the impact of the war on Orthodox Christianity in East Asia. The article examines and compares three Russian missions and identifies similarities and connections between them.
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Stone, Ian R. "Sub-Arctic operations in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905." Polar Record 51, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000655.
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ABSTRACTThis note concerns the little known sub-Arctic operations in the Russo-Japanese war, 1904–1905. Apart from a slightly farcical ‘invasion’ of the Kamchatka peninsula by a group of Japanese fishermen, and a naval engagement off the coast of southern Sakhalin, the main operations related to the efficiently conducted Japanese invasion of the sub–Arctic island of Sakhalin itself. This was the only occupation of Russian territory during the war and was intended to strengthen the Japanese position in the peace negotiations, held at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that brought the war to a close.
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Howland, Douglas. "Sovereignty and the Laws of War: International Consequences of Japan's 1905 Victory over Russia." Law and History Review 29, no. 1 (February 2011): 53–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248010001227.
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The Russo–Japanese War (1904–1905), recently commemorated with several international conference volumes, is identified by a majority of contributors as the first modern, global war. In making such a judgment, these scholars note its scale, its nationalism, its colonialism and geopolitical repercussions. What is surprising, however, is that no one has remarked on another significance: it was the first war in which both belligerents pledged to adhere to the international laws of war. In that regard, the Russo–Japanese War marks a culmination of the tireless international diplomacy to secure legal limitations on warfare in the nineteenth century. In 1904, both Russia and Japan justified their operations according to international law, for the benefit of an international audience who had five years earlier celebrated some progress with the signing of The Hague Conventions in 1899.
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Pynn, Tom. "Nitobe, Bushido - The Soul Of Japan." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 29, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.29.2.98-99.
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Japanese modernization, 1868-1919, sparked changes in all aspects of national life, from language to governmental structure to aesthetic techniques. Internally, a shift from a feudal past to a modem future prompted Japanese intellectuals to rethink the significance of Japan's past and interrogate the role of that past in the present and future. Externally, the rise of Japanese nationalism, especially during and after the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), destabilized the Pacific Rim.
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Raichurkar, Pratik, Devesh Kaushal, and Robert Beaumont Wilson. "ADOPTERs of Innovation in a Crisis: The History of Vera Gedroits, Kanehiro Takaki and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905." Annals of Surgery Open 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2024): e422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/as9.0000000000000422.
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The 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War was the first “modern” conflict, using rapid-firing artillery and machine guns, fought over imperial ambitions in Korea and Manchuria. During the war, Princess Vera Gedroits pioneered early laparotomy for penetrating abdominal wounds with unprecedented success. Her techniques were then adopted by the Russian Society of Military Doctors. However, Allied forces took 10 years to adopt operative management of penetrating abdominal wounds over conservative management. Gedroits was later appointed in Kyiv as the world’s first female Professor of Surgery. Kanehiro Takaki, a Japanese Naval surgeon, showed in 1884 a diet of barley, meat, milk, bread, and beans, rather than polished white rice, eliminated beriberi in the Japanese Navy. Despite this success, the Japanese Army failed to change the white rice rations until March 1905. During the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, an estimated 250,000 Japanese soldiers developed beriberi, of whom 27,000 died. Japan’s 1905 defeat of Russia sowed the seeds of discontent with Tsar Nicholas’ rule, culminating in the 1917 Russian Revolution. Although the Russian Navy was destroyed, Japan ceded North Sakhalin Island to Russia in peace negotiations, and Russia seized Manchuria, South Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands in 1945. We highlight the contributions of Gedroits and Takaki, 2 intellectual prodigies who respectively pioneered rapid triage and surgical management of trauma and a cure for beriberi. We aim to show how both these surgeons challenged entrenched dogma and the cultural and political zeitgeist, and risked their professional reputations and their lives in being ADOPTERs of innovation during a crisis.
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Sakharov, A. N. "The Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905: Reality and concoctions." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 77, no. 2 (April 2007): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331607020025.
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Nekrasov, I. "Russian Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 in the works of Russian literature of the beginning of the XX century (on the example of L. Andreev's story “Red laughter” and the story of V. Veresaev “On the Japanese war”)." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2006-07.
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In the paper, the author considers the reflection of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 in the works of famous Russian writers of the 19–20th centuries. The heavy and ill-prepared military campaign against Japan, which Russia waged in Manchuria, led to unjustified losses and unsuccessful battles for the Russian army.
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Shurshikova, Anna V., Ekaterina S. Surovegina, and Elena N. Solomakha. "Reflection of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 in Everyday Life of the Nizhny Novgorod Province." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 2 (February 21, 2024): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2024.2.17.
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In this article, the authors, using the example of Nizhny Novgorod, examined the dynamics of changes in the relationship between society and government in the Russo-Japanese War. The attitude of the classes to the war and its results, as well as the impact that the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace had on the development of the revolutionary movement in the province were analyzed. The authors noted that in the initial stages of the war, the population of the Nizhny Novgorod province responded with a surge of patriotic sentiments, expressed in the active collection of donations, the arrangement of hospitals, and the sending of military ambulance trains to the front. However, the patriotic outburst, which manifested itself clearly at the beginning of the war, was re-placed, first by openly expressed discontent, and subsequently by a revolutionary outburst in the province, which the authorities managed to suppress with great difficulty. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the course of hostilities in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 was projected by the population on their own relations with the authorities and found a mirror image in the imperial hinterland.
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Eremeev, Anton Alekseevich. "The significance of the Russo-Japanese War in the fate of Japan and Asia in the XX century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2023): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.3.40551.
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The article examines the fact of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War as the starting point of Japan's historical development in the XX century, which determined the vector of further changes in Japanese foreign policy and played a significant role in the fate of Asian nations. In modern Russia, the 1904-1905 war is often perceived as a problem exclusively of Russo-Japanese relations and a factor clouding the prospects of good neighborliness. The author of the article aimed to determine the historical significance of Japan's victory in this conflict as an important moral factor for Japanese society, which had a strong international influence in the future. For this purpose author studied materials about the Russo-Japanese War, events preceding the Russo-Japanese war, its prerequisites, directly on the Russo-Japanese War and its results. Based on the data obtained, the author suggests that the results of the Russo-Japanese War had a decisive influence on Japan's transforming into an imperialist state in the first half of the XX century, in what the main role belongs to the acquired from the war victory conviction about the right and ability of Asian nations to resist European colonialism. It is the point from where the further Japanese militaristic policy of the 1930s and 1940s proceeds, which was of great importance in the history of Asian nations, as well as Russia. The article is intended for a wide range of readers interested in Russian and world history, especially for those who want to learn more about the Russo-Japanese war and the non-obvious consequences of Russia's failure in the conflict with Japan.
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Wells, David. "Russian literary responses to the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905." Japanese Studies 11, no. 1 (April 1991): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399108521951.
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Selart, Ene. "The perception of the Japanese in the Estonian soldiers’ letters from the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905)." Mutual Images Journal, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2018.6.sel.perce.
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The Russo-Japanese war (1905-1904) had a great impact on the Estonian society as it instigated the discontent in the society that in the end lead to the turbulent events of the Russian revolution in 1905 and pursue of political independence that was achieved in 1918. It also changed the content of the Estonian printed media as these two years escalated a Japanese boom that was never seen before or after: almost in every single newspaper issue there were articles written about Japan (war news, foreign news, opinion stories, fiction, travelogues, etc). As a new genre, newspapers started to publish the letters of the soldiers who were sent to the battlefield in the Far East. On the whole about 10.000 Estonian men were mobilized that was a considerable proportion of the nation of 1 million and the Estonians back at home were eager to know every piece of information how their men are doing in the distant warfare. Consequently the war created a genre in newspapers that was providing war news without the mediation of foreign languages or journalists. In the context of the research of the Estonian printed media history, the soldiers’ letters have not been researched as a type of journalistic genre in the newspapers. The aim of the current paper is to study how did the Estonian soldiers construct in their letters the Japanese as an enemy and which topics and comparisons did they use while writing about the war. The thematic analysis was used as a research method to study the letters published in three main Estonian newspapers from spring 1904 up to spring 1905. Main topics in the letters have been divided into directly war related issues or descriptions of the surrounding environment. In both categories the positive or negative images of Japanese have been analysed.
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Sitkevich, S. A., and V. N. Сherepitsa. "GRODNO MILITARY DOCTORS D.L. GLINSKY AND K.N. KRECHUNESCO AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR (1896-1897)." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 21, no. 6 (January 2024): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2023-21-6-599-604.
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The article presents biographical data on the life and activities of Grodno military doctors D. L. Glinsky (1857-1916) and K. N. Krechunesco (1873-1905) who participated in the expedition of the Russian Red Cross in 1896 to provide medical care to the people of Abyssinia (at present Ethiopia) who suffered during the Italo-Abyssinian war of 1896-1897, and subsequently served in the military medical institutions of St. Petersburg, as well as on ships of the Russian fleet during the Russo-Japanese war during 1904 and 1905. This article is the first attempt in Belarusian historiography to collect together all available materials related to the biography of the aforementioned military doctors. It should be noted that until now there have been no data on the service of K. N. Krechunesco in the Grodno garrison together with D. L. Glinsky in the scientific literature. The theoretical and practical significance of the article is due to a number of forthcoming milestone anniversaries related to the biographies of its main characters, as well as the 120th anniversary of the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the hero of which was K. N. Krechunesco. In addition, recently, the Grodno State University named after Ya. Kupala and Harare Polytechnic College (Ethiopia), where Grodno military doctors worked in the past, signed a cooperation agreement on the training of the necessary specialists for this African country.
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Alexander L., Kalinichenko. "Singer of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks: F. F. Tyutchev in the Russian-Japanese War." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-39-48.
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Russian Army and Border guard Colonel Fyodor Fyodorovich Tyutchev (1860–1916), a well – known chronicler of the Russian army and the border guard, served in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.The purpose of the publication is a comprehensive description of the stay in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904– 1905. The work used sources that had not been previously introduced into scientific circulation, which allowed analyzing the formation of F. F. Tyutchev as a military professional, as well as concretizing the literary and aesthetic concept of the writer. Russian-Japanese War correspondent F. F. Tyutchev, being a correspondent of the newspaper Novoe Vremya, promptly transmitted “hot” information about the affairs of the Russian army to the editorial office. The writer collecting material for future literary works talked with the participants of the Japanese campaign, valuing the opportunity to have conversations not only with the lower ranks who were on the front line but also with the generals whose decisions the outcome of hostilities sometimes depended on. According to the works by Fyodor Fedorovich, we can judge not only the events that took place in the Far East but also analyze the writer’s civil and author’s position, investigate his philosophical beliefs on what is happening, clarify his thoughts, compare the assessments given to him from what he saw and experienced in the war. The presented article develops scientific ideas and traditions in the field of national historiography, generalizing and analyzing individual, previously unknown materials about the Russian-Japanese war and its participants. F. F. Tyutchev, being on the staff of the 1st Argun regiment not only participated in the fighting but also proved himself as a talented artist of the word, conveying the truth of the Japanese campaign in his writings, creating a portrait gallery of the personnel of the regiments of the Trans-Baikal Cossack army.
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Gerbig-Fabel, Marco. "Photographic artefacts of war 1904–1905: the Russo-Japanese war as transnational media event." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 15, no. 6 (December 2008): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507480802500301.
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Zorcu, Muratcan. "A Collection about the Russo-Japanese War in the Atatürk Library." GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN, no. 5 (March 31, 2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62231/gp5.160001a05.
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This paper draws attention to a collection of the Atatürk Library in Istanbul because this collection has significant materials about the Russo-Japanese War from 1904 and 1905. Throughout and after the wartime, many of the Ottoman military staff translated military books about the war from different languages, as well as gathered numerous materials like postcards and maps in their own individual collections. It is impossible to highlight that this military staff were not solely from the collapse period of the Ottoman Empire but also were the founding fathers of the new republic in Anatolia and a military group. The Russo-Japanese War shaped the understanding of these figures, such as the top people from Marshall Mustafa Kemal [Atatürk] and General Kazım [Karabekir] to General Fahreddin [Türkkan] Pashas and the ordinary army officers. Pertev Bey [Demirhan], who was sent to this war as an observer by Abdülhamid II, also impacted the Ottoman military staff in the following years because he gave lectures at the Military School in Istanbul. We are able to understand and uncover the dimensions of the impacts of the Russo-Japanese War on the Ottoman military staff with the collection in the Atatürk Library. Accordingly, this collection helps us remember the impacts of the Russo-Japanese War on the mentality of the Ottoman military staff during the late Ottoman period, as well as the early phase of the Turkish Republic.
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Sabova, Anna D. "The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War: Specifics of Coverage by French Correspondents in the Far East." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 468 (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/468/5.
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The article aims at identiIying the speciIic qualities oI corerage oI the war between Russia and Japan in 1904-1905 by French newspapers. The study is based on the publications in Iour oI the leading French newspapers oI the period (Le Figaro, Le Temps, Le Journal, and Le Matin) which are presented in Gallica, the online archiye of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque nationale de France). Particular attention is Iocused on publications that reIlect the early period oI the conIlict (27 January - 10 February 1904) and sereral episodes of the war (the shelling of Port Arthur in January-February 1904 and the battle of Liaoyang 24 August - 4 September 1904). The study of archiral documents (a total of 15 issues of Le Matin, 15 issues of Le Journal, 10 issues of Le Figaro, and 2 issues of Le Temps that hare preriously been neither fully translated into Russian nor presented to the academic community) clearly demonstrates that the French newspapers followed one single communication strategy which was quite different from the other pro-Japanese European and American media. The study of hard news and interriews published on the early stage of the conflict reflects the attempts to create a positire image of the Russian Empire in the eyes of French readers, eren though the analysed newspapers relied mainly on reports from English, German, and American newspapers and telegraph agencies. Howerer, reportages, published by a dozen of journalists sent to the theatre of operations in the Far East from Paris, were not only a part of this strategy to reinforce the positive image of Russian troops, they also created an objective picture and a deeply personal account of the event seen through the eyes of a war reporter - the identity and adventures of a war correspondent became, for the first time in the history of French press, a major subject of interest for the audience of the French press. Having examined in detail the publications of two quality newspapers (Le Figaro and Le Temps) and two newspapers for a wider audience (Le Matin and Le Journal) presented on the website of the Gallica archive, the author comes to the conclusion that the French press established a dual approach to war coverage in these years. Despite the great role of information from foreign newspapers and telegraph agencies, gradually, it is the reportage from French correspondents that becomes the leading genre in French journalism at the beginning of the 20th century. Articles describing the reporter's view of the war laid the foundation not only for war journalism but for reportage journalism in the French press as well. Therefore, this study analyses these publications as proper examples of the war reportage and not just as individual correspondence from the front lines. The case of the Russo-Japanese war coverage allows analysing the principles of the construction of belligerents' images in quality and mass newspapers as well as their communication strategy.
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Pałasz-Rutkowska, Ewa. "Poland and Japan ‒ the impact of the Cold War on bilateral relations." Prace Historyczne 147, no. 3 (2020): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.033.12487.
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Bilateral relations between Poland and Japan were generally friendly since the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), throughout the entire interwar era, after the government of Japan recognized independent Poland after WWI (on 6 March 1919), and even during WWII. What was seen as important was a mutual support on the international arena during international conflicts (such as those in Upper Silesia, Manchuria, etc.) and especially military and espionage cooperation. How did the Cold War influence Polish-Japanese relations? Did the relations, which were until that time friendly, play a role in this period – a time of trouble for the entire world? The author tries to answer these questions, relying on selected and important events and issues from the period of the Cold War (until 1989).
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Nordlund, Alexander M. "A War of Others: British War Correspondents, Orientalist Discourse, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905." War in History 22, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344513519595.
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Pak, B. B. "The Final Stage of Negotiations: Beginning of the Russo–Japanese War 1904–1905." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S12 (December 2022): S1175—S1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622180101.
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Mercer, Jonathan. "Racism, Stereotypes, and War." International Security 48, no. 2 (2023): 7–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00469.
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Abstract Racism systematically distorts policymakers’ analyses of their allies’ and adversaries’ capabilities, interests, and resolve, potentially leading to costly choices regarding war and peace. When policymakers hold racist beliefs, as they did in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), their beliefs influence how they explain and predict their allies’ and adversaries’ behaviors. Reliance on racist stereotypes leads policymakers to inaccurate assessments. An analysis of the relationship between stereotypes, reputations, and bigotry indicates that reputations easily become stereotypes—which is discomforting to anyone who bases policy decisions on another's reputation or encourages policymakers to do so. International security scholars have largely overlooked the role of racism, assuming rational choices on the part of policymakers. Research demonstrates that this assumption is wrong.
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Kropotova, T. A., and M. D. Kiryanova. "Activities of Institutions of Russian Red Cross Society in Tobolsk Province during Russo-Japanese War: Materials of Newspaper ‘Sibirskiy Listok’." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-6-417-431.
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The activities of the institutions of the Russian Red Cross Society in Tobolsk Province during the Russo-Japanese War are presented. The source of the study is a regional periodical publication — the newspaper ‘Sibirskiy Listok’. Publications such as appeals, appeals, notifications, reports, telegrams, and others for the period 1904-1905 (a total of 202 newspaper issues) are examined. It is revealed that the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War contributed to the establishment of the Tobolsk Red Cross Administration and the development of the Tobolsk community of mercy sisters. The extensive materials studied allow us to conclude that the local branch of the Red Cross fully developed during the years of the war. The Ladies’ Committees served as management and organizational structures. The main activity, providing medical assistance, was carried out by the community of mercy sisters. The key directions of the activities of the Tobolsk branch of the Russian Red Cross Society during the Russo-Japanese War were the establishment and maintenance of the community of mercy sisters, the creation of a stage hospital, and the provision of all necessary support to the wounded. For this purpose, donations were collected from the population. Analysis of publications in ‘Sibirskiy Listok’ showed a high degree of activity of the province’s population in the activities of the Tobolsk branch of the Russian Red Cross Society.
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My-Van, Tran. "Japan through Vietnamese Eyes (1905–1945)." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, no. 1 (March 1999): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400008055.
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Vietnamese resistance to French rule dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, but the first decade of the twentieth century heralded a new chapter in the long history of anti-colonialism in Vietnam. It began with the fervent reformist efforts of a group of nationalist scholars trained and brought up in traditional ways, whose Movement for Modernisation (Phong Trao Duy Tan) was greatly influenced by the rise of Japan in the eastern hemisphere, especially following Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905). Japan became a source of inspiration and began to be perceived as a model, a stimulant and even as a possible saviour of Vietnam.
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Starovoytova, E. O. "China in the Russian Satirical Press During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 4 (2021): 1023–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.412.
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Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and the Portsmouth Peace Treaty radically changed the balance of power in the Far East. It caused considerable damage to the image of the Russian Empire in the international arena and had a negative impact on Sino-Russian relations. However, one set of sources allows us to look at the well-known events from a different angle, and this has remained outside the attention of specialists in Sino-Russian relations. Russian satirical periodicals at the turn of the 20th century can serve as such a source, for it was during this period that more information about China became available to a wide range of readers in the Russian press. Along with the growing number of references to China, authors and readers inevitably began to form a unique and sometimes contradictory image of the eastern neighbor. This image, on the one hand, was directly related to current events in politics and international relations, and on the other could itself have a certain influence on the relations of the two empires at various levels. The Russo-Japanese War occupied a special place in the formation of Russia’s image of the East, in general, and of China, in particular. References to military operations on the Far Eastern fronts are found in virtually every issue of the 1904–1905 satirical magazines Budil’nik and Strekoza, which were popular at the time. Of course, the main “evil” for contemporaries was Japan, portrayed in extremely unsightly forms. However, China was not ignored either, especially since military actions partly took place on its territory. This article explores how China was seen by representatives of one of the most popular journalistic genres of those years.
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Vititnev, S. F., and A. V. Shmeleva. "Military prose by Vasily Ivanovich Nemirovich-Danchenko." Язык и текст 9, no. 4 (2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2022090404.
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<p>V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko is considered to be one of the first professional military correspondents in Russia. He was called «the Russian Dumas» and «the king of war correspondents». He took part as a war correspondent in the military operations in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, and the First Balkan War of 1912-1913. Numerous works of fiction, essay prose, memoirs and war correspondence belong to his pen. The authors focus on the journalistic activity of V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko during Russia’s war against Turkey, the result of which is the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke, a reflection of the dramatic and sometimes tragic realities of the fighting. The article reveals how V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, by his example, created the image of an objective and faithful writer to the ideals of the Fatherland and laid the foundations and methodology of military journalism.</p>
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Akyüz, Doruk. "An Ottoman Staff Officer in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): General Pertev Bey’s Impressions and Evaluations." GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62231/gp4.160001a02.
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In this paper, I discuss the influence of Japan’s military westernization on Ottoman conceptions of East-West relations, Westernization, and military reform, from the perspective of an Ottoman staff officer. Colonel (later General) Pertev (Demirhan) Bey visited Japan and the battlefields of the Russo-Japanese War as a military observer between 1904-1905. His experience on the battlefield dramatically influenced his way of thinking. In the successful Japanese example of military modernization, as he saw it in action against Russia, and found the answers to the long debate among Ottomans about the path for modernization in the face of threats from Western powers. He saw the Ottoman Empire and Japan as sharing many commonalities. Both faced a threat from Western modern states and their militaries. In reaction, elites and decision makers in both nations had sought to adopt Western practices, doctrines, institutions, science, knowledge, and cultural elements in order to reach the level of their threatening contemporaries. The Japanese military victory validated in the eyes of Pertev Bey, and many of his Ottoman contemporaries, the Japanese method of modernization. Japan replaced the West as the model of modernization for him. This led him to pen a report and unsuccessfully champion the Japanese example of military reform to Sultan Abdülhamid II. When he was given decision making power during the First Balkan War, tasked with planning the war against the Balkan allies, his experience in Japan played a central role in the war plan he presented, which in turn determined the contours of the Ottoman experience in the war.
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Dence, Roger. "The curious case of the ‘Steam Yacht’ Caroline: An incident from the Russo-Japanese War in 1904." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 4 (November 2020): 863–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420974048.
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In 1903, the shipbuilder Yarrow & Company launched two experimental vessels of torpedo-boat design. During the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905, Britain’s shipyards were directed not to accept foreign warship orders without authority. Yarrow was approached in mid-1904 by a prospective purchaser for a ‘fast yacht’, ostensibly on behalf of an American client but actually intended for Russian interests. An offer to purchase one of the vessels was accepted and a deposit paid to complete it as a ‘steam yacht’. By October 1904, the vessel, now named Caroline, was on trials when news of its imminent detention prompted a hasty departure from British waters. Suspicions about the ‘yacht’ were aroused further on arrival at Cuxhaven. On leaving the Kiel Canal, orders to stop were ignored, the vessel going to Libau where it was taken into Russian naval service. The affair raised questions about Britain’s neutrality, legal policies and government decision-making.
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Gromov, Roman A., and Zanna V. Petrunina. "SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE AT JINZHOU FOR THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905." Scholarly Notes of Komsomolsk-na-Amure State Technical University, no. 8 (2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17084/20764359-2021-56-95.
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Sinegubov, Stanislav N., Yaroslav R. Galyautdinov, and Natalya S. Zavorokhina. "Medals and decorations of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905: traditions and innovations." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 29, no. 2 (October 12, 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2023-29-2-29-35.
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The military awards system of the Russian state, in particular, its medal and decorations component, has a profound and curious history. A special role in it is played by the events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Despite the existing rather serious historiography of the issue, the authors, for various reasons, did not focus on ‟traditions and innovations” in the award practice connected with military operations. Briefly reviewing the main medals and decorations issued by the state and public structures of Russia in the country and abroad and the reasons for introducing them, the authors identified the “classic” and “unusual” moments in the promotional field. It can be attributed as quite a usual practice that the attention of the authorities to the heroic events was demonstrated in two ways – directly, immediately after the fact, literally a few months after the incident, and on some ‟anniversary occasions”. In any case, there was a desire “to capture” heroism in premium metal, even despite the outwardly losing situation on the battlefield. The ranking of decorations by degrees was reflected in the value of the material used, and the relatively large coverage of the awarded was customary as well. As for innovations, there were a lot of medals made by Russian public organisations abroad, particularly in France. This has never been done before. It testified to the resonance and significance of the reflected historical fact not only for Russia, but also for other countries.
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Kalmina, Lilia V., and Olga A. Malygina. "“There Is a Growing Awareness that Japan Will Inevitably Be Defeated”: Reports of the War Agent A. I. Pavlov to the Ministry of Finance during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2022): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-464-477.
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The article analyses archival documents, reports of Alexander Ivanovich Pavlov, agent of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire at the beginning of Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), stored in fond 560 (General Chancellery of the Ministry of Finance) in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). A. I. Pavlov’s reports are full of optimism, which was typical for Russian generals at the initial period of the war. He preferred “telegram style” to avoid emotions and to introduce vital information as fast as possible. The authors use archaeographic method of research to acquaint the scientific community with important historic documents; make assumptions on methods of retranslation and further transfer of information; describe formation of archival collections of the Russian agents’ reports of the Russo-Japanese War period. Russian Ministry of Finance, which played an important role in strengthening of Russian influence in the Far East, developed a network of agents who supplied information from China, Korea, and Japan. Their reports allowed Russia to improve its politics in the region. There were struggles for domination in the region at the turn of the 20th century. Information from ministerial agents was of greatest importance in the period of Russo-Japanese War, which was to establish the political leader in the region. A.I. Pavlov happened to be a central link of the agents’ network, having made right connections in his diplomatic career in Korea in 1898–1904. His net of agents, consisting of Japanese Foreign Department officials, diplomats, journalists, allowed him to inform the Ministry of Finance of situation in the Japanese army and navy, of the enemy’s war budget expenses, of prevailing moods in the Japanese society. Accuracy of data, report on transfers of high-ranking Japanese military officials, description of intrigue in top military circles displayed A. I. Pavlov’s excellent knowledge and, to some extent, compensated for inexperience of the emerging Russian military intelligence. Value of his data may be proved by the fact that his reports were analyzed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and passed on to the Emperor. His diplomatic methods helped to develop a moral climate in the region, which was quite favorable to Russia. The published documents demonstrate the “behind the scenes” of the war, highlight new pages of one of the most dramatic events in the Russian history.
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AKMAN, Ekrem, and Rachid CHIKHOU. "THE OTTOMAN POSITION ON THE RUSSO JAPANESE WAR IN THE FAR EAST 1896-1905." Rimak International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.15.25.
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The research aims to shed light on the Ottoman position on the Russo-Japanese war in the Far East 1904-1905; Where the Ottoman Empire took an intriguing stance, there was a discrepancy between the popular stance and the official stance of the Attic State. The Ottoman people took the stance of open hostility to the Russians, and supported Japan in its struggle against Russia, and the people and intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire showed a great desire for Japan’s victory and defeat.” Petersburg ". While we find the position of Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Ottoman Empire in contradiction to the position of the public towards the people; He adopted the policy of strategic balance in the conflict between the Japanese and the Russians, considering that Russia is the largest neighboring country to the Ottoman Empire, and it still poses a great danger to the property of the Ottoman Empire that must be avoided. Therefore, the Ottoman Sultan followed a completely different plan and policy to the trends of public opinion. He was keen to support Japan, and at the same time avoided angering the European countries that supported the Russians and the possibility of confronting Russia, which is the strongest and most dangerous neighbor to him. Therefore, Sultan Abdul Hamid II adopted many other strategies, and followed a neutral policy towards Russia and Japan, went in the direction of the policy called the policy of balances. We also discussed in this research the development of Ottoman-Japanese relations before the Russo-Japanese war, and focused on the causes of the conflict between the Japanese and Russian states, and its repercussions on the balance of power in the region. And the international position on this conflict, We dealt with the American endeavors to end the war between the two parties under the Port Smouth Agreement, and discussed the effects of the Japanese victory over Russia and its repercussions on the peoples of the East. Key words: Russo, Japanese War, Far East, Abdul Hamid Ii, Ottoman Empire.
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Serebryakova, S. G., and E. M. Osmanov. "About choosing places of stay for the Japanese prisoners of war in Russia during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2023): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2023-3-63-75.
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The article concerns the problem of prisoners of war during the Russo-Japanese war. The problem appears in the focus of modern researchers quite rarely: they usually write about political, military, and economic aspects of the war. The article describes the process of choosing the places of stay for the captured Japanese soldiers and officers in 1904–1905.By the beginning of the war, Russia assumed a number of obligations, since, during the Conference in Hague in 1899, it signed the Convention with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, prescribing the treatment of prisoners based on humanistic ideals.The sources used during writing the work represent the latest research materials and the archival documents. These documents are stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) in Moscow.While determining the places for the Japanese stay, the Military department faced a severe problem, since it was necessary to take into account different factors: whether it would be possible to ensure guarding the prisoners of war, whether there was a suitable building for their accommodation, whether the Japanese soldiers and officers would have opportunities to commit sabotage. The latest issue was vividly discussed in the official documents of the period: there were concerns that the Japanese would destroy railways, as they did in Manchuria.The idea that the place for the Japanese prisoners should be in the Far East was rejected almost immediately due to its proximity to the theater of operations. Siberia also did not fit, since a railway passed through it – the most important transport artery during the war, so it was decided to place the Japanese in European Russia. The city of Penza was chosen as a collection point, from where prisoners of war were distributed to the cities of the Kazan, Moscow, Kiev, and Saint Petersburg military districts.However, in the autumn of 1904, Emperor Nicholas II issued a decree that the Japanese should not be stationed near the passage of the Russian troops. After that it was decided to accommodate all Japanese prisoners of war in one place: in the village of Medved, Novgorod province. The barracks located there were perfect for housing a small number of Japanese prisoners, where they stayed until the end of the war.
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Pak, Bella B. "Russian Diplomacy and Korea on the Eve of and during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905." Oriental Studies 41, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2019-41-1-15-27.
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Pilipenko, Aleksandr. "Supplies of coal from Sudzenka to Vladivostok in 1904-1905. by CER and Transsib." Metamorphoses of history, no. 29 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s241436770027306-6.
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The most important problem of the naval strategy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. was to provide the fleet with fuel. Before the Russo-Japanese War, the Russian fleet in the Pacific was supplied with coal, which was delivered by sea. The continuation of this kind of supply in the event of war seemed impossible. In the spring of 1904, a project arose for the delivery of coal from the Sudzhensky mines of L. A. Mikhelson (Kuzbass) to the ports of the Pacific Ocean. After coordination with other departments, part of the coal ordered by the Maritime Ministry was sent to Vladivostok. However, due to the high cost of its delivery, the workload of the Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern Railways by trains with troops and the successful delivery of coal from England by sea to Vladivostok, the delivery of Sudzha coal was stopped after receiving 5% of the total ordered quantity.
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Mamonova, Yulia O. "War correspondents of German-language periodicals about the Russian land forces in the Russo-Japanese war 1904-1905: visual aspect." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 61 (October 1, 2019): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988613/61/6.
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Medvedev, S. V., E. E. Kochetkov, and E. V. Bestaeva. "The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 in the documents of the Police Department and the Moscow Guard Department." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 13, no. 2 (July 21, 2023): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2023-13-2-128-134.
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The article analyzes the operational documentation of the Police Department and the Moscow Guard Department, concerning topics related in one way or another to the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905. The authors consider the controversial issue of drafting reserve officers, who served as policemen, into the army; officials’ correspondence on the issue of double salaries of police officers who had been drafted to the front. The article includes reports from the heads of local investigative agencies about those who allowed themselves anti-war statements. The documents analyzed in the article are kept in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation — 102 (Police Department) and 63 (Moscow Guard Department). The documents of the 58th fund (Moscow Provincial Gendarme Department) and 124th fund (Criminal departments of the first Department of the Ministry of Justice) were partially used.
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Chubarov, Aleksei I. "Complaints of Soldiers' Families of the Voronezh Province Against the Actions of the County Zemstvos During the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 11, no. 5 (2021): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-5-217-227.
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Relevance. Currently, the charity of the families of the lower ranks called up for mobilization during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 is a poorly studied topic in Russian historical science. This article is intended to identify and summarize the complaints of the peasants of the Voronezh province about the illegal, in their opinion, activities of the county zemstvos when assigning payments to their families that are required by law. The purpose of the study is to consider the reasons for rejecting applications for assigning food allowances to families of lower ranks. The objectives is to study the practical application of the "Temporary Rules on the recognition of families of re-serve ranks and soldiers of the state militia called up for service in wartime" on the territory of the Voronezh province. Metodology. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical methods (system and comparative historical method). Results. The first mass application of the "Temporary Rules..." of June 25, 1877 occurred in the Russian Empire during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Then, due to the system of private mobilization, spare senior service members who had large families were called up to the army. Local funds, which were supposed to compensate for the absence of the head of the family and the breadwinner, were usually not enough for the family of the lower rank. Therefore, the local authorities sought to interpret the provisions of the law in their own way, which led to a mass of complaints about the actions of the county zemstvos. Conclusions. When assigning a food allowance to the families of the mobilized lower ranks, the district zemstvos of the Voronezh province often sought to reduce the number of people being looked after, which caused protest moods among the soldiers and dissatisfaction with the actions of the Zemstvo from the lower ranks.
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Kowner, Rotem. "Becoming an Honorary Civilized Nation: Remaking Japan's Military Image during the Russo‐Japanese War, 1904‐1905." Historian 64, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2001.tb01475.x.
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Dence, Roger. "The Wreck of the British Steamship Claverdale in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Mariner's Mirror 109, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2023.2156214.
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Черепенников, К. А. "Events of the Russo-Japanese War on the pages of Professor A. D. Belyaev diary." Церковный историк, no. 4(14) (December 20, 2023): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/ch.2023.14.4.011.
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Данная публикация посвящена избранным дневниковым записям профессора МДА Александра Дмитриевича Беляева (1849–1919), хранящимся в Отделе рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки. Это уникальный источник личного происхождения, который проф. А. Д. Беляев вёл ежедневно практически всё своё время пребывания в стенах духовной школы и Троице-Сергиевой лавры, а это без малого сорок лет — с 1872 по 1919 г. Сведения, приводимые профессором Беляевым в его подённых записях, носят двоякий характер. Это его личные наблюдения в церковной среде, как профессора духовной академии, и то, что он прочитал в газетах из новостных сводок. Будучи человеком монархических взглядов, Александр Дмитриевич глубоко переживал неудачи и поражения страны, связанные с Русско-японской войной 1904–1905 гг. На страницах дневника он довольно подробно старается описывать переживаемые события, иногда с математической точностью переписывает данные из военных сводок. Однако профессор Беляев не просто констатировал те или иные события, но старался найти причину успехам и неудачам, либо делал прогноз, как это отразится на дальнейших судьбах Отечества. Нужно отдать должное, что многие аналитические выводы Александра Дмитриевича из переживаемых событий впоследствии будут сбываться. This publication is devoted to the selected diary entries of Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy Alexander Dmitrievich Belyaev (1849–1919), which are kept in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library. This is an unique source of personal origin, which Prof. A.D. Belyaev kept on a daily basis practically all the time he was in the theological school and the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, for almost forty years — from 1872 to 1919. The information given by Prof. Belyaev in his diary entries can be classified by its origin into two groups: his personal observations on the church inner life he made as a professor at the Theological Academy, his notes on newspapers from news reports. Being a man of monarchist views, Alexander Dmitrievich deeply experienced the failures and defeats of the country associated with the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. On the pages of his diary, he tries to describe the events he experienced in detail, sometimes rewriting data from military reports with mathematical precision. However, Professor Belyaev did not simply state these or those events, but tried to find the reason for successes and failures, or makes a forecast of how it will affect the future fate of the Fatherland. It is necessary to notice that many analytical conclusions of Alexander Dmitrievich from the experienced events would later come true.
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Oslopov, V. N., N. R. Khasanov, Yu V. Oslopova, E. V. Khazova, Yu S. Mishanina, and D. V. Oslopova. "Semen Semenovich Zimnitsky Scientific School: Pulmonology and Cardiology." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 22, no. 1S (March 18, 2023): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3490.
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Semen Semenovich Zimnitsky was a great Russian internist, a participant in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). He proved that soldiers wounded by pointed bullets are seriously injured they need annual leave. S. S. Zimnitsky can be considered one of the founders of battlefield internal medicine in Russia. In the work "Diseases of the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura", he described croupous pneumonia and "abdominal syndrome" with dry pleurisy. He also concludes that pulmonary tuberculosis is not a local disease but involves the whole organism, the state of defensive mechanisms of which determines both the disease performance and the results of immunological and biological tests.The direction in internal medicine, created by S. S. Zimnitsky, was clearly reflected in following cardiology issues: heart failure, coronary artery disease, hypertension, bacterial endocarditis.
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АВИЛОВ, Роман Сергеевич. "Восточные курсы при Окружном штабе Приамурского военного округа (г. Хабаровск) в 1906–1913 гг." Известия Восточного института 47, no. 3 (2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2542-1611/2020-3/15-30.
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Статья подготовлена на основе материалов Государственного архива Хабаровского края и посвящена истории Восточных курсов при Окружном штабе Приамурского военного округа. В ней затрагивается история создания курсов после Русско-японской войны 1904–1905 гг. Исследуется цель, расписание и характер организации занятий по изучению офицерами и нижними чинами китайского, японского и на начальном этапе корейского языков. Впервые публикуются списки офицеров и нижних чинов, получивших премии по итогам изучения китайского и японского языков в 1912–1913 гг. Установлен состав преподавателей курсов в 1911–1913 гг. Based on the documents from the State Archive of Khabarovsk Krai, this article is devoted to the history of the Courses of Oriental languages at the Headquarters of the Priamour Military District. The author analyzes the history of creating these courses after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, as a result of the war, and of the Russian military expedition in China in 1900–1901. During both campaigns the shortage not only of the translators and dragomans but also of the oriental language-speaking officers was a great problem for the Russian Army in the Far East. The article investigates the reasons, the aim, the schedule and the character of the lessons conducted for officers and soldiers, who studied the Chinese, Japanese, and, at the very beginning, Korean languages. In this report, for the first time, we publish the list of officers and soldiers who received awards on successful completion of the courses of Chinese and Japanese languages in 1912–1913. The Courses faculty members, who taught in 1911–1913, are also identified. As a result, it is concluded that the courses probably had a certain impact on the combat readiness of the troops of the Priamour Military District.
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Kireev, Nikolai N. "The missionary feat of St. Nicholas (Kasatkin) in the period of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." Богословский сборник Тамбовской духовной семинарии, no. 4 (2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.51216/2687-072x_2022_4_95.
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Pak, Bella Borisovna. "On the issue of diplomatic negotiations on the eve of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 1 (2023): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x_2023_1_128.
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Guth, Christine M. E. "‘The Japanese Stand Today as Teachers of the Whole World’: American Food Reform and the Russo-Japanese War." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 28, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-28030001.
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Abstract Japanese food first became the focus of serious attention in the United States during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), when Japan’s victory over the Russian empire signaled that nation’s arrival as a new world power. This newfound interest had nothing to do with gastronomy. The conviction driving it was that diet and preventative health care in the Japanese military, which had been critical to its unexpected success, could serve as models for the United States. Military doctors, home economists, dietitians, businesses, vegetarians, and physical fitness fans joined this discourse, each with their own agendas. Many participants were women whose advocacy linked the supposed innate feminine propensity for nurturing and care giving with a shared faith in science to solve the problems facing the modern world. All believed Japan’s rice, vegetable, and fish-based diet contributed to the exceptional physical strength and stamina of the Japanese people because, unlike their own, “it was plain, rational, and easily digested, metabolized and assimilated.” More enthusiasm than knowledge in their claims, but this mattered little since the goal was not to popularize Japanese culinary culture, but to reform U.S. eating habits. This article examines the American discourse on Japanese food and health and how it shaped and reflected domestic political, social, and economic priorities in the 20th Century’s first decade.
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Wilson, B. "32. Relearning in military surgery: The contributions of Princess Vera Gedroits." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2792.
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It is a well known truth that knowledge is often forgotten and has to be relearned. In medicine, this unfortunate trend is especially prevalent in the history of military surgery. The story of a Russian Princess, military surgeon, and poet, Dr. Vera Gedroits is one such forgotten story. Dr. Gedroits’ largely unrecognized contribution to military surgery was the adoption of laparotomy for penetrating abdominal wounds (PAWs).
In the latter half of the 19th Century, the treatment of PAWs was controversial. However, the results of the Spanish-American (1898) and Boer (1899-1902) Wars and the outspoken opinions of prominent experts unified medical opinion; conservative treatment was clearly established as the treatment paradigm for PAWs at the birth of the 20th Century. Indeed, conservative treatment was officially adopted by the Russians at the outset of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
During this war, the bold surgical practices of Dr. Gedroits would seriously challenge this standard of care. Dr. Gedroits performed operations in a converted railway car in a Red Cross hospital train. Despite these suboptimal conditions, she performed laparotomies on victims of PAWs with unprecedented success. These results, which were largely due to strict surgical indications and technical skill, effectively demonstrated the importance of laparotomy in the treatment of such wounds. As a result, the Russians adopted operative treatment as the new standard of care. Interestingly however, no other countries seemed to take any notice. Dr. Gedroits’ results were barely remarked upon and quickly forgotten. Indeed, contemporary Western observers of the Russian medical outfit, and historians since, have interpreted the surgical results of the war to support conservative management. It was not until WWI, ten years later, that surgeons relearned the utility of laparotomy. The story of Dr. Gedroits, both before and after her innovative treatment in the Russo-Japanese war, deserves remembering.
Bennett J. Princess Vera Gedroits: military surgeon, poet, and author. British Medical Journal 1992; 305(6868):1532-1534.
Harvard V, Hoff J. Reports of Military Observers Attached to the Armies in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War. London: HMSO, 1908.
Wallace C. War surgery of the abdomen. Lancet 1917; 189(4885):561-5568.
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Zubov, Alexey Yu. "The System of Values and Political Ideals of Naval Officers during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 4 (2023): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.4.22.
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Maksimov, Konstantin. "Participation of the Kalmyks as a Part of the Don Cossack Military Divisions in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 22, no. 2 (June 2017): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.2.8.
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Simonenko, V. B., V. G. Abashin, and P. A. Dulin. "Hospitals and infi rmaries of the Military Department and the Russian Red Cross Society in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 101, no. 2-3 (April 13, 2023): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2023-101-2-3-156-162.
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The article presents data on the activities of medical institutions of the Military Department and the Red Cross in the Active Army of the Russian-Japanese War. The personal data of doctors of some military hospitals, ambulance trains and infi rmaries of the ROCC are presented. Following the results of the war, the reorganization of medical institutions of the Russian Imperial Army was carried out.
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Andrushchenko, Elena A. "Forms of the presence of L. Tolstoy’s name in the “Southern Edge” newspaper in 1904–1905." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 1 (January 2023): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.1-23.062.
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The article examines the forms in which L. Tolstoy’s name is present in the major provincial newspaper “Southern Edge” in 1904–1905. These are indicative of the writer’s role in the Russian collective consciousness of that period. L. Tolstoy is perceived as a norm-breaker whose statements and actions invariably attract everyone’s attention. A famous writer, he ceased publishing his works, while news about his literary conceptions was reported by visitors and eyewitnesses. A count and member of an esteemed noble family, he cared about the Russian people, mused on its needs and ploughed his land himself. Having survived the edict about his departure from the church, he called for religious self-improvement and opposed the overthrow of the government. During the Russo-Japanese War, as the press was full of patriotic publications, he spoke out as a pacifist. In 1904–1905 “Southern Edge” captured the process of L. Tolstoy’s transformation into a pop culture character, which came to an end in our age. It was reflected in newspapers, with depictions of L. Tolstoy appearing as a man with no trousers (in N. Bunin’s painting “Fishing”, 1903), in hell (in a church fresco described in “Southern Edge”), as a gymnast, friend of the Bashkirs, consciousness of the nation, a patriot and so forth. These images were compiled in the book “Gr. Leo Tolstoy, the great writer of the Russian land: in portraits, engravings, paintings, sculptures, caricatures, etc.” (1903) and grew ever more numerous and diverse in the 20th century.