Academic literature on the topic 'Rutul'

Rutuli are the seventh most numerous indigenous people of Dagestan. Rutul call themselves “makhabir”. According to the results of the 2010 census, there are 35,240 Rutuls, but this is a very low figure, since the Rutulis living in Azerbaijan (more than 20,000) are indicated by Azerbaijanis by nationality, Rutuls of the older generation and hnovsky Rutuls - as Lezgins. In fact there are about 80 thousand Rutuls. The material of the study of this work was the idea of the concept of Abyr "Ethics" in the language picture of Rutul, largely determining the mentality, ethical and spiritual basis of the mountain people of Dagestan.

The article deals with the philosophical foundations of the spiritual life of the Rutul. Rutuli - one of the peoples that make up the Caucasian Albania. The article analyzes the experiments of medieval Rutulian scholars on their spiritual improvement for the first time.

The article analyses verses of Gadzhi-Yusuf Medzhidov, the Rutul ashug-poet, classic of ashug poetry of one of the small people of Southern Dagestan – Rutuls, the verses were written by him in the last decades of his life. In his poetry the highest harmony of thought and feeling, harmony of images, sounds and rhythm is developed. The verses became for him the way of expression of his deep reflections about the meaning of life, about frailty of life, responses to all events of the world around full of contradictions and problems.

The article examines the synonymic and connotative content of a word in the Rutul language, and also provides a classification of synonyms of the Rutul language. The lexical structure of any language is enriched with synonyms. The use of such words in speech indicates a person's literacy and fluency in their native language, which contains an inexhaustible verbal wealth.

The article formulates general provisions that were the result of an analysis of the ways of expressing diminutiveness in the Rutul language. Based on the analysis of the factual material, the prevalence of lexico-semantic means for the realization of the semantics of diminutiveness in the Rutul language is revealed, which is caused by the need to fill the lack of morphological diminutive formations.

In Rutul's poetry, the famous story of which begins from XI-XII with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, the ashugs in the pre-revolutionary period and the poets of the post-revolutionary period developed several main themes - love lyrics, philosophical lyrics, spiritual lyrics. One of the main ones is philosophical lyrics, in which eschatological motifs occupy a special place.

This paper aims to describe the semantic fi led of ‘falling’ in Rutul (<Lezgic < East Caucasian). Our research is based on the data from Kina Rutul variety, which is spoken in the village of Kina (Rutulsky district, Dagestan, Russia). All the data have been elicited. For our analysis, we use a frame-based methodology for lexical typology. Rutul language is typologically unusual since it lacks verbs with lexical meaning ‘to fall’ (however, this seems to be not so rare in the East Caucasian language family). Still, Rutul has means to express the relevant semantic oppositions in the ‘falling’ domain, such as various initial positions (e.g. falling from a container, falling from a vertical position) and subjects of falling (animate / inanimate, singular / plural, countable / mass). Rutul uses verbs of motion and posture such as -irxur ‘appear’, -eč’ur ‘move (intr.)’, lukur ‘lie’, -aˁʁuˁr ‘pour’, ruʔur ‘come’. -irxur ‘appear’, combined with spatial verbal prefi xes and spatial adverbs, as in saʔ ʔ-i‹r›xu-r ‘fall down’, describes almost all types of falling. The verbs are combined with spatial prefi xes ʔ- ‘into’, s- ‘down’, l- ‘up’, ʁ- ‘out’, k- ‘in contact’ and g- ‘under’ and spatial adverbs saʔ ‘down’, ʁaʔ ‘out’ and aʔ ‘inside’. There may be up to two spatial prefi xes in one verb form, as in gi-ʁ-i‹b›xu-r ‘fall off ’. In case there are two preverbs, the second one is obligatorily ʁ- ‘out’. There are verbs that cannot be used without a verbal prefi x (e.g. verbs derived from -irxur ‘appear’), but spatial adverbs are usually optional. The choice of verbal prefi x is governed by peculiarities of the ending point of falling and the presence or absence of saʔ ‘down’. For example, the preverb ʔ- ‘into’ is obligatorily used if the ending point of falling is inside a container (in a pit, for example). The adverb saʔ ‘down’ is obligatory in a limited number of contexts.

The article formulates general provisions resulting from the analysis of the indirect bases in the Rutul language. Based on the analysis of the actual material, revealed are the indirect bases of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-component structures occurring in the Rutul language in the declension of nouns, substances and masdar (Gerrund). It is determined that the richness of the inventory of indirect foundations is caused by the presence of affixes of case, number, determiners-and-distributors of the base, attributivizers, interfixes with a formal link function of the morphemes.

This diploma thesis deals with the structural design of the chucking jaws for RUMUL Cracktronic 160 testing machine. This apparatus is used in the fatigue laboratory of Institute of Machine Design FME BUT. Simplification, speed improvement and better test sample griping are expected gains of the new clamping system. Solidworks system is used to create 3D model of the jaws. Stress analysis is created by Finite element method in ANSYS Workbench software.

Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Zeitraum von 05/2014 bis 03/2017 in Kooperation mit Umicore AG & Co. KG und ist thematisch direkt mit dem BMWi-Projekt „NeoKarII“ mit der Suche nach neuartigen, oxidischen Elektrodenmaterialien für Polymerelektrolytbrennstoffzellen (PEM-FC) verknüpft. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene oxidische Materialien über Sol-Gel- und Imprägnationsverfahren hergestellt und deren Eignung für eine Brennstoffzellenanwendung geprüft. Neben umfassenden röntgenographischen Untersuchungen zu den Stoffsystemen IrO2-TiO2, IrO2-SnO2 und Cr2O3-TiO2 sind in dieser Arbeit auch zusammensetzungsabhängige Änderungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit gezeigt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein neuer Leitfähigkeitsversuchsstand mit einer 2-Punkt-Durchgangswiderstandsmessmethode entwickelt und in Betrieb genommen. Der halbautomatische Versuchsstand ermöglicht eine temperatur- und druckprogrammierte Vermessung pulverförmiger Werkstoffe.
This thesis was developed between 05/2014 and 03/2017 together with Umicore AG & Co. KG and is related to the BMWi project 'NeoKarII' with the search for novel, oxidic electrode materials for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEM-FC). In this work, various oxidic materials were prepared by sol-gel and impregnation processes and their suitability for a fuel cell application was tested. In addition to comprehensive X-ray diffraction examinations of the materials systems IrO2-TiO2, IrO2-SnO2 and Cr2O3-TiO2, the composition dependence of electrical conductivity is also shown. For this purpose, a new measurement setup with a 2-point resistance measurement method was developed and brought into services. The semi-automatic setup allows a temperature- and pressure-programmed measurement of powdered materials.

Hydrogen-related defects in single-crystal ZnO and rutile TiO2 are investigated by means of infrared absorption, Raman scattering, photoluminescence and photoconductivity. Four different defect centers in ZnO are considered: bond-centered hydrogen (HBC ), hydrogen bound within the oxygen vacancy (HO), hydrogen molecules, and a defect, which gives rise to a local vibrational mode at 3326 cm−1 . The measurements identify HBC as a shallow donor with an ionization energy of 53 meV. The internal 1s → 2p transition of HBC is detected at 330 cm−1 in the Raman scattering and photoconductivity spectra. The decay of an exciton bound to HBC results in the photoluminescence line at 3360.1 ± 0.2 meV. The local vibrational mode of the O–H bond for bond-centered hydrogen has a frequency of 3611 cm−1 (H-I) and an effective charge of 0.28±0.03e. It is found that bond-centered hydrogen is unstable against annealing at 190 °C due to diffusion and trapping by other defects. The dominant sink is the hydrogen molecule. It is demonstrated that the well-known I4 photoluminescence line at 3362.8 meV is due to the recombination of excitons bound to the HO donor. The ionization energy of the HO donor is determined to be 47 meV. The 1s → 2pz (2pxy) electronic transition of HO is detected at 265 cm−1 in photoconductivity spectra. The formation of HO occurs via trapping of HBC at vacancies left by out-diffusing oxygen. It is shown that sub-band gap illumination leads to an intensity reduction of the O–H local vibrational mode at 3326 cm−1 and the appearance of a previously unreported infrared absorption line at 3358 cm−1. The signals are identified as stretch modes of an O–H bond associated with the same defect in different charge states. The measurements indicate that this defect has a deep level in the band gap of ZnO at roughly Ec − 1.7 eV. Additionally, results on the thermal stability, uniaxial stress response, and temperature dependence of the transition rates between the two charge states of this defect are presented. Interstitial hydrogen in rutile TiO2 is studied by infrared absorption. It is shown that the defect is a shallow donor with an ionization energy of 10 meV. The absorption lines at about 3290 cm−1 consists of local vibrational modes due to the neutral and the positive charge states of the donor with relative intensities depending on the measurement conditions. In the neutral charge state, the defect reveals two modes at 3288.3 and 3292 cm−1 (10 K), whereas the positive charge state has a vibrational mode at 3287.4 cm−1. An unknown hydrogen complex was found to contribute to the 3288 cm−1 feature.

Kao što je poznato, RS-2-(4-hlor-o-toliloksi)propionska kiselina (MCPP), (4-hlor-2-metilfenoksi)sirćetna kiselina (MCPA) i 3,6-dihlorpiridin-2-karboksilna kiselina  (klopiralid) su herbicidi sa veoma širokim spektrom dejstva, a pored toga su rastvorljivi u vodi, teško biorazgradljivi i prema literaturnim podacima su, nažalost, veoma često prisutni herbicidi u pijaćoj vodi. Proces heterogene fotokatalize uz primenu TiO₂i UV zračenja se pokazao kao veoma pogodan način za njihovo uklanjanje iz vode. Međutim, zbog velikog energetskog procepa od 3,2 eV (anataze-oblik), odnosno, 3,0 eV (rutil-oblik), veoma mali udeo bliskih UV zraka iz sunčeve svetlosti (oko 3−4%) biva iskorišćen u toku fotokatalitičkog procesa, što ukazuje na to da je TiO₂ praktično neaktivan u prisustvu sunčeve svetlosti. Na osnovu literaturnih podataka je zapaženo da postoji mogućnost fotorazgradnje pojedinih supstrata u prisustvu TiO₂ primenom vidljive svetlosti. Na primeru MCPP je ispitana aktivnost TiO₂ Degussa P25 kao fotokatalizatora u prisustvu vidljive svetlosti. Na osnovu refleksionih spektara je utvrđeno da MCPP adsorbovan na TiO₂ Degussa P25 apsorbuje vidljivi deo spektra (λ ≥400 nm). Nastali prelazni kompleks je potvrđen FTIR merenjima. Efikasnost TiO2Degussa P25 primenom vidljive svetlosti je upoređena sa sunčevim i UV zračenjem, kao i direktnom fotolizom u prisustvu pomenutih izvora zračenja. Brzina fotokatalitičke razgradnje MCPP primenom vidljive svetlosti iznosi 0,86 μmol dm⁻³min⁻¹, što je oko 4 puta brže u poređenju sa direktnom fotolizom. Nadalje je ustanovljena optimalna masena koncentracija katalizatora od oko 8 mg cm⁻³, koja je znatno viša u poređenju sa primenom UV zračenja. Razlog je najverovatnije različit mehanizam fotorazgradnje koji se odvija primenom vidljivog i UV zračenja. Naime, prisustvo 2-metil-2-propanola (poznatog hvatača ^•OH-radikala) praktično ne utiče na brzinu fotokatalitičke razgradnje MCPP p rimenom vidljive svetlosti, što ukazuje da se mehanizam razgradnje MCPP primenom  vidljive svetlosti ne odvija posredstvom ^•OH-radikala, za razliku od onog uz primenu UV zračenja.S obzirom da se katalizator TiO₂ Degussa P25 uz primenu vidljive svetlosti nije pokazao kao naročito efikasan kada je u pitanju razgradnja sva tri herbicida i imajući u vidu da se u poslednje vreme iz razloga praktične primene sve više pribegava procesu dopovanja TiO₂ različitim tipovima metala (alkalnih, zemnoalkalnih, prelaznih i dr.) i nemetala (halogenida, halkogenida i dr.), u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitana aktivnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisanih mokrim i suvim putem) i TiO₂ (rutil) dopovanog sa različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (0,13−1,48 at.%) pri razgradnji herbicida MCPP i MCPA primenom vidljive svetlosti. Pored toga je ispitana efikasnost TiO₂ (anataze) takođe dopovanog sa različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (0,71−1,80 at.%) na primeru MCPP. Poredeći N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) i N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem), primećeno je da je u drugom slučaju efikasnost katalizatora veća oko 2 puta. Isto tako je zapažena u slučaju MCPP nešto veća fotokatalitička aktivnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) u poređenju sa TiO₂ (anataze). Kada je u pitanju MCPA aktivnost sva tri katalizatora je veoma slična. Pored toga je zapažena veća efikasnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) u poređenju sa TiO₂ Degussa P25 (oko 1,5 puta) i oko 5 puta u odnosu na direktnu fotolizu, dok su N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) oko 3 puta efikasniji u poređenju sa TiO₂ Degussa P25 i oko 10 puta u  poređenju sa direktnom fotolizom. Brzina solarne razgradnje je preko 100 puta manja nego primenom vidljivog i UV zračenja, što je posledica različitih intenziteta pomenutih izvora ozračivanja i različitih uslova pri kojima je vršena razgradnja.  Ustanovljena je optimalna masena koncentracija N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) od 4 mg cm⁻³.Prilikom razgradnje MCPP i MCPA je nađeno da je brzina veća kada se kao katalizator  koristi TiO₂ (rutil) u poređenju sa Fe-TiO₂ i da sa povećanjem količine Fe³⁺-jona fotokatalitička aktivnost uglavnom opada. Kada je kao fotokatalizator korišćen TiO₂  (anataze) dopovan različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (od 0,71 do 1,80 at.%), razgradnja MCPP je u svim slučajevima znatno sporija u odnosu na TiO₂ (anataze).S obzirom da su prema literaturnim podacima kinetika i mehanizam fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida nepoznati, ispitana je njegova stabilnost pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima. Tokom ispitivanja uticaja pH kako u prisustvu, tako i u odsustvu dnevne svetlosti u intervalu pH od 1,0−9,0, nađeno je da ni u jednom slučaju ne dolazi do razgradnje supstrata u periodu od sedam meseci koliko je proces praćen. Takođe je ispitana kinetika fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida primenom UV i vidljivog zračenja u prisustvu TiO₂ Degussa P25, kao i direktna fotoliza primenom oba izvora zračenja. Nađeno je da je brzina fotokatalitičke razgradnje primenom UV zračenja veća oko 5 puta u odnosu na direktnu fotolizu. Za praćenje toka fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida je izabrana pH-vrednost od 3,2. Nadalje je zapaženo da se u ispitivanom opsegu početnih koncentracija supstrata (0,5–3,0 mmol dm⁻³) kinetika fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida može opisati pseudo-prvim redom. Pri ispitivanju uticaja masene koncentracije katalizatora (0,5–8 mg cm⁻³) na brzinu razgradnje klopiralida, ustanovljena je optimalna masena koncentracija primenjenog fotokatalizatora od oko 4 mg cm⁻³. Izračunata ukupna  prividna energija aktivacije iznosi 7,74 kJ mol⁻¹. Pored toga, prisustvo kiseonika ubrzava reakciju 2 puta, dok dodatak elektron-akceptora kao što su (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂ i KBrO₃ pokazuje značajan i različit efekat na kinetiku fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida. Pri ispitivanju uticaja etanola, kao hvatača slobodnih radikala, nađeno je da se heterogena fotokataliza odvija uglavnom preko ^•OH-radikala.Na osnovu LC–MS/MS (ESI+) merenja ustanovljeno je prisustvo nekoliko intermedijera: 3,6-dihlor-piridin-2-ol, 3,6-dihlor hidroksipiridin-2-karboksilna kiselina i 3,3',6,6'-tetrahlor-2,4'-bipiridin-2'-karboksilna kiselina. Na osnovu identifikovanih intermedijera, kao i kinetičkih rezultata, predložen je mogućput mehanizma fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida.Prilikom ispitivanja uticaja strukture molekula na brzinu razgradnje, konstatovano je da u slučaju klopiralida praktično ne dolazi do fotokatalitičke razgradnje u prisustvu TiO₂ (anataze) i N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) uz primenu vidljive svetlosti, kao i u slučaju TiO₂ Degussa P25. Pored toga, primenom TiO₂ (rutil) i Fe-TiO₂ kao fotokatalizatora, sa povećanjem količine Fe³⁺-jona od 0,13 do 1,27 at.% raste brzina razgradnje klopiralida, ukazujući da strukturne osobine supstrata utiču na brzinu njihove razgradnje.
It is well known that RS-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (MCPP), (4-chloro-2- methyl-phenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) and 3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylic  acid (clopyralid) are herbicides of wide activity spectrum. They are soluble in water, hardly biodegradable and, unfortunately, often present in drinking water.Heterogeneous photocatalysis by application of TiO₂ and UV radiation proved to be very suitable for their removal from water. However, due toits large energy gap, i.e. 3.2  eV (anatase-form) and 3.0 eV (rutile-form), a very small fraction of sunlight in the near UV range (about 3–4%) is used during photocatalytic process, which is an indication of TiO₂ inactivity in the presence of this light source. Some literature data report on the possibility of photodegradation of certain substrates by visible light in the presence of TiO₂. MCPP served as substrate for testing TiO₂ Degussa P25  photocatalytic activity in the presence of visible light. On the basis of reflection spectra it was established that MCPP adsorbed on TiO₂ Degussa P25 was absorbing visible spectrum radiation (λ ≥400 nm). The existence of thus formed  charge-transfer complex was confirmed with FTIR analysis. The efficiency of  TiO₂ Degussa P25 with application of visible light was compared to sunlight and UV radiation, as well to directphotolysis in the presence of these light sources. The rate of MCPP photocatalytic degradation by means of visible light is 0.86 μmol dm⁻³ min⁻¹, which is about 4 times faster than direct photolysis. In addition, the optimal  catalyst concentration of about 8 mg cm⁻³, much higher than using UV radiation, was established. The reason is, probably, a different mechanism of  hotodegradation  in the presence of visible and UV irradiation. Namely, the presence of 2-methyl-2-propanol (well-known ^•OH radical scavenger) has practicallyno effect on the rate of  MCPP photocatalytic degradation using visible light, which points that this degradation mechanism does not involve ^•OH radicals, in contrast to that established  for UV radiation.Since the catalyst TiO₂ Degussa P25 with application of visible light was not very efficient in degradation of all three herbicidesand in view that nowadays is very  popular doping process of TiO₂ with different types of metals (alkali, alkaline-earth, transition, etc.) and non-metals (halogen, chalcogen, etc.), in the scope of this Ph.D.  thesis activities of N-TiO₂ (synthesized by wet and dry procedure) and TiO₂ (rutile) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.13–1.48 at.%) in degradation processes of  herbicides MCPP and MCPA using visible light were studied. In addition, the efficiency of TiO₂ (anatase) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.71–1.80 at.%) was also tested for MCPP degradation. When comparing N-TiO₂ (synthesized by wet procedure) and N-TiO₂ (dry procedure), it was observed that in the latter case the catalyst efficiency was about two times higher. In this case for MCPP was also observed somewhat higher photocatalytic activity of N-TiO₂ (synthesized by dry procedure) in comparison with TiO₂. When activities of all three catalysts towards MCPA are compared, the results are very alike. In addition, higher efficiency of N-TiO₂  (wet procedure) comparing to TiO₂ Degussa P25 (about 1.5 times) and about 5 times in comparison to direct photolysis were recorded, while N-TiO₂ (dry procedure) was about 3 times more efficient than TiO₂ Degussa P25 and about 10 times in comparison with direct photolysis. The rate of solar degradation is about 100 times lower than by application of UV and visible radiation, as a consequence of various intensities of the mentioned light sources and different conditions of photodegradation. An optimal concentration of N-TiO₂ (wet procedure) of 4 mg cm⁻³ was established.During degradation of MCPP and MCPA it was observed that the rate is higher if TiO₂ (rutile) was applied comparing to Fe-TiO₂ and with increasing amount of Fe³⁺ photocatalytic activity mostly decreases. When TiO₂ (anatase) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.71 to 1.80 at.%) was applied for MCPP degradation, the process was much slower than with undoped catalyst.Since we have not found relevant literature data on kinetics and mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of clopyralid, its stability in different experimental conditions was tested. In investigating of influences of pH (1.0–9.0) both in presence and in absence of daylight, in no cases decomposition was observed during seven months experiments. Also, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of clopyralid using UV and visible irradiation in the presence of TiO₂ Degussa P25 and in direct photolysis by application of both irradiation sources was studied. It was found that the  rate of photocatalytic decomposition using UV radiation was 5 times higher comparing to direct photolysis. For clopyralid photocatalytic monitoring a pH value of  3.2 was chosen. In addition, in the investigated concentration range (0.5–3.0 mmol  dm⁻³) the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of clopyralid in the first stage of the reaction follows approximately a pseudo-first kinetic order. In investigation of influence of catalyst concentration (0.5–8 mg cm⁻³) on the rate of clopyralid degradation the highest reaction rate was observed at 4 mg cm⁻³ of catalyst concentration The apparent activation energy of the reaction being 7.74 kJ mol⁻¹. The absence of molecular oxygen resulted in a significant decrease (about 2 times) in the rate of clopyralid photodegradation. The effect of the presence of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂ and KBrO₃, acting as electron acceptors along with molecular oxygen affects clopyralid photocatalytic degradation considerably and indifferent ways. By studying the effect of ethanol as a hydroxyl radical scavenger it was shown that the heterogeneous catalysis takes place mainly via ^•OH radicals.LC−MS/MS (ESI+) monitoring of the process showed that several pyridine-containing intermediates are formed: 3,6-dichloropyridin-2-ol, 3,6-dichloro hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 3,3',6,6'-tetrachloro-2,4'-bipyridine-2-carboxylic acid. Based on the identified intermediates and overall kinetic results, a probable photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. Finally, in the case of clopyralid it was established that practically no degradation occurs in the presence of TiO₂ (anatase) and N-TiO₂ (dry procedure) with visible light  and also with TiO₂ Degussa P25. Besides of that, by using TiO₂ (rutile) and Fe-TiO₂ as photocatalysts it was noted that increasing the concentration of Fe³⁺ from 0.13 to 1.27 at.% comes to increasing photodegradation rate of clopyralid. Results indicate that differences in molecular structure of chosen compound, influence obtained photocatalytic activity to a great extent.

Study of structural and particularly dynamical properties of the interface of water with graphite and rutile surfaces points towards anomalous behavior of water molecules close to solid matter. Evaluation of statistical properties like translational and rotational diffusivity, residence times and autocorrelation functions of orientation vectors indicates that the translation and rotation of water molecules can be not only hindered, but also facilitated, according to the particular local density, interactions and and geometrical structure of the surface. The newly developed methods for the measurement of statistical rotational properties near to liquid-solid boundary overcomes the difficulties that are closely related to the measurement of dynamical properties in strongly inhomogeneous environment in a way, that can be applied to other model systems of this type.

碩士
國立臺北大學
民俗藝術研究所
93
"The life etiquette and custom" and"the season of year old is vulgar" is people in general to live the in the middle and important two greatest etiquette and customses, and the gold and silver paper is the etiquette and custom middlemanseses with first medium thing of a communication of 祖 ,god, wide is carried out by society, just, fast change in social structure, and believe in to realize the type transfers under, this ancient etiquette and custom has already produced the difference and variety on the form, sending here, this research craves for to investigate through the anthropology countryside, matching with the history cultural heritage, combine"the Taiwanese gold and silver paper culture" and its"the picture art" two aspects to make one synthetic treatise, to discuss the relation between the folks faith and the gold and silver paper, on the other hand purpose's lying in must the usage of the gold and silver paper conform to the etiquette and custom, on the other hand then on the idea the 統 manages simple mode and the attitude of the exactitude, then promoting the social kind customs and regular social values, therefore, this thesis is in studying process, for the sake of ability complete and thorough analysis, arrange in the chapter up, be divided into six chapterses to discuss, each chapter content point is as follows: Chapter 1 is"introduction", the explanation studies the motive,purpose, matching with the related cultural heritage and the study of the theories, and JIAN3 SHU4's range of research,content,method and step, spreads the whole structure that Chen pays the thesis, for the purpose of the research topic it opens the exhibition.Chapter 2 discuss"the development and current conditions of the Taiwanese gold and silver paper cultural industry", reading the gold and silver paper origins and develop,turn into through the cultural heritage, is as for spread Taiwan, take root the development in Taiwan, and investigate through the countryside, the description is Taiwanese gold and silver paper industry current conditions at present.Chapter 3 talks to say and"the cultural function of the gold and silver paper", the sorting gold and silver paper believes in in the folks,the vulgar and folk medical treatment of the season of life etiquette and custom,year old etc. four cultural functions of levels, believe in the aspect in the folks, the usage and the meanings that inquire into the gold and silver paper to believe in and worship ancestors in the folks;At the life etiquette and custom aspect, from grow the gift and become adult the gift,wedding,the funeral gift to begin, tidy up the form;The vulgar aspect of season in year old, divide into the summer of spring the autumn the winter the four seasons, a row tidies up the form;At the folk medical treatment aspect, if accept surprised,prevent disaster to solve the 厄 and pass in addition to very etc. the people in general usually use of folk medical treatment, the sorting a series relate to.Chapter 4 is"the picture of the gold and silver paper classification and analysis", the writer collects 479 kinds of gold and silver paperses of six major type, with picture analyze to analyze with sign for study the method, and by classification, analyze the content in the picture meaning and be worth, induce the symbol in the sign meaning and abstract idea, explain the connection of the picture and the folks faith.Chapter 5 speaks about"the current trend of the gold and silver paper culture", from the live issue of the social level and the cultural level study gold and silver paper culture.At the social level, the upsurge,industry that aims at the environmental protection problem declines with the influence of the transformation,social values etc. three greatest subject, the difficult problem of the discussion gold and silver paper industry.On the cultural level, etc. from the total construction,contemporary art of the community two topics, illustrate the giving a new life of the gold and silver paper culture.Chapter 6 is"conclusion", illustrating the expectation research result, making one ories and analytical summary, being the foreshadowing of follow-up research. In fine, burns the article to dedicate the fiesta world ghost God to think the usage already a long time, and Tang the incineration usage of the paper money of hour of Song, all can know spreading of its fire fiesta culture accepts sex and continue sex, and Taiwan spreads to accept this customs to also has the long a hundred years, the depletion of its paper money presents several multiple growth year by year, the mental state of this reflection hopes to beg like the picture of the gold and silver paper, having the 祈 son postpones the life,the 納 blessing to recruit the wealth,exorcise the 禳 disaster etc. three kinds of utility tendency of meaning, certainly, people through respect a method 祖 pursues to pray to prevent disaster meanwhile, also presenting the respect toward the life, hasing the polite heart towards the life that depart fromthis life, through the picture of delicate present, expression the user godliness of heart, by the people's usage, inform the picture, the author expects the life prosperity,peaceful and smooth intention, the function of these pictures lies in carrying out to the wishes that the god expresses, through compensate with the appearance of reaching the mental state balance, and coagulate and strengthen the devotional strength.

This chapter introduces the reader to Rutu Modan and her home city of Tel Aviv. It provides a quick overview of Modan's work and to Israeli comics, and argues that Israeli comics provide essential insight into contemporary Israeli culture and society. It shows how most comics about the Middle East are written from an American or European perspective, and argues for more scholarly attention to comics that originate from Middle Eastern countries themselves. It also shows that most of the focus on Jewish comics focuses on American creators, rather than Israelis.

This chapter explores the origins of Israeli comics, with a particular focus on three early women comics creators: Leah Goldberg, Friedel Stern, and Elisheva Nadal. It then explores the work of three influential artists from the 1970s-1980s: Dudu Geva, Uri Fink, and Michel Kichka. It then describes Modan's entry into comics, including her army service, her training at Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, her first newspaper comics, and her short-lived editorship of Israeli Mad magazine.

This chapter shows how Modan co-founded, with Yirmi Pinkus Actus Tragicus, the comics collective that introduced the world to Israeli comics. It explores how the Oslo Accord and the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin increased interest in Israeli culture and helped increase receptivity to Modan and other Israeli artists. It investigates Modan's early stories and her recurring theme of family secrets.

This chapter discusses Modan's Jamilti a story of a suicide bombing and a kiss between an Israeli and Palestinian that challenges many taboos of Israeli society. It shows how that story led to Modan's first graphic novel, Exit Wounds. The chapter explores Numi, the complex female protagonist of Exit Wounds, and her relationship with Koby, as they search together for Koby's father in the aftermath of a suicide bombing. It also shows how Modan adapts Hergé's famous clear line style to tell a morally complex and psychologically nuanced story.

This chapter shows how, after Exit Wounds, Modan broadened her work to include comics journalism about an Israel-Gaza conflict, an autobiographical series for the New York Times, and her first solo children's book, which proved to be very popular in Israel. The chapter identifies how Modan's themes are reconfigured in these works, and how she continues to innovate the comics form in these projects. It also shows how her children's book subtly incorporates elements of Jewish and Israeli culture into a fantastic tale in which a little girl teaches the Queen of England how to enjoy a gluttonous meal.

This chapter discusses Modan's second graphic novel, The Property, which embeds a taboo love affair within a quest to identify Jewish property lost in Warsaw during the Holocaust. The chapter explores the unresolved narratives around the war that envelop both Poles and Jews, and shows how Modan's book distances itself from both Israeli literature about Poland and from other contemporary Holocaust graphc novels. The chapter reveals Modan's process for creating the book, which involved hiring actors to stage each panel of the book's script.

This chapter describes the establishment of Noah Books, a publishing imprint co-founded by Rutu Modan and Yirmi Pinkus to revivify classic Hebrew comics characters through new illustrations. It examines the imprint's first offering, Modan's new version of Uri Cadduri, one of the earliest Hebrew comics characters. It explores the history of Uri Cadduri, created by Arieh Navon and Leah Goldberg, and how Modan's version updates the character while preserving the 1930s Hebrew of the original.

Shot peening (SP) is a mechanical surface treatment commonly performed to improve the fatigue behavior through creation of compressive residual stresses close to surface and work hardening of the surface material. Notwithstanding wide application of shot peening in the industrial environment, the determination of optimal peening condition for Ti alloys is still more an art than a science, taking into account that there is not a well established method to choose the process parameters in order to enhance the fatigue behavior. In this paper a comprehensive numerical and experimental study is presented aimed at finding the optimized peening conditions based on characterization of surface layer of material after multiple impacts. The numerical simulations provide a quantitative description of shot peening effects in terms of residual stress field and thickness of work-hardened surface layer. Comparison with numerical results, obtained by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), shows a very good correspondence. Finally the results of experimental bending fatigue tests, performed on shot peened specimens by means of Rumul Cracktronics machine, confirm that shot peening significantly increases the fatigue strength of the considered Titanium alloy.

ATDC5 cells, a prechondrocytic cell line, were cultured in 2% agarose gel-cell constructs. A major reorientation of actin structure (stress-fiber to punctate) was observed during the chondrogenesis of these cells. 2D finite element models of cell (considered as a composite with embedded actin fibers) in a 500μ3 gel were created for days 1 (prechondrocytes), 5, 8 & 12 (chondrocytes) of culture. The response of the cells to uniaxial compression of the gel-cell construct was studied. The model predicted that, as a result of rearrangement of actin, the cells became more compliant and less anisotropic. When the gel size was reduced to 20μ3, RUTL (Ratio of radial deformations of cell in the Transverse direction to Loaded direction) became significantly different between prechondrocytes and chondrocytes. The difference in force required to compress a 20μ3 gel-cell construct containing a prechondrocyte vs a chondrocyte to 15% deformation was 103nN (152.3 vs 48.8 nN). This information can be used to build MEMS based devices that can mechanically distinguish between the different cell types.